27:
42:
428:
439:, the first wave was described as a "straight white wall, about 4.6–7.0 m (15.1–23.0 ft)" which advanced to the harbor, ten minutes after the earthquake. The wave picked up steamers along the way and broke to just a few feet in front of the town. The run-up height was 9.1 m (30 ft) across the town. A smaller wave came shortly and penetrated further in the island. Thirty people perished when the waves swept them away. Run-ups of 6.0 m (19.7 ft) were recorded at
49:
999:
415: 6.5 occurred on March 17, 1868. There is uncertainty about its timing of occurrence, either 07:15 or 19:15 local time as several reports documented it happening in the morning while one reported it in the "evening". Most likely it occurred in the morning and "evening" was a typographical error. It was felt with a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII (
513:
was hit with very high waves, an estimated 18.3 m (60 ft) in height and a length of 5 km (3.1 mi). The tsunami swept away many personal belongings and items. In Saint-Rose however, the waves were determined to be no more than 10.0 m (32.8 ft) when a church said to house
550:
triggered by movement on the seafloor would likely be the primary source of the tsunami as the run-up heights of the tsunami were unusually high, and these waves arrived almost immediately after the quake. Computer-run simulations of the tsunami suggest the earthquake ruptured a steeply-dipping
551:(70°), 120 km (75 mi) by 30 km (19 mi) fault with a focus depth of 3 km (1.9 mi). The simulation indicated a maximum slip of 8 m (26 ft). Another simulation of the earthquake and tsunami suggest the rupture was only 50 km in length, corresponding to a M
522:
Little research has been made to study the earthquake and tsunami in detail. Tsunami deposits on Saint Thomas left in salt ponds and lagoons have not been extensively studied. Although the
Caribbean has over 124 reported tsunamis or tsunami-like events since 1498, 27 of them have resulted in
368:
in the Danish West Indies. Rossi–Forel IX-level shaking was also felt on the
British Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Survivor accounts stated that there were two distinct shocks 10–15 minutes apart. On the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, the intensity ranged from VIII
465:, the 7–9 m (23–30 ft) waves drowned five people and inundated the island up to 90 m (300 ft) inland. The tsunami destroyed 20 houses and stranded numerous boats inland. In some parts of the island, the waves reached a run-up height of 14.6 m (48 ft).
542:. The Reid Fault located 17 km (11 mi) south of Saint Thomas on the northern scarp of the Anegada Trough runs for seven tens of kilometers may have ruptured and produced slip no greater than ten meter. The rupture may have initiated at a depth of 3 km along this
938:
514:
fleeing survivors located 10 m (33 ft) above sea-level remained undamaged. In Puerto Rico, waves of 1–6 m (3 ft 3 in – 19 ft 8 in) swept through the island's coast.
696:
947:
1507:
1054:
41:
1502:
1184:
1512:
726:
Roy Barkan; Uri ten Brink (June 2010). "Tsunami
Simulations of the 1867 Virgin Island Earthquake: Constraints on Epicenter Location and Fault Parameters".
666:
Landslide
Deposits, Cookie Bites, and Crescentic Fracturing Along the Northern Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands Margin: Implications for Potential Tsunamigenesis
490:, the waves were between 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) meters which swept away much of the low-lying towns. In
393:
360:
The earthquake consisted of two shocks, 10 minutes apart, and the two tsunamis came 10 minutes after each shock. Shaking reportedly lasted a minute in
1000:"In 1867, a Magnitude 7.5 Earthquake Caused Tsunamis in the USVI (Danish West Indies) That Destroyed Charlotte Amalie and the Frederiksted Waterfront"
785:
1120:
1517:
1467:
1492:
140:
1177:
469:
on the same island was hit by waves up to 7.6 m (25 ft). The surging seawater beached many vessels including a US Navy ship,
913:
1522:
344:
has not seen any major earthquake along its subduction interface. A possible earthquake along the megathrust may have been the M
1442:
1225:
454:, was ripped from her moorings and beached. The second wave then brought the ship with her hull seriously damaged back to sea.
1457:
1447:
1170:
1103:
647:
440:
906:
Los
Pueblos de Puerto Rico y Las Iglesias de Sus Plazas [The Pueblos of Puerto Rico, and the Churches of its Plazas]
1193:
564:
397:
1482:
1462:
1403:
574:
1355:
1314:
973:
569:
458:
1143:
Narcisse Zahibo; Efim
Pelinovsky; Ahmet Yalciner; Andrey Kurkin; Andrey Koselkov; Andrey Zaitsev (16 December 2002).
476:
466:
436:
361:
265:
31:
Map of earthquakes around Puerto Rico. The epicenter of the 1867 earthquake is marked in a star located on the right.
450:
Little Saba saw the highest waves at 15.2 m (50 ft). A US Navy ship which had arrived the day before, the
292:. The earthquake and tsunami resulted in no more than 50 fatalities, although hundreds of casualties were reported.
1391:
1080:
840:
832:
781:
606:
597:
329:
81:
1477:
1332:
1326:
836:
602:
495:
444:
321:
26:
1497:
1452:
1231:
1219:
775:
1255:
1302:
1487:
1385:
1373:
1029:
273:
1361:
1290:
364:, where the earthquake stirred a dust cloud that blanketed the town. Shaking reached intensity IX on the
96:
86:
401:
1367:
1261:
1249:
670:
349:
61:
235:
123:
1437:
1409:
1308:
1273:
748:
1296:
201:
1338:
1320:
1243:
1237:
1213:
1207:
664:
773:
392:, the largest town in Puerto Rico within the direct vicinity of the earthquake, completely lost
284:
in the same region. Tsunamis from this earthquake were some of the highest ever recorded in the
743:
527:
509:
saw the sea receding and returning, flooding the place up to 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in).
487:
471:
1472:
1415:
1397:
1379:
1126:
385:
381:
365:
341:
337:
325:
281:
634:. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research. Springer, Dordrecht. p. 263.
735:
674:
629:
538:
depth of less than 30 km (19 mi). The source of the earthquake is located in the
389:
313:
494:, the sea level rose 2.4–3.0 m (7 ft 10 in – 9 ft 10 in) at
8:
1142:
904:
547:
739:
678:
879:
808:
451:
305:
269:
1099:
643:
1144:
810:
1091:
789:
753:
635:
332:. Because of this transition, the overriding Caribbean Plate begins to extend, and
301:
175:
475:
along the beaches of
Frederiksted. The tsunami measured 12 m (39 ft) on
539:
333:
317:
289:
285:
261:
179:
861:
1162:
1095:
936:
639:
1431:
155:
142:
543:
340:
pose earthquake and tsunami risk to the area, although the Lesser
Antilles
427:
774:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
502:
462:
419:) and a 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tsunami accompanied the shock.
388:, which prompted the demolition of its southeastern portion afterwards.
1081:"An 1867-Class Tsunami: Potential Devastation in the Us Virgin Islands"
757:
535:
506:
408:
309:
288:. Wave heights exceeded 10 m (33 ft) in some islands in the
793:
483:
447:
was swamped by the tsunami, killing nearly all of its crew on board.
396:
and several of its civic structures. The historic parish churches of
809:
James F. Lander; Lowell S. Whiteside; Patricia A. Lockridge (2002).
1122:
Tsunami
Stratigraphy in a Salt Pond on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands
627:
510:
48:
491:
937:
Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office (April 1, 2014),
380:
In Puerto Rico, the earthquake heavily damaged portions of the
280: 7.5 earthquake came just 20 days after the devastating
443:, where 12 people died. The La Plata, a steamship serving the
854:
431:
The USS De Soto after repairs seen in Puerto Rico in 1868.
725:
697:"The Terrible Earthquake and Tsunami of Nov. 18, 1867"
631:
Caribbean Tsunamis: A 500-Year History from 1498-1998
404:were also damaged as a result of the earthquakes.
662:
1508:Natural disasters in British Overseas Territories
811:"A brief history of tsunami in the Caribbean Sea"
1429:
1192:
997:
898:
896:
728:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
663:Hearne, M. E; Grindlay, N. R.; Mann, P. (2003).
336:starts to break out as a result. Subduction and
1503:Natural disasters in the British Virgin Islands
804:
802:
628:Karen Fay O’loughlin; James F. Lander (2003).
1178:
893:
1118:
1030:"Tsunami Event USA TERRITORY VIRGIN ISLANDS"
946:(summary sheet) (in Spanish), archived from
833:"M 7.3 - The 1867 Virgin Islands Earthquake"
799:
1513:1867 natural disasters in the United States
940:Iglesia San Juan Batista y San Ramón Nonato
1185:
1171:
1078:
258:1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
25:
1149:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
1138:
1136:
872:
747:
701:The Saint Thomas Source US Virgin Islands
694:
621:
526:A study by Zahibo and others published a
260:occurred on November 18, at 14.45 in the
124:
902:
721:
719:
717:
426:
1112:
592:
590:
300:The U.S.Virgin Islands are part of the
16:Earthquake and tsunami in the Caribbean
1430:
1133:
769:
767:
517:
1166:
1024:
1022:
1020:
825:
714:
690:
688:
587:
565:List of earthquakes in the Caribbean
1518:Maritime incidents in November 1867
1468:1867 disasters in the United States
764:
695:Watington, Roy (19 November 2013).
295:
13:
1493:1867 in the British Virgin Islands
1017:
971:
570:List of earthquakes in Puerto Rico
236:
14:
1534:
685:
1145:"The 1867 Virgin Island Tsunami"
1059:National Museum of the U.S. Navy
998:Staff Consortium (12 Jan 2020).
974:"The 1867 Virgin Island Tsunami"
903:Mari Mut, José A. (2013-08-28).
841:Advanced National Seismic System
782:National Geophysical Data Center
607:Advanced National Seismic System
330:Septentrional-Oriente fault zone
47:
40:
1523:1867 disasters in North America
1072:
1047:
991:
965:
930:
919:from the original on 2020-12-14
837:United States Geological Survey
777:Significant Earthquake Database
603:United States Geological Survey
598:"M 6.5 - Virgin Islands Region"
575:2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes
445:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
322:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
194:
912:(in Spanish). pp. 40–42.
862:"Historia de Puerta de Tierra"
656:
264:about 20 km southwest of
20:1867 Virgin Islands earthquake
1:
1443:Tsunamis in the United States
1055:"USS Monongahela (1863-1908)"
580:
355:
316:is underthrusted beneath the
1458:Natural disasters in Denmark
1448:Earthquakes in the Caribbean
1194:Earthquakes in the Caribbean
880:"Diocese of Fajardo-Humacao"
7:
1226:1766 Southeastern Caribbean
1079:WATLINGTON, ROY A. (2006).
978:Tsunami Research Center USC
558:
10:
1539:
1483:1867 in the British Empire
1463:Earthquakes in Puerto Rico
1096:10.1142/9789812774613_0013
815:Science of Tsunami Hazards
671:American Geophysical Union
422:
350:1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
304:that lies parallel to the
1348:
1283:
1200:
1004:Virgin Islands Consortium
640:10.1007/978-94-017-0321-5
246:
230:
222:
214:
193:
185:
171:
134:
118:
110:
102:
92:
79:
71:
60:
36:
24:
1088:Caribbean Tsunami Hazard
555: 7.2 earthquake.
218:18.3 m (60 ft)
1356:2003 Dominican Republic
1315:1946 Dominican Republic
1478:1867 natural disasters
528:surface-wave magnitude
488:British Virgin Islands
432:
338:shallow crustal faults
250:>50–"hundreds" dead
1498:1867 in the Caribbean
1453:Earthquakes in Europe
1127:Ohio State University
1119:Paul Russell (2018).
669:. Fall Meeting 2003.
430:
411:with a magnitude of M
282:San Narciso Hurricane
1333:1984 San Pedro Basin
1327:1974 Lesser Antilles
882:. Catholic-Hierarchy
866:Johnny Torres Rivera
548:underwater landslide
314:North American Plate
1488:1867 in Puerto Rico
1404:2019–20 Puerto Rico
1268:1867 Virgin Islands
1232:1770 Port-au-Prince
1220:1751 Port-au-Prince
740:2010BuSSA.100..995B
679:2003AGUFMOS22A1148H
518:Scientific analysis
274:U.S. Virgin Islands
152: /
75:1868-03-17 11:15:00
67:1867-11-18 18:45:00
21:
758:10.1785/0120090211
433:
306:Puerto Rico Trench
270:Danish West Indies
205:Devastating tremor
19:
1425:
1424:
1386:2018 Swan Islands
1374:2009 Swan Islands
1105:978-981-256-535-8
649:978-94-017-0321-5
366:Rossi–Forel scale
254:
253:
1530:
1438:1867 earthquakes
1362:2004 Les Saintes
1256:1842 Cap-Haïtien
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
969:
963:
961:
960:
958:
952:
945:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
918:
911:
900:
891:
890:
888:
887:
876:
870:
869:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
829:
823:
822:
806:
797:
796:
794:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
771:
762:
761:
751:
723:
712:
711:
709:
707:
692:
683:
682:
660:
654:
653:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
594:
501:Eyewitnesses in
441:Charlotte Amalie
302:Greater Antilles
296:Tectonic setting
241:
210:
208:
196:
176:Greater Antilles
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
129:
106:18 November 1867
51:
50:
44:
29:
22:
18:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1368:2007 Martinique
1344:
1303:1918 San Fermín
1279:
1262:1843 Guadeloupe
1250:1839 Martinique
1196:
1191:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1008:
1006:
996:
992:
982:
980:
970:
966:
956:
954:
953:on June 8, 2017
950:
943:
935:
931:
922:
920:
916:
909:
901:
894:
885:
883:
878:
877:
873:
860:
859:
855:
845:
843:
831:
830:
826:
807:
800:
772:
765:
749:10.1.1.544.6624
734:(3): 995–1009.
724:
715:
705:
703:
693:
686:
661:
657:
650:
626:
622:
612:
610:
596:
595:
588:
583:
561:
554:
540:Anegada Passage
533:
520:
472:USS Monongahela
425:
414:
358:
347:
318:Caribbean Plate
310:subduction zone
298:
290:Lesser Antilles
286:Lesser Antilles
279:
262:Anegada Passage
240:
202:
200:
180:Lesser Antilles
160:
158:
154:
151:
146:
143:
141:
139:
138:
128:
111:Local time
103:Local date
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1536:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1410:2020 Caribbean
1407:
1401:
1395:
1392:2018 Venezuela
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1291:1900 Venezuela
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1132:
1111:
1104:
1071:
1046:
1016:
990:
964:
929:
892:
871:
853:
824:
798:
763:
713:
684:
655:
648:
620:
585:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
560:
557:
552:
534: ) at a
531:
519:
516:
482:Meanwhile, at
424:
421:
412:
357:
354:
345:
297:
294:
277:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
238:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
198:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
173:
172:Areas affected
169:
168:
136:
132:
131:
126:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
58:
57:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1535:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:1907 Kingston
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1005:
1001:
994:
979:
975:
968:
949:
942:
941:
933:
915:
908:
907:
899:
897:
881:
875:
867:
863:
857:
842:
838:
834:
828:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
770:
768:
759:
755:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
718:
702:
698:
691:
689:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
659:
651:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:
624:
609:
608:
604:
599:
593:
591:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
556:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
524:
515:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
459:Christiansted
455:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
429:
420:
418:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
363:
353:
351:
348: 8.3,
343:
339:
335:
334:normal faults
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:; an oblique
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
245:
242:
233:
229:
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221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
199:
192:
188:
184:
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177:
174:
170:
165:
156:18.2°N 65.0°W
137:
133:
130:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
43:
35:
28:
23:
1473:1860s floods
1349:21st century
1339:1997 Cariaco
1321:1967 Caracas
1284:20th century
1267:
1244:1812 Caracas
1238:1787 Boricua
1214:1692 Jamaica
1208:1641 Caracas
1152:
1148:
1121:
1114:
1087:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
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977:
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955:, retrieved
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939:
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874:
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827:
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814:
780:(Data Set),
776:
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704:. Retrieved
700:
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611:. Retrieved
601:
544:thrust fault
525:
523:fatalities.
521:
500:
481:
477:Water Island
470:
467:Frederiksted
456:
449:
437:Saint Thomas
434:
416:
406:
379:
374:
370:
362:Frederiksted
359:
324:transits to
299:
266:Saint Thomas
257:
255:
204:
186:Total damage
1309:1929 Cumaná
1274:1875 Cúcuta
1090:: 255–267.
1064:10 December
706:10 December
503:Basse-Terre
463:Saint Croix
452:USS De Soto
417:Very strong
326:strike-slip
231:Aftershocks
161:18.2; -65.0
159: /
1432:Categories
1416:2021 Haiti
1398:2018 Haiti
1380:2010 Haiti
1201:Historical
1155:: 609–621.
923:2021-05-16
886:2011-10-13
581:References
536:hypocenter
507:Guadeloupe
496:Saint John
409:aftershock
402:Juana Díaz
394:its church
356:Earthquake
342:megathrust
328:along the
320:along the
312:where the
247:Casualties
223:Landslides
64: time
1228:(6.5–7.5)
744:CiteSeerX
530:of 7.5 (M
484:Road Town
382:city wall
197:intensity
189:Extensive
135:Epicenter
119:Magnitude
972:costas.
914:Archived
559:See also
511:Deshayes
498:harbor.
386:San Juan
373:) to X (
276:). The M
226:Possible
203:RFS IX (
957:June 8,
846:4 April
736:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
613:4 April
492:Antigua
423:Tsunami
398:Bayamón
390:Fajardo
375:Extreme
215:Tsunami
147:65°00′W
144:18°12′N
1125:(BS).
1102:
1039:10 Dec
1009:10 Dec
983:10 Dec
746:
646:
371:Severe
178:&
97:ComCat
93:
87:ComCat
72:
1418:(7.2)
1412:(7.7)
1406:(6.4)
1400:(5.9)
1394:(7.3)
1388:(7.5)
1382:(7.0)
1376:(7.3)
1370:(7.4)
1364:(6.3)
1358:(6.4)
1341:(6.9)
1335:(6.7)
1329:(6.9)
1323:(6.7)
1317:(8.1)
1311:(6.9)
1305:(7.1)
1299:(6.5)
1293:(7.7)
1276:(7.5)
1270:(7.5)
1264:(8.5)
1258:(8.1)
1252:(8.0)
1246:(7.5)
1240:(8.0)
1234:(7.5)
1222:(8.0)
1216:(7.5)
1210:(6.5)
1084:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
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910:(PDF)
546:. An
272:(now
114:14:45
80:USGS-
1100:ISBN
1066:2020
1041:2020
1034:NGDC
1011:2020
985:2020
959:2017
848:2021
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786:NOAA
708:2020
644:ISBN
615:2021
400:and
256:The
234:6.5
195:Max.
122:7.5
82:ANSS
1092:doi
790:doi
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732:100
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