492:
404:(AMC) was tasked with extracting food from rural peasantry at low rates to placate the urban populations. The very low fixed price of grain served as a disincentive to production, and some peasants had to buy grain on the open market in order to meet their AMC quota. Citizens in Wollo, which continued to be stricken with drought, were required to provide a "famine relief tax" to the AMC until 1984. The Derg also imposed a system of travel permits to restrict peasants from engaging in non-agricultural activities, such as petty trading and migrant labor, a major form of income supplementation. However, the collapse of the system of State Farms, a large employer of seasonal laborers, resulted in an estimated 500,000 farmers in northern Ethiopia losing a component of their income. Grain
760:
736:, which was a response not only to the famine but also to the poor security situation. Beginning in 1985, peasants were forced to move their homesteads into planned villages, which were clustered around water, schools, medical services, and utility supply points to facilitate the distribution of those services. Many peasants fled rather than acquiesce in relocation, which in general proved highly unpopular. Additionally, the government in most cases failed to provide the promised services. Far from benefiting agricultural productivity, the program caused a decline in food production. Although temporarily suspended in 1986, villagization was subsequently resumed.
553:, which elevated the international profile of the famine and helped secure international aid. In the early to mid-1980s there were famines in two distinct regions of the country, resulting in several studies of one famine that try to extrapolate to the other or less cautious writers referring to a single widespread famine. The famine in the southeast of the country was brought about by the Derg's counterinsurgency efforts against the OLF. However, most media referring to "the Ethiopian famine" of the 1980s refers to the severe famine in 1983-85 centered on Tigray and northern Wollo, which further affected
859:
424:. It also encouraged international agencies to set up relief programs in regions with surplus grain production, which allowed the AMC to collect the excess food. Finally, the RRC carried out a disinformation campaign during the 1980s famine, in which it portrayed the famine as being solely the result of drought and overpopulation and tried to deny the existence of the armed conflict that was occurring precisely in the famine-affected regions. The RRC also claimed that the aid being given by it and its international agency partners were reaching all of the famine victims.
4057:
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Eritrea, which hindered the passage of relief supplies. Although international relief organizations made a major effort to provide food to the affected areas, the persistence of drought and poor security conditions in the north resulted in continuing need as well as hazards for famine relief workers. In late 1985, another year of drought was forecast, and by early 1986 the famine had spread to parts of the southern highlands, with an estimated 5.8 million people dependent on relief food. In 1986,
710:
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the exception of central and eastern Tigray. RRC estimates for people "at-risk" of famine rose to 3.9 million in 1983 from 2.8 million in 1982, which was less than the 1981 estimate of 4.5 million. In
February and March 1983, the first signs of famine were recognized as poverty-stricken farmers began to appear at feeding centers, prompting international aid agencies to appeal for aid and the RRC to revise its famine assessment. The harvest after the main (
231:
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25:
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their home villages and farms by the military and transported to various regions in the south. Many peasants fled rather than allow themselves to be resettled; many of those who were resettled sought later to return to their native regions. Several human rights organizations claimed that tens of thousands of peasants died as a result of forced resettlement. According to Human Rights Watch, at least 50,000 people died.
443:'s guerrilla-soldiers, and for "social transformation" in non-insurgent areas (against people of Tigray province, Welo province and such). Due to organized government policies that deliberately multiplied the effects of the famine, around 1.2 million people died in Ethiopia from the famine where the majority of the death tolls were from the present day Tigray Region and Amhara Region and other parts of northern
339:
135:
377:. Despite attempts to suppress news of this famine, leaked reports contributed to the undermining of the government's legitimacy and served as a rallying point for dissidents, who complained that the wealthy classes and the Ethiopian government had ignored both the famine and the people who had died. Then in 1974, a group of military officers known as the
538:. In a major study, de Waal criticized the United Nations for being "remarkably cavalier" about the numbers of people who died, with the UN's one-million figure having "absolutely no scientific basis whatsoever," a fact which represents "a trivialization and dehumanization of human misery". De Waal estimates that 400,000 to 500,000 died in the famine.
1004:'s, believe the famine of 1983–1985 killed a minimum of 400,000 people (not counting those killed by resettlement), just in northern Ethiopia (Tigray Province); "Something over half of this mortality can be attributed to human rights abuses causing the famine to come earlier, strike harder, and extend further than would otherwise have been the case."
958:, a communist group trying to overthrow the Ethiopian communist government at the time. Rebel soldiers said they posed as merchants as "a trick for the NGOs". The report also cited a CIA document saying aid was "almost certainly being diverted for military purposes". One rebel leader estimated $ 95 million (£63 million). Plaut also said that other
935:
alongside the government became part of the counter-insurgency strategy of the government. It, therefore, met a real and immediate need but also prolonged the life of
Mengistu's government. The response to the emergency raised disturbing questions about the relationship between humanitarian agencies and host governments.
358:, famines were common in Ethiopia, especially in the north. Local famines were also frequent but also unrecorded. The most infamous was the "Great Ethiopian Famine" which killed approximately one third of Ethiopia's population between 1888 and 1892. In 1958, famine killed 100,000 people. In 1966, famine killed 50,000.
565:. Living standards had been declining in these government-held regions since 1977, a "direct consequence" of the Derg's agricultural policies. A further major contributing factor to the famine were the Ethiopian government's enforced resettlement programs, utilized as part of its counter-insurgency campaign.
934:
The manner in which international aid was routed through the RRC gave rise to criticism that forever changed the way in which governments and NGOs respond to international emergencies taking place within conflict situations. International aid supplied to the government and to relief agencies working
411:
The nature of the RRC changed as the government became increasingly authoritarian. Immediately after its creation, its experienced core of technocrats produced highly regarded analyses of
Ethiopian famine and ably carried out famine relief efforts. However, by the 1980s, the Derg had compromised its
728:
The primary government response to the drought and famine was the decision to uproot large numbers of peasants who lived in the affected areas in the north and to resettle them in the west and southern part of the country. In 1985 and 1986, about 600,000 people were moved, many forcibly, from
696:
By mid-1984, it was evident that another drought and resulting famine of major proportions had begun to affect large parts of northern
Ethiopia. Just as evident was the government's inability to provide relief. The almost total failure of crops in the north was compounded by fighting in and around
673:) harvest in 1983 was the third largest on record, with the only serious shortfall again being recorded in Tigray. In response, grain prices in the two northern regions of Begemder and Gojjam fell. However, famine recurred in Tigray. The RRC claimed in May 1984 that the failure of the short rains (
668:
Despite RRC claims to have predicted the famine, there was little data as late as early 1984 indicating an unusually severe food shortage. Following two major droughts in the late 1970s, 1980 and 1981 were rated by the RRC as "normal" and "above normal". The 1982 harvest was the largest ever, with
990:
Following a complaint from the Band Aid Trust the BBC's
Editorial Complaints Unit found in its ruling that there was no evidence to support such statements and that "they should not have been broadcast". It also added that "The BBC wishes to apologise unreservedly to the Band Aid Trust for the
289:, "in the fall of 1984, the hardest hit regions were Tigray, Wollo, and Eritrea – areas with extremely limited road and transportation networks. Moreover, these regions were the scenes of longstanding anti-government rebellions which created precarious security situations." Other areas of
855:, a 1985 fund-raising effort headed by Geldof, induced millions of people in the West to donate money and to urge their governments to participate in the relief effort in Ethiopia. Some of the proceeds also went to the famine hit areas of Eritrea. The event raised £145 million.
392:
in March 1975. The RRC initially enjoyed more independence from the Derg than any other ministry, largely due to its close ties to foreign donors and the quality of some of its senior staff. As a result, insurgencies began to spread into the country's administrative regions.
491:
412:
mission. The RRC began with the innocuous scheme of creating village workforces from the unemployed in state farms, and government agricultural schemes but, as the counter-insurgency intensified, the RRC was given responsibility for a program of forced
2178:
837:", was released on 3 December 1984 and became Britain's best-selling single within a few weeks, eventually selling 3.69 million copies domestically. It raised £8 million for famine relief within twelve months of its release. Other
312:, the famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–1985, were in part created by the government's military policies, specifically a set of so-called counter-insurgency strategies (against
725:. Even many supporters of the Ethiopian regime opposed its policy of withholding food shipments to rebel areas. The combined effects of famine and internal war had by then put the nation's economy into a state of decline.
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717:
Despite the fact that the government had access to only a minority of the famine-stricken population in the north, the great majority of the relief was channeled through the government side, prolonging the war.
693:, which pitched rebel movements against the Soviet and Cuban-backed Derg government. This crippled the country's economy further and contributed to the government's lack of ability to handle the crisis to come.
685:
falls, but none at all in the majority of Tigray. A quantitative measure of the famine are grain prices, which show high prices in eastern and central Tigray, spreading outward after the 1984 crop failure.
1630:
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participated in a special fast, where members went without food for two meals and donated the money they would have used to buy food. The fast raised $ 6 million for the famine victims in
Ethiopia.
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would be allocated to military spending, creating the largest standing army in sub-Saharan Africa; the allocation for health in the government budget fell from 6% in 1973–1974 to 3% by 1990–1991.
400:(1976–1978) marked the beginning of a steady deterioration in the economic state of the nation, coupled with extractive policies targeting rural areas. The reforms of 1975 were revoked and the
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401:
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describing "a biblical famine in the 20th century" and "the closest thing to hell on Earth". The report shocked
Britain, motivating its citizens to inundate relief agencies, such as
3441:
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458:. The most prominent feature of the fighting was the use of indiscriminate violence against civilians by the Ethiopian Army and Air Force. Excluding those killed by famine and
541:
Nevertheless, the magnitude of the disaster has been well documented: in addition to hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions were made destitute. Media activity in the
408:
was declared illegal in much of the country, resulting in the number of grain dealers falling from between 20,000 and 30,000 to 4,942 in the decade after the revolution.
1556:
1927:
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1637:
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978:" programs, under which at least 3 million people are said to have been displaced and between 50,000 and 100,000 killed. These reports were later refuted by the
1969:
942:, 7.9 million people faced starvation in 1984, resulting in over 600,000 deaths; while in 2003 13.2 million "faced the prospect of a famine and only 300 died".
3902:
873:
In France, supergroup
Chanteurs sans frontières released "SOS Éthiopie", which sold 1 million copies and raised 10 million francs (about 1.2 million dollars).
2965:
1909:
1914:
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270:'s 38–40 million) and left approximately 300,000 to 1.2 million dead. 2.5 million people were internally displaced whereas 400,000 refugees left
416:. As the go-between for international aid organizations and foreign donor governments, the RRC redirected food to government militias, in particular in
3748:
3280:
1843:
1242:
1008:
439:) used this 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia as government military policy by restricting food supplies for strategy against the counter-insurgency of the
286:
3413:
3270:
1991:
42:
4037:
2960:
89:
3017:
2045:
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found its reporting had been misleading regarding Band Aid's money and had also contained numerous errors of fact and misstatements of evidence:
923:
333:
61:
744:
Close to 8 million people became famine victims during the drought of 1984, and over 1 million died. In the same year (23 October), a
293:
experienced famine for similar reasons, resulting in tens of thousands of additional deaths. The famine as a whole took place a decade into the
4161:
1068:
1526:
3306:
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2595:
1459:
68:
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3763:
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2112:, search for Ethiopia and browse to the 1984/1985 section for the document entitled Ethiopia: Security and Political Impact of the Drought
3778:
3378:
3054:
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Although a UN estimate of one million deaths is often quoted for the 1983–1985 famine, this figure has been challenged by famine scholar
3589:
3186:
733:
519:— all received record low rainfalls in the mid-1980s. In the south, a separate and simultaneous cause was the government's response to
459:
413:
75:
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3102:
300:
The famine of 1983–1985 is officially ascribed to drought. In recent years, the favoured explanation for the famine of 1983–1985 is "
3829:
3814:
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at "1.2 million dead, 400,000 refugees outside the country, 2.5 million people internally displaced, and almost 200,000 orphans".
2708:
57:
285:
causing the famine to come earlier, strike harder and extend further than would otherwise have been the case". According to the
4131:
3753:
1886:
3924:
3139:
2991:
2492:
2371:
2341:
2320:
2090:
1509:
1102:
955:
1547:
1172:
3854:
3619:
3334:
2919:
2822:
2665:
2638:
1073:
385:
4151:
4146:
4141:
3879:
3329:
3080:
440:
313:
3849:
3548:
3211:
2672:
1607:
1591:
1563:
373:
tenant farmers, who suffered from the widespread confiscation of land by the wealthy classes and government of
Emperor
1122:
3793:
3532:
2588:
2513:
2462:
2438:
2417:
2396:
2299:
2278:
2257:
2233:
1965:
1762:
1531:
954:
published evidence that millions of dollars worth of aid to the
Ethiopian famine were spent in buying weapons by the
108:
2153:
1778:
3107:
834:
771:
546:
2827:
2530:
1378:
381:
82:
4111:
4101:
4091:
3940:
3743:
3522:
3344:
3117:
3092:
1053:
2063:
1794:
1655:
1362:
1346:
1141:
4116:
3824:
3609:
3482:
3339:
3228:
3179:
3022:
2932:
2870:
1312:
1187:
46:
1321:
4156:
4136:
3497:
3301:
2908:
266:
from 1983 to 1985. The worst famine to hit the country in a century, it affected 7.75 million people (out of
1397:
4126:
4017:
3945:
3636:
3517:
2811:
2689:
2581:
451:
4121:
3859:
3819:
3477:
3349:
3155:
2448:
1710:
795:
721:
The Ethiopian government's unwillingness to deal with the famine provoked universal condemnation by the
342:
Food Supply (Energy base) These are supplied values, intake values are about 60–70% of supplied energy.
4022:
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3001:
2996:
2736:
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The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974–1987: A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy
2110:
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3133:
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helped to organize policies that multiplied the effects of the famine. He was sentenced to death in
3864:
3839:
3462:
2855:
2845:
2558:
1063:
2554:
2154:"ECU Ruling: Claims that aid intended for famine relief in Ethiopia had been diverted to buy arms"
1732:
4081:
3970:
3223:
3075:
2880:
2772:
2123:
1456:
722:
389:
35:
361:
In 1973, drought and feudal extractions caused a famine that killed 40,000 to 200,000 people in
3950:
3472:
3112:
2875:
528:
520:
396:
By late 1976 insurgencies existed in all of the country's fourteen administrative regions. The
316:
guerrilla-soldiers), and for "social transformation" in non-insurgent areas (against people of
1788:
1772:
1617:
1601:
1573:
1499:
1410:
1135:
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which provided foreign assistance during the famine, estimated that "more than 300,000" died.
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3912:
3834:
3697:
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3264:
3087:
2860:
2850:
1680:
1083:
967:
524:
500:
482:
432:
428:
397:
243:
1804:
1668:
1391:
1372:
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1204:
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901:
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Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels
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and other anti-government conflict had raged throughout northern Ethiopia and present-day
8:
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3574:
3258:
2896:
2660:
2620:
2604:
690:
473:: almost half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment come from agriculture.
466:
301:
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282:
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203:
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2351:
Johns, Michael (1988). "Gorbachev's Holocaust: Soviet Complicity in Ethiopia's Famine".
2023:
833:, primarily made up of the biggest British and Irish artists of the era. Their single, "
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2726:
2544:
2200:
827:
305:
278:
239:
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2549:
2509:
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2413:
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2382:
2367:
2337:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2253:
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2086:
1505:
1308:
1058:
756:, with donations, and also to bring the world's attention to the crisis in Ethiopia.
753:
176:
1966:"In 1984 Eritrea was part of Ethiopia, where some of the song's proceeds were spent"
1475:
922:
Other charity initiatives raised money for Ethiopia. On 27 January 1985, members of
214:
Destruction of infrastructure and economy, and exacerbation of political instability
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3672:
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3195:
2981:
2926:
2721:
2702:
2677:
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916:
866:
842:
554:
355:
164:
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2482:
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2428:
2407:
2361:
2331:
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2268:
2223:
2046:"Viewpoint: 1985 Fast Marked Beginning of LDS Charities - Church News and Events"
1463:
1164:
1048:
979:
919:" and organized a corresponding charity concert, raising a total of US$ 426,000.
830:
779:
767:
512:
421:
317:
168:
139:
4056:
2109:". The CIA report is available on the CIA's Freedom of Information Act website,
2106:
4027:
4001:
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Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991
912:
846:
838:
811:
783:
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388:(RRC) to examine the causes of the famine and prevent its recurrence, and then
374:
321:
172:
4075:
3707:
1234:
975:
881:
803:
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698:
542:
1857:
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3996:
3986:
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3687:
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1873:
1733:"Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia: An Africa Watch Report"
1097:
1035:
1001:
905:
862:
807:
791:
787:
709:
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delivering food to the starving people. Other countries including Sweden,
230:
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2538:
889:
885:
877:
470:
366:
970:. Some journalists suggested that the Derg was able to use Live Aid and
677:) constituted a catastrophic drought while neglecting to state that the
3727:
2913:
2541:, which inspired famine aid projects around the world (1 November 1984)
897:
893:
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was the most successful of these, selling 20 million copies worldwide.
823:
763:
2387:. Library of Congress Country Studies (4th ed.). Washington, DC:
1631:"Peter Gill, page.43 "Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid""
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3652:
3631:
1941:
405:
2270:
Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa
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858:
24:
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2004:
1015:
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558:
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508:
444:
271:
267:
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247:
154:
1527:"Ethiopia's unforgettable famines: Here's why they really happen"
576:
455:
417:
2457:. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
3398:
1887:"RAF carried out vital food drops to tackle famine in Ethiopia"
799:
504:
338:
2409:
Resettlement and Famine in Ethiopia: The Villagers' Experience
3614:
3579:
3512:
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Food distribution organized by Ethiopian Red Cross volunteers
562:
516:
362:
309:
235:
142:
2545:
2002 news story from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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1579:
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486:
436:
378:
290:
251:
134:
2024:"Strana XXV, "Pogledaj dom svoj, andjele" Rock scena 1985"
2157:
1950:
1844:"Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia's Tigray province"
1260:
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983:
959:
951:
745:
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Ethiopia in Change: Peasantry, Nationalism and Democracy
2474:
Famine and Food Security in Ethiopia: Lessons for Africa
822:
Buerk's news piece on the BBC was seen by Irish singer
281:, more than half its mortality could be attributed to "
206:
and military policies taken by the Ethiopian government
2179:"BBC Apologizes Over Erroneous Live Aid Weapons Story"
1660:
1658:
1383:
1381:
1253:
1248:
No. Dead: More than 300,000 No. Affected: 7.75 million
384:. The Derg addressed the Wollo famine by creating the
2447:
2249:
Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
1332:
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1165:"Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial"
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876:
In Canada, supergroup Northern Lights, consisting of
865:
was a key figure in the production and recording of "
748:
news crew was the first to document the famine, with
1402:
1400:
1025:
1014:
Other insider estimates put the total death toll in
991:
misleading and unfair impression which was created".
689:
A major drain on Ethiopia's economy was the ongoing
450:
Before the 1983–1985 famine, two decades of wars of
2603:
2312:
The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa
2085:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 99.
1750:
938:However, according to Peter Gill, in his 2010 book
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3281:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
1818:"1984: Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed (Video)"
1546:
1305:Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia
1243:United States Agency for International Development
1009:United States Agency for International Development
814:were also involved in the international response.
287:United States Agency for International Development
2565:, the first Western journalist to cover the story
2105:Plaut, Martin. 3 March 2010, BBC World Service, "
1501:Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine
1157:
982:Trust and after a seven-month investigation, the
545:, along with the size of the crisis, led to the "
4073:
4038:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic
2451:; von Braun, Joachim; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992).
2363:Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia
1425:"Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid"
1267:"Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid"
495:Famine relief being unloaded off a truck in 1985
2501:
2228:. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books.
924:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2389:Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
2333:Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia since Live Aid
2083:Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid
940:Foreigners and Famine: Ethiopia Since Live Aid
770:and sang as part of the chorus of their song "
3180:
2966:Massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence
2589:
2471:
2380:
2252:. New York & London: Human Rights Watch.
1744:
1704:
1692:
1585:
974:money to fund its enforced resettlement and "
945:
681:crops form a fourth of crop yields where the
304:and drought". According to the organizations
4033:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks
2502:Zegeye, Abebe; Pausewang, Siegfried (1994).
2201:"BBC apologises over Band Aid money reports"
250:for crimes committed during his government (
2381:Ofcansky, Thomas P; Berry, LaVerle (1993).
2225:Politics and the Ethiopian Famine 1984–1985
2221:
2121:
2021:
1869:
1867:
1768:
1298:
1296:
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962:were under the influence or control of the
549:" charity single and the July 1985 concert
3590:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation
3187:
3173:
2596:
2582:
2472:Webb, Patrick; von Braun, Joachim (1994).
1928:"Looking Back At Live Aid, 25 Years Later"
1874:"Live Aid: The show that rocked the world"
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1069:Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)
254:). As of 2018, Mengistu lived in exile in
145:airdropping food during the famine in 1985
133:
2405:
2148:
2146:
2144:
1810:
704:
569:Average grain prices in Northern Ethiopia
274:. Almost 200,000 children were orphaned.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3055:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1994:; MTV.com, 2010 (retrieved 19 July 2015)
1946:Band Aid: The Song That Rocked the World
1933:
1864:
1291:
857:
841:soon followed; released in March 1985, "
758:
708:
490:
462:, more than 150,000 people were killed.
348:N.E. and N. Africa: 3120 kcal/capita/day
346:Africa, sub-Sahara: 2170 kcal/capita/day
337:
229:
2426:
2266:
2242:
1992:A Look Back At Live Aid, By The Numbers
1858:"Live Aid: Against All Odds: Episode 1"
1800:
1784:
1756:
1716:
1664:
1613:
1597:
1569:
1497:
1480:
1387:
1368:
1352:
1336:
1302:
1200:
1147:
1131:
929:
16:Famine in Ethiopia during the Derg rule
4074:
3076:Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement
2141:
2107:Ethiopia famine aid 'spent on weapons'
1504:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190.
1422:
1264:
4162:War crimes in the Ethiopian Civil War
3168:
3103:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Army
3018:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
2961:Casualties of the Ethiopian Civil War
2577:
2480:
2359:
2350:
2222:Clay, Jason; Holcomb, Bonnie (1986).
2215:
2022:Vesić, Dušan; Rančić, Sandra (2004).
2005:"Who was who in Tears Are Not Enough"
1406:
1235:"Ethiopia Drought/Famine (1983–1985)"
1103:Mass killings under communist regimes
950:On 3 March 2010, Martin Plaut of the
739:
334:"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum
3620:The State of the Humanitarian System
3194:
2550:Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine
2329:
2315:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2287:
2080:
1229:
1227:
1225:
826:, who quickly organised the charity
782:carried out the first airdrops from
527:announced that 46% of the Ethiopian
386:Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1674:
1518:
13:
3925:The State of the World's Cash 2020
3850:Central African Republic Civil War
3140:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
2508:. London: British Academic Press.
2476:. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
1876:. BBC. Retrieved 25 September 2019
1846:. The Irish Times. 7 January 2018.
956:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
402:Agricultural Marketing Corporation
14:
4173:
3794:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
3533:Koyamada International Foundation
2523:
1972:from the original on 22 June 2011
1889:. Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund
1532:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1524:
1498:De Waal, Alex (8 December 2017).
1222:
1175:from the original on 29 June 2019
732:Another government plan involved
701:plagues exacerbated the problem.
4055:
3108:Ogaden National Liberation Front
3081:Tigray People's Liberation Front
2412:. Manchester: University Press.
2308:
2291:Ethiopia: The Politics of Famine
1930:. MTV. Retrieved 22 October 2016
1559:from the original on 1 May 2022.
1216:
1074:2020–2023 Horn of Africa drought
1028:
441:Tigray People's Liberation Front
350:South Asia: 2450 kcal/capita/day
314:Tigray People's Liberation Front
23:
3941:Attacks on humanitarian workers
3345:Inter-Agency Standing Committee
3118:Western Somali Liberation Front
3093:All-Ethiopia Socialist Movement
2487:. Cambridge: University Press.
2433:. Cambridge: University Press.
2294:. New York, NY: Freedom House.
2193:
2171:
2115:
2099:
2074:
2064:"Country information: Ethiopia"
2056:
2038:
2015:
1997:
1984:
1958:
1921:
1901:
1879:
1850:
1836:
1726:
1623:
1539:
1468:
1449:
1416:
1054:2006 Horn of Africa food crisis
34:needs additional citations for
3956:Health Care In Danger Campaign
3855:Western African Ebola outbreak
3483:International Rescue Committee
3340:Humanitarian-Development Nexus
3229:International humanitarian law
3023:Downfall of the Derg (holiday)
2933:Somaliland War of Independence
1548:"Feeding on Ethiopia's famine"
1210:
778:In November 1984, the British
414:resettlement and villagization
58:"1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia"
1:
4132:Natural disasters in Ethiopia
3903:Sexual exploitation and abuse
3302:History of the United Nations
2673:Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation
2427:Tiruneh, Andargachew (1993).
1303:Giorgis, Dawit Wolde (1989).
1115:
995:
915:recorded the charity single "
365:, mostly of the marginalized
327:
4018:2015 European migrant crisis
3946:Aid Worker Security Database
3820:Great Indian Famine of 1870s
3637:Global Humanitarian Overview
2812:Eritrean War of Independence
2336:. Oxford: University Press.
2122:David Rieff (24 June 2005).
1430:. p. 43. Archived from
1272:. p. 44. Archived from
835:Do They Know It's Christmas?
772:Do They Know It's Christmas?
547:Do They Know It's Christmas?
127:1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia
7:
3478:International Medical Corps
3350:Humanitarian Cluster System
2366:. Oxford: Lexington Books.
2050:www.churchofjesuschrist.org
1555:. London. 8 December 1998.
1021:
523:(OLF) insurgency. In 1984,
10:
4178:
4152:1985 disasters in Ethiopia
4147:1984 disasters in Ethiopia
4142:1983 disasters in Ethiopia
4023:Detention Centres in Libya
3908:Core Humanitarian Standard
3585:Network for Refugee Voices
3559:Global Refugee-Led Network
3098:Ethiopian Democratic Union
3002:Trials of the Derg members
2732:Ethiopian Student Movement
2569:CBC News Indepth: Ethiopia
1683:, CIA World Factbook, 2009
946:Aid money and rebel groups
911:In Yugoslavia, supergroup
817:
480:
331:
4051:
4010:
3992:International development
3979:
3961:Kunduz hospital airstrike
3933:
3888:
3807:
3736:
3645:
3602:
3567:
3541:
3508:Norwegian Refugee Council
3450:
3412:
3371:
3362:
3325:World Humanitarian Summit
3315:
3291:
3244:
3237:
3202:
3153:
3134:Eritrean Liberation Front
3126:
3063:
3042:
3035:
3010:
2974:
2953:
2946:
2909:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
2889:
2838:
2804:
2797:
2750:
2688:
2678:Eritrean loss of autonomy
2619:
2612:
2406:Pankhurst, Alula (1992).
2384:Ethiopia: A Country Study
1745:Webb & von Braun 1994
1705:Webb & von Braun 1994
1693:Webb & von Braun 1994
1586:Ofcansky & Berry 1993
904:", which was produced by
900:, and among others sang "
476:
218:
210:
198:
190:
182:
160:
150:
132:
125:
3865:South Sudanese Civil War
3840:2011 East Africa drought
3498:Médecins Sans Frontières
3463:Catholic Relief Services
2273:. Oxford: James Currey.
1735:(September 1991), p. 172
1064:2011 East Africa drought
1000:Outsider estimates like
390:abolishing feudal tenure
382:overthrew Haile Selassie
264:famine affected Ethiopia
3971:Dolo hospital airstrike
3815:Chinese Famine of 1870s
3307:1951 Refugee Convention
3224:Humanitarian principles
2881:Fall of the Derg regime
2856:Death of Haile Selassie
2267:de Waal, Alex (2002) .
1769:Clay & Holcomb 1986
1462:2 December 2013 at the
723:international community
639:November/December 1984
625:November/December 1983
611:November/December 1982
597:November/December 1981
4112:1985 natural disasters
4102:1984 natural disasters
4092:1983 natural disasters
3951:World Humanitarian Day
3825:Ethiopian famine 1980s
3603:Analysis and reporting
3473:Danish Refugee Council
3451:International agencies
3113:Oromo Liberation Front
2997:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
2785:Pan-Somali nationalism
2737:1972–1975 Wollo famine
2717:Gugsa Wale's rebellion
2360:Kissi, Edward (2006).
1860:. BBC. 7 January 2018.
993:
870:
775:
714:
705:Response to the famine
529:Gross National Product
521:Oromo Liberation Front
496:
351:
344:Other areas (Yr 2010):
259:
223:1973–1975 Wollo famine
4117:20th-century droughts
3913:Sphere (organization)
3835:2010 Haiti earthquake
3698:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe
3458:Action Against Hunger
3432:The Federation (IFRC)
3265:A Memory of Solferino
3088:Afar Liberation Front
2992:Eritrean independence
2851:Massacre of the Sixty
2768:Ethnic discrimination
2635:Italo-Ethiopian Wars
2481:Young, John (2006) .
2309:Gebru Tareke (2009).
1084:Droughts in the Sahel
988:
861:
762:
712:
525:Mengistu Haile Mariam
494:
483:Red Terror (Ethiopia)
433:military dictatorship
429:Mengistu Haile Mariam
341:
244:Mengistu Haile Mariam
233:
4157:Ethiopian war crimes
4137:20th-century famines
3627:The New Humanitarian
2987:Djiboutian Civil War
2818:Ethiopian Revolution
2330:Gill, Peter (2010).
2288:Finn, James (1990).
2081:Gill, Peter (2010).
1109:Tears Are Not Enough
1079:Malawian food crisis
1043:Famines and droughts
930:Effect on aid policy
902:Tears Are Not Enough
43:improve this article
4127:Famines in Ethiopia
3966:Airstrikes on Yemen
3259:Battle of Solferino
2897:Eritrean Civil Wars
2661:Italian East Africa
2631:Italian colonialism
2605:Ethiopian Civil War
2529:The first Canadian
2189:on 7 December 2010.
2124:"Cruel to be kind?"
2011:. 10 February 2015.
1944:(21 October 2004).
580:
467:economy of Ethiopia
452:national liberation
295:Ethiopian Civil War
283:human rights abuses
204:Ethiopian Civil War
4122:Droughts in Africa
3737:Donors and funding
3442:Protective Emblems
3437:National Societies
3414:Red Cross Movement
3276:Geneva Conventions
3271:Red Cross Movement
3245:1850s, Creation of
3156:Cold War in Africa
2899:(1972–74; 1980–81)
2871:Peasant revolution
2727:1958 Tigray famine
2216:General references
2207:. 4 November 2010.
2070:. 29 January 2010.
1990:James Montgomery:
871:
776:
740:International view
715:
568:
497:
352:
306:Human Rights Watch
279:Human Rights Watch
260:
240:Human Rights Watch
4069:
4068:
4043:Aid effectiveness
3934:Aid worker safety
3870:Rohingya genocide
3808:Major emergencies
3718:Michael Bloomberg
3663:Christos Christou
3598:
3597:
3523:Save the Children
3493:Médecins du Monde
3422:Seville Agreement
3358:
3357:
3212:in conflict zones
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3031:
3030:
2942:
2941:
2890:Related conflicts
2793:
2792:
2742:1960 coup attempt
2494:978-0-521-02606-2
2373:978-0-7391-1263-2
2343:978-0-19-956984-7
2322:978-0-300-14163-4
2092:978-0-19-956984-7
1954:(TV Documentary).
1824:. 22 October 2009
1681:Ethiopia: Economy
1511:978-1-5095-2470-9
1307:. Red Sea Press.
1171:. 2 August 2018.
1059:2010 Sahel famine
754:Save the Children
666:
665:
228:
227:
194:300,000–1,200,000
119:
118:
111:
93:
4169:
4107:1985 in Ethiopia
4097:1984 in Ethiopia
4087:1983 in Ethiopia
4062:World portal
4060:
4059:
4011:Related articles
3880:Yemeni Civil War
3875:Syrian civil war
3673:Martin Griffiths
3369:
3368:
3242:
3241:
3207:Humanitarian aid
3196:Humanitarian aid
3189:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3064:Ethiopian rebels
3040:
3039:
2982:Somali Civil War
2951:
2950:
2927:Somali Rebellion
2866:1983–1985 famine
2828:1974 coup d'état
2802:
2801:
2722:Woyane rebellion
2703:Ethiopian Empire
2617:
2616:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2519:
2498:
2477:
2468:
2444:
2423:
2402:
2377:
2356:
2347:
2326:
2305:
2284:
2263:
2239:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:. Archived from
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1636:. Archived from
1635:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1278:
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1262:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1038:
1033:
1032:
917:Za milion godina
867:We Are the World
843:We Are the World
581:
567:
165:Eritrea Province
137:
128:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4054:
4047:
4006:
3975:
3929:
3918:Sphere Handbook
3890:
3884:
3803:
3732:
3703:MacKenzie Scott
3678:Jemilah Mahmood
3668:Winnie Byanyima
3641:
3594:
3563:
3537:
3446:
3408:
3364:
3354:
3318:reform attempts
3317:
3311:
3287:
3246:
3233:
3219:Humanitarianism
3198:
3193:
3163:
3158:
3145:
3127:Eritrean rebels
3122:
3059:
3027:
3006:
2970:
2938:
2920:1982 border war
2885:
2876:Hawzen massacre
2834:
2789:
2763:1973 oil crisis
2746:
2693:
2684:
2622:
2608:
2602:
2526:
2516:
2495:
2465:
2441:
2420:
2399:
2374:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2281:
2260:
2236:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1553:The Independent
1545:
1544:
1540:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1496:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1464:Wayback Machine
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1398:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1049:List of famines
1034:
1027:
1024:
998:
948:
932:
839:charity singles
820:
784:Hercules C-130s
780:Royal Air Force
742:
707:
653:June/July 1985
579:, 100 kg)
570:
499:Four Ethiopian
489:
479:
354:Throughout the
349:
347:
345:
343:
336:
330:
318:Tigray Province
146:
140:Royal Air Force
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:1980s droughts
4067:
4066:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Crisis mapping
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4002:Neocolonialism
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3980:Related fields
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Typhoon Haiyan
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
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3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:Warren Buffett
3720:
3715:
3713:Jamshedji Tata
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:James Orbinski
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3646:Notable people
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3568:Local agencies
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Guardian Girls
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Islamic Relief
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
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3406:
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3366:
3360:
3359:
3356:
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3319:
3313:
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3310:
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3296:
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3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
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3234:
3232:
3231:
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3008:
3007:
3005:
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2999:
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2989:
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2943:
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2939:
2937:
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2930:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2906:
2905:(1973–present)
2903:Oromo conflict
2900:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
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2695:Haile Selassie
2686:
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2537:, produced by
2525:
2524:External links
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2114:
2098:
2091:
2073:
2055:
2037:
2014:
1996:
1983:
1957:
1932:
1920:
1913:(in Swedish).
1900:
1878:
1863:
1849:
1835:
1809:
1793:
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1643:on 16 May 2018
1622:
1606:
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1538:
1525:Moloo, Zahra.
1517:
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1479:
1467:
1448:
1437:on 16 May 2018
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1279:on 16 May 2018
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997:
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913:YU Rock Misija
847:USA for Africa
819:
816:
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375:Haile Selassie
329:
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322:Wollo Province
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3708:Melinda Gates
3706:
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3402:
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3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:organizations
3361:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Grand Bargain
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:the Red Cross
3243:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
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3101:
3099:
3096:
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3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
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3069:
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3066:
3062:
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3053:
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3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Villagization
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:Other factors
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:Brian Stewart
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:Brian Stewart
2532:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2515:1-85043-644-4
2511:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2464:0-89629-095-6
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:Webb, Patrick
2446:
2442:
2440:0-521-43082-8
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2419:0-7190-3537-6
2415:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2398:0-8444-0739-9
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2353:Policy Review
2349:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2301:0-932088-47-3
2297:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2280:0-85255-810-4
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2259:1-56432-038-3
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:de Waal, Alex
2241:
2237:
2235:0-939521-34-2
2231:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:Horisont 1984
1904:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1747:, p. 29.
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1707:, p. 35.
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 25.
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 43.
1587:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1476:Food Security
1471:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1219:, p. 20.
1218:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:villagization
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
943:
941:
936:
927:
925:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:The Guess Who
879:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:United States
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
755:
751:
750:Michael Buerk
747:
737:
735:
734:villagization
730:
726:
724:
719:
711:
702:
700:
694:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
585:
583:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
561:and northern
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
493:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
340:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:According to
275:
273:
269:
265:
262:A widespread
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
234:According to
232:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:Drought, the
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
144:
141:
136:
131:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4053:
3997:Peacekeeping
3987:Human Rights
3898:CHS Alliance
3891:power, abuse
3830:2004 tsunami
3799:Yield Giving
3688:Peter Maurer
3549:NEAR Network
3528:World Vision
3363:Humanitarian
3335:Localisation
3316:21st-century
3263:
3254:Henry Dunant
2865:
2839:Major events
2777:
2707:
2621:Scramble for
2504:
2483:
2473:
2453:
2429:
2408:
2383:
2362:
2352:
2332:
2311:
2290:
2269:
2248:
2224:
2204:
2195:
2187:the original
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2131:. Retrieved
2128:The Guardian
2127:
2117:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2017:
2008:
1999:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1960:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1903:
1893:25 September
1891:. Retrieved
1881:
1852:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1801:de Waal 1991
1796:
1785:de Waal 2002
1780:
1764:
1757:de Waal 1991
1752:
1740:
1728:
1717:de Waal 1991
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1665:de Waal 1991
1645:. Retrieved
1638:the original
1625:
1614:de Waal 2002
1609:
1598:de Waal 2002
1593:
1581:
1570:de Waal 2002
1565:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1520:
1500:
1470:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1432:the original
1423:Peter Gill.
1418:
1388:de Waal 1991
1369:de Waal 1991
1364:
1353:de Waal 1991
1348:
1337:de Waal 1991
1304:
1281:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1265:Peter Gill.
1247:
1241:
1212:
1201:de Waal 1991
1177:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1148:de Waal 1991
1143:
1132:de Waal 2002
1098:Birhan Woldu
1091:
1090:
1042:
1041:
1036:1980s portal
1013:
1006:
1002:Alex de Waal
999:
989:
949:
939:
937:
933:
921:
910:
906:David Foster
875:
872:
863:Quincy Jones
851:
821:
808:Soviet Union
792:West Germany
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464:
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360:
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191:Total deaths
120:
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41:Please help
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3658:Jan Egeland
3542:Consortiums
3503:Mercy Corps
3372:UN agencies
3142:(1970–1991)
3136:(1961–1981)
3043:Governments
2935:(1981–1991)
2929:(1978–1991)
2814:(1961–1991)
2773:Land reform
2649:1935 crisis
2607:(1974–1991)
2539:Tony Burman
2068:Church News
2026:. Rockovnik
1940:Presenter:
1616:, pp.
1600:, pp.
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890:Anne Murray
878:Bryan Adams
766:co-founded
471:agriculture
406:wholesaling
324:and such).
219:Preceded by
99:August 2024
4076:Categories
3889:Standards,
3728:Bill Gates
2954:Casualties
2914:Ogaden War
2861:Red Terror
2690:Opposition
2613:Background
1803:, p.
1787:, p.
1771:, p.
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1409:, p.
1407:Young 2006
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1217:Gebru 2009
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1116:References
996:Death toll
898:Neil Young
894:John Candy
828:supergroup
824:Bob Geldof
812:Yugoslavia
764:Bob Geldof
586:E. Tigray
481:See also:
398:Red Terror
356:feudal era
332:See also:
328:Background
238:(and also
69:newspapers
3769:ECHO (EU)
3759:FCDO (UK)
3683:Hugo Slim
3653:Degan Ali
3632:ReliefWeb
3011:Memorials
2975:Aftermath
2916:(1977–78)
2709:Mekwanint
2531:TV report
2133:9 October
1942:Midge Ure
1915:Bertmarks
966:military
691:civil war
589:N. Wollo
501:provinces
186:1983–1985
3860:Iraq War
3050:The Derg
2823:Timeline
2779:Neftenya
2758:Cold War
2555:Thoughts
2246:(1991).
2205:BBC News
2163:15 April
2030:27 March
2009:CBC News
1970:Archived
1822:BBC News
1557:Archived
1460:Archived
1173:Archived
1169:BBC News
1022:See also
1016:Ethiopia
980:Band Aid
853:Live Aid
831:Band Aid
768:Band Aid
559:Begemder
551:Live Aid
509:Hararghe
445:Ethiopia
291:Ethiopia
272:Ethiopia
268:Ethiopia
256:Zimbabwe
248:Ethiopia
177:Begemder
161:Location
155:Ethiopia
3238:History
2805:Prelude
2639:1887–89
2183:AOL.com
1917:. 1984.
1828:18 June
1647:2 March
1457:FAOSTAT
1441:2 March
1283:2 March
1179:29 June
1092:Related
818:Charity
577:quintal
555:Eritrea
456:Eritrea
418:Eritrea
151:Country
83:scholar
3784:France
3779:Turkey
3774:Canada
3764:Norway
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199:Causes
183:Period
169:Tigray
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3754:Japan
3749:USAID
3615:ALNAP
3580:Adeso
3513:Oxfam
3379:UNHCR
3292:Post
3071:EPRDF
2644:First
2561:from
1976:8 May
1641:(PDF)
1634:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
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968:junta
845:" by
671:meher
563:Shewa
517:Wollo
431:-led
371:Oromo
363:Wollo
310:Oxfam
236:Oxfam
173:Wollo
143:C-130
90:JSTOR
76:books
3789:OECD
3744:CERF
3575:BRAC
3554:CALP
3468:CARE
3427:ICRC
3384:OCHA
3294:WWII
2666:WWII
2557:and
2510:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2414:ISBN
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2254:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2165:2012
2135:2011
2087:ISBN
2032:2018
1978:2009
1895:2019
1830:2010
1649:2019
1506:ISBN
1474:FAO
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960:NGOs
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