633:, the "one purpose beating and killing whites." The demographics of those arrested for rioting were different, as well; the majority of those arrested in Miami were "not poor or unemployed or members of the criminal class." In addition, the authors observed that "Blacks in Miami seemed willing to give the criminal justice system an opportunity to apply itself"; in previous riots, the delay between an unjust killing and the riot was usually hours or days, much shorter than the five-month gap between McDuffie's death (December 1979) and the riots (May 1980).
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he drove into a wall while trying to get away, and the crowd set his car on fire, burning him to death inside it. In other incidents that night, at least 23 were injured, some critically. The driver of a car with three white people lost control after it was surrounded and stoned; after the car struck and injured two black pedestrians, the occupants were pulled out and beaten, and one of the men in the car would die from his injuries 26 days later.
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three witnesses (Veverka, Meier, and Hanlon) who had been immunized in exchange for their testimony. In her instructions to the jury, Judge
Nesbitt said, "a witness who realizes he must procure his own freedom by incriminating others has a motive to falsify." The three men who gave sworn statements were Veverka, Hanlon, and Meier. Hanlon was the only defendant to take the stand. After their testimony, Marerro was given a new charge of
25:
469:, Bobby Jones, suspended three officers on December 27. Diggs, Hanlon, Marrero, and Watts were charged with manslaughter and tampering with physical evidence on December 28; Evans was charged with being an accessory after the fact, and four other officers were suspended with pay. Marrero was charged with second-degree murder on February 1, 1980. Jones said that since 1973, the four accused of manslaughter had been cited in 47
447:
strong and very powerful blows. His entire face was covered with blood." Hanlon added he was the officer who had driven over McDuffie's motorcycle; Hanlon also gouged the pavement with a tire iron to simulate skid marks and threw McDuffie's watch into the gutter. A patrol car had been used to deliberately run over the motorcycle to break its gauges and make it seem that McDuffie crashed.
380:
according to
Officer Charles Veverka, McDuffie subsequently struck his head on the ground, after which he attempted to flee on foot. The officers caught him and a scuffle ensued in which McDuffie allegedly kicked Sgt. Ira Diggs, who wrote "the subject was observed to be fighting violently." Police drove a squad car over the motorbike to make the incident look like an accident.
558:
Metro
Justice Building. By 6:00 p.m. that night, the protest had turned into a riot. While driving home after a day of fishing, three white men were dragged from their car and beaten to death in northwestern Miami. A butcher driving home from work that night was ambushed by a stone-throwing mob;
545:
after the prosecution rested. Judge
Nesbitt said the state had failed to prove its case. Nine days later, the all-White six-man jury acquitted the remaining officers on all counts of the indictment after less than three hours of deliberation because of inconsistent witness testimony. One juror called
446:
Officer
William Hanlon later testified that he had choked McDuffie to the ground with his nightstick before he managed to handcuff McDuffie. Hanlon testified that after McDuffie was restrained, Officer Alex Marrero struck McDuffie on the head with Marrero's Kel-Lite "at least three times. It was very
433:
Officer
Veverka made a sworn statement on December 26 that he had lied in the initial report. According to Veverka's statement, after McDuffie stopped, Veverka pulled him off his motorcycle, and McDuffie responded by taking a swing at Veverka. More officers arrived shortly afterward and, according to
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The medical examiner, Dr. Ronald Wright, said McDuffie's injuries were not consistent with a motorcycle crash, and that if McDuffie had fallen off the motorcycle, as the police claimed, it did not make sense that its gauges would be broken. Wright said that it seemed that he had been beaten to death.
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The defense said that the police were violently attacked by McDuffie, an ex-Marine they called a karate expert, and that only "necessary force" was used to subdue him. The chief assistant state attorney disagreed: "Somebody beat this man's brains in." The defense also attacked the credibility of the
675:
On
December 17, Veverka was acquitted in the week-long trial after the jury deliberated for more than 16 hours. The jury foreman cited Veverka's voluntary sworn statement contradicting initial police reports as the biggest factor in the acquittal. Minor incidents of violence were reported in Miami
477:
probes. Ubaldo Del Toro later was charged with being an accessory to the crime, as well as fabricating evidence; neither Evans nor Del Toro were involved in the stop. Another officer was charged with tampering with evidence. The eight officers involved were all dismissed from the force and five of
409:"In the process of arresting and handcuffing him, McDuffie's helmet was removed and he was thrown to the ground. Officers Ira Diggs, Michael Watts, William Hanlon and Alex Marrero proceeded to strike McDuffie in and around the head and chest with flashlights and nightsticks no less that five times.
1945:
TAMARA LUSH, "Whatever happened to redemption? Everybody says Bill Hanlon is a fine man and would make a fine lawyer. He has done free legal work, helped foster kids, volunteered at his church. But he did a terrible thing 26 years ago, and no matter how much good he does, he can't seem to live it
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In that initial report, four of the officers involved in the chase claimed McDuffie had run a red light or stop sign and subsequently led police on an eight-minute chase. Sgt. Herbert Evans (who was not at the scene) added that McDuffie lost control of his motorcycle while making a left turn and,
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Officer Mark Meier testified the high-speed chase had slowed to 25 miles per hour when McDuffie shouted, "I give up" and stopped. Meier said that between three and eight officers then surrounded McDuffie, pulled off his helmet and proceeded to beat him with nightsticks. He said that the officer
684:
On
November 17, 1981, Dade County commissioners agreed to a $ 1.1 million settlement with McDuffie's family in exchange for their dropping a $ 25 million civil lawsuit against the county. Of that amount, the family's legal team received $ 483,833, while McDuffie's two children each received $
589:
sections of the city. In one incident, a black man who had driven to a convenience store was shot in the chest with a shotgun from a passing pickup truck while his family watched. In addition, fires, burglaries, and looting increased, with police reluctant to enter some areas for fear of
375:
motorcycle. McDuffie had accumulated traffic citations and was riding with a suspended license. According to the initial police report, he had led police on an eight-minute high-speed chase through residential streets at speeds of over 80 miles per hour (130 km/h).
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By the third day, the violence declined as the city imposed a curfew from 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., coupled with a temporary ban on the sale of firearms and liquor. Governor Graham sent in 2,500 National
Guardsmen in addition to the 1,000 already in the city.
645:, and authorized the release of funds to allow the city to rebuild. The Miami Fraternal Order of Police had threatened a walkout unless the officers were reinstated. The following day, the five officers who had been acquitted were reinstated in their jobs.
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In the immediate aftermath of the trial, William Hanlon worked part-time as a chauffeur and real estate agent. On April 20, 2006, Hanlon, who had trained as a lawyer, was permanently denied admittance to the bar by
Florida's state Supreme Court.
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lance corporal. McDuffie was beaten to death by four police officers after a traffic stop. After the officers were tried and acquitted on charges including manslaughter and evidence tampering, a riot broke out in the Black neighborhoods of
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to warn motorists away from the area, as drivers had reported having rocks thrown at them. The city came to a standstill. Reports of sniper fire at freeway drivers also stopped traffic until the military could restore order.
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McDuffie was transported to a nearby hospital where he died four days later of his injuries. McDuffie's ex-wife, who was planning to re-marry him on February 7, 1980, was on duty as a nurse's aide when he was transported to
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flashlights. Veverka said he tried to pull McDuffie out of the fracas, but was unable to. Captain Marshall Frank investigated the cover-up, and made a sworn affidavit which led to criminal charges against four officers.
414:"During this time, the defendants used their flashlights and nightsticks to repeatedly strike the motorcycle upon which McDuffie had been riding and which, at the time he was initially apprehended, was undamaged.
419:"At the instructions of Sergeant Herb Evans, the defendants subsequently reported that the injuries to McDuffie and damage to his motorcycle were the result of a motorcycle accident. There was no accident."
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Alex Marrero's wife petitioned for divorce the day after the acquittal. Marrero became a private detective, and was later indicted for conspiracy to distribute cocaine and commit bribery in 1989.
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By the end of the struggle, the officers had, in the words of medical examiner Dr. Ronald Wright, cracked McDuffie's skull "like an egg" using "long, heavy blunt objects. This was a melee."
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violations. On July 28, 1980, a federal grand jury indicted Charles Veverka, despite his having received immunity from the original charges filed by the state during the first trial.
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In total, 18 people were killed over the three days of rioting, while 370 people, some of them children, were hurt and 787 were arrested. Property destruction exceeded $ 100 million.
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In 1981 Dade County settled a civil lawsuit filed by McDuffie's family for $ 1.1 million. The 1980 Miami riots were the deadliest urban riots in a single city since the
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McDuffie's death "a tragedy" but felt "the Dade County Public Safety Department and the state attorney's office were in such a hurry to appease everybody they blew ."
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In the early morning hours of December 17, 1979, a group of six White police officers stopped thirty-three-year-old McDuffie, who was riding a black-and-orange 1973
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troops into the area; despite his doubling their number the next day, the riot continued. Twelve more people were killed and 165 injured as violence spread to the
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672:; each city asked that it be moved from their venues due to its controversial racial aspects. Journalists referred to the case as "The Trial That Nobody Wants."
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after the verdict was announced. Veverka's attorney, Denis Dean predicted that no further indictments would be forthcoming from the case and none were issued.
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Charles Veverka resumed his job as a security guard after his December 1980 acquittal on the charges he had violated McDuffie's civil rights.
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on the night of May 17. Riots continued until May 20, resulting in at least 18 deaths and an estimated $ 100 million in property damage.
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The May 17 verdict resulted in protests in the Miami streets that night; approximately 5,000 people attended a protest at the
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1765:"Dade County commissioner approved a proposed $ 1 million out-of-court settlement with the relatives of Arthur McDuffie"
424: — Capt. Marshall Frank, Metropolitan Dade County Department of Public Safety, Sworn affidavit, quoted in
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Days after the verdict, the U.S. Justice Department said it would seek indictments of the policemen for federal
535:. Hanlon was charged with felonies, while Veverka was charged with a civil rights violation, but was acquitted.
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Eric Seymen was never charged criminally, but was dismissed from the police for complicity with the cover-up.
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Driver Michael Kulp, 18; his brother Jeffrey, 22, who later died; and Jeffrey's girlfriend Debra Gettman, 23.
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Herbert Evans earned a master's degree from the University of Miami and stated he may apply to law school.
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On May 22, 1980, Michael Watts was rushed to the hospital after attempting to commit suicide by breathing
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Ira Diggs (manslaughter, aggravated battery, tampering with evidence, being an accessory after the fact)
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Benny Higdon, 21; Higdon's brother-in-law Robert Owens, 15; and Owens's friend Charles Barreca, 15.
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1170:. Confronting Racial Isolation in Miami (Report). United States Commission on Civil Rights.
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716:. The police said that his attempt was related to a romantic breakup and not his trial.
130:
318:, starting in earnest on May 18, 1980, following an all-White male jury acquitting four
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1990:
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515:. Jury selection began on March 31, 1980. The lead prosecutor of the case was
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Ubaldo Del Toro (tampering with evidence and being an accessory after the fact)
389:
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2013:
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Herbert Evans (tampering with evidence and being an accessory after the fact)
161:
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1507:"Prosecutors have decided not to try a 20-year-old Black man a fourth time"
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Sgt. Ira Diggs and Officers William Hanlon, Michael Watts, and Alex Marrero
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326:(December 3, 1946 – December 21, 1979), a Black insurance salesman and
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1161: 1980) ("Case No. 79-21601A, quoted in footnotes 46 and 47 of
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professor Marvin Dunn and journalism instructor Bruce Porter released
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Because of the volatile atmosphere in Miami, which presiding judge
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4467:(Report). State Library and Archives of Florida. October 30, 1980.
478:
them would go on to stand trial in March 1980 on various charges:
4575:
2067:
1935:, 15 May 2005, at South Florida Community Development Corporation
746:
List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
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562:
315:
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388:. The coroner's report concluded that he had suffered multiple
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311:
4014:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
434:
Veverka, "six to eight" of them began beating McDuffie with
5127:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
4902:
4502:
1918:, various news articles, May 21 & 22 and June 22, 1980.
841:"McDuffie Riots: Eerie Scene From Miami Race Riot Of 1980"
491:
Alex Marrero (second-degree murder and aggravated battery)
1991:"Miami riots 1980: My friend was killed by my colleagues"
1165:"VII — Administration of Justice: A Continuing Sore Spot"
1004:"Seven Week Long Dade County Trial May Go To Jury Today"
4454:
4231:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
191:
acquittal of officers who beat Arthur McDuffie to death
5228:
Riots and civil disorder in Miami-Dade County, Florida
1398:"A convicted murder was charged Wednesday with murder"
756:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
5218:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
1266:"Veverka manslaughter trial bounces around the South"
1071:"Four Miami Police Officers Charged in Fatal Beating"
4683:
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
538:
On April 25, officer Mark Meier was given immunity.
5223:
Racially motivated violence against white Americans
4465:
Report of Governor's Dade County Citizens Committee
1231:"Three Dead In Miami: Rioting Erupts After Verdict"
511:had termed a "time bomb," the trial was shifted to
503:
Michael Watts (manslaughter and aggravated battery)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1854:"Acquitted Miami Officer Apparently Tries Suicide"
1659:
1633:"Massive anger at whites was cause of Miami riots"
1453:
1427:"Riot Victim, 12, Spirited Despite Leg Amputation"
2054:
1929:AMY DRISCOLL, "THE McDUFFIE RIOTS 25 YEARS LATER"
1661:"Study Finds Miami Riot Was Unlike Those of 60's"
1630:
392:, one of which was 10 inches (250 mm) long.
5144:
3675:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1713:"Ex-policeman acquitted in slaying of Black man"
938:"McDuffie Death: It Seemed to Be Open-Shut Case"
1800:
1319:"Only one man with a bullhorn and a couple ..."
1316:
908:
1687:"Racial strife worries over trial spurs talks"
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4487:
2069:List of lynching victims in the United States
2040:
1796:
1794:
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1790:
1788:
1786:
1455:"1 Guilty, 1 Innocent in Miami Rioting Trial"
1421:
1419:
1163:Pendleton Jr., Clarence M., Chairman (1982).
679:
625:, a report which concluded that unlike prior
500:Charles Veverka (immunized for his testimony)
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1180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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664:. It had been moved initially from Miami to
488:William Hanlon (immunized for his testimony)
5178:African-American riots in the United States
4457:Miami Riots, May 1980 - After Action Report
4105:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1891:The Miami Riot of 1980: Crossing the Bounds
1451:
1102:"Ex-Florida Policeman Is Declared Innocent"
1065:
1063:
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1040:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
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911:"Aftermath of 20 minutes on a Miami street"
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3921:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3651:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
2047:
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858:
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617:On the one-year anniversary of the riots,
5132:Mass racial violence in the United States
4397:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3857:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2635:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1889:Porter, Bruce & Dunn, Marvin (1984).
1335:
1252:
1218:
1189:
1120:
1089:
751:Mass racial violence in the United States
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4604:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
4459:(Report). National Institute of Justice.
1961:Video: "Bullets Don't Have Eyes" c. 2010
1803:"Ex-cops in McDuffie case not unscathed"
1557:
1372:"Four blacks go on trial in riot deaths"
1292:"Three Jurors Placed Under Police Guard"
1200:"Sporadic Violence Breaks Calm In Miami"
1056:
991:
962:
883:
641:The federal government declared Miami a
494:Mark Meier (immunized for his testimony)
362:
16:Period of civil unrest in Miami, Florida
4226:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1971:Harold Lee Rush, "Who Killed McDuffie?"
1036:A History of Florida Through Black Eyes
935:
851:
703:Mark Meier worked as a security guard.
5213:Police misconduct in the United States
5145:
1029:
1027:
1025:
541:On May 8, Del Toro was acquitted on a
399:
199:riots, looting, arson, sniping, murder
5208:Police brutality in the United States
5087:1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot
4475:
3863:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3769:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
3460:
2066:
2028:
2015:1980-89 Special Report: 'Miami Riots'
1801:Seibert, Barney (December 20, 1980).
810:Shanreka Perry, 11; Albert Nelson, 75
648:
5198:May 1980 events in the United States
4543:Hunters Point social uprising (1966)
4438:Lynching deaths in the United States
3568:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
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1966:Video: "The Eye of Overtown" c. 2009
1481:"First white charged in Miami riots"
1317:Seibert, Barney (February 7, 1981).
1033:
862:
320:Dade County Public Safety Department
227:Dade County Public Safety Department
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4510:in the history of the United States
4099:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3875:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3657:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1941:, African American Registry article
1022:
685:202,500, and his mother, $ 67,500.
13:
5110:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
4638:1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
4633:1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
4560:1973 San Quentin State Prison riot
1876:
1631:Smith, Stephen C. (May 20, 1981).
936:Lardner, George Jr. (1980-05-21).
909:Spratling, Rick (March 18, 1980).
865:"Whatever happened to redemption?"
14:
5239:
5173:African-American history in Miami
3999:American Crusade Against Lynching
3645:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1956:Video: "This is Overtown" c. 2009
1922:
973:"Victim's dreams of new life end"
601:Local police barricaded parts of
5168:1980 crimes in the United States
4672:Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois
4455:Miami Police Department (1980).
4211:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3994:American anti-lynching activists
3966:Nadir of American race relations
3556:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3492:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
2009:. The Miami Herald. May 7, 2014.
1828:"DEA agent, former cop indicted"
1452:Harris, Art (October 29, 1980).
619:Florida International University
23:
5029:1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot
4417:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4051:National Conference on Lynching
3609:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3486:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2827:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1986:, requires premium subscription
1846:
1820:
1757:
1731:
1705:
1679:
1651:
1624:
1585:
1551:
1525:
1499:
1473:
1445:
1390:
1364:
1310:
1284:
1264:Sisk, Mack (December 8, 1980).
1146:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
34:needs additional citations for
5060:New Haven Black Panther trials
4862:Clifford Glover shooting riots
3533:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1561:The Corpse Had a Familiar Face
929:
833:
768:
688:
660:The federal trial was held in
1:
4433:Lynching in the United States
3734:Springfield race riot of 1908
2152:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
2056:Lynching in the United States
1939:"Riot erupts in Liberty City"
1128:"Officers facing death probe"
826:
353:
5203:Miami-Dade Police Department
5188:History of racism in Florida
4980:1974 Huntsville Prison siege
4927:Wooster Avenue riots of 1968
4662:1966 Chicago West Side riots
4327:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
4258:And you are lynching Negroes
4110:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3845:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3751:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3693:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3539:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1739:"Miami Streets Remain Quiet"
636:
346:and remained such until the
7:
5098:Boston busing desegregation
5039:1968 Washington, D.C. riots
4806:1970 Asbury Park race riots
4236:Southern Poverty Law Center
3881:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3509:? Lachenais and four others
2947:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
2264:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1883:The World Book Encyclopedia
1658:Thomas, Jo (May 17, 1981).
863:Lush, Tamara (2006-05-21).
719:
612:
462:The acting director of the
451:struck him at least twice.
222:Florida Army National Guard
10:
5244:
4609:Escambia High School riots
3717:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3687:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3663:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3615:Benjamin and Mollie French
1885:, 1982, volume 13, pg. 396
1346:"Blacks aid arrest effort"
680:Further legal developments
328:United States Marine Corps
5119:
4994:
4970:
4947:
4901:
4877:
4819:
4781:
4732:
4709:
4646:
4623:
4574:
4548:Sunset Strip curfew riots
4521:
4425:
4244:
4203:
4122:
4024:William O'Connell Bradley
3984:
3938:
3934:
3763:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3515:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3498:New York City draft riots
3467:
3456:
3205:
2474:
2079:
2075:
2062:
1594:"In The Jungle of Cities"
386:Jackson Memorial Hospital
322:officers in the death of
292:
284:
276:
271:
249:No centralized leadership
244:
239:
208:
203:
195:
187:
146:
136:
128:
123:
5023:King assassination riots
5007:Long, hot summer of 1967
5002:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
4887:1969 Greensboro uprising
4747:1966 Benton Harbor riots
4537:Compton's Cafeteria riot
4288:Deaths in police custody
3775:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3586:Chinese massacre of 1871
3504:Detroit race riot (1863)
3139:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2931:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1895:Lexington, Massachusetts
1533:"Miami faces more riots"
761:
549:
467:Public Safety Department
457:
359:Death of Arthur McDuffie
5092:Baltimore police strike
5044:Wilmington riot of 1968
4839:1968 New York City riot
4834:1967 New York City riot
4767:1970 Memorial Park riot
4589:1967 Riviera Beach riot
4269:Battle of Liberty Place
4264:Attack on John Shillady
4252:James Allen (collector)
4085:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3869:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3793:Omaha race riot of 1919
3781:Longview, TX, race riot
3757:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3699:Julia and Frazier Baker
3681:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3633:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3591:Meridian, MS, race riot
3574:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2547:Paul Reed and Will Cato
2232:Big Nose George Parrott
1745:. AP. December 18, 1980
1719:. AP. December 18, 1980
1592:Chase, Anthony (1986).
1558:Buchanan, Edna (1987).
1206:. AP. December 19, 1980
1134:. AP. December 27, 1979
1108:. AP. December 17, 1980
1077:. AP. December 29, 1979
5066:Student strike of 1970
4772:Livernois–Fenkell riot
4724:Baltimore riot of 1968
4719:Cambridge riot of 1967
4700:Disco Demolition Night
4594:1968 Tallahassee riots
4403:United States v. Shipp
4155:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3986:Anti-lynching movement
3903:Freedom Summer Murders
3833:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3798:Knoxville riot of 1919
2667:Laura and L. D. Nelson
2003:"McDuffie Riots, 1980"
1899:D.C. Heath and Company
1693:. AP. October 30, 1980
741:1992 Los Angeles Riots
623:The Miami Riot of 1980
509:Lenore Carrero Nesbitt
421:
368:
367:Arthur McDuffie (1979)
348:1992 Los Angeles riots
5081:Wounded Knee incident
5034:1968 Louisville riots
4957:1968 Pittsburgh riots
4801:Trenton Riots of 1968
4796:1967 Plainfield riots
4667:Waukegan riot of 1966
4656:Division Street riots
4374:Summer in Mississippi
4321:Mississippi Cold Case
4275:The Birth of a Nation
4216:Civil Rights Memorial
4145:Sidney Johnston Catts
4123:Defenders of lynching
3809:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3787:Elaine, AR, race riot
3745:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3711:Watkinsville lynching
3669:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3627:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3603:Election riot of 1874
3550:Camilla, GA, massacre
3472:Death of Joseph Smith
2096:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1433:. AP. January 7, 1981
1034:Dunn, Marvin (2016).
979:. AP. January 1, 1980
521:U.S. Attorney General
404:
366:
4938:Kent State shootings
4092:Costigan-Wagner Bill
4029:Ella Barksdale Brown
3827:Perry, FL, race riot
3739:Slocum, TX, massacre
3639:Mart and Tom Horrell
3597:Colfax, LA, massacre
3580:Bear River City riot
3430:James Craig Anderson
3230:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2835:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
533:second-degree murder
350:twelve years later.
152:Dade County, Florida
43:improve this article
5193:Mass murder in 1980
5017:Orangeburg massacre
5012:1967 Milwaukee riot
4962:1969 York race riot
4922:1968 Avondale riots
4917:1967 Avondale riots
4892:Greensboro massacre
4811:Camden Riot of 1971
4334:The Ox-Bow Incident
4314:Mississippi Burning
4165:John Trotwood Moore
3821:Tulsa race massacre
3815:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3310:Mack Charles Parker
3238:Willie James Howard
1950:St Petersburg Times
1916:The Washington Post
1860:. UPI. May 23, 1980
1771:. November 18, 1981
1743:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1598:Michigan Law Review
1513:. December 17, 1981
1460:The Washington Post
1404:. December 23, 1981
1296:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1235:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1204:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1106:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1008:Santa Cruz Sentinel
726:Race riots in Miami
400:Frank investigation
131:Race riots in Miami
4932:Glenville shootout
4856:Attica Prison riot
4694:Humboldt Park riot
4678:1968 Chicago riots
4554:Chicano Moratorium
4348:Reconstruction era
4160:John Temple Graves
4004:Jessie Daniel Ames
3951:Indiana White Caps
3621:Ellenton, SC, riot
3544:Reno Brothers Gang
3294:Judge Edward Aaron
2491:Ballie Crutchfield
1976:2010-10-16 at the
1858:The New York Times
1717:San Bernardino Sun
1666:The New York Times
1539:. AP. May 20, 1980
1431:The New York Times
1352:. AP. May 27, 1980
1298:. AP. May 19, 1980
1272:. Associated Press
1248:continuation, p.20
1237:. AP. May 18, 1980
1132:San Bernardino Sun
1075:The New York Times
1010:. AP. May 16, 1980
977:San Bernardino Sun
917:. Associated Press
662:San Antonio, Texas
649:Civil rights trial
525:Clinton presidency
471:citizen complaints
426:The New York Times
369:
162:West Coconut Grove
58:"1980 Miami riots"
5140:
5139:
5055:1970 Augusta riot
4829:1967 Buffalo riot
4791:1967 Newark riots
4762:1968 Detroit riot
4757:1967 Saginaw riot
4752:1967 Detroit riot
4742:1966 Detroit riot
4565:White Night riots
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4391:They Won't Forget
4308:Lynching postcard
4221:The Legacy Museum
4190:James K. Vardaman
4130:Theodore G. Bilbo
4118:
4117:
4009:Martin C. Ansorge
3930:
3929:
3915:Michael Schwerner
3722:Kemper County, MS
3562:Pulaski, TN, riot
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3155:Shedrick Thompson
3035:Bernice Raspberry
2755:Name unknown (MS)
2659:Name unknown (TX)
2280:Joseph Vermillion
2248:John Wesley Heath
1378:. January 6, 1981
344:1967 Detroit riot
310:that occurred in
300:
299:
235:
234:
119:
118:
111:
93:
5235:
5183:Arson in Florida
5120:Related articles
5104:Herman Hill riot
4868:August Rebellion
4615:1980 Miami riots
4584:1967 Tampa riots
4496:
4489:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4245:Related articles
4195:Thomas E. Watson
4185:Benjamin Tillman
4150:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4074:
4073:
3936:
3935:
3839:Jim and Mark Fox
3527:Memphis massacre
3462:Multiple victims
3458:
3457:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3358:Wharlest Jackson
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3254:John Cecil Jones
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
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3150:
3147:Matthew Williams
3142:
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2907:Berry Washington
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2771:Anthony Crawford
2766:
2763:Jesse Washington
2758:
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2742:
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2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2683:Zachariah Walker
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2643:Grant Richardson
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2587:Earnest Williams
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2440:John Henry James
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2392:Stephen Williams
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2344:Ephraim Grizzard
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2304:Brown Washington
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2208:Arthur St. Clair
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2168:John W. Stephens
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2088:Francis McIntosh
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2010:
1998:
1912:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1834:. April 20, 1989
1824:
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1648:
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1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1564:. Random House.
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:. August 5, 1981
1477:
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837:
820:
819:Lugene Brown, 38
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:Amelio Munoz, 66
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
543:directed verdict
475:internal affairs
429:
418:
413:
408:
304:1980 Miami riots
210:
209:
124:1980 Miami riots
121:
120:
114:
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103:
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27:
19:
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5234:
5233:
5232:
5153:1980 in Florida
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5115:
4990:
4985:Moody Park Riot
4966:
4943:
4897:
4873:
4844:Stonewall riots
4815:
4777:
4728:
4705:
4642:
4619:
4599:1968 Miami riot
4570:
4517:
4500:
4463:
4451:
4442:
4421:
4358:Scottsboro Boys
4240:
4199:
4114:
4072:
3980:
3926:
3891:Harriette Moore
3851:Tate County, MS
3463:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3398:Arthur McDuffie
3396:
3388:
3380:
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3195:Elbert Williams
3193:
3187:Austin Callaway
3185:
3177:
3169:
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3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3091:Thomas Williams
3089:
3081:
3075:Thomas Bradshaw
3073:
3067:Albert Williams
3065:
3057:
3051:Joseph Upchurch
3049:
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2707:George Saunders
2705:
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2553:
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2497:
2489:
2481:
2470:
2464:Benjamin Thomas
2462:
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2438:
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2424:Joseph H. McCoy
2422:
2416:William Andrews
2414:
2406:
2398:
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2384:Richard Puryear
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2240:Charles Thurber
2238:
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2224:Joseph Standing
2222:
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2144:Clubfoot George
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2014:
2007:Flashback Miami
2001:
1989:
1984:Law.com article
1978:Wayback Machine
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1877:Further reading
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870:Tampa Bay Times
861:
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847:. May 29, 2013.
845:Huffington Post
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773:
769:
764:
736:1989 Miami riot
731:1968 Miami riot
722:
714:carbon monoxide
691:
682:
651:
639:
615:
552:
460:
431:
423:
416:
415:
411:
410:
406:
402:
390:skull fractures
361:
356:
324:Arthur McDuffie
267:
266:
252:
231:
215:
183:
141:
140:May 17–20, 1980
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:1980s in Miami
5155:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5052:
5046:
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5036:
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5026:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
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4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
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4965:
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4959:
4953:
4951:
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4924:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4879:North Carolina
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
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4779:
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4707:
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4703:
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4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4399:
4394:
4387:
4377:
4370:
4368:Stone Mountain
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4290:
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4271:
4266:
4261:
4254:
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4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Goodloe Sutton
4177:
4172:
4170:John T. Morgan
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Julian S. Carr
4137:
4135:Cole L. Blease
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Flossie Bailey
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3911:Andrew Goodman
3900:
3894:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3705:Pana, IL, riot
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3422:James Byrd Jr.
3418:
3410:
3406:Michael Donald
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3302:Willie Edwards
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3222:Johannes Kunze
3218:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3163:George Armwood
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3083:Winston Pounds
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2891:John Hartfield
2887:
2883:Wesley Everest
2879:
2871:
2867:Wallace Baynes
2863:
2859:Olli Kinkkonen
2855:
2851:Jim McIlherron
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2731:Charles Fisher
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:Marie Thompson
2535:
2527:
2519:
2515:J. D. Mayfield
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2352:Samuel J. Bush
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2288:George Meadows
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2176:Alexander Boyd
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2104:Josefa Segovia
2100:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1924:
1923:External links
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1845:
1819:
1782:
1756:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1650:
1637:The Desert Sun
1623:
1604:(4): 737–759.
1584:
1570:
1550:
1524:
1498:
1472:
1444:
1415:
1389:
1363:
1334:
1309:
1283:
1251:
1217:
1188:
1159:11th Cir. Fla.
1154:State v. Diggs
1145:
1119:
1088:
1055:
1049:978-1519372673
1048:
1021:
990:
961:
928:
915:The Desert Sun
882:
850:
831:
830:
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728:
721:
718:
690:
687:
681:
678:
668:, and then to
650:
647:
638:
635:
614:
611:
571:National Guard
556:Downtown Miami
551:
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5003:
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4909:
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4906:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4850:Hard Hat Riot
4848:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
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4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
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4773:
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4768:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
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4708:
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4607:
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4508:
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4458:
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4452:
4439:
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4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Silent Parade
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:Hang 'Em High
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
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4093:
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4079:
4075:
4069:
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4062:Strange Fruit
4059:
4057:
4054:
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4049:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:Father Divine
4032:
4030:
4027:
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4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
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3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Jim Crow laws
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
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3933:
3922:
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3758:
3755:
3752:
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3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:Walker family
3726:
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3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
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3697:
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3487:
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3459:
3455:
3439:
3438:Ahmaud Arbery
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Yusef Hawkins
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:Betty Gardner
3387:
3383:
3382:Marian Pyszko
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:Carol Jenkins
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:Vernon Dahmer
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:George W. Lee
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
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3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:
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3188:
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3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:James Cameron
3128:
3124:
3123:George Hughes
3120:
3116:
3115:J. C. Collins
3112:
3108:
3107:Leonard Woods
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:Owen Flemming
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:Fred N. Selak
2992:
2988:
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2980:
2976:
2972:
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2960:
2956:
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2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:George Taylor
2840:
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624:
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5072:
4949:Pennsylvania
4688:Days of Rage
4614:
4507:civil unrest
4409:
4401:
4389:
4380:Sundown town
4372:
4340:
4332:
4319:
4312:
4300:
4293:
4282:The Clansman
4280:
4273:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4068:Ida B. Wells
4056:Paul Robeson
3961:Ku Klux Klan
3907:James Chaney
3897:Anniston, AL
3521:Plummer Gang
3476:Joseph Smith
3397:
3374:Henry Marrow
3334:Frank Morris
3262:Willie Earle
3171:Cordie Cheek
3099:Henry Choate
3019:Dan Anderson
2979:Raymond Byrd
2963:Samuel Smith
2915:Willie Baird
2795:Frank Little
2787:Paulo Boleta
2715:Robert Perry
2691:Mary Jackson
2651:King Johnson
2603:James Hodges
2523:George White
2507:Walker Davis
2408:Jacob Henson
2336:Robert Lewis
2296:Ellen Watson
2184:Jim Williams
2160:Wyatt Outlaw
2006:
1994:
1949:
1933:Miami Herald
1932:
1915:
1890:
1882:
1862:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:UPI Archives
1831:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1807:UPI Archives
1806:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:UPI Archives
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1636:
1626:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1560:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:UPI Archives
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:UPI Archives
1484:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1430:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:UPI Archives
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:UPI Archives
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1325:. Retrieved
1322:UPI Archives
1321:
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1269:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1208:. Retrieved
1203:
1153:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1035:
1012:. Retrieved
1007:
981:. Retrieved
976:
953:. Retrieved
941:
931:
919:. Retrieved
914:
874:. Retrieved
868:
844:
835:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
711:
708:
705:
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699:
695:
692:
683:
674:
659:
655:civil rights
652:
640:
622:
616:
608:
600:
596:
583:Liberty City
569:ordered 500
561:
553:
540:
537:
529:
506:
461:
453:
449:
445:
432:
425:
422:
405:
394:
382:
378:
370:
341:
337:Liberty City
323:
303:
301:
248:
247:
240:Lead figures
172:Liberty City
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5100:(1974–1988)
4911:Hough riots
4674:(1967–1973)
4611:(1972–1977)
4531:Watts riots
4412:(1999 film)
4296:(1936 film)
4175:James Rolph
4077:Legislation
4040:Flag Salute
3480:Hyrum Smith
3326:Lemuel Penn
3318:Louis Allen
3286:Emmett Till
3270:Lamar Smith
3246:Recy Taylor
3179:Claude Neal
3027:Will Sherod
3011:John Carter
2987:James Clark
2939:Henry Lowry
2811:Ell Persons
2699:Rob Edwards
2675:Will Porter
2531:David Wyatt
2499:George Ward
2376:Henry Smith
2272:Amos Miller
2256:Eliza Woods
2192:David Jones
2136:Bill Sketoe
2120:Joshua Boyd
2080:Before 1900
1980:, 1980 poem
1176:cite report
689:Ex-officers
670:New Orleans
587:Brownsville
575:Black Grove
523:during the
464:Dade County
436:nightsticks
373:Kawasaki Z1
167:Brownsville
5163:1980 riots
5147:Categories
5073:Kitty Hawk
5049:Zip to Zap
4783:New Jersey
4523:California
4426:Categories
4353:Red Summer
4046:N.A.A.C.P.
3971:Red Shirts
3803:Red Summer
3342:James Reeb
3214:Felix Hall
3206:After 1940
2955:Joe Pullen
2923:Roy Belton
2875:Will Brown
2779:Jeff Brown
2739:John Evans
2723:? Anderson
2627:"Pie" Hill
2595:Jim Miller
2571:Slab Pitts
2563:Ed Johnson
2400:Amos Hicks
2320:Dick Lundy
2312:Jim Taylor
1691:Desert Sun
1537:Desert Sun
1350:Desert Sun
1270:Desert Sun
955:2020-12-03
876:2020-05-30
827:References
567:Bob Graham
517:Janet Reno
438:and heavy
354:Background
308:race riots
272:Casualties
257:Bob Graham
69:newspapers
4514:1964–1980
4343:(musical)
3059:Joe Smith
3003:Tom Payne
2971:L. Q. Ivy
2899:Jay Lynch
2747:Leo Frank
2475:1900–1940
1577:12 August
1543:12 August
1517:12 August
1491:12 August
1465:12 August
1437:12 August
1408:12 August
1382:12 August
1356:12 August
1327:12 August
950:0190-8286
637:Aftermath
565:governor
188:Caused by
99:July 2013
4821:New York
4734:Michigan
4711:Maryland
4648:Illinois
4410:Vendetta
3946:Lynching
3917:) (1964)
3482:) (1844)
2456:Sam Hose
1995:BBC News
1974:Archived
720:See also
613:Analysis
579:Overtown
519:, later
440:Kel-Lite
333:Overtown
293:Arrested
285:Injuries
277:Death(s)
177:Overtown
147:Location
129:Part of
4576:Florida
3939:General
2328:Joe Coe
2200:Jo Reed
2020:YouTube
1864:10 June
1838:10 June
1812:10 June
1775:10 June
1618:1288843
1081:10 June
666:Atlanta
563:Florida
473:and 13
316:Florida
214:Rioters
204:Parties
196:Methods
83:scholar
5112:(1980)
5106:(1979)
5094:(1974)
5083:(1973)
5077:(1972)
5062:(1970)
5051:(1969)
5025:(1968)
5019:(1968)
4995:Others
4987:(1978)
4940:(1970)
4934:(1968)
4913:(1966)
4894:(1979)
4870:(1974)
4864:(1973)
4858:(1971)
4852:(1970)
4846:(1969)
4774:(1975)
4702:(1979)
4696:(1977)
4690:(1969)
4658:(1966)
4567:(1979)
4556:(1970)
4550:(1966)
4539:(1966)
4533:(1965)
4341:Parade
4329:(1965)
4204:Memory
3923:(1964)
3899:(1961)
3893:(1952)
3883:(1946)
3877:(1945)
3871:(1943)
3865:(1937)
3859:(1933)
3853:(1932)
3847:(1930)
3841:(1927)
3835:(1923)
3829:(1922)
3823:(1921)
3817:(1920)
3811:(1920)
3805:(1919)
3789:(1919)
3783:(1919)
3777:(1919)
3771:(1918)
3765:(1917)
3759:(1916)
3753:(1912)
3747:(1911)
3741:(1910)
3730:(1908)
3724:(1906)
3713:(1905)
3707:(1899)
3701:(1898)
3695:(1898)
3689:(1898)
3683:(1897)
3677:(1892)
3671:(1892)
3665:(1891)
3659:(1880)
3653:(1879)
3647:(1879)
3641:(1878)
3635:(1878)
3629:(1876)
3623:(1876)
3617:(1876)
3611:(1874)
3599:(1873)
3593:(1871)
3582:(1868)
3576:(1868)
3570:(1868)
3564:(1868)
3558:(1868)
3552:(1868)
3546:(1868)
3535:(1866)
3529:(1866)
3523:(1864)
3517:(1864)
3511:(1863)
3500:(1863)
3494:(1862)
3488:(1858)
3440:(2020)
3432:(2011)
3424:(1998)
3416:(1989)
3408:(1981)
3400:(1979)
3392:(1978)
3384:(1975)
3376:(1970)
3368:(1968)
3360:(1967)
3352:(1966)
3344:(1965)
3336:(1964)
3328:(1964)
3320:(1964)
3312:(1959)
3304:(1957)
3296:(1957)
3288:(1955)
3280:(1955)
3272:(1955)
3264:(1947)
3256:(1946)
3248:(1944)
3240:(1944)
3232:(1943)
3224:(1943)
3216:(1941)
3197:(1940)
3189:(1940)
3181:(1934)
3173:(1933)
3165:(1933)
3157:(1932)
3149:(1931)
3141:(1931)
3133:(1930)
3125:(1930)
3117:(1928)
3109:(1927)
3101:(1927)
3093:(1927)
3085:(1927)
3077:(1927)
3069:(1927)
3061:(1927)
3053:(1927)
3045:(1927)
3037:(1927)
3029:(1927)
3021:(1927)
3013:(1927)
3005:(1927)
2997:(1926)
2989:(1926)
2981:(1926)
2973:(1925)
2965:(1924)
2957:(1923)
2949:(1922)
2941:(1921)
2933:(1921)
2925:(1920)
2917:(1920)
2909:(1919)
2901:(1919)
2893:(1919)
2885:(1919)
2877:(1919)
2869:(1919)
2861:(1918)
2853:(1918)
2845:(1918)
2837:(1918)
2829:(1918)
2821:(1918)
2813:(1917)
2805:(1917)
2797:(1917)
2789:(1916)
2781:(1916)
2773:(1916)
2765:(1916)
2757:(1915)
2749:(1915)
2741:(1914)
2733:(1914)
2725:(1913)
2717:(1913)
2709:(1912)
2701:(1912)
2693:(1912)
2685:(1911)
2677:(1911)
2669:(1911)
2661:(1911)
2653:(1911)
2645:(1910)
2637:(1909)
2629:(1909)
2621:(1909)
2613:(1909)
2605:(1909)
2597:(1909)
2589:(1907)
2581:(1907)
2573:(1906)
2565:(1906)
2557:(1906)
2549:(1904)
2541:(1904)
2533:(1903)
2525:(1903)
2517:(1903)
2509:(1903)
2501:(1901)
2493:(1901)
2485:(1901)
2466:(1899)
2458:(1899)
2450:(1898)
2442:(1898)
2434:(1898)
2426:(1897)
2418:(1897)
2410:(1896)
2402:(1894)
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2386:(1894)
2378:(1893)
2370:(1893)
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2354:(1893)
2346:(1892)
2338:(1892)
2330:(1891)
2322:(1891)
2314:(1891)
2306:(1890)
2298:(1889)
2290:(1889)
2282:(1889)
2274:(1888)
2266:(1886)
2258:(1886)
2250:(1884)
2242:(1882)
2234:(1881)
2226:(1879)
2218:(1878)
2210:(1877)
2202:(1875)
2194:(1872)
2186:(1871)
2178:(1870)
2170:(1870)
2162:(1870)
2154:(1868)
2146:(1864)
2138:(1864)
2130:(1864)
2122:(1863)
2114:(1858)
2106:(1851)
2098:(1837)
2090:(1836)
1946:down."
1905:
1749:9 June
1723:9 June
1697:9 June
1671:9 June
1643:9 June
1616:
1568:
1302:9 June
1276:9 June
1241:9 June
1210:9 June
1157: (
1138:8 June
1112:9 June
1046:
1014:8 June
983:8 June
948:
921:8 June
594:fire.
592:sniper
585:, and
428:(1979)
417:
412:
407:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4972:Texas
4625:Idaho
4503:Riots
3887:Harry
1614:JSTOR
1168:(PDF)
762:Notes
550:Riots
513:Tampa
458:Trial
312:Miami
306:were
157:Miami
90:JSTOR
76:books
5075:riot
5071:USS
4903:Ohio
4505:and
4384:list
4294:Fury
3976:Jews
3889:and
3605:(AL)
1903:ISBN
1866:2020
1840:2020
1814:2020
1777:2020
1751:2020
1725:2020
1699:2020
1673:2020
1645:2020
1639:. AP
1579:2020
1566:ISBN
1545:2020
1519:2020
1493:2020
1467:2020
1439:2020
1410:2020
1384:2020
1358:2020
1329:2020
1304:2020
1278:2020
1243:2020
1212:2020
1182:link
1140:2020
1114:2020
1083:2020
1044:ISBN
1016:2020
985:2020
946:ISSN
923:2020
631:1968
629:and
335:and
302:The
137:Date
62:news
2018:on
1606:doi
1186:").
296:600
288:350
45:by
5149::
3913:,
3909:,
3478:,
2005:.
1993:.
1948:,
1931:,
1901:.
1897::
1893:.
1856:.
1830:.
1805:.
1785:^
1767:.
1741:.
1715:.
1689:.
1664:.
1635:.
1612:.
1602:84
1600:.
1596:.
1535:.
1509:.
1483:.
1458:.
1429:.
1418:^
1400:.
1374:.
1348:.
1337:^
1294:.
1268:.
1254:^
1233:.
1220:^
1202:.
1191:^
1178:}}
1174:{{
1130:.
1104:.
1091:^
1073:.
1058:^
1042:.
1038:.
1024:^
1006:.
993:^
975:.
964:^
944:.
940:.
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