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scorched but life was spared. Many victims were in casual attitudes, their features calm and reposeful, indicating that the eruption blast had reached them without warning; others were contorted in anguish. The clothing had been torn from nearly all the victims struck down outdoors. Some houses were almost pulverized; it was impossible even for those familiar with the city to identify the foundations of the city landmarks. The city burned for days. Sanitation parties gradually penetrated the ruins, to dispose of the dead by burning; burial was not possible given the number of dead. Thousands of victims lay under a shroud of ashes, heaped in windrows metres deep, caked by the rains; many of these bodies were not retrieved for weeks, and few were identifiable.
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four others sought refuge in my room, crying and writhing with pain, although their garments showed no sign of having been touched by flame. At the end of 10 minutes one of these, the young
Delavaud girl, aged about 10 years, fell dead; the others left. I got up and went to another room, where I found the father Delavaud, still clothed and lying on the bed, dead. He was purple and inflated, but the clothing was intact. Crazed and almost overcome, I threw myself on a bed, inert and awaiting death. My senses returned to me in perhaps an hour, when I beheld the roof burning. With sufficient strength left, my legs bleeding and covered with burns, I ran to Fonds-Saint-Denis, six kilometers from Saint-Pierre.
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275:. Within days, the vigor of these eruptions exceeded anything witnessed since the island was settled by Europeans. The intensity then subsided for a few days until early May, when the phreatic eruptions increased again. Lightning laced the eruption clouds and trade winds dumped ash on villages to the west. Heavy ash fell, sometimes causing total darkness. Some of the afflicted residents panicked and headed for the perceived safety of larger settlements, especially
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290:. The massive flow buried about 150 people and generated a series of three tsunamis as it hit the sea. The tsunamis swept along the coast, damaging buildings and boats. The explosions resumed the night of 5 May. The following morning, parts of the eruption plume became incandescent, signifying that the character of the eruption had changed. The phreatic eruptions had finally given way to
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island." The U.S. Congress voted for $ 200,000 of immediate assistance and set hearings to determine what larger sum might be needed when the full nature of the disaster could be learned. In an appeal for public funds, Roosevelt empowered postmasters to receive donations for relief of the victims. A national committee of prominent citizens also took charge of chartering supply ships.
404:
505:, claiming no significant new developments; his last transmission at 07:52 was "Allez", handing over the line to the remote operator. In the next second, the telegraph line went dead. The upper mountainside ripped open and a dense black cloud shot out horizontally. A second black cloud rolled upwards, forming a gigantic
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to investigate what had happened and the warship arrived off the burning town at about 12:30. The fierce heat beat back landing parties until nearly 15:00, when the captain came ashore on the Place Bertin, the tree-shaded square with cafés near the center of town. Not a tree was standing; the denuded
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around the mountaintop, and both craters glowed reddish orange into the night. Through the day, people were leaving the city, but more people from the countryside were attempting to find refuge in the city, increasing its population by several thousand. The newspapers still claimed the city was safe.
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on the mountain's southern and western side, together with seismic activity. On 25 April the mountain emitted a large cloud containing rocks and ashes from its top, where the Étang Sec caldera was located. The ejected material did not cause a significant amount of damage. On 26 April the surroundings
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grew from the crater floor in the Étang Sec crater, reaching a maximum width of about 100 to 150 m (300 to 500 ft) and a height of about 300 m (1,000 ft). Called the "Needle of Pelée" or "Pelée's Tower", it grew 15 m (50 ft) a day, achieving more or less the same volume
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On May 20, a second eruption similar to the first one in both type and force obliterated what was left of Saint-Pierre, killing 2,000 rescuers, engineers, and mariners bringing supplies to the island. During a powerful eruption on August 30, a pyroclastic flow extended further east than the flows of
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and the entire island of
Martinique are still threatened. They therefore request that, for the purpose of rescuing the people who are in such deadly peril and threatened with starvation, the government of the United States may send as soon as possible the means of transporting them from the stricken
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for an immediate appropriation of $ 500,000 for emergency assistance to the victims of the calamity. Roosevelt said: "One of the greatest calamities in history has befallen our neighboring island of
Martinique ... The city of St. Pierre has ceased to exist ... The government of France ... informs us
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On Monday 5 May, activity appeared to decrease, but at about 1:00 p.m. the sea suddenly receded about 100 m (330 ft) and then rushed back, flooding parts of the city, and a large cloud of smoke appeared westward of the mountain. One wall of the Étang Sec crater collapsed and propelled
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180 m (590 ft) across. There was a 15 m (50 ft) high cone of volcanic debris built up on one side, feeding the lake with a steady stream of boiling water. Sounds resembling a cauldron with boiling water were heard from deep underground. The strong smell of sulfur was all over the
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One woman, a housemaid, also survived the pyroclastic flow but died soon after. She said that the only thing she remembered from the event was sudden heat. She died very shortly after being discovered. A third reported survivor was
Havivra Da Ifrile, a 10-year-old girl who had rowed to shelter in a
565:, a man who lived at the edge of the city. In reality, there were a number of survivors who made their way out of the fringes of the blast zone. Many of these survivors—whose names and stories were never recorded—were badly burned, and some died later from their injuries. A number made their way to
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A rush of wind followed, this time towards the mountain. Then came a half-hour downpour of muddy rain mixed with ashes. For the next several hours, all communication with the city was severed. Nobody knew what was happening, nor who had authority over the island, as the governor was unreachable and
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I felt a terrible wind blowing, the earth began to tremble, and the sky suddenly became dark. I turned to go into the house, with great difficulty climbed the three or four steps that separated me from my room, and felt my arms and legs burning, also my body. I dropped upon a table. At this moment
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On
Saturday 3 May, the wind blew the ash cloud northwards, alleviating the situation in Saint-Pierre. The next day the ash fall intensified, and the communication between Saint-Pierre and the Prêcheur district was severed. The ash cloud was so dense that the coastal boats feared navigating through
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The area of devastation covered about 20 km (10 sq mi). Inside this area, the annihilation of life and property was total; outside was a second, clearly defined zone where there were casualties, but the material damage was less, while beyond this lay a strip in which vegetation was
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moved at hurricane speed down the southwest flank of the volcano, reaching Saint-Pierre at 8:02 a.m. Escape from the city was virtually impossible. Almost everyone within the city proper—about 28,000 people—died, burned or buried by falling masonry. The hot ash ignited a firestorm, fueled by
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Meanwhile, a number of survivors had been plucked from the sea by small boats; they were sailors who had been blown into the water by the impact of the blast, and who had clung to wreckage for hours. All were badly burned. In the village of Le Carbet, shielded from the fiery cloud by a high
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city, 6.4 km (4.0 mi) away from the volcano, causing discomfort to people and horses. On 30 April Rivière des Pères and the river
Roxelane swelled, carrying boulders and trees from the mountaintop. The villages of Prêcheur and Sainte-Philomène received a steady stream of ash.
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309:
Explosive activity on 20 May resulted in another 2,000 deaths as rescuers, engineers and mariners brought supplies to the island. A powerful eruption on 30 August generated a pyroclastic flow that resulted in over 800 people killed. The eruption continued until 5th
October 1905.
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At the time of the eruption, Saint-Pierre had a population of about 28,000, which had swollen with refugees from the minor explosions and mud flows first emitted by the volcano. Legend has previously reported that out of the 30,000 in the city, there were only two survivors:
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was also set aflame and reduced to a burning wreck by the pyroclastic flow. The wreck is still present offshore of Saint-Pierre. Twenty-eight of her crew, and all passengers except two (nine year-old
Margaret or Mary Stokes and her creole nurse or nanny), were killed.
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416:) into the Blanche River, flooded the Guérin sugar works and buried about 150 victims under 60 m (200 ft) to 90 m (300 ft) of mud. Refugees from other areas rushed into Saint-Pierre. That night, the atmospheric disturbances disabled the
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May 8 and 20. Although not quite as powerful as the previous two eruptions, the August 30 pyroclastic flow struck Morne Rouge, killing at least 800, Ajoupa-Bouillon (250 fatalities), parts of Basse-Pointe (25 fatalities), and Morne-Capot (10 dead). A
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There are unnamed eyewitnesses to the eruption, probably survivors on the boats at the time of the eruption. One eyewitness said "the mountain was blown to pieces—there was no warning," while another said "it was like a giant
306:) who was locked in a windowless underground jail cell, later being discovered by rescue workers. The only other survivors were a few tens of people caught within the margins of the cloud, who were all badly burned.
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The destruction caused by the 1902 eruption was quickly publicized by recent modern means of communication. It brought to the attention of the public and governments the hazards and dangers of an active volcano.
687:
549:." One said "the town vanished before our eyes." The area devastated by the pyroclastic cloud covered about 21 km (8 sq mi), with the city of Saint-Pierre taking the brunt of the damage.
1399:(Shortly after the eruption of what I will call henceforth the dense, glowing cloud , an immense cloud of cinders covered the entire island, sprinkling it with a thin layer of volcanic debris.)
659:
423:
The next day at about 02:00, loud sounds were heard from within the depths of the mountain. On
Wednesday 7 May at around 04:00, activity increased; the clouds of ash caused numerous bolts of
1397:"Peu après l'éruption de ce que j'appellerai désormais la nuée ardente, un immense nuage de cendres couvrait l'ile tout entière, la saupoudrant d'une mince couche de débris volcaniques."
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A brief lull was shattered by a tremendous eruption at about 8:00 a.m. on 8 May. A ground-hugging cloud of incandescent lava particles suspended by searing turbulent gases called a
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trunks, scorched and bare, lay prone, torn out by the roots. The ground was littered with dead. Fire and a suffocating stench prevented any deeper exploration of the burning ruins.
996:
Tilling, Robert I.; Kauahikaua, James P.; Brantley, Steven R.; Neal, Christina A. (2014). "The
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory—A Natural Laboratory for Studying Basaltic Volcanism".
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and his wife stayed in the city, although he planned to make an excursion closer to the volcano in the morning. By the evening, Mount Pelée's tremors seemed to calm down again.
569:, just south of Saint-Pierre behind a ridge that protected that town from the worst of the pyroclastic flow; survivors were rescued on the beach there by Martinique officials.
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and darkening the sky in a 80 km (50 mi) radius. The initial speed of both clouds was later calculated to be over 160 km (100 mi) per hour. The horizontal
1031:"Volcano Watch - Chronology of a volcanic disaster: The worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century occurred in 1902 on Martinique, an island in the French West Indies"
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on the mountain, originally planned for 4 May. Farm animals started dying from hunger and thirst, as their sources of water and food were contaminated with ash.
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and dust, with temperatures exceeding 1,075 °C (1,967 °F). In under a minute it reached and covered the entire city, instantly igniting everything
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hugged the ground and sped down towards the city of Saint-Pierre, appearing black and heavy, glowing hot from within. It consisted of superheated steam and
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near the mountaintop. This was not regarded as important, as fumaroles had appeared and disappeared in the past. On 23 April there was a light rain of
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were looking the way your volcano looks this morning, I'd get out of Naples!" Many other civilians were refused permission to leave town. Governor
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At 11:30 p.m. on 2 May, the mountain produced loud explosions, earthquakes and a massive pillar of dense black smoke. Ashes and fine-grained
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left the harbor with only half of his cargo of sugar loaded, despite shippers' protests and under threat of arrest. Leboffe, a native
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promontory at the southern end of the city, were more victims, also badly burned; few of these lived longer than a few hours.
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eruptions that occurred in 1792 and 1851 were evidence that the volcano was active and potentially dangerous. The indigenous
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covered the entire northern half of the island. The explosions continued at 5–6 hour intervals. This led the local
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to start relief measures at once. Multiple U.S. ships were dispatched to the island with haste, namely the cruiser
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reassured the people, who believed it was a sign that Mount Pelée's internal pressure was being relieved. However,
267:, which was one of the deadliest eruptions in recorded history. Eruptive activity began on 23 April as a series of
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1248:"Government Relief Work: How the War and Navy Departments Have Divided it—Merchant Vessels May Be Chartered".
279:, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pelée's summit. Saint-Pierre received its first ash fall on 3 May.
260:
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cave. Included among the victims were the passengers and crews of several ships docked at Saint-Pierre.
130:
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529:, floating offshore, was set on fire and sunk by the surge, with the loss of all hands. The Canadian
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smashed buildings and countless casks of rum. One survivor within the city was a clueless prisoner (
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eruptions as magma reached the surface. These eruptions continued through the next day and night.
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a converted freighter which carried Army rations, medical supplies and doctors; and the Navy tug
35:
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people were aware of the mountain's volcanic activity from previous eruptions in ancient times.
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The United States quickly offered help to Martinique's authorities. On 12 May, U.S. President
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847:. After 5 months of growth, the unstable mass collapsed into a pile of rubble in March 1903.
840:
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caused some damage in Le Carbet. To date, this was the last fatal eruption of Mount Pelée.
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8:
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Mt. Pelee- (View of street next to Caminade's store, St. Pierre, Martinique) (4544943822)
345:
Eruptions began on 23 April 1902. In early April, excursionists noted the appearance of
719:
424:
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From vol. 1, p. 38: After describing on p. 37 the eruption of a "dense, black cloud" (
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Southern face of Mount Pelée's lava spine showing the smoothly extruded eastern side
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lines to capacity. The area was covered with a layer of fine, flour-like white ash.
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from an explosion; the public authorities still did not see any cause for concern.
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451:, reportedly told the port authorities, "I know nothing about Mt. Pelée, but if
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Before the 1902 eruption, as early as the mid-19th century, signs of increased
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operator was sending the reports of the volcano's activity to the operator at
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Evacuees on Rue du Pavé, Fort-de-France after 1902 eruption, photographed by
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Mount Pelée remained relatively quiet until the afternoon of 5 May when a
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1070:"The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914"
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with the definition and the analysis of the deadliest volcanic hazard:
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The study of the causes of the disaster marked the beginning of modern
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swept down a river on the southwest flank of the volcano, destroying a
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Compère-Léandre stated the following when asked about his survival:
241:
Approximately 29,000 deaths; deadliest eruption of the 20th century.
24:
1374:] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris, France: Masson. p. 38.
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At about 12:00, the acting governor of Martinique sent the cruiser
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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burning clouds). Eruptions of a similar type are now known as "
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the mountaintop to find Étang Sec filled with water, forming a
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Desolate City of the Dead, St. Pierre, Martinique, F. W. I
420:, sank the city into darkness and added to the confusion.
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Main Street, Le Morne-Rouge, after the August 30 eruption
1101:"'Wave of Fire': The Maritime Catastrophe of Mont Pelée"
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it. Many citizens decided to flee the city, filling the
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326:(Dry Pond) crater near the summit. Relatively minor
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482:
Relief map of the pyroclastic surges of Mount Pelee
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
850:The eruption eventually ended on October 5, 1905.
1406:
889:." Among those who studied Mount Pelée were
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917: – 1902 French film by Georges Méliès
129:
432:volcano erupting on the nearby island of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
926:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
897:. Lacroix was the first to describe the
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641:Remains of victims of the 1902 disaster
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1270:from the original on December 13, 2014
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1224:"Every volcano has its own heartbeat"
998:Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes
494:On Thursday morning 8 May, the night
1187:wrecksite. Retrieved 7 November 2022
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921:List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999
388:to indefinitely postpone a proposed
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
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834:Beginning in October 1902, a large
412:a mass of boiling water and mud (a
365:On 27 April, several excursionists
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1367:La Montagne Pelée et ses Eruptions
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14:
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822:The volcanic spine of Mount Pelée
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936:1951 eruption of Mount Lamington
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978:from the original on 2020-08-04
901:(pyroclastic flow) phenomenon.
629:May 14, 1902 remains of victims
490:Map of St Pierre 1 January 1902
34:needs additional citations for
16:Volcanic eruption on Martinique
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722:instructed the secretaries of
135:Eruption column on 27 May 1902
58:"1902 eruption of Mount Pelée"
1:
1372:Mount Pelée and its eruptions
1132:"The eruption of Mount Pelee"
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322:activity were present in the
1415:20th-century volcanic events
1317:Notes, Nature No.1714 Vol.66
931:1902 eruption of Santa María
762:. President Roosevelt asked
665:Views of St. Pierre, ruins (
261:Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
249:1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
124:1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
7:
1336:. Oxford. pp. 219–221.
1302:. Oxford. pp. 212–218.
1228:British Science Association
915:The Eruption of Mount Pelee
908:
10:
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1391:), Lacroix coins the term
1213:, Oxford Press; pp 129–136
1200:, Oxford Press; pp 144–147
1161:"Global Volcanism Program"
1068:McCullough, David (1977).
1002:Government Printing Office
874:and surges, also known as
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681:Views of St. Pierre, ruins
1364:Lacroix, Antoine (1904).
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967:Global Volcanism Program
1264:"May 8, 1902: La Pel E"
972:Smithsonian Institution
576:Remains of Saint-Pierre
1440:1902 natural disasters
1353:. Oxford. p. 207.
1347:Scarth, Alwyn (2002).
1330:Scarth, Alwyn (2002).
1296:Scarth, Alwyn (2002).
1083:Scarth, Alwyn (2002).
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349:vapors emitting from
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212:14.80750°N 61.16750°W
563:Léon Compère-Léandre
541:his status unknown.
43:improve this article
1185:SS Grappler (+1902)
814:Subsequent activity
810:also offered help.
314:Before the eruption
271:from the summit of
217:14.80750; -61.16750
208: /
1425:Phreatic eruptions
1250:The New York Times
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425:volcanic lightning
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269:phreatic eruptions
1450:Volcanic tsunamis
1011:978-1-4113-3872-2
872:pyroclastic flows
511:pyroclastic surge
440:Marina Leboffe's
299:pyroclastic surge
255:on the island of
253:volcanic eruption
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32:This article
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1393:nuée ardente
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1380:. Retrieved
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1272:. Retrieved
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1232:. Retrieved
1230:. 2017-09-09
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1169:. Retrieved
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1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1109:. Retrieved
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277:Saint-Pierre
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99:January 2020
96:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1274:January 25,
1111:22 February
868:volcanology
808:the Vatican
760:Puerto Rico
740:, lying at
531:cargo liner
519:combustible
273:Mount Pelée
215: /
145:Mount Pelée
1409:Categories
1389:nuée noire
1382:2020-10-01
1234:2023-07-06
1171:2020-01-25
1146:2020-01-25
1041:2020-01-27
982:2020-01-25
942:References
836:lava spine
737:Cincinnati
449:Neapolitan
288:sugar mill
257:Martinique
203:61°10′03″W
200:14°48′27″N
187:Martinique
151:Start date
69:newspapers
669:at left?)
567:Le Carbet
499:telegraph
430:Soufrière
383:newspaper
351:fumaroles
347:sulfurous
324:Étang Sec
265:Caribbean
1395: :
1376:Archived
1268:Archived
1165:Archived
1035:Archived
976:Archived
909:See also
764:Congress
756:San Juan
732:treasury
527:Grappler
453:Vesuvius
445:Orsolina
328:phreatic
320:fumarole
292:magmatic
183:Location
173:Phreatic
159:End date
1319:. 1902.
962:"Pelée"
862:Effects
839:as the
829:tsunami
796:Denmark
784:Germany
751:Potomac
599:Roraima
559:cutlass
534:Roraïma
438:Captain
398:steamer
367:climbed
355:cinders
284:mudflow
259:in the
141:Volcano
83:scholar
1008:
804:Russia
788:France
778:, the
776:Canada
746:Dixie,
744:; the
730:, and
613:Suchet
606:Relief
561:, and
521:. The
442:barque
390:picnic
379:pumice
251:was a
238:Impact
191:France
177:Peléan
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1370:[
845:Egypt
800:Japan
792:Italy
767:that
523:cable
496:shift
414:lahar
332:Carib
90:JSTOR
76:books
1276:2020
1136:SDSU
1113:2024
1006:ISBN
893:and
806:and
728:navy
371:lake
247:The
168:Type
62:news
843:of
754:at
724:war
229:VEI
45:by
1411::
1308:^
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949:^
881:Fr
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87:·
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39:.
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