206:
195:
184:
135:
261:
53:
284:
242:
160:
272:
230:
219:
149:
60:
506:
After two weeks of bombardment, and despite a fierce resistance put up by the
Peshmerga, the town fell to government forces. On the final day of the siege the Republican Guard and Special Units were deployed against the town. The Iraqi government also fired 5 or 6 missiles per minute at the town from
484:
Three days after the town had fallen into the hands of the
Peshmerga the Ba'athist loyalist forces arrived on the outskirts of the town. The army advanced on the town from three directions, but stopped 1 km short of the city, proceeding to bombard the city through use of artillery, killing large
466:
The uprising began between 10 and 12 March. Peshmerga forces had been gathering outside of the town and had organised a plan with sympathetic residents whereby at a specific time residents would begin a massive demonstration that would be joined within 2 hours by more heavily armed
Peshmerga
488:
By the fourth of fifth day of the uprising Iraqi Air Force helicopters had arrived in the area to help the army with the bombardment, and proceeded to drop napalm and phosphorus onto the town. Despite
Peshmerga attempts to hit the helicopters, they were able to largely operate unmolested.
497:
Realising that their control of the town was unsustainable, the
Peshmerga encouraged local civilians to leave before the town could fall. This resulted in up to 90% of its 150,000–200,000 residents fleeing into the mountains to the east of the town on the night of 17 March.
470:
Most Ba'athist forces fled from the town without resistance, however the town did see fighting at the local Ba'ath
Headquarters between the Peshmerga and Ba'athist officials and policemen, which resulted in the deaths of several pro-government forces.
449:
road, meaning that any government reinforcements to
Kurdistan would have to pass through the town. The defence of Tuz Khormato was therefore given a high priority in order to defend
507:
the direction of Tikrit, resulting in up to 1/4 of the town being hit. Other sources have suggested that up to half of the town was destroyed by the fighting.
330:
17:
647:
433:
town, was one of the most southernly towns to fall under the control of the
Peshmerga then retaken by Iraqi government forces.
667:
323:
662:
627:
52:
596:
569:
535:
276:
657:
632:
467:
fighters. The initial stage of the uprising also received a moral boost from the defection of local militiamen.
316:
622:
396:
381:
368:
153:
642:
637:
164:
363:
450:
391:
418:
386:
358:
264:
41:
340:
401:
8:
199:
652:
234:
592:
565:
531:
283:
586:
559:
525:
246:
260:
430:
223:
210:
188:
616:
426:
93:
485:
numbers of people. Peshmerga forces returned fire with mortars and RPGs.
169:
118:
Tuz
Khormato is taken by rebels, then retaken by Iraqi government forces.
308:
441:
Tuz
Khormato's importance lay in the fact that it was situated on the
422:
288:
442:
446:
588:
Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath
561:
Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath
527:
Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath
194:
183:
140:
97:
27:Part of the Iraqi uprisings following the Gulf War
614:
474:
324:
591:. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 60.
564:. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 59.
530:. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 58.
331:
317:
584:
557:
553:
551:
549:
547:
523:
338:
14:
615:
578:
544:
517:
312:
59:
501:
24:
25:
679:
429:. Tuz Khormatu, a predominantly
282:
277:National Liberation Army of Iran
270:
259:
240:
228:
217:
204:
193:
182:
158:
147:
133:
58:
51:
648:History of Saladin Governorate
461:
375:Northern Iraq/Kurdistan Region
13:
1:
585:Goldstein, Eric (June 1992).
558:Goldstein, Eric (June 1992).
524:Goldstein, Eric (June 1992).
510:
451:Peshmerga positions in Kirkuk
18:1991 uprising in Tuz Khormato
668:Airstrikes conducted by Iraq
475:Government counter-offensive
154:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
7:
492:
479:
456:
10:
684:
436:
165:Kurdistan Democratic Party
663:Building bombings in Iraq
628:March 1991 events in Iraq
350:
294:
252:
175:
126:
76:
47:
39:
34:
108:Iraqi government victory
658:1991 building bombings
633:Battles involving Iraq
419:1991 uprisings in Iraq
417:was fought during the
415:Battle of Tuz Khormato
176:Commanders and leaders
42:1991 uprisings in Iraq
35:Battle of Tuz Khormato
295:Casualties and losses
623:1991 Iraqi uprisings
342:1991 Iraqi uprisings
200:Ali Hassan al-Majid
168:Deserters from the
643:Airstrikes in Iraq
638:Helicopter attacks
235:Nawshirwan Mustafa
410:
409:
307:
306:
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
675:
603:
602:
582:
576:
575:
555:
542:
541:
521:
502:Fall of the town
345:
343:
333:
326:
319:
310:
309:
287:
286:
275:
274:
273:
265:Republican Guard
263:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
222:
221:
220:
209:
208:
207:
198:
197:
187:
186:
163:
162:
161:
152:
151:
150:
139:
137:
136:
84:10–24 March 1991
78:
77:
62:
61:
55:
32:
31:
21:
683:
682:
678:
677:
676:
674:
673:
672:
613:
612:
607:
606:
599:
583:
579:
572:
556:
545:
538:
522:
518:
513:
504:
495:
482:
477:
464:
459:
439:
411:
406:
377:
355:
346:
341:
339:
337:
281:
271:
269:
267:
247:Massoud Barzani
241:
239:
237:
229:
227:
226:
218:
216:
205:
203:
202:
192:
191:
181:
167:
159:
157:
156:
148:
146:
134:
132:
114:
100:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
681:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
605:
604:
597:
577:
570:
543:
536:
515:
514:
512:
509:
503:
500:
494:
491:
481:
478:
476:
473:
463:
460:
458:
455:
438:
435:
408:
407:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
372:
371:
366:
361:
351:
348:
347:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
292:
291:
279:
255:
254:
253:Units involved
250:
249:
224:Jalal Talabani
213:
211:Massoud Rajavi
189:Saddam Hussein
178:
177:
173:
172:
144:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
92:
90:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
57:
56:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
680:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
611:
609:
600:
598:1-56432-069-3
594:
590:
589:
581:
573:
571:1-56432-069-3
567:
563:
562:
554:
552:
550:
548:
539:
537:1-56432-069-3
533:
529:
528:
520:
516:
508:
499:
490:
486:
472:
468:
454:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
376:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:Southern Iraq
349:
344:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
315:
314:
311:
302:
299:
298:
293:
290:
285:
280:
278:
268:
266:
262:
257:
256:
251:
248:
238:
236:
225:
214:
212:
201:
196:
190:
185:
180:
179:
174:
171:
166:
155:
145:
142:
131:
130:
125:
117:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
54:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
610:
608:
587:
580:
560:
526:
519:
505:
496:
487:
483:
469:
465:
440:
427:Iraqi forces
421:between the
414:
412:
397:Tuz Khormato
382:Sulaymaniyah
374:
373:
352:
258:
215:
127:Belligerents
94:Tuz Khormato
66:Tuz Khormato
40:Part of the
29:
462:10–12 March
369:Saddam City
113:Territorial
617:Categories
511:References
143:government
653:Peshmerga
423:Peshmerga
289:Peshmerga
493:17 March
480:15 March
457:Uprising
402:Yeşilova
89:Location
443:Baghdad
437:Prelude
431:Turkmen
364:Karbala
115:changes
595:
568:
534:
447:Kirkuk
392:Kirkuk
138:
105:Result
387:Zakho
359:Basra
303:4,000
141:Iraqi
593:ISBN
566:ISBN
532:ISBN
425:and
413:The
170:Jash
98:Iraq
81:Date
300:500
619::
546:^
453:.
96:,
601:.
574:.
540:.
445:–
332:e
325:t
318:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
