203:
169:
301:
177:
286:
185:
280:
174:
153:
277:
200:
187:
283:
465:
456:
155:
195:
273:
175:
295:
180:
304:
188:
307:
305:
176:
170:
191:
287:
284:
469:
168:
189:
306:
201:
470:
285:
184:
186:
173:
182:
172:
289:
288:
150:
156:
462:
392:
154:
171:
179:
297:
178:
282:
181:
160:
183:
194:
300:
290:
193:
159:
461:
293:
298:
276:
463:
198:
303:
165:
166:
199:
291:
468:
164:
192:
190:
296:
163:
279:
464:
294:
167:
196:
466:
618:
Neither the Senate nor the House saw any significant partisan change, and the
Democratic Party retained control of both chambers. In the gubernatorial elections, the Democratic Party picked up one governorship. This was the first election since 1960 to see the winning presidential candidate's party
460:
278:
197:
157:
204:
299:
292:
162:
202:
161:
158:
212:
210:
209:
208:
281:
459:
207:
308:
205:
302:
206:
211:
704:", and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush's criticism. Despite Dukakis's initial lead, Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and
2403:
472:
467:
471:
2584:
2549:
2643:
2522:
2482:
2579:
2574:
619:
fail to have any coattails in either house of
Congress. This is the second and most recent time since 1889 that a newly elected President's party did not control either house of Congress.
2589:
2554:
2497:
2393:
2805:
2638:
2539:
2527:
2383:
2648:
2594:
2492:
2460:
2626:
2564:
2544:
2512:
2502:
2487:
2477:
2455:
2428:
2388:
2373:
2532:
2507:
2440:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2378:
2363:
2653:
2621:
2604:
2599:
2569:
2517:
2465:
2450:
2433:
2418:
2752:
2631:
2611:
2472:
2423:
2368:
43:
31:
708:
vote. No candidate since 1988 has managed to equal or surpass Bush's share of the electoral or popular vote. Dukakis won 45.6% of the popular vote and carried ten states and
2616:
2559:
2445:
2092:
646:
2130:
2710:
2353:
747:
349:
2333:
2228:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2243:
2193:
848:
2787:
2328:
2273:
2268:
2188:
2866:
2688:
2338:
2303:
2238:
752:
Democrats won the nationwide popular vote for the House of
Representatives by a margin of 7.7 percentage points, picking up a net of two seats.
738:. Seven seats changed parties, with four incumbents being defeated. The Democratic majority in the Senate increased by one from 54–46 to 55–45.
2765:
2323:
2278:
2258:
2248:
2233:
2223:
2198:
2097:
2343:
2318:
2253:
2213:
2203:
2183:
2082:
674:
654:
592:
580:
2861:
2263:
2208:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1608:
1598:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
694:
2837:
2308:
2218:
2705:
2663:
2313:
2288:
2123:
761:
431:
700:
Running an aggressive campaign, Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan's policies. He attacked
Dukakis as an elitist "
2742:
2700:
2722:
2717:
2163:
717:
633:
612:
558:
92:
2087:
2737:
2777:
2116:
841:
579:
of
Massachusetts. Bush won the popular vote by just under eight points, and won 426 of the 538 electoral votes. Bush won the
2683:
2673:
2732:
2695:
2678:
2173:
868:
729:
565:
534:
238:
705:
2727:
834:
572:
562:
541:
531:
2829:
857:
639:
523:
2821:
2813:
2770:
2148:
2140:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
527:
85:
49:
25:
650:
2782:
544:
805:
2108:
551:
701:
783:
735:
8:
568:
537:
391:
124:
713:
709:
826:
608:
576:
547:
230:
137:
806:"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988"
2855:
686:
662:
642:
604:
596:
588:
550:. Despite Dukakis' defeat, the Democratic Party built on their majorities in
72:
615:
in which either party won more than two consecutive presidential elections.
712:
Bush became the first sitting vice president to be elected president since
645:
was ineligible to seek a third term, due to term limits established by the
766:
The
Democrats had a net gain of one seat in the gubernatorial elections.
682:
666:
734:
Despite Bush's victory, the
Democrats gained a net of one seat in the
678:
658:
584:
2138:
670:
600:
690:
748:
741:
229:
denotes states won by
Dukakis. Numbers indicate the
856:
685:withdrew or declined to run. He selected Senator
2853:
47:
41:
35:
29:
458:
275:
152:
2124:
842:
607:. Bush's victory remains the only time since
665:to win the nomination, and selected Senator
2131:
2117:
849:
835:
762:1988 United States gubernatorial elections
653:. With Reagan's support, Bush entered the
811:. U.S. House of Reps, Office of the Clerk
657:as the front-runner. He defeated Senator
2164:1988 United States presidential election
697:18 years earlier – as his running mate.
634:1988 United States presidential election
627:
522:were held on November 8 and elected the
776:
2867:General elections in the United States
2854:
399:1988 House of Representatives results
2112:
830:
798:
673:as his running mate. Dukakis won the
622:
221:1988 presidential election results.
2862:1988 elections in the United States
2839:
730:1988 United States Senate elections
723:
695:defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race
481:1988 gubernatorial election results
13:
2831:
2815:
755:
742:House of Representatives elections
454:
271:
148:
14:
2878:
2807:
786:. The American Presidency Project
677:after Democratic leaders such as
390:
2823:
599:of Illinois, Tennessee Senator
858:Elections in the United States
524:President of the United States
1:
769:
591:of Virginia. Dukakis won the
441:14 (12 states, 2 territories)
2145:1988 United States elections
784:"1988 Presidential Election"
528:101st United States Congress
520:1988 United States elections
225:denotes states won by Bush,
19:1988 United States elections
7:
603:, and Missouri Congressman
484:Territorial races not shown
10:
2883:
759:
745:
727:
651:United States Constitution
631:
613:1948 presidential election
559:1988 presidential election
55:Presidential election year
2796:
2751:
2662:
2352:
2172:
2156:
2075:
864:
675:1988 Democratic primaries
655:1988 Republican primaries
545:Governor of Massachusetts
480:
453:
445:
437:
430:
398:
389:
381:
373:
365:
355:
348:
316:
270:
262:
254:
244:
237:
220:
147:
136:
123:
116:
108:
98:
91:
81:
68:
60:
23:
2098:Gubernatorial elections
432:Gubernatorial elections
2083:Presidential elections
475:
369:All 435 voting members
311:
233:won by each candidate.
215:
702:Massachusetts liberal
628:Presidential election
593:Democratic nomination
581:Republican nomination
511: Republican hold
505: Republican gain
497: Democratic hold
491: Democratic gain
474:
425: Republican hold
419: Republican gain
411: Democratic hold
405: Democratic gain
343: Republican hold
337: Republican gain
329: Democratic hold
323: Democratic gain
310:
214:
93:Presidential election
2404:District of Columbia
583:over Kansas Senator
317:1988 Senate results
526:and members of the
374:Popular vote margin
109:Popular vote margin
69:Incumbent president
20:
661:and televangelist
611:'s victory in the
587:and televangelist
476:
312:
216:
18:
2849:
2848:
2778:California Senate
2106:
2105:
623:Federal elections
569:George H. W. Bush
538:George H. W. Bush
516:
515:
125:George H. W. Bush
2874:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2088:Senate elections
851:
844:
837:
828:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
810:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
780:
724:Senate elections
714:Martin Van Buren
710:Washington, D.C.
512:
510:
506:
504:
498:
496:
492:
490:
457:
426:
424:
420:
418:
412:
410:
406:
404:
394:
377:Democratic +7.7%
361:
344:
342:
338:
336:
330:
328:
324:
322:
274:
250:
239:Senate elections
228:
224:
151:
112:Republican +7.8%
104:
99:Partisan control
77:
48:
42:
36:
30:
21:
17:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2792:
2788:Minnesota House
2754:
2747:
2665:
2658:
2355:
2348:
2175:
2168:
2152:
2137:
2107:
2102:
2093:House elections
2071:
860:
855:
825:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
782:
781:
777:
772:
764:
758:
756:State elections
750:
744:
732:
726:
636:
630:
625:
609:Harry S. Truman
577:Michael Dukakis
548:Michael Dukakis
508:
507:
502:
501:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
473:
455:
446:Net seat change
438:Seats contested
422:
421:
416:
415:
413:
408:
407:
402:
401:
382:Net seat change
366:Seats contested
360:Democratic hold
359:
356:Overall control
350:House elections
340:
339:
334:
333:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
309:
272:
263:Net seat change
258:33 of 100 seats
255:Seats contested
249:Democratic hold
248:
245:Overall control
231:electoral votes
226:
222:
213:
149:
138:Michael Dukakis
103:Republican hold
102:
75:
53:
46:
40:
34:
28:
12:
11:
5:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:Arizona Senate
2768:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2706:North Carolina
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2585:South Carolina
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:North Carolina
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
862:
861:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
823:
822:
797:
774:
773:
771:
768:
760:Main article:
757:
754:
746:Main article:
743:
740:
728:Main article:
725:
722:
647:22nd Amendment
632:Main article:
629:
626:
624:
621:
595:over Reverend
566:Vice President
535:Vice President
514:
513:
478:
477:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
428:
427:
396:
395:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
346:
345:
314:
313:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
235:
234:
218:
217:
145:
144:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
118:Electoral vote
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2879:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:Baton Rouge,
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Arizona House
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:West Virginia
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:New Hampshire
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:West Virginia
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
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687:Lloyd Bentsen
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664:
663:Pat Robertson
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Ronald Reagan
641:
635:
620:
616:
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605:Dick Gephardt
602:
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597:Jesse Jackson
594:
590:
589:Pat Robertson
586:
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449:Democratic +1
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385:Democratic +2
384:
380:
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266:Democratic +1
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97:
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90:
87:
84:
82:Next Congress
80:
74:
73:Ronald Reagan
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
51:
45:
39:
33:
27:
22:
16:
2797:
2755:legislatures
2723:Rhode Island
2718:North Dakota
2590:South Dakota
2580:Rhode Island
2575:Pennsylvania
2555:North Dakota
2299:Rhode Island
2294:Pennsylvania
2284:North Dakota
2149:→ 1990
2144:
2141:1986 ←
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
1863:
813:. Retrieved
800:
788:. Retrieved
778:
765:
751:
733:
699:
637:
617:
556:
519:
517:
486:
483:
400:
318:
130:
117:
76:(Republican)
61:Election day
54:
37:
15:
2830:San Diego,
2783:Iowa Senate
2498:Mississippi
2394:Connecticut
2244:Mississippi
2194:Connecticut
683:Ted Kennedy
2856:Categories
2838:San Juan,
2738:Washington
2639:Washington
2540:New Mexico
2528:New Jersey
2384:California
2329:Washington
2274:New Mexico
2269:New Jersey
2189:California
770:References
693:– who had
667:Dan Quayle
638:Incumbent
573:Democratic
563:Republican
542:Democratic
532:Republican
64:November 8
2822:Orlando,
2666:governors
2649:Wisconsin
2595:Tennessee
2493:Minnesota
2461:Louisiana
2339:Wisconsin
2304:Tennessee
2239:Minnesota
2157:President
2143:)
790:13 August
706:electoral
679:Gary Hart
640:President
575:Governor
571:defeated
540:defeated
2814:Irvine,
2762:Arizona
2684:Missouri
2674:Delaware
2627:Virginia
2565:Oklahoma
2545:New York
2513:Nebraska
2503:Missouri
2488:Michigan
2478:Maryland
2456:Kentucky
2429:Illinois
2399:Delaware
2389:Colorado
2374:Arkansas
2324:Virginia
2279:New York
2259:Nebraska
2249:Missouri
2234:Michigan
2224:Maryland
2199:Delaware
2147: (
2079:See also
815:10 April
659:Bob Dole
585:Bob Dole
552:Congress
2733:Vermont
2711:Lt. Gov
2696:Montana
2689:Lt. Gov
2679:Indiana
2654:Wyoming
2622:Vermont
2508:Montana
2441:Indiana
2434:21st sp
2414:Georgia
2409:Florida
2379:Arizona
2364:Alabama
2344:Wyoming
2319:Vermont
2254:Montana
2214:Indiana
2204:Florida
2184:Arizona
869:1788–89
671:Indiana
649:to the
601:Al Gore
557:In the
2798:Mayors
2753:State
2632:5th sp
2605:5th sp
2600:2nd sp
2570:Oregon
2533:3rd sp
2518:Nevada
2466:4th sp
2451:Kansas
2419:Hawaii
2369:Alaska
2264:Nevada
2209:Hawaii
2176:Senate
736:Senate
509:
503:
495:
489:
423:
417:
409:
403:
341:
335:
327:
321:
2664:State
2612:Texas
2473:Maine
2424:Idaho
2356:House
2309:Texas
2219:Maine
809:(PDF)
691:Texas
86:101st
2728:Utah
2617:Utah
2560:Ohio
2446:Iowa
2354:U.S.
2314:Utah
2289:Ohio
2174:U.S.
2066:2027
2059:2026
2052:2025
2045:2024
2039:2023
2034:2022
2029:2021
2024:2020
2019:2019
2014:2018
2009:2017
2004:2016
1999:2015
1994:2014
1989:2013
1984:2012
1979:2011
1974:2010
1969:2009
1964:2008
1959:2007
1954:2006
1949:2005
1944:2004
1939:2003
1934:2002
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1914:1998
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1879:1991
1874:1990
1869:1989
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1024:1820
1019:1819
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1004:1816
999:1815
994:1814
989:1813
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924:1800
919:1799
914:1798
909:1797
904:1796
899:1795
894:1794
889:1793
884:1792
879:1791
874:1790
817:2017
792:2011
718:1836
681:and
518:The
227:blue
50:1990
44:1989
38:1988
32:1987
26:1986
716:in
689:of
669:of
223:Red
143:111
140:(D)
131:426
127:(R)
2858::
2840:PR
2832:CA
2824:FL
2816:CA
2808:LA
720:.
561:,
554:.
530:.
52:→
24:←
2151:)
2139:(
2132:e
2125:t
2118:v
850:e
843:t
836:v
819:.
794:.
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