712:
559:. This conservative, royalist outlook can be traced to the organization of the NSCT and the manner in which people were elected officers. The NSCT consisted of three committees composed of the presidents of the student unions, who were responsible for formulating NSCT policy and selecting the leaders of the divisions in the secretariat committee. This made it difficult for members of the more politically conscious groups to control or even influence the NSCT, as they were still viewed with suspicion by most students. As a result, activists were unable to win election to the campus student unions and thus to the NSCT. Many discussion groups found the NSCT to be conservative and unprogressive.
313:
303:
563:
292:
801:(CPT) within the student movement is unusual as it had no visible influence on the events in October 1973. The CPT also failed to incorporate the students into their struggle for a number of reasons. First, the nature of the students prevented their recruitment. The majority of the university students were from middle-class or lower-middle-class backgrounds and had enrolled in universities in hopes of finding work in the government bureaucracy. Further, Gawin Chutima, an ex-communist, argues that students were firmly locked into the
220:
633:
736:
the entrenched and wealthy upper class. Furthermore, the new civilian leadership feared offending the military and would not curb the privileges of powerful officers. In the years after the uprising, riots and strikes took place with higher frequency and insurgency in the hills seemed commonplace while taxes rose. Electric power was intermittent and
Bangkok at night was sometimes darkened. This was made worse as the international situation in Indochina deteriorated.
2125:
207:
1220:
690:
direction. The large size of the crowd meant that many were not able to leave, but the police refused their request for another exit, which resulted in resentment among the students. It is not clear how it happened, but reports soon were heard about violence against the students as the crowd became restive. Early in the morning, bombs exploded near the royal palace and the police began attacking the students.
1239:
806:
weak-minded and undisciplined, a view that did not change even after the crackdown in
October 1976. Nevertheless, after the events of October 1973, the CPT began recruiting in the universities by publishing books and writing articles on campus. This was most evident in an article on the NSCT newspaper which called for armed struggle as the only way to change society for the better.
40:
507:, took students from various campuses to work in rural areas during their vacations and forced them to recognize the problems in the countryside. The programs also served to show the students how inadequate their university training had been, as they were not able to use any of their knowledge to improve the conditions which the majority of the rural population faced.
711:
603:
vis-à-vis the judiciary. The NSCT organized an all-night sit-in at
Thammasat University and a march from there to Chulalongkorn University. A protest rally was also held at Chiang Mai University. The NSCT was supported by the Lawyers Association of Thailand and by some members of the media. Three days later, the government backed down and retracted the decree.
480:
absolute numbers of university students. From 1961 to 1972, the number of university students increased from 15,000 to 150,000, while the number of universities increased from five to seventeen. Prior to 1968, student activity was confined to demonstrations of loyalty rather than demands for change or criticism of the political system. The death of
590:. Some scholars link this conflict to the traditional Thai personal clique power competition typical of Thai bureaucracy. However, others cite the cooperation between Seksan and Sombat in protesting the construction of a second international airport for Bangkok as evidence that it was possible for them to cooperate.
809:
The toppling of the regime by the student movement ushered in a period (1973–1976) in Thai politics termed "democratic". However, in hindsight the period was not democratic in most senses of the word. The strong resurgence of the right wing and the military in late-1974 began a program of politically
479:
Student activism in
Thailand grew during the 1950s, as many students became inspired by leftist ideology to mobilize and organize demonstrations and rallies against the pro-American policies of the ruling government. The rise of university students as a political force was also due to the increase in
748:
all fell to communist forces in 1975, and the threat of communist groups in neighboring countries led to panic among the Thai people. The presence of communist regimes on Thai borders, the abolition of the 600 year-old Lao monarchy, and the arrival of a flood of refugees from Laos and
Cambodia swung
698:
were set on fire. The number of demonstrators quickly grew to more than 500,000, as other students and their sympathizers rallied to their defense. The soldiers finally withdrew in the evening, and about 19:15 the king announced on television and radio that Thanom's military government had resigned.
623:
Through these actions, the NSCT gained a reputation for being on the side of the people, helping to turn middle-class opinion against the military government. The NSCT also learned to organize effective rallies and demonstrations, showing their growing experience and resourcefulness as logisticians.
735:
The lack of strong leadership in the interim government meant there was little break from the past. Even under the new constitution and after the general elections, the deputies approached their legislative duties with caution, voting conservatively and rejecting any legislation that might threaten
719:
The uprising unleashed a range of political forces not seen in
Thailand before, and the country gradually became more polarized. In the immediate aftermath of the uprising, there was a popular perception of promise and euphoria. However, things took a turn for the worse, as democracy took the blame
702:
Violence continued on 15 October around the police headquarters, with students demanding that Thanom be removed as head of the armed forces. Only when it was announced that Thanom, Praphas, and Thanom's son, Colonel Narong
Kittikachorn, who was married to Praphas' daughter, had fled the country did
681:
On 13 October, the crowd, which had swelled to more than 400,000 (including many members of the public), marched to
Democracy Monument to demand the release of the prisoners. The government quickly agreed to the demands and promised that the permanent constitution would be in place by October 1974.
585:
and his clique from office, once Thanom went into exile the student movement split into two main factions: the moderate university students and the radical vocational students. The vocational students were marked by their propensity for violence and their demands for the right to study for degrees.
727:
In its idealism, the NSCT decided to use the donations they had gathered during
October 1973 to educate villagers about democracy and its processes. The Democracy Propagation Program began in earnest over the few months after the new regime was installed and "democracy emissaries" were sent to all
614:
hunting scandal that took place in April 1973, when a military helicopter crashed with the loss of senior military officers, family members, wealthy businessmen, and a film star. The death of the highly popular film star, as well as of the prominent businessmen, could not be covered up. The satire
502:
The student discussion groups were in many important ways different from the student unions already present on campus. They were radical and looked for new ways of interpreting Thai society and politics, often with a leftist slant. They did not organize themselves the same way the official student
488:
in the 1960s was credited as being responsible for restarting intellectual thinking and debate in Thai politics. Discussion groups sprang up at major universities which developed into organized and important independent groups, e.g., the "Sapha Na Dome" and "Sethatham" and the "SOTUS" group. These
598:
In
November 1972, the NSCT began a campaign to boycott Japanese goods. This was a strategic move as it avoided a direct attack on the Thanom government, but served to show the public the students' intentions. As well as handing out leaflets in shopping centers, proclaiming an "Anti-Japanese Goods
554:
In its early years, the NSCT was not particularly active, and did not organize any political activities. For example, the NSCT was not involved during the demonstrations against internal corruption at Chulalongkorn University in September 1970. Instead, it concentrated on areas such as community
665:
On 9 October, more than 2,000 students from Thammasat University demonstrated at an anti-government rally. After the rally, the students held an all-night vigil, at which they were joined by students from Chulalongkorn University and several teacher training colleges. Khaisaeng Suksai, a former
805:
ideology and were subordinate and obedient to older and socially superior persons. In addition, the CPT pursued a strict Maoist line, which called for revolution to take place in rural areas first. The CPT did not consider students the vanguard of a Marxist revolution. They saw the students as
689:
On 14 October, the students reached the palace and were met by the king's representative, who said that Bhumibol requested that the students disband. The students agreed to do so, and the assistant director of the police ordered barricades placed to disperse the students in an orderly, single
673:
On 11 October, Praphas agreed to meet with the students, who demanded the release of the 13 prisoners. He refused to meet their demands. By this time, the rally had moved to the grounds of Thammasat University to accommodate its growing size, with the number of protesters now reaching 50,000.
602:
With the success of the anti-Japanese goods campaign, the NSCT took a more obvious stance in December 1972 by responding to the government's National Executive Council Decree No. 299, which enabled the council to place the judiciary under direct bureaucratic control. This increased its powers
619:
for another year. The NSCT reacted by organizing rallies to call for the reinstatement of the students. Subsequently, the government decided to close the universities, which caused the rallies to grow in size, reaching 50,000. Eventually, the government relented in the end, with the students
728:
580 districts in Thailand. This lasted till 1974, when the realities of the difference in culture, resistance, and inertia forced the program to a halt. Student dissidence continued to emerge with grievances ranging from educational reform to Thailand's trade imbalance with Japan to the
510:
As a consequence of the increasing collegial contact between students, the National Student Center of Thailand (NSCT) was founded in 1968. Its purpose was to represent and coordinate student action. The NSCT was to play a crucial role in the 1973 uprising. After several meetings between
810:
motivated assassinations of prominent peasant, farmer, and student leaders. Ironically, after the end of the Thanom regime, the political repression that forced radical students to toe the NSCT line also dissipated. This led to the breakup of the student movement into disparate parts.
720:
for the consequences of the past dictatorships. There were a myriad of reasons for the widespread support for the students. For a majority of the people, the military government was a main reason to support the students because it failed to curb inflation and prevent rice shortages.
677:
On 12 October, the government announced that it would release the thirteen prisoners on bail, but the students rejected the offer, stating that they would only accept the unconditional release of the prisoners. Money was contributed by members of the public to support the protest.
693:
By late morning, there were acts of vandalism and violence by both sides as the situation spun out of control. The government brought in tanks, helicopters, and infantrymen to support the police. Seventy-seven deaths and 857 injuries resulted and many buildings near
503:
unions were run, i.e., on a hierarchical and politically conservative basis. These groups from different universities were able to transcend inter-university rivalry and build up contacts among themselves. Development programs, based on those of the United States
578:, an engineering student from Chulalongkorn University, became secretary-general of the NSCT. He began the political activism of the NSCT. He was prudent in choosing issues to campaign against, allowing the NSCT time to mobilize and maintain political momentum.
724:, a Southeast Asia scholar, has argued that despite the power and credibility they lent to the movement, the Thai middle class were far less concerned about the students' goals than they were dissatisfied with social and economic changes affecting their lives.
732:'s influence over the Thai military establishment. Strikes and sit-ins began in November 1973 and disrupted both businesses and private lives. The atmosphere of chaos continued as reports streamed from the northeast about the country's communist insurgency.
599:
Week" and presenting a ten-point economic plan to Thanom, the NSCT also organized a protest march. It was difficult for the Thanom government to crack down on the NSCT despite the ban on other political parties as the NSCT played up nationalistic sentiment.
769:
While the uprising did not change the role of the monarch, it did emphasize his position as a final arbiter between opposing forces. On 14 October, King Bhumibol appointed the Thammasat chancellor and dean of the faculty of law, former
669:
On 10 October, rallies in Bangkok swelled as more students from other student organizations joined the protests. The government prepared to react by quietly setting up a crisis control center with Praphas Charusathien as its director.
656:, Bandhit Hengnilrat, Visa Kanthap, Thanya Chunkathatharn, Thawee Muenthikorn, Montri Juengsirinarak, Nopporn Suwanpanich, Preedi Boonsue, and Chaiwat Suravichai. They were taken to police headquarters and their homes were searched.
761:
The uprising was undoubtedly driven by the actions of the university students, but the role of other forces should also be mentioned. These include armed forces rivalries, especially between the army and the navy, and a series of
891:
Prajak Kongkirati, "Thailand: The cultural Politics of Student Resistance" in Weiss, Meredith L. (ed), "Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness", University Of Minnesota Press, Minnesota : 2012, pp.
652:, urging support for an early drafting of the constitution. The ruling government used a decree banning gatherings of more than five people to arrest them. The other arrestees were Thirayuth, Prapansak Kamolpetch,
493:
began to publish articles from them. Some of the writings were critical of the government. These groups also started to hold clandestine political seminars which encouraged students to be analytical and critical.
511:
representatives from Thailand's universities, it was proposed that Thai students should have an inter-university organization, the NSCT. It was to include two members from each of eleven institutions:
749:
public opinion in Thailand to the right, resulting in conservatives gaining far more support in the 1976 elections than they had the previous year. This right-wing shift would culminate in the
615:
made public some of the details, arousing nationwide public outrage. These activities were exposed at a time when the government extended the terms of office of Thanom and his deputy
581:
Despite the apparent unity of the student movement, there were noticeable splits among the students. While they were united in their aim to remove Prime Minister Field Marshal
2076:
662:
On 8 October, the twelve arrestees were denied bail and were also accused by Deputy Prime Minister Praphas Charusathien of being linked to a plot to overthrow the government.
1798:
1278:
1426:
2280:
766:
by common labourers and civilian workers in August and September 1973, both of which helped to create an atmosphere conducive to a change in the ruling government.
1410:
794:
that elected a new 299-member National Legislative Assembly to replace the old one. The king has remained a key reference point for the Thai people ever since.
1432:
1405:
2177:
1416:
1442:
570:(in black), the National Student Center of Thailand protested for a revision of the constitution. Thirayuth was arrested, which led to further protests.
1554:
2303:
1791:
1370:
1271:
2275:
682:
With their demands met, the students agreed to go back to their universities. About 200,000 students refused to disband, however, and their leader,
659:
On 7 October, Kongkiat Kongka, accused of being a member of a group advocating early promulgation of the permanent constitution, was also arrested.
1386:
2106:
640:
On 6 October, Thirayuth Boonmee and ten other political activists were arrested for distributing leaflets in crowded places in Bangkok such as
1784:
1264:
1148:
924:
Elinor Bartak, "The Student Movement in Thailand: 1970–1976", Center of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, Clayton, Australia:1993
484:
in December 1963 changed things as the government under Thanom was more tolerant of students and intellectuals. The publication of the
394:
17:
771:
2245:
2005:
2407:
1680:
611:
99:
2417:
2240:
624:
By October 1973, they had earned themselves a political voice and, emboldened by their previous successes, took decisive action.
2066:
1614:
791:
2427:
2422:
2098:
1762:
787:
2195:
1640:
778:, as prime minister by royal command. This established a precedent subsequently exercised only three times, of appointing
2354:
2344:
2334:
2062:
2015:
1807:
1766:
1287:
779:
2260:
2250:
2010:
1645:
1609:
843:
783:
230:
2392:
1735:
2397:
790:
resolution called on him to serve a second consecutive term. In December 1973, the king appointed a 2,346-member
2402:
2035:
1560:
1233:
2200:
1090:
2412:
1670:
1475:
905:
Jumbala, Prudhisan (October 1975). "The Emergence of the Thai Student Movement in Southeast Asian Spectrum".
235:
2339:
2255:
2020:
540:
2349:
2045:
1730:
1604:
1469:
848:
798:
729:
544:
2287:
2270:
2265:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2210:
2205:
2030:
2000:
1740:
1725:
1720:
1690:
1685:
2377:
2157:
2147:
1849:
1695:
1655:
1630:
1599:
1462:
980:
Prajak Kongkirati, "Thailand: The cultural Politics of Student Resistance" in Weiss, Meredith L. (ed),
252:
247:
1168:
2382:
666:
member of parliament, was also arrested, bringing the total number of those in custody to thirteen.
2091:
1969:
1675:
1635:
1508:
996:
Zimmerman, Robert F. "Student 'Revolution' in Thailand: The End of the Thai Bureaucratic Polity?",
512:
39:
2329:
2215:
1995:
1700:
853:
750:
607:
753:
of student protesters at Thammasat University, which marked the end of the "democratic period".
703:
calm return to Bangkok. The end had come as quickly and unexpectedly as the violence had begun.
2387:
2220:
2025:
1715:
1353:
562:
211:
1222:
And Then the Movement Appears: Politics and Culture of Students and Scholars before 14 October
610:
were expelled for publishing a satire on the ruling government. The satire was related to the
2162:
2142:
1922:
1660:
1481:
532:
460:
1974:
1951:
1895:
1834:
1577:
1421:
1358:
1314:
858:
695:
632:
616:
555:
services, counseling new students, and producing a television show which praised the King,
536:
524:
520:
516:
468:
306:
159:
139:
86:
45:
967:
Ross Prizzia and Narong Sinsawasdi, "Evolution of the Thai student Movement (1940–1974)",
586:
Likewise, the NSCT was divided between two personalities, Sombat Thamrongthanyawongse and
8:
2172:
2152:
2084:
1957:
1916:
1906:
1857:
1710:
1650:
1519:
1079:
Kraiyudht Dhiratayakinant, ed., Thailand—Profile 1975, Bangkok: Voice of the Nation, 1975
653:
582:
471:. Notably, it highlighted the growing influence of Thai university students in politics.
464:
456:
316:
296:
163:
155:
105:
1945:
1883:
1877:
1841:
1594:
1400:
1341:
1333:
556:
548:
528:
178:
173:
1041:
1900:
1889:
1862:
1229:
830:
775:
721:
683:
587:
575:
567:
280:
276:
242:
169:
2107:
2313:
2167:
2040:
1705:
1487:
1160:
1776:
1256:
551:), and Patumwan Teachers College (now combined with Srinakharinwirot University).
1939:
1665:
1542:
1502:
1392:
225:
1589:
1572:
1525:
1492:
1375:
1365:
1327:
825:
763:
481:
1164:
2371:
1911:
1872:
1453:
385:
143:
879:
Kings, Country and Constitutions: Thailand's Political Development 1932–2000
1548:
1513:
1867:
1497:
1437:
1348:
1321:
645:
641:
504:
686:, decided to lead them to the palace to seek advice from King Bhumibol.
2115:
1380:
110:
The start of a movement of intellectual and leftist university students
181:
appointed 2,347-person group in a process of drafting new constitution
2111:
636:
The army opened fire on the students, forcing them to duck for cover
2124:
2119:
745:
649:
452:
885:
430:
399:
1448:
802:
737:
1191:
The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Thailand (1973–1987)
489:
independent groups in turn produced their own writings and the
474:
135:
1014:
Prudhisan Jumbala, "Interest and Pressure Groups" in S. Xuto,
620:
reinstated and the rector of the university forced to resign.
782:. On 22 May 1974, Dr Sanya appointed a commission to draft a
1036:
Political Conflict in Thailand; Reform, Reaction, Revolution
982:
Student Activism in Asia: Between Protest and Powerlessness
741:
497:
956:
Thailand in transition: the role of oppositional forces
593:
374:
Buildings near Ratchadamnoen Avenue were set on fire
1806:
1286:
984:, University Of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis: 2012.
1196:
1183:
1054:
27:Potest movement that overthrew Thanom Kittikachorn
1149:"Causes and Consequences of the October '76 Coup"
459:. The uprising resulted in the end of the ruling
2369:
1228:(in Thai). Bangkok: Thammasat University Press.
992:
990:
876:
715:14 October 1973 Memorial on Ratchadamnoen Avenue
1135:The Balancing Act: A History of Modern Thailand
1049:Thailand; Student Activism and Political Change
974:
950:
606:In June 1973, several university students from
1137:, Pacific Rim Press, Oakland, California: 1991
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1010:
1008:
1006:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
900:
898:
627:
2092:
1792:
1272:
987:
958:, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1985.
1088:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1038:. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, Mass: 1981
786:, and on 27 May tendered his resignation. A
475:Student activism in Thailand the 1950s–1970s
1120:
1021:
1003:
961:
927:
895:
436:
405:
2099:
2085:
1799:
1785:
1279:
1265:
1218:
1018:, Oxford University Press, Singapore: 1987
833:himself, a student leader of the uprising.
421:
125:Drafting of the new permanent constitution
38:
1204:The Thai Radicals and the Communist Party
1066:
1034:David Morell and Chan-anan Samudavanija,
566:Under the leadership of student activist
920:
918:
916:
710:
631:
561:
1193:, University of Kent, Canterbury, 1990.
1089:Ashayagachat, Achara (3 October 2016).
1051:, Duang Kamol, Bangkok: 1974 pp. 30–34.
904:
498:The National Student Center of Thailand
198:The National Student Center of Thailand
14:
2370:
1615:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1146:
1140:
2080:
1780:
1260:
913:
813:
1047:Ross Prizzia and Narong Sinsawasdi,
1016:Governments and Politics of Thailand
594:NSCT actions leading to October 1973
231:11th Infantry Regiment, King's Guard
2016:Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
2006:March 1977 Thai coup d'état attempt
382:popular uprising of 14 October 1973
24:
2153:Boworadet rebellion (October 1933)
1610:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
1212:
547:), Bangsaen Teachers College (now
543:, Prasanmit Teachers College (now
25:
2439:
2158:Rebellion of the Sergeants (1935)
877:Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua (2003),
844:1970s peasant revolts in Thailand
122:End of the Thanom military regime
2123:
1763:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)
1736:Communist insurgency in Thailand
1206:, Maruzen Asia, Singapore: 1983.
311:
301:
290:
218:
205:
44:Thousands of students gather at
2408:Massacres committed by Thailand
2173:Manhattan Rebellion (June 1951)
2063:History of Thailand (1932–1973)
1808:History of Thailand (1973–2001)
1767:History of Thailand (1973–2001)
1438:The Prince Bidyalabh Bridhyakon
1433:The Prince Adireksorn Udomsakdi
1359:The Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong
1288:History of Thailand (1932–1973)
1082:
172:appointed as prime minister by
2418:Political violence in Thailand
2216:Army General Staff plot (1948)
2067:History of Thailand since 2001
2036:National Peace Keeping Council
1641:April 1933 Siamese coup d'état
881:, RoutledgeCurzon, p. 169
870:
13:
1:
2011:October 1977 Thai coup d'état
1671:Japanese invasion of Thailand
1646:June 1933 Siamese coup d'état
1476:Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena
1387:Chao Phraya Bijayendra Yodhin
864:
2428:Student protests in Thailand
2163:Songsuradet rebellion (1939)
2021:1981 Thai military rebellion
1303:Individuals and institutions
1219:Kongkirati, Prachak (2005).
1153:Journal of Contemporary Asia
1091:"Few crisis lessons learned"
706:
541:Prince of Songkla University
65:– 15 October 1973
7:
2423:October 1973 events in Asia
2221:Silent Coup (November 1951)
2046:1997 Asian financial crisis
1850:Prime Ministers of Thailand
1605:Communist Party of Thailand
1470:Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada
1463:Prime Ministers of Thailand
849:Counterculture of the 1960s
837:
799:Communist Party of Thailand
780:Prime Ministers of Thailand
756:
628:Events of 6–15 October 1973
545:Srinakharinwirot University
451:) was a watershed event in
431:
400:
10:
2444:
2345:2013–2014 political crisis
2335:2005–2006 political crisis
1991:1973 Thai popular uprising
1656:Rebellion of the Sergeants
1631:Siamese revolution of 1932
1429:(Plod Vichear na Songkhla)
1354:The Prince of Nakhon Sawan
574:This changed in 1972 when
253:Crime Suppression Division
18:1973 Thai student uprising
2322:
2296:
2186:
2133:
2059:
1970:Constitutions of Thailand
1823:Military and institutions
1814:
1759:
1681:Thai cultural restoration
1636:Constitutions of Thailand
1559:Marshal of the Air Force
1294:
1165:10.1080/00472337885390051
792:National General Assembly
422:
389:
370:
362:
354:
349:
332:
327:
272:
267:
192:
187:
149:
131:
116:
92:
78:
53:
37:
32:
1746:14 October 1973 Uprising
1509:Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
1413:(Thongdi Nolarajasuwach)
1389:(General Um Indrayodhin)
788:House of Representatives
513:Chulalongkorn University
57:9 October 1973
2393:20th-century rebellions
2340:2010 political protests
2330:6 October 1976 massacre
2281:international reactions
2246:March 1977 coup attempt
2168:Palace Rebellion (1949)
2116:revolts and revolutions
1996:6 October 1976 massacre
1701:Army General Staff plot
1147:Mallet, Marian (1978).
854:6 October 1976 massacre
818:
751:6 October 1976 massacre
608:Ramkhamhaeng University
2398:Rebellions in Thailand
2304:Peace Rebellion (1952)
2026:1985 Thai coup attempt
1716:Silent Coup (Thailand)
1133:Wright, Joseph J. Jr,
716:
637:
571:
2403:Massacres in Thailand
2309:1973 popular uprising
2031:1991 Thai coup d'état
2001:1976 Thai coup d'état
1923:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
1741:1971 Thai coup d'état
1726:1958 Thai coup d'état
1721:1957 Thai coup d'état
1691:1948 Thai coup d'état
1686:1947 Thai coup d'état
1661:Songsuradet rebellion
1482:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1445:(Bhat Phuengphrakhun)
1422:The Prince of Chainat
1411:Phraya Nolarajasuwach
1395:(Dr. Pridi Banomyong)
1376:Prince Aditya Dibabha
1000:, XIV, 6 (June 1974).
907:Social Science Review
714:
635:
565:
533:Chiang Mai University
491:Social Science Review
486:Social Science Review
469:Thai political system
461:military dictatorship
106:Military dictatorship
2413:Protests in Thailand
2143:Palace Revolt (1912)
2134:Rebellions, revolts,
1975:Monarchy of Thailand
1952:Sunthorn Kongsompong
1896:Chatichai Choonhavan
1835:Monarchy of Thailand
1578:Luang Wichitwathakan
1561:Fuen R. Ritthakhanee
1427:Phraya Manovaratsevi
1406:Phra Suthamawinichay
1393:Luang Praditmanutham
1381:Chao Phraya Yomarath
1371:The Prince Anuvatana
1315:Monarchy of Thailand
859:Marxism and religion
696:Ratchadamnoen Avenue
617:Praphas Charusathien
537:Khon Kaen University
525:Silpakorn University
521:Kasetsart University
517:Thammasat University
307:Praphas Charusathien
160:Praphas Charusathien
87:Ratchadamnoen Avenue
46:Ratchadamnoen Avenue
2323:Protests and crises
1958:Suchinda Kraprayoon
1917:Banharn Silpa-archa
1907:Suchinda Kraprayoon
1858:Thanom Kittikachorn
1711:Manhattan Rebellion
1651:Boworadet Rebellion
1553:Lieutenant General
1520:Thanom Kittikachorn
1454:Princess Srisangwan
1443:Luang Adundetcharat
1417:Sa-nguan Chuthatemi
1342:Regents of Thailand
654:Boonsong Chalethorn
583:Thanom Kittikachorn
465:Thanom Kittikachorn
446:Day of Great Sorrow
317:Narong Kittikachorn
297:Thanom Kittikachorn
248:Metropolitan Police
164:Narong Kittikachorn
156:Thanom Kittikachorn
142:of public avenues,
33:14 October uprising
2350:2020–2021 protests
1946:Kriangsak Chamanan
1933:Military dictators
1884:Kriangsak Chamanan
1878:Thanin Kraivichien
1842:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1595:Free Thai Movement
1334:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1171:on 11 October 2016
1117:, 16 October 1973.
954:Prizzia, Rosario,
829:(2001) written by
814:In popular culture
717:
638:
572:
557:Bhumibol Adulyadej
549:Burapha University
529:Mahidol University
463:of anti-communist
401:Hetkan Sip-Si Tula
236:4th Tank Battalion
179:Bhumibol Adulyadej
174:Bhumibol Adulyadej
2378:Conflicts in 1973
2365:
2364:
2261:1985 coup attempt
2256:1981 coup attempt
2251:October 1977 coup
2074:
2073:
2054:
2053:
1901:Anand Panyarachun
1890:Prem Tinsulanonda
1863:Sanya Dharmasakti
1774:
1773:
1754:
1753:
831:Seksan Prasertkul
776:Sanya Dharmasakti
722:Benedict Anderson
684:Seksan Prasertkul
588:Seksan Prasertkul
576:Thirayuth Boonmee
568:Thirayuth Boonmee
432:Wan Maha Wippayok
429:
398:
390:เหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลา
378:
377:
345:
344:
281:Seksan Prasertkul
277:Thirayuth Boonmee
263:
262:
243:Royal Thai Police
170:Sanya Dharmasakti
16:(Redirected from
2435:
2383:1973 in Thailand
2314:Black May (1992)
2128:
2127:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2041:Black May (1992)
1817:
1816:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1706:Palace Rebellion
1555:Kat Katsongkhram
1488:Khuang Aphaiwong
1297:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:. Archived from
1227:
1207:
1202:Yuangrat Wedel,
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:. Archived from
1144:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1019:
1012:
1001:
994:
985:
978:
972:
965:
959:
952:
925:
922:
911:
910:
902:
893:
889:
883:
882:
874:
797:The role of the
784:new constitution
467:and altered the
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
434:
427:
425:
424:
419:
416:
415:October 14 Event
413:
410:
407:
403:
393:
391:
334:
333:
315:
314:
305:
304:
295:
294:
293:
224:
222:
221:
210:
209:
208:
194:
193:
166:fled the country
72:
70:
64:
62:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2318:
2297:Popular revolts
2292:
2196:April 1933 coup
2188:
2182:
2148:1932 Revolution
2135:
2129:
2122:
2105:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2050:
1979:
1940:Sangad Chaloryu
1927:
1810:
1805:
1775:
1770:
1755:
1750:
1666:Franco-Thai War
1619:
1543:Phin Choonhavan
1530:
1503:Pridi Banomyong
1290:
1285:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1215:
1213:Further reading
1210:
1201:
1197:
1189:Gawin Chutima,
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
988:
979:
975:
966:
962:
953:
928:
923:
914:
903:
896:
890:
886:
875:
871:
867:
840:
821:
816:
764:wildcat strikes
759:
709:
630:
596:
500:
477:
448:
445:
442:
439:
417:
414:
411:
408:
339:
323:
322:
321:
312:
302:
291:
289:
284:
279:
259:
226:Royal Thai Army
219:
217:
206:
204:
199:
102:hunting scandal
85:
84:
73:
68:
66:
60:
58:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:public opinion
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:June 1933 coup
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:1964 Rebellion
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2136:and revolution
2131:
2130:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:Field Marshal
1846:
1845:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Khana Ratsadon
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:Direk Jayanama
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1541:Field Marshal
1533:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1526:Sarit Thanarat
1524:Field Marshal
1522:
1518:Field Marshal
1516:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Thawi Bunyaket
1490:
1484:
1480:Field Marshal
1478:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:Ananda Mahidol
1325:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1234:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1139:
1119:
1107:
1081:
1065:
1063:, 24 May 1973.
1053:
1040:
1020:
1002:
986:
973:
971:, vol 1, 1975.
969:Asia Quarterly
960:
926:
912:
894:
884:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
839:
836:
835:
834:
826:The Moonhunter
820:
817:
815:
812:
758:
755:
708:
705:
629:
626:
595:
592:
499:
496:
482:Sarit Thanarat
476:
473:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
342:
340:
337:
330:
329:
325:
324:
320:
319:
309:
299:
286:
285:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
240:
239:
238:
233:
202:
200:
197:
190:
189:
185:
184:
183:
182:
176:
167:
151:
147:
146:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
118:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
103:
94:
90:
89:
82:
80:
76:
75:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:1973 protests
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:coup attempts
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Chuan Leekpai
1910:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Kukrit Pramoj
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:Rear Admiral
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Queen Sirikit
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1245:on 2020-10-19
1241:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:(1): 80–103.
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
999:
993:
991:
983:
977:
970:
964:
957:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
921:
919:
917:
908:
901:
899:
888:
880:
873:
869:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
832:
828:
827:
823:
822:
811:
807:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Supreme Court
767:
765:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
725:
723:
713:
704:
700:
697:
691:
687:
685:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
634:
625:
621:
618:
613:
609:
604:
600:
591:
589:
584:
579:
577:
569:
564:
560:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
506:
495:
492:
487:
483:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
433:
402:
396:
387:
383:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
341:
336:
335:
331:
326:
318:
310:
308:
300:
298:
288:
287:
283:
282:
278:
271:
266:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
216:
215:
214:
213:
201:
196:
195:
191:
186:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:protest march
141:
137:
134:
130:
124:
121:
120:
119:
115:
109:
107:
104:
101:
97:
96:
95:
91:
88:
81:
77:
74:(6 days)
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2308:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1964:Institutions
1963:
1962:
1932:
1931:
1848:
1847:
1833:
1832:
1745:
1676:World War II
1624:
1623:
1584:Institutions
1583:
1582:
1566:
1565:
1549:Phao Siyanon
1535:
1534:
1514:Pote Sarasin
1461:
1460:
1383:(Pan Sukhum)
1340:
1339:
1313:
1312:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1221:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1156:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1115:Bangkok Post
1114:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1095:Bangkok Post
1094:
1084:
1061:Bangkok Post
1060:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1015:
998:Asian Survey
997:
981:
976:
968:
963:
955:
906:
887:
878:
872:
824:
808:
796:
768:
760:
734:
726:
718:
701:
692:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
658:
639:
622:
605:
601:
597:
580:
573:
553:
509:
501:
490:
485:
478:
423:วันมหาวิปโยค
381:
379:
275:
268:Lead figures
203:
1868:Seni Pramoj
1731:Vietnam War
1498:Seni Pramoj
1330:(Rama VIII)
1322:Prajadhipok
1175:15 November
646:Siam Square
642:Bang Lamphu
505:Peace Corps
428:RTGS:
150:Resulted in
2372:Categories
2112:rebellions
1985:Key events
1826:Key events
1696:Korean War
1625:Key events
1600:Coup Group
1324:(Rama VII)
1306:Key events
1249:2013-12-25
1235:9745719366
865:References
350:Casualties
212:Government
140:occupation
69:1973-10-15
61:1973-10-09
2355:reactions
2288:2014 coup
2271:2006 coup
2266:1991 coup
2241:1976 coup
2236:1971 coup
2231:1958 coup
2226:1957 coup
2211:1948 coup
2206:1947 coup
2187:Coups and
1844:(Rama IX)
1366:Rama VIII
1336:(Rama IX)
1100:3 October
707:Aftermath
612:Thung Yai
100:Thung Yai
93:Caused by
2120:Thailand
1956:General
1950:General
1944:General
1938:Admiral
1921:General
1905:General
1894:General
1888:General
1882:General
1820:Politics
1547:General
1536:Military
1474:General
1349:Rama VII
1300:Politics
838:See also
757:Analysis
746:Cambodia
650:Pratunam
453:Thailand
363:Injuries
355:Death(s)
79:Location
1401:Rama IX
909:: 9–10.
892:234–241
803:Sakdina
738:Vietnam
457:history
440:
420:; also
409:
397::
338:500,000
188:Parties
136:Sit-ins
132:Methods
83:Bangkok
67: (
59: (
1567:Others
1486:Major
1232:
774:Judge
744:, and
648:, and
371:Damage
328:Number
223:
162:, and
48:, 1973
2108:Coups
1243:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
117:Goals
1230:ISBN
1177:2020
1102:2016
819:Film
742:Laos
437:lit.
406:lit.
395:RTGS
386:Thai
380:The
98:The
54:Date
2118:in
1161:doi
730:CIA
455:'s
366:857
2374::
2114:,
2110:,
2065:•
2061:←
1765:•
1761:←
1155:.
1151:.
1122:^
1093:.
1068:^
1023:^
1005:^
989:^
929:^
915:^
897:^
740:,
644:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
435:,
426:,
404:,
392:,
388::
358:77
158:,
138:,
2100:e
2093:t
2086:v
2069:→
1800:e
1793:t
1786:v
1769:→
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1252:.
1179:.
1163::
1157:8
1104:.
449:'
443:'
418:'
412:'
384:(
71:)
63:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
