698:
1149:
minority group members to high level policy positions, letting the police meet with citizens to discuss issues, making disciplinary actions done to law enforcement officers public information, publicizing their existing police complaint system and making an external way to handle complaints by the police, making steps to determine that actions are not prejudiced, strictly enforcing rules against using racial slurs along with making those rules well-known, publicize regulations related to weapons and also let the general public know the police go through human relations training. For other groups it would recommend several things: that the
Florida Civil Service's role in the employment of law enforcement officers from minority groups be considered, improving the judicial system for minorities and it's functioning for them and that local leaders should prioritize trying to make the city more tolerant.
1118:. A two day long investigation was done by the Hillsborough County District Attorney office declaring that the shooting of Chambers was justified. The state attorney for Hillsborough County, Paul Antinori said that his office would investigate it. Antinori reached a similar conclusion saying that the use of deadly force was justified. He said the shooting was justified because he was a known felon trying to escape being arrested. Black youths who said they were witnesses towards the shooting in hearings held by Antinori said Chambers stopped, put his hands up and turn towards Patrolman Calvert when he was shot him. Martin's mother, Janie Bell Chambers continued to try to seek justice for him until her death in 1996. She often held protests at her son's grave along with vigils there. Janie tried to get the city to investigate her son's death in 1990, which led to the
632:
897:
they headed on Scott, towards
Nebraska Avenue, before going back to the command post that was located at the intersection of Cass Street and Central Avenue. The second group started its patrol going west on India Street until Nebraska Avenue. Once on Nebraska Avenue, they headed to Governor Street, where officers headed south to Harrison Street and turned westwards on it until reaching Central Avenue and returning to the same command post as the first group. Forty law enforcement officers were sent to Main Street in
802:
the roof of the
Pyramid Hotel to give cover. The group of officers and deputies moved north along Central Avenue going from Cass Street to Harrison Street. By the time the police started their march to try and penetrate the area, there were falling power lines in the area, with electrical sparks flying in the air near the line of officer's marching on the street. Using a sound car, the police announced that anyone caught with weapons would be shot. After the announcement, the firing ceased.
1144:
with them, low pay, lack of promotions, a minority recruitment program not existing and biased evaluation/testing procedures that were done. At the end of the report, there were several recommendations made falling into three general categories. For the mayor and city council it would endorse: passing a city ordinance endorsing non-discrimination and affirmative action in the city government, give more power to the Tampa
Commission on Community Relations, creating the position of
782:
cars in the area being hit by rocks. The police tried to replicate what they had done in a similar incident in the past by withdrawing all police units which resulted in the crowd dispersing. However, this time it did not work and resulted in the opposite effect. In commercial areas nearby, the patrons of bars and nightclubs joined in with the initial crowd. A group of rioters moved down
Central Avenue where the first stores were hit and the first fire was set.
732:
Chambers to surrender, but was ignored. Calvert yelled at
Chambers to stop but was also ignored. Chambers was chased by Calvert until he reached the rear side of a home in an unknown location. The rear side was described as facing a southerly direction while the front faced the north. The chase went into an alley that was 25 feet (7.6 m) long and 2 feet (0.61 m) wide bounded by
728:
the time of the broadcast, would join in and chase
Chambers. After all three suspects had split up, Chambers would encounter Edward Thomas at one point. Thomas later on took the blame for the robbery. Monroe said that he himself, Thomas and Chambers were the ones that had robbed the store and had done it together.
983:
pm and spoke with the black groups there in a meeting. The group wanted the police to be "removed from area" and wanted to do policing of it instead, which the mayor and sheriff agreed to. Calls for
African Americans wanting to do the policing themselves led to the creation of a youth patrol referred
872:
am and noon, the TPD contacted all stores that sold guns and ammunition requesting them to stop selling items to customers; all stores were cooperative. Pawn shops were also contacted with the same request. All ammunition wholesalers were granted 24-hour, around-the-clock protection by the police. By
1157:
Sometime during 1972, the URA was dissolved. The riots along with other urban renewal orientated projects contributed to the neighborhood's downfall. The final business on
Central Avenue was closed down in 1974 and its building was demolished that year. Perry Harvey Sr. Park was developed in 1979 at
1143:
A report was produced by the
Florida Advisory Committee in December 1972 concluding that black residents in the city did have strained relations with the police. Law enforcement tried to increase the amount of black law enforcement officers but had little success due to a few reasons: poor relations
1080:
A youth patrol force later referred to as the "White Hats" was created in response to the grievances that many African Americans had towards law enforcement during the riots. Originally they were identified by the usage of phosphorescent arm bands and later by their usage of white hats. Hillsborough
1021:
members, and other local law enforcement officers. Black people who were attending the meeting requested that Patrolman Calvert be fired by the municipal government. The mayor and the police chief, however, did not accept this, which was meant with general hostility by meeting attendees. (The reason
987:
During that day, the perimeter around Central Park Village was maintained at all times of the day by police officers. Throughout the day, the police received many false reports with activities reported to them being dramatized. Mayor Nuccio that day met with local residents, who suggested that Coash
892:
Governor Kirk spoke with local residents at a school in the Central Park Village area during the late afternoon. During the meeting at the school the atmosphere was described as being tense and speakers regardless of race were booed and hissed at. Nothing came out of the meeting, but Kirk thought it
819:
maneuvers, Sgt. Donald Clark Williams, a deputy from the Sheriff's Department who was leading a squad, died of a heart attack. Williams, who had a previous medical history relating to the heart attack, was 52 years old and had been with the Sheriff's Departments for 6 years at the time of his death.
801:
pm. By 11:50, there was enough law enforcement officers to create an "assault line" to move into the area where they thought the civil disorder was happening. While assembling at Cass Street, they encountered sniper fire. As a result, Sherriff's Department deputies and police officers were placed on
777:
pm, a report was received by the TPD saying that 500 people were gathering in an unspecified location. A police car was sent there but did not find anyone. In the Central Park Village housing complex, hundreds of people left the apartments as soon as the rain stopped. They discussed the shooting and
723:
pm, the two officers observed the three men near an alley that connected to Nebraska Avenue located between Zack and Twiggs Street, believing them to be suspects in robbing the camera supply warehouse. Once spotted on Nebraska Avenue, they broadcast over the police radio that the men were the likely
1148:
to be held by someone who was liked by the community. While for the police and sheriff's department it would propose: both agencies expand minority recruitment programs, review qualifications of officers, fire those who were discriminatory towards nonwhites, applying affirmative action, appointing
1126:
On July 12, local business owners created a program to give jobs to many of the city's African-American residents as a way to counteract the racial tensions in the city by reducing unemployment. Sergeant J.S. de la Llana of the TPD's Criminal Intelligence Unit testified to the US Senate on August 4
974:
pm demanding that they be able to see the mayor. They were told that the mayor was at the Meachum School and could be seen there. The group would not leave and did not want to talk with anyone else. Police forces did not attempt to remove them as they thought the mayor should see them. Mayor Nuccio
957:
am, the police believed a "Possible racial outbreak" had happened at Lopez Feed Co., located at 2300 East 7th Avenue, that was sparked by an African-American male burglary suspect being shot in the wrist by the owner, Manuel Lopez. It is unknown what entailed in this "Possible racial outbreak" that
896:
During the evening, National Guard troops began to replace the local policing forces in maintaining the perimeter around Central Park. Two groups of 70 local law enforcement officers each did patrols that night. The first group did a patrol heading North on Central Avenue until Scott Street, where
805:
Officers crossed an alley on Harrison Street from the northwest corner of Harrison Street and Central Avenue. After a building collapsed, flames shot out from it, blocking Central Avenue. Those who were firing at the police likely obtained their weapons after looting a gun store. Police using dogs
781:
Appearing to make progress in calming down the crowd, Oates' words were outweighed when a woman came running down a street screaming about her brother who was killed by the police. It is said that this caused the immediate crowd to become galvanized. The crowd began stoning in general, with police
759:
A crowd gathered around where Chambers had been shot and were angered about what happened to him. An ambulance was sent for Chambers but ended up getting lost along the way. As such, Oates put Chambers into his car and drove him to the hospital. Shortly after putting him in his car, Chambers died.
727:
Chambers, who was unarmed, ran through the surrounding neighborhood while trying to escape from the police. With Chambers having lost the two officers, Cloud and Hackney sent a message over the radio asking for assistance. J.L. Calvert, a white police officer who was alone in his police cruiser at
683:
By 1967, Tampa was described as having little visible legal segregation in it. The city practiced the "Tampa Technique" of desegregating in a slow and nonconfrontational manner. However, there was significant economical segregation. Many black residents in the city were denied jobs and didn't have
1033:
took place with a fight between two black females in a bar. One person was cut and needed an ambulance which was sent. A strike force, composed of Sheriff's Department deputies and TPD officers, was organized, in response. They were sent to the Central Avenue and waited 150 feet (46 m) away
924:
It is unclear what the precise number of National Guards troops there were in the city. A 1967 congressional report about the usage of military troops during civil unrest that mentioned the riots said that 475 troops were deployed. A report done by the State Adjunct General for 1967 and 1968 said
755:
Witnesses, on the other hand, said that Chambers had stopped and that he was attempting to surrender. However, when the witnesses were brought to the crime scene, they said they were at the westerly side of the house, a viewpoint that the police deemed would be impossible to view what happened in
731:
When black residents of the Central Park Village housing project became aware of the chase, they began to participate and some even tried to help officers in locating Chambers. R.C. Oates—one of seventeen black police officers among the total 511 officers in the Tampa Police Department—called for
1122:
finding that the shooting was justifiable. In 2007, Martin Chambers' two siblings: Jeffery Collins-King Chambers and Sabrina King along with Marzuq Al-Hakim who were advocating for them went before the Tampa City Council to ask if they could send Martin's case to the US Department of Justice. 40
822:
While the TPD was responsible for all entrances on Central Avenue spanning from Scott to Harrison Street, the perimeter later ended up being extended and prohibited traffic going in and out of the area. The new perimeter was bounded by Cass Street towards the south, Nebraska Avenue in the east,
647:
and a sizable amount of neighborhood would be demolished for it. During the freeway construction that was done in Tampa, the URA estimated that several hundred black families would be displaced with freeway construction between 1962 and 1963 along with roughly 400 others being relocated by code
1130:
The county sheriff department and municipal police force attempted to improve community relationships. Despite this, the relationships between black residents and the police would not improve which led to a two-day long open hearing would be held by the Florida State Advisory Committee to the
1105:
pm. It was monitored by the Sheriff's Department that flew a plane over the funeral site and areas they deemed to be critical. No disturbances in the city took place during his funeral despite the mobilization of police forces. On June 23, Beard held a conference at the Sheriff's Office where
818:
am, law enforcement forces began an attempt to create a perimeter around the area where civil unrest had been encountered at so far. The Sheriff's Department was responsible for all entrances to the area from the eastern side of Orange Street going from Scott to Cass Street. While doing these
1060:
Apart from purely responding from the violence caused by the unrest, law enforcement forces provided security to certain locations and people. Jack De La Llana went into detail about the security that was provided during his testimony to US Congress. Auxiliary forces were deployed to provide
1022:
as to why the mayor and police chief did not want to fire Patrolman Calvert is unknown.) Also during that afternoon, the Sheriff announced that he had the authorization by Governor Kirk to create a curfew during the night hours, arresting anyone who was found on the streets at night.
600:
Renewal projects forced some residents to leave their homes. The circumstances were exacerbated by insufficient low-income housing. Even before displacement, public housing was often filled up and private housing did not have the same quality or prices as public housing. As part of a
1004:
were found and all 12 were arrested. One minute later, two white males carrying shotguns at Beach Street and Howard Avenue in West Tampa were reported to the police. The TPD went to the scene and held them in custody. The TPD's second radio frequency went offline at about
925:
that 472 troops in total were deployed, which included 83 officers. Moreover, a publication from the US Army Office of Military History from 1971 says that approximately 500 were deployed and stated that the precise number of troops that were activated was not recorded.
920:
Sheriff's Offices offered assistance to help the police forces with the riots. Pinellas County's reinforcements consisted of a riot squad with 20 members and 2 paddy wagons. The riot squad had been used several days earlier to quell a riot that happened in Clearwater.
684:
access to civil service tests. Black residents were also dissatisfied with the rate at which low-cost housing was being built, the poor quality of policing, a shortage of recreational facilities, and being exploited by white business owners in black neighborhoods.
1013:
am. Having 50,000 ammunition rounds and 250 guns, the Less Gun and Archery Shop located on Fairbanks and Nebraska Avenue told the TPD that they needed someplace to store them. It was accepted and the equipment was placed in the Police Department's property room.
1123:
years later, Tampa's municipal government would not admit it did anything wrong involving him. Also during 2007, an advisory committee for the mayor moved to rename a room in the Kid Mason Recreation Center that was located on Orange Street in honor of him.
627:
in it. African-American residents in Tampa often had difficulty getting loans from insurance and mortgage companies. Many black residents' views were not factored in during urban renewal projects, especially as URA had no black members on its board.
724:
suspects in the burglary and gave descriptions of them. Cloud and Hackney followed the suspects until they noticed the two officers. All 3 suspects fled from the police once being spotted. Monroe attempted to escape but would end up being arrested.
1106:
officials from both the Tampa Police Department and the Hillsborough County's Sheriff Department in preparation for Chambers funeral. TPD deployed 4 squads, having 35 officers in total, while the Sheriff's Department put 25 deputies on standby.
1162:
local chapter 1402 and an advocate for civil rights. Central Park Village was demolished to make way for another urban renewal project named the Encore which opened on December 18, 2012 and contains a mix of residential and commercial spaces.
756:
those moments. Calvert also claimed that he was attempting to shoot directly above Chambers' back but that he had missed. At the time of the shooting, Patrolman Calvert was described as "not having any special qualifications in marksmanship."
988:
Jim Williams in Tallahassee would be most effective in calming down the rioters. A complaint often presented to him was that residents disliked the National Guard's presence in the city, particularly in predominantly black sections of it.
856:
and other city officials, and left by dawn. During the early daytime hours, Tampa's Sanitation Department sent 50 workers to clean up the area that was destroyed. The process took 3 hours in total, but it is unclear when it started. At
778:
incidents of prejudice that they had faced. At some point, in an attempt to persuade the crowd into dispersing, Officer Oates went to the area and make an announcement that an investigation would be made into Chambers' shooting.
1085:
was approached about this but said they did not have a sufficient amount available. Eventually, the White Hats wound up getting disbanded after several of its members were indicted for felony charges not related to the riots.
697:
969:
pm. Fernandez's reasoning was that nurses needed to change shifts and, according to him they were molested and stoned the previous night. A group of about 20 black people were reported to have been at the Mayor's Office at
509:
The Tampa riots began after a 19-year-old black man named Martin Chambers, who was one of three people suspected of robbing a camera supply warehouse on 421 East Ellasme Street, was fatally shot by a white officer of the
933:
During the early morning hours of June 13, the city was described as being rather quiet overall. Law enforcement forces received several reports they deemed to be false during the early morning hours. The
881:
pm. At close to the same time, gunfire was heard in the area of Central Park Village and a news helicopter flying over the area was shot at. The units that Beard had requested were received between 3:30
1029:
pm, "Armed persons" were reported on Central Avenue at the Club Sudan. At the same time, another report was received by the police that there was a large crowd at Central Avenue and Constant Street. A
752:
at Chambers' back once and the bullet passed completely through his body. As Chambers was a few feet away from exiting, Calvert claimed that if Chambers had left the alley, he would have lost him.
559:
industry two years later. Starting in the 1890s and lasting until the 1950s, it was the most significant black neighborhood in the city, with Central Avenue being called the "Harlem of the South".
1081:
County's Sheriff department spent some of its money at an army surplus store to buy helmets and then paint them white; 125 helmets with liners ended up being purchased. Colonel Bullard from the
760:
Close to the time of Chambers being put into the car, a rainstorm occurred and the crowd dispersed. The rainstorm itself is said to have lasted two hours, but it is unknown when it ended.
2471:
785:
During the early period of the riots, there was a lack of intelligence from the police resulting in their slow reaction time. Officers began to arrive in the area between 11:00 and 11:50
705:
On June 11, 1967, three burglars—Martin Chambers (19 years old), John Dawson, and Calvin Moore (15)—broke into Tampa's Photo Supply Warehouse located at 421 East Ellasme Street at 5:30
1052:
All troops were withdrawn from the city, excluding liaison personnel, leaving on June 18. The Police Department and Sheriff's Department went back to normal operations on June 19.
672:
in September. During the sit-ins, the only time that the police intervened was when they had to remove two white people from a Walgreens who were being abusive to protesters.
861:
am, all officers and deputies were placed on a 12-hour day with no days off. Sheriff deputies that were doing the perimeter control were relieved by the TPD officers at 9:34
40:
1605:
833:
am, firefighters began extinguishing the fires that had been set to 3 buildings and had spread to several nearby buildings by this point. Most fires were extinguished by 4
3104:
2060:
1098:
who ordered in a variety of reinforcements to assist on June 14. By the end of the rioting, over 100 people were arrested and $ 2 million in damage was to be dealt.
2464:
162:
62:
2487:
606:
187:
137:
127:
72:
1045:
am, and at this time the National Guard was demobilized and put on alert. A command room that had been established in the Sheriff's Office was closed at 11:50
197:
167:
152:
2376:
3145:
2660:
2298:
2457:
1551:
POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN TAMPA --- The Beginning or End --- A report of the Florida State Advisory Committee to the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights
935:
605:
project, two public housing projects would be built in parts of its area during 1954: Robles Park Village and Central Park Village. During May 1958, the
352:
117:
1073:
was assigned a deputy when he was in the Tampa area. Two officers were assigned to guard Paul Antinori's house while one officer would accompany Mayor
1441:
1066:
794:
362:
33:
2249:
1135:
in May 1971 to investigate whether relationships between Tampa's black community and local law enforcement were worsening and how to improve them.
979:
pm and, before he left for the College Hill School, went back to his office to speak with the group that had gathered there. Nuccio arrived at 5:53
901:
between Albany and Armenia Avenues. Antipoverty workers went from door-to-door urging that people stay off the streets during that night as well.
514:, Patrolman James Calvert. The riots began on the night of June 11 and ended on June 15, in the neighborhood that was then known as Central Park.
1388:
942:
am. The only significant piece of information that the police received and deemed to be true was when they encountered a non-white male using a
3135:
1656:
2011:
3140:
2491:
26:
701:
A 1950 United States Census enumeration district map of Tampa. Most of the streets that are mentioned on the page can be seen on this map.
1159:
1958:
1017:
A meeting was held that afternoon in the "Citizens building". People in attendance included Chief Mullins, Sheriff Beard, Mayor Nuccio,
680:
to a crowd of 4,200 people. A false bomb threat led to King and the attendees being evacuated and the speech was delayed by 30 minutes.
2410:
2283:
2218:
2191:
2171:
2151:
2131:
2108:
2088:
2038:
1990:
1944:
1921:
1816:
1751:
1695:
1639:
1501:
873:
that afternoon, the officers of both policing forces were tired and none were available in reserves. As result, Beard requested for a
3109:
589:
to sell the land to private companies to redevelop. Though, with this case, cities in Florida could not participate in the Act, the
535:, the Selective Enforcement Unit, was covering the event during the afternoon. TPD Chief James P. Mullins would be absent that day.
2581:
1132:
597:
to undertake urban renewal projects. Urban renewal in the Central Avenue neighborhood was seen as a way to increase tax revenue.
965:
pm, Manuel Fenandez, a member of the city council, asked the police to standby at A. A. Gonzales Clinic between 10:30 and 11:05
270:
1341:
3165:
2052:
1119:
97:
3064:
709:
pm, stealing photographic and film equipment worth over $ 100. Chambers is known to have had a criminal record in the past.
2520:
1891:
1468:
2615:
2610:
2962:
2449:
602:
586:
377:
2904:
3155:
3087:
1830:
1712:
3170:
67:
2649:
1986:
REPORT OF SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE TO INQUIRE INTO THE CAPABILITY OF THE NATIONAL GUARD TO COPE WITH CIVIL DISTURBANCES
1355:
909:
837:
am. Deputy Fire Chief Charles Wells claimed that over 100 firefighters responded that night and none were injured.
382:
192:
3006:
2839:
1768:
3037:
1578:
1205:
1082:
874:
543:
Central Park, previously known as "The Scrub", was Tampa's first African-American neighborhood located between
312:
Unsuccessful attempts made to improve relations with black residents by law enforcement in the following years.
677:
2979:
2957:
2639:
2349:
2323:
102:
2425:
3075:
3016:
2899:
2894:
2783:
2514:
2254:
1938:
1413:
1034:
from the crowd to observe them and intervene if necessary. They returned to the Sheriff's office at 10:15
82:
2586:
1306:
2778:
2749:
2404:
1773:
1470:
Community journalism then and now: a comparison of community-minded broadcasters of the 1960s and 1990s
631:
2525:
2185:
2165:
1862:
1664:
3130:
3000:
2984:
2864:
2308:
1172:
913:
849:
237:
222:
50:
3069:
3021:
2816:
2811:
2744:
2566:
2102:
1062:
745:
716:
712:
511:
367:
182:
107:
1495:
3043:
2701:
2696:
2677:
2571:
1689:
1633:
1606:"Fifty-two years ago today, a police officer shot a black teen in the back. Then Tampa erupted"
1286:
673:
347:
342:
147:
2724:
797:
Malcolm Beard was made. The recall order that was made earlier that day was rescinded by 11:30
3058:
3011:
2934:
2773:
2644:
2633:
1984:
1474:
657:
582:
122:
1518:
2915:
1835:
1717:
950:
am. However, the police were not sure as to whether it was directly relating to the riots.
917:
594:
92:
2479:
1158:
the request of local youths. It was named after Perry Harvey Sr. a long time president of
8:
3150:
3048:
2994:
2989:
2939:
2869:
2788:
2381:
984:
to as the "White Hats". Over the next 24 hours, a total of 126 people joined the patrol.
590:
571:
177:
172:
2007:
Use of Troops in Civil Disturbances Since World War II, 1945-1965 - Revised Edition 1971
715:(TPD) Patrolman R.L. Cloud and G.L. Hackney were both on patrol in their police cars on
660:
in Tampa, there was little violence in the city. Starting in February 1960, a series of
3160:
2909:
2833:
2671:
2655:
2531:
1342:
From Annexation to Urban Renewal: Urban Development in Tampa during the 1950s and 1960s
1095:
1070:
845:
733:
669:
415:
87:
1000:
am, a car was stopped by the TPD on Madison Street with 12 non-white males in it. Two
3032:
2806:
2768:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2542:
1360:
1115:
1030:
528:
157:
142:
112:
1892:"REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOR THE YEARS 1967 AND 1968"
3081:
2845:
2798:
2592:
2238:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. pp. 680–682 – via Google Books.
1559:
1555:
1418:
1272:
1268:
1177:
1001:
427:
132:
2719:
1094:
The riots ended up lasting several days and their ending was credited to Governor
309:
Program created by local businesspeople to reduce unemployment of black residents.
2821:
2576:
2537:
2354:
2303:
2277:
2233:
2212:
2145:
2125:
2082:
2032:
2005:
1915:
1810:
1745:
214:
1549:
1262:
2856:
2484:
1848:
852:
at the time. Kirk flew into the city for a two-hour-long conference with Mayor
665:
552:
544:
218:
3124:
2827:
1583:
1210:
578:
2926:
2665:
664:
at several stores in the downtown area took place, leading to 18 stores in
640:
620:
18:
2426:"50+ YEARS OF FAIR HOUSING: Past, Present and Future in the City of Tampa"
2232:"STATEMENT OF NORRIS MORROW, MEMBER OF THE WHITE HAT GROUP, TAMPA, FLA.".
2888:
2508:
1074:
853:
610:
439:
306:
Investigations into the shooting of Martin Chambers done by authorities.
3026:
2760:
2500:
1563:
898:
749:
567:
In the 1950s and 1960s, Tampa underwent significant urban development.
531:
took place on the day of June 11, where the Tampa Police Department's
1145:
624:
616:
548:
532:
267:
Martin Chambers being shot by Patrolman James Calvert and later dying
2299:"Racism in Tampa boiled over 50 years ago into Central Avenue riots"
1389:"We've been here before: A brief history of race relations in Tampa"
2711:
2688:
2625:
1049:
am. For the rest of the week, officers worked 12-hour long shifts.
943:
2553:
294:
286:
282:
1442:"In '61 Visit to Hillsborough County, MLK Jr. Cited "New Order""
958:
Jack de La Llana had described in his testimony to US Congress.
736:
and the home itself with Chambers entering from the southeast.
661:
644:
2949:
2602:
1018:
823:
Henderson Avenue in the north and Orange Street in the west.
744:
Still in the alley, near the intersection of Cass Street and
556:
290:
1264:
Report of the National Advisory Committee on Civil Disorders
3105:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
2880:
2480:
609:(URA) in Tampa's municipal government was created by Mayor
676:
visited Tampa on November 19, 1961, and gave a speech at
1344:," Tampa Bay History: Vol. 19 : Iss. 1 , Article 7.
2250:"Race Troubles: 109 U.S. Cities Faced Violence in 1967"
2004:
Coakley, Robert; Scheips, Paul; Demma, Vincent (1971).
1288:
FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRIME CONTROL: PROCEEDINGS
826:
For the following 12 hours, it was tense in the area.
2324:"Mother alone in quest for answers to son's shooting"
1291:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1967. p. 115.
2661:
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
1101:
Martin Chambers' funeral was held on June 24 at 3:30
2003:
1041:
A conference was held at the Sheriff's Office at 10
739:
577:and subsequent amendments allowed cities to pursue
2091:. 1967. pp. 233–234 – via Google Books.
643:(finished in 1963), an estimated 2,544 homes were
3122:
223:159 such riots in the United States that summer
2053:"Manuel Lopez Obituary (2006) Tampa Bay Times"
1959:"Tampans Rioting Again Despite National Guard"
1009:am, but was repaired and went back online by 8
2465:
2221:. 1967. p. 244 – via Google Books.
2174:. 1967. p. 238 – via Google Books.
2154:. 1967. p. 237 – via Google Books.
1924:. 1967. p. 230 – via Google Books.
34:
1114:Statistics about Tampa were included in the
551:. The neighborhood grew with the arrival of
538:
48:
3146:African-American riots in the United States
1386:
938:offered officers to assist in Tampa at 1:10
315:Contributed to the decline of Central Park.
2472:
2458:
1152:
464:472 – ~500 Florida National Guard soldiers
41:
27:
3110:Mass racial violence in the United States
2347:
2321:
991:
2582:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
1160:International Longshoremen's Association
696:
651:
630:
2012:Office of the Chief of Military History
1414:"Remembering MLK's 1961 visit to Tampa"
1353:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
3123:
2423:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2120:
2118:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1651:
1649:
1576:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1513:
1511:
1466:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1203:
3136:June 1967 events in the United States
3065:1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot
2453:
2322:Vielmetti, Bruce (October 17, 2005).
2296:
1933:
1931:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1763:
1761:
1707:
1705:
1684:
1682:
1628:
1626:
1603:
1519:"Police Battle Negro Mobs in Rioting"
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1304:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1120:Florida Department of Law Enforcement
893:let the residents to take off steam.
585:case ruled that cities could not use
22:
2521:Hunters Point social uprising (1966)
1577:Momodu, Samuel (December 25, 2020).
1387:Kite-Powell, Rodney (June 9, 2020).
1356:"Two Housing Projects Are Dedicated"
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1300:
1298:
1204:Momodu, Samuel (December 25, 2020).
1067:Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office
363:Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office
3141:Riots and civil disorder in Florida
2488:in the history of the United States
2348:Hutcheson, Nicole (July 26, 2007).
2242:
2198:
2115:
2018:
1733:
1713:"Tampans Shocked in Riot Aftermath"
1646:
1537:
1508:
1354:Roberts, Bruce (November 1, 1954).
1224:
844:am, Sherriff Beard called Governor
687:
467:235 Florida Highway Patrol troopers
13:
3088:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
2616:1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
2611:1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
2538:1973 San Quentin State Prison riot
1928:
1879:
1790:
1758:
1702:
1679:
1623:
1481:
1375:
1307:"Central Park: Reviving the Scrub"
1190:
946:to communicate with others at 1:15
719:at the time. At approximately 6:18
14:
3182:
1323:
1295:
1109:
936:Florida State Beverage Department
635:A model of Interstate 4 in Tampa.
387:Treasure Island Police Department
2650:Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois
2393:– via Google News Archive.
1973:– via Google News Archive.
1863:"Sergeant Donald Clark Williams"
1038:pm and waited there for orders.
910:St. Petersburg Police Department
793:pm, a request for deputies from
740:Shooting and immediate aftermath
562:
383:St. Petersburg Police Department
378:Pinellas County Sheriff's Office
16:Race riot in Tampa, Florida, USA
3007:1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot
2417:
2411:U.S. Government Printing Office
2397:
2369:
2341:
2315:
2290:
2284:U.S. Government Printing Office
2270:
2225:
2219:U.S. Government Printing Office
2192:U.S. Government Printing Office
2178:
2172:U.S. Government Printing Office
2158:
2152:U.S. Government Printing Office
2138:
2132:U.S. Government Printing Office
2109:U.S. Government Printing Office
2095:
2089:U.S. Government Printing Office
2075:
2063:from the original on 2021-08-13
2045:
2039:U.S. Government Printing Office
1997:
1991:U.S. Government Printing Office
1977:
1951:
1945:U.S. Government Printing Office
1922:U.S. Government Printing Office
1908:
1855:
1823:
1817:U.S. Government Printing Office
1752:U.S. Government Printing Office
1696:U.S. Government Printing Office
1663:. June 30, 1967. Archived from
1640:U.S. Government Printing Office
1597:
1570:
1502:U.S. Government Printing Office
1460:
975:left the Meachum School at 5:02
593:passed laws allowing Tampa and
374:Other law enforcement agencies
3038:New Haven Black Panther trials
2840:Clifford Glover shooting riots
1434:
1406:
1347:
1305:Davis, Ennis (July 27, 2020).
1279:
1138:
422:Sheriff of Hillsborough County
1:
2377:"Tampa Acts To Curb Violence"
2350:"40 YEARS OF SEEKING JUSTICE"
1604:Guzzo, Paul (June 11, 2019).
1183:
1133:US Commission on Civil Rights
648:enforcement related reasons.
517:
3166:Anti-black racism in Florida
2958:1974 Huntsville Prison siege
2905:Wooster Avenue riots of 1968
2640:1966 Chicago West Side riots
2297:Guzzo, Paul (June 8, 2017).
2255:U.S. News & World Report
1579:"Tampa Bay Race Riot (1967)"
1206:"Tampa Bay Race Riot (1967)"
1089:
768:
7:
3076:Boston busing desegregation
3017:1968 Washington, D.C. riots
2784:1970 Asbury Park race riots
1965:. June 13, 1967. p. 15
1729:– via Newspapers.com.
1533:– via Newspapers.com.
1371:– via Newspapers.com.
1166:
1061:perimeter security for the
1055:
806:moved in to seek them out.
795:Hillsborough County Sheriff
10:
3187:
2587:Escambia High School riots
1839:. June 12, 1967. p. 2
1774:United Press International
928:
809:
678:Fort Homer Hesterly Armory
581:projects. However, a 1952
522:
3156:History of Tampa, Florida
3097:
2972:
2948:
2925:
2879:
2855:
2797:
2759:
2710:
2687:
2624:
2601:
2552:
2526:Sunset Strip curfew riots
2499:
2413:. 1967. pp. 225–226.
1642:. 1967. pp. 253–254.
1340:Kerstein, Robert (1997) "
877:unit to be available at 1
763:
555:railroad in 1883 and the
539:Central Park neighborhood
499:
491:
483:
478:
454:
449:
405:
400:
353:State Beverage Department
326:
321:
300:
278:
261:
251:
243:
235:
230:
58:
3171:Long, hot summer of 1967
3001:King assassination riots
2985:Long, hot summer of 1967
2980:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
2865:1969 Greensboro uprising
2725:1966 Benton Harbor riots
2515:Compton's Cafeteria riot
2424:Parker, Michael (2019).
2309:Times Publishing Company
2059:. December 28–29, 2006.
1769:"Riots erupt in Florida"
1657:"Nation: How to Cool It"
1267:. United States?. 1968.
1173:Long, hot summer of 1967
692:
639:For the construction of
238:Long, hot summer of 1967
51:Long, hot summer of 1967
3070:Baltimore police strike
3022:Wilmington riot of 1968
2817:1968 New York City riot
2812:1967 New York City riot
2745:1970 Memorial Park riot
2567:1967 Riviera Beach riot
2433:Newspapers in Education
1560:2027/buf.39072017823471
1467:Glover, Joseph (2000).
1273:2027/mdp.39015000225428
1153:Continued urban renewal
1069:headquarters. Governor
1063:Tampa Police Department
713:Tampa Police Department
512:Tampa Police Department
368:Tampa Police Department
103:Minneapolis disturbance
3044:Student strike of 1970
2750:Livernois–Fenkell riot
2702:Baltimore riot of 1968
2697:Cambridge riot of 1967
2678:Disco Demolition Night
2572:1968 Tallahassee riots
992:June 14 and conclusion
702:
674:Martin Luther King Jr.
636:
348:Florida Highway Patrol
343:Florida National Guard
3059:Wounded Knee incident
3012:1968 Louisville riots
2935:1968 Pittsburgh riots
2779:Trenton Riots of 1968
2774:1967 Plainfield riots
2645:Waukegan riot of 1966
2634:Division Street riots
1993:. 1967. p. 5648.
1667:on September 25, 2008
1475:University of Florida
700:
658:Civil Rights Movement
652:Civil Rights Movement
634:
619:saw the practices of
583:Florida Supreme Court
2916:Kent State shootings
2286:. 1967. p. 240.
2194:. 1967. p. 239.
2134:. 1967. p. 236.
2111:. 1967. p. 243.
2041:. 1967. p. 232.
1963:St. Petersburg Times
1947:. 1967. p. 231.
1920:. Washington, D.C.:
1836:Tallahassee Democrat
1819:. 1967. p. 229.
1754:. 1967. p. 228.
1718:Tallahassee Democrat
1698:. 1967. p. 254.
1504:. 1967. p. 253.
748:, Calvert fired his
607:Urban Renewal Agency
217:during June 1967 in
2995:Orangeburg massacre
2990:1967 Milwaukee riot
2940:1969 York race riot
2900:1968 Avondale riots
2895:1967 Avondale riots
2870:Greensboro massacre
2789:Camden Riot of 1971
2406:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2382:The Tuscaloosa News
2279:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2235:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2214:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2187:Antiriot bill, 1967
2167:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2147:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2127:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2104:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2084:Antiriot Bill, 1967
2034:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1989:. Washington D.C.:
1940:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1917:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1812:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1747:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1691:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1635:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1497:Antiriot Bill, 1967
1477:. pp. 178–179.
1446:Hillsborough County
1395:. Issue Media Group
996:On June 14 at 12:18
410:Governor of Florida
332:Protestors, rioters
2910:Glenville shootout
2834:Attica Prison riot
2672:Humboldt Park riot
2656:1968 Chicago riots
2532:Chicano Moratorium
1448:. January 17, 2020
1096:Claude R. Kirk Jr.
734:a chain-link fence
703:
637:
416:Claude R. Kirk Jr.
247:June 11 – 15, 1967
183:Riviera Beach riot
108:New York City Riot
3118:
3117:
3033:1970 Augusta riot
2807:1967 Buffalo riot
2769:1967 Newark riots
2740:1968 Detroit riot
2735:1967 Saginaw riot
2730:1967 Detroit riot
2720:1966 Detroit riot
2543:White Night riots
1831:"A Riot In Tampa"
1554:. December 1972.
1361:The Tampa Tribune
1127:about the riots.
1116:Kerner Commission
1002:Molotov cocktails
507:
506:
474:
473:
396:
395:
271:Racial inequality
213:were a series of
206:
205:
3178:
3098:Related articles
3082:Herman Hill riot
2846:August Rebellion
2593:1980 Miami riots
2562:1967 Tampa riots
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:Spectrum News 13
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1259:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1178:1987 Tampa riots
1104:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1012:
1008:
999:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
956:
949:
941:
907:
888:
884:
880:
871:
864:
860:
843:
836:
832:
817:
800:
792:
788:
776:
722:
708:
688:Initial incident
456:
455:
428:Malcolm E. Beard
328:
327:
231:1967 Tampa riots
228:
227:
211:1967 Tampa riots
163:Wilmington riots
123:Plainfield riots
63:Louisville riots
53:
43:
36:
29:
20:
19:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3131:1967 in Florida
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3093:
2968:
2963:Moody Park Riot
2944:
2921:
2875:
2851:
2822:Stonewall riots
2793:
2755:
2706:
2683:
2620:
2597:
2577:1968 Miami riot
2548:
2495:
2478:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2385:. July 12, 1967
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2355:Tampa Bay Times
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2328:Tampa Bay Times
2320:
2316:
2304:Tampa Bay Times
2295:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2258:. July 12, 2017
2248:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:. June 12, 1967
1767:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:. June 12, 1967
1711:
1710:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1610:Tampa Bay Times
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1525:. June 12, 1967
1523:The Tampa Times
1517:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1422:. April 4, 2018
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1261:
1260:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1191:
1186:
1169:
1155:
1141:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1010:
1006:
997:
994:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
954:
947:
939:
931:
914:Treasure Island
912:along with the
905:
886:
882:
878:
869:
862:
858:
850:West Palm Beach
841:
834:
830:
815:
812:
798:
790:
786:
774:
771:
766:
746:Nebraska Avenue
742:
720:
717:Nebraska Avenue
706:
695:
690:
654:
565:
541:
529:hydroplane race
525:
520:
470:
445:
444:
392:
359:Local agencies
339:State agencies
333:
257:
207:
202:
193:Wyandanch riots
188:Providence riot
138:Rochester riots
128:Birmingham riot
83:Cincinnati riot
73:Prattville riot
54:
49:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2857:North Carolina
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2416:
2396:
2368:
2340:
2314:
2289:
2269:
2241:
2224:
2197:
2177:
2157:
2137:
2114:
2094:
2074:
2044:
2017:
1996:
1976:
1950:
1927:
1907:
1878:
1854:
1849:Newspapers.com
1822:
1789:
1757:
1732:
1701:
1678:
1645:
1622:
1596:
1569:
1536:
1507:
1480:
1459:
1433:
1405:
1374:
1346:
1322:
1294:
1278:
1223:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1140:
1137:
1111:
1110:Results/legacy
1108:
1091:
1088:
1083:National Guard
1057:
1054:
993:
990:
930:
927:
875:National Guard
811:
808:
770:
767:
765:
762:
741:
738:
694:
691:
689:
686:
666:Downtown Tampa
653:
650:
603:slum-clearance
587:eminent domain
564:
561:
545:downtown Tampa
540:
537:
533:anti-riot unit
524:
521:
519:
516:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
476:
475:
472:
471:
469:
468:
465:
461:
459:
452:
451:
447:
446:
443:
442:
434:Mayor of Tampa
431:
430:
419:
418:
407:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
393:
391:
390:
389:
388:
385:
380:
372:
371:
370:
365:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
336:
334:
331:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
302:
298:
297:
280:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
259:
258:
256:Tampa, Florida
255:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
233:
232:
219:Tampa, Florida
204:
203:
201:
200:
198:New Haven riot
195:
190:
185:
180:
178:Milwaukee riot
175:
170:
168:Rockford riots
165:
160:
155:
153:Waukegan riots
150:
148:Cambridge riot
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:
55:
46:
45:
38:
31:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:Hard Hat Riot
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2361:September 14,
2357:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2333:September 14,
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1585:
1584:BlackPast.org
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1211:BlackPast.org
1207:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1003:
989:
985:
959:
951:
945:
937:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
902:
900:
894:
890:
876:
866:
855:
851:
847:
838:
827:
824:
820:
807:
803:
796:
783:
779:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
737:
735:
729:
725:
718:
714:
710:
699:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
646:
642:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:urban renewal
576:
574:
568:
563:Urban renewal
560:
558:
554:
553:Henry Plant's
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
515:
513:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
466:
463:
462:
460:
458:
457:
453:
448:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
417:
414:
413:
412:
411:
404:
399:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
335:
330:
329:
325:
320:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
266:
265:
264:
260:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
234:
229:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
118:Hartford riot
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Atlanta riots
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
57:
52:
44:
39:
37:
32:
30:
25:
24:
21:
3050:
2927:Pennsylvania
2666:Days of Rage
2561:
2485:civil unrest
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2353:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2302:
2292:
2278:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2126:
2103:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2033:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1969:February 20,
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1939:
1916:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1847:– via
1841:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1811:
1780:. Retrieved
1772:
1746:
1723:. Retrieved
1716:
1690:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1660:
1634:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1562:– via
1550:
1529:September 2,
1527:. Retrieved
1522:
1496:
1469:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1365:. Retrieved
1359:
1349:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1287:
1281:
1263:
1215:. Retrieved
1209:
1156:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1059:
1051:
1040:
1024:
1016:
995:
986:
960:
952:
932:
923:
903:
895:
891:
867:
839:
828:
825:
821:
813:
804:
789:pm. After 11
784:
780:
772:
758:
754:
750:.38 revolver
743:
730:
726:
711:
704:
682:
655:
641:Interstate 4
638:
621:blockbusting
615:
599:
572:
570:The federal
569:
566:
542:
526:
508:
433:
432:
421:
420:
409:
408:
401:Lead figures
221:, as one of
210:
208:
158:Saginaw riot
143:Detroit riot
113:Newark riots
93:Buffalo riot
77:
68:Boston riots
3078:(1974–1988)
2889:Hough riots
2652:(1967–1973)
2589:(1972–1977)
2509:Watts riots
1615:January 13,
1139:1972 report
1075:Nick Nuccio
1071:Claude Kirk
1031:disturbance
918:Polk County
885:pm and 4:30
854:Nick Nuccio
848:who was in
846:Claude Kirk
656:During the
611:Nick Nuccio
595:Tallahassee
591:legislature
573:Housing Act
503:$ 2 million
440:Nick Nuccio
301:Resulted in
173:Albina Riot
133:Toledo Riot
78:Tampa riots
3151:1967 riots
3125:Categories
3051:Kitty Hawk
3027:Zip to Zap
2761:New Jersey
2501:California
2067:August 13,
2057:Legacy.com
1901:2021-06-11
1896:HathiTrust
1872:2021-07-30
1590:2021-06-13
1564:HathiTrust
1399:2021-04-03
1316:2021-06-12
1311:The Jaxson
1217:2021-04-03
1184:References
899:West Tampa
868:Between 10
670:integrated
518:Background
479:Casualties
215:race riots
98:Cairo riot
3161:Redlining
2492:1964–1980
2262:March 26,
1393:83degrees
1146:ombudsman
1090:Aftermath
625:redlining
617:Ybor City
549:Ybor City
262:Caused by
2799:New York
2712:Michigan
2689:Maryland
2626:Illinois
2438:June 23,
2389:June 12,
2061:Archived
1843:July 30,
1782:June 14,
1776:Archives
1725:June 22,
1452:June 15,
1426:June 15,
1367:June 12,
1167:See also
1056:Response
1025:At 10:03
961:At 12:55
953:At 10:55
944:CB radio
908:pm, the
814:At 12:45
492:Arrested
484:Death(s)
283:Protests
252:Location
236:Part of
2554:Florida
929:June 13
810:June 12
773:At 7:30
769:June 11
662:sit-ins
575:of 1949
523:June 11
322:Parties
295:looting
287:rioting
279:Methods
3090:(1980)
3084:(1979)
3072:(1974)
3061:(1973)
3055:(1972)
3040:(1970)
3029:(1969)
3003:(1968)
2997:(1968)
2973:Others
2965:(1978)
2918:(1970)
2912:(1968)
2891:(1966)
2872:(1979)
2848:(1974)
2842:(1973)
2836:(1971)
2830:(1970)
2824:(1969)
2752:(1975)
2680:(1979)
2674:(1977)
2668:(1969)
2636:(1966)
2545:(1979)
2534:(1970)
2528:(1966)
2517:(1966)
2511:(1965)
1671:May 4,
1103:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1011:
1007:
998:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
955:
948:
940:
906:
887:
883:
879:
870:
863:
859:
842:
835:
831:
816:
799:
791:
787:
775:
764:Events
721:
707:
668:being
500:Damage
450:Number
2950:Texas
2603:Idaho
2481:Riots
2429:(PDF)
1019:NAACP
904:At 11
693:Chase
645:razed
557:cigar
291:arson
3053:riot
3049:USS
2881:Ohio
2483:and
2440:2021
2391:2021
2363:2021
2335:2021
2264:2021
2069:2021
1971:2022
1845:2021
1784:2021
1727:2021
1673:2010
1661:Time
1617:2021
1531:2021
1454:2021
1428:2021
1369:2021
1065:and
970:4:30
916:and
889:pm.
865:am.
840:At 2
829:By 1
623:and
547:and
495:100+
244:Date
209:The
1556:hdl
1269:hdl
3127::
2431:.
2409:.
2379:.
2352:.
2326:.
2307:.
2301:.
2282:.
2252:.
2217:.
2200:^
2190:.
2170:.
2150:.
2130:.
2117:^
2107:.
2087:.
2055:.
2037:.
2020:^
2010:.
1961:.
1943:.
1930:^
1894:.
1881:^
1865:.
1833:.
1815:.
1792:^
1771:.
1760:^
1750:.
1735:^
1715:.
1704:^
1694:.
1681:^
1659:.
1648:^
1638:.
1625:^
1608:.
1581:.
1539:^
1521:.
1510:^
1500:.
1483:^
1473:.
1444:.
1416:.
1391:.
1377:^
1358:.
1325:^
1309:.
1297:^
1226:^
1208:.
1192:^
1077:.
613:.
527:A
293:,
289:,
285:,
2494:)
2490:(
2473:e
2466:t
2459:v
2442:.
2365:.
2337:.
2311:.
2266:.
2071:.
2014:.
1904:.
1875:.
1851:.
1786:.
1675:.
1619:.
1593:.
1566:.
1558::
1456:.
1430:.
1402:.
1319:.
1275:.
1271::
1220:.
1005:4
857:7
487:1
225:.
42:e
35:t
28:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.