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of greater than one percent is common in these large-ratio lenses. Another price paid is that at the extreme telephoto setting of the lens the effective focal length changes significantly while the lens is focused on closer objects. The apparent focal length can more than halve while the lens is focused from infinity to medium close-up. To a lesser degree, this effect is also seen in fixed focal length lenses that move internal lens elements, rather than the entire lens, to effect changes in magnification.
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body of the lens. While the magnification of a zoom lens changes, it is necessary to compensate for any movement of the focal plane to keep the focused image sharp. This compensation may be done by mechanical means (moving the complete lens assembly while the magnification of the lens changes) or optically (arranging the position of the focal plane to vary as little as possible while the lens is zoomed).
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773:) across the whole operating range of the lens; this is considerably harder in a zoom lens than a fixed lens, which needs only to correct the aberrations for one focal length. This problem was a major reason for the slow uptake of zoom lenses, with early designs being considerably inferior to contemporary fixed lenses and usable only with a narrow range of
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is tolerated in lenses that span the focal length range from wide angle to telephoto with a focal ratio of 10Ă— or more than would be acceptable in a fixed focal length lens or a zoom lens with a lower ratio. Although modern design methods have been continually reducing this problem, barrel distortion
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Whereas lenses used in cinematography and video applications are required to maintain focus while the focal length is changed, there is no such requirement for still photography and for zoom lenses used as projection lenses. Since it is harder to construct a lens that does not change focus with the
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There are many possible designs for zoom lenses, the most complex ones having upwards of thirty individual lens elements and multiple moving parts. Most, however, follow the same basic design. Generally they consist of a number of individual lenses that may be either fixed or slide axially along the
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moves forward and then backward in a parabolic arc. In doing so, the overall angular magnification of the system varies, changing the effective focal length of the complete zoom lens. At each of the three points shown, the three-lens system is afocal (neither diverging or converging the light), and
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2.0) are typically restricted to this zoom range. Quality degradation is less perceptible when recording moving images at low resolution, which is why professional video and TV lenses are able to feature high zoom ratios. High zoom ratio TV lenses are complex, with dozens of optical elements, often
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The convenience of variable focal length comes at the cost of complexity – and some compromises on image quality, weight, dimensions, aperture, autofocus performance, and cost. For example, all zoom lenses suffer from at least slight, if not considerable, loss of image resolution at their maximum
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hence does not alter the position of the focal plane of the lens. Between these points, the system is not exactly afocal, but the variation in focal plane position can be small enough (about ±0.01 mm in a well-designed lens) not to make a significant change to the sharpness of the image.
273:), and others cover a range from wide-angle to long-focus. Lenses in the latter group of zoom lenses, sometimes referred to as "normal" zooms, have displaced the fixed focal length lens as the popular one-lens selection on many contemporary cameras. The markings on these lenses usually say
206:, especially at the extremes of their focal length range. This effect is evident in the corners of the image, when displayed in a large format or high resolution. The greater the range of focal length a zoom lens offers, the more exaggerated these compromises must become.
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for the production of Julie La Rousse. Angénieux received a 1964 technical award from the academy of motion pictures for the design of the 10 to 1 zoom lenses, including the 12-120mm for 16mm film cameras and the 25-250mm for 35mm film cameras.
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Because of their relative bulk, it wasn't until as recently as 1986 that a zoom lens was designed with sufficiently compact dimensions and finally found its way into a consumer compact (point and shoot) camera, this being the Pentax Zoom 70.
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for "Wide" and "Telephoto". Telephoto is designated because the longer focal length supplied by the negative diverging lens is longer than the overall lens assembly (the negative diverging lens acting as the "telephoto group").
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Zoom lenses are often described by the ratio of their longest to shortest focal lengths. For example, a zoom lens with focal lengths ranging from 100 mm to 400 mm may be described as a 4:1 or "4Ă—" zoom. The term
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can be moved axially in a particular non-linear relationship. This movement is usually performed by a complex arrangement of gears and cams in the lens housing, although some modern zoom lenses use computer-controlled
682:, an arrangement of fixed and movable lens elements that does not focus the light, but alters the size of a beam of light travelling through it, and thus the overall magnification of the lens system.
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weighing more than 25 kg (55 lb). Digital photography can also accommodate algorithms that compensate for optical flaws, both within in-camera processors and post-production software.
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Some digital cameras allow cropping and enlarging of a captured image, in order to emulate the effect of a longer focal length zoom lens (narrower angle of view). This is commonly known as
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introduced the mechanical compensation system, enabling precise focus while zooming, in his 17-68mm lens for 16mm released in 1958. The same year a prototype of the 35mm version of the
235:. This ratio can be as high as 300Ă— in professional television camera lenses. As of 2009, photographic zoom lenses beyond about 3Ă— cannot generally produce imaging quality on par with
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software on a computer to crop the digital image and enlarge the cropped area. Many digital cameras have both, combining them by first using the optical, then the digital zoom.
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same image quality as one that does, the latter applications often use lenses that require refocusing once the focal length has changed (and thus strictly speaking are
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Designers of zoom lenses with large zoom ratios often trade one or more aberrations for higher image sharpness. For example, a greater degree of barrel and pincushion
426:). An early use of the zoom lens in cinema can be seen in the opening shot of the movie "It" starring Clara Bow, from 1927. The first industrial production was the
777:. Modern optical design techniques have enabled the construction of zoom lenses with good aberration correction over widely variable focal lengths and apertures.
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A simple scheme for a zoom lens divides the assembly into two parts: a focusing lens similar to a standard, fixed-focal-length photographic lens, preceded by an
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zoom lens. The advantage of a zoom lens is the flexibility, but the disadvantage is the optical quality. Prime lenses have a greater image quality in comparison.
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178:, one that maintains focus when its focal length changes. Most consumer zoom lenses do not maintain perfect focus, but are still nearly parfocal. Most
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or hyperzoom is used to describe photographic zoom lenses with very large focal length factors, typically more than 5Ă— and ranging up to 19Ă— in
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also included movable lens elements which could be adjusted to change the overall focal length of the lens. Lenses of this kind are now called
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In this simple optically compensated zoom lens, the afocal system consists of two positive (converging) lenses of equal focal length (lenses
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409:, since when the focal length is changed, the position of the focal plane also moves, requiring refocusing of the lens after each change.
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554:, has made the design and construction of zoom lenses much easier, and they are now used widely in professional and amateur photography.
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433:"Varo" 40–120 mm lens for 35mm movie cameras introduced in 1932. The most impressive early TV Zoom lens was the VAROTAL III, from
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lens, which retained near-sharp focus while the effective focal length of the lens assembly was changed, was patented in 1902 by
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that are advertised as having optical zoom actually use a few cameras of different but fixed focal length, combined with
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A photograph taken with a zoom lens, whose focal length was varied during the course of the exposure
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can move to the left and right, changing the overall focal length of the system (see image below).
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Business and
Corporate Aviation Management : On Demand Air Travel: On Demand Air Travel
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28–200 mm zoom lens, extended to 200 mm at left and collapsed to 28 mm focal length at right
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Many so-called "zoom" lenses, particularly in the case of fixed-lens cameras, are actually
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An important issue in zoom lens design is the correction of optical aberrations (such as
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photography. The first modern film zoom lens, the Pan-Cinor, was designed around 1950 by
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introduced in 1959 was the first varifocal lens in regular production for still
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972:"Broadcast camera lenses at the Olympics can cost as much as a Lamborghini"
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This article is about the camera lens. For the
American record label, see
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A simple zoom lens system. The three lenses of the afocal system are
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of the image, and this was first reported in the proceedings of the
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than optical zoom. Exactly the same effect can be obtained by using
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942:"Panavision debuts the 300x Digital Zoom lens – LetsGoDigital"
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1080:. San Diego, California: Academic Press. pp. 153–174.
1031:"Funding Opportunities in Chile (Anuncio de Oportunidades)"
1130:
Kingslake, R. (1960), "The development of the zoom lens".
367:. This can be used, for example, to change the size of a
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4x zoom, the 35-140mm was first used by cinematographer
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moves from the front to the back of the lens, the lens
522:. It had an optical compensation zoom system. In 1956,
785:, not zoom lenses). As most modern still cameras are
915:"Tamron 18-270mm f/3.5-6.3 Di II VC LD Lens Review"
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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312:Zoom and superzoom lenses are commonly used with
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1147:Malacara, Daniel and Malacara, Zacarias (1994),
1142:Zoom Lenses, Monographs on Applied Optics No. 7
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2735:Conservation and restoration of photographs
596:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2472:Comparison of digital and film photography
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2692:Photographs considered the most important
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616:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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383:Early forms of zoom lenses were used in
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239:. Constant fast aperture zooms (usually
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387:to provide continuous variation of the
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952:from the original on 5 September 2017
921:from the original on January 16, 2013
355:part of a zoom lens can be used as a
711:) with a negative (diverging) lens (
594:adding citations to reliable sources
561:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2687:Museums devoted to one photographer
405:
261:, with focal lengths longer than a
13:
2234:Timeline of photography technology
1076:A History of the Photographic Lens
257:Some photographic zoom lenses are
209:
14:
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2813:Audiovisual introductions in 1932
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16:Lens with a variable focal length
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1101:Deschin, Jacob (15 March 1959).
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518:, a French engineer working for
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197:zoom lens with 86Ă— magnification
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1070:"11: Varifocal and Zoom Lenses"
1041:from the original on 2 May 2014
301:and produces an image of lower
289:Unusual trailed-zoom view of a
41:needs additional citations for
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996:Sheehan, John (12 June 2003).
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888:Cavanagh, Roger (2003-05-29).
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1:
2284:Painted photography backdrops
2216:Golden triangle (composition)
1491:35 mm equivalent focal length
1162:"What is Inside a Zoom Lens?"
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744:to perform this positioning.
1002:. McGraw Hill Professional.
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7:
1994:Intentional camera movement
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375:of the beam can be varied.
10:
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2682:Most expensive photographs
2039:Multi-exposure HDR capture
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546:, particularly the use of
490:Canon camera with a 35~70
455:by Kilfitt, 36–82 mm
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231:lenses and 22Ă— in amateur
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1019:– via Google Books.
832:Professional video camera
789:, this is not a problem.
689:Movement of lenses in an
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186:to make a hybrid system.
2616:Digital image processing
1144:. Adam Hildger (London).
747:While the negative lens
307:digital image processing
21:Zoom Lens (record label)
2289:Photography and the law
1164:. Adaptall-2.com. 2005.
1149:Handbook of Lens Design
542:Since then advances in
437:from UK built in 1953.
147:elements for which the
2828:Television terminology
2636:Gelatin silver process
1660:Science of photography
1645:Photographic processes
1623:Perspective distortion
1151:. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
1103:"Zoom Lens for Stills"
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363:to make an adjustable
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195:Canon DIGI SUPER 86 II
136:
2094:Schlieren photography
1633:Photographic printing
1556:Exposure compensation
946:www.letsgodigital.org
725:is fixed, but lenses
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478:XF100-400mm zoom lens
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1878:Straight photography
1516:Chromatic aberration
1140:Clark, A.D. (1973),
1132:Journal of the SMPTE
826:Pan tilt zoom camera
821:Zooming (filmmaking)
769:and, in particular,
767:chromatic aberration
590:improve this section
50:improve this article
2818:Photographic lenses
2745:photographic plates
2430:Digital photography
1608:Hyperfocal distance
1521:Circle of confusion
544:optical lens design
423:U.S. patent 696,788
351:. In addition, the
349:optical instruments
293:telescope building
2249:Autochrome Lumière
2244:Analog photography
2069:Pigeon photography
1858:Social documentary
1337:discontinued films
1107:The New York Times
978:. 16 February 2018
890:"Parfrocal Lenses"
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506:36–82 mm/2.8
435:Rank Taylor Hobson
385:optical telescopes
303:optical resolution
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2601:Collodion process
2537:Chromogenic print
2524:Color photography
2034:Multiple exposure
2009:Lo-fi photography
1536:Color temperature
1066:Kingslake, Rudolf
1035:ESO Announcements
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474:Cross section of
371:beam so that the
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267:wide-angle lenses
259:long-focus lenses
170:optical zoom lens
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2564:CMYK color model
2549:Color management
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2497:Three-CCD camera
2141:Miniature faking
2099:Sabattier effect
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2236:
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2206:Rule of thirds
2203:
2198:
2193:
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2182:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Harris shutter
1971:
1969:Hand-colouring
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1657:
1655:Red-eye effect
1652:
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1642:
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1640:
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1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:Exposure value
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Depth of focus
1543:
1541:Depth of field
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
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1123:
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1093:
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1022:
1008:
988:
963:
932:
906:
879:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
864:Telephoto lens
861:
856:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
816:
813:
802:
801:Varifocal lens
799:
758:
751:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
624:
623:
574:
572:
565:
559:
556:
500:
499:
489:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
448:
441:
418:Clile C. Allen
380:
377:
322:motion picture
211:
208:
193:TV camera and
166:true zoom lens
124:
123:
106:September 2012
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2840:
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2726:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
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2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:Photographers
2695:
2693:
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2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
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2673:
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2664:
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2639:
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2634:
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2629:
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2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Bleach bypass
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:primary color
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Reversal film
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Image sharing
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2413:
2411:
2410:United States
2408:
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2401:
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2318:
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2297:
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2287:
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2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Daguerreotype
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2232:
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2223:
2217:
2214:
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2209:
2207:
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2199:
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2175:
2169:
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2159:
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2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Stopping down
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Rephotography
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Long-exposure
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1965:
1962:
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1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Architectural
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Shutter speed
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Metering mode
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
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1601:
1599:
1596:
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1591:
1587:
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1579:
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1569:
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1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Color balance
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Angle of view
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Manufacturers
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
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1399:
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1300:
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1234:
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1215:
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1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:0-8247-9225-4
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1112:September 12,
1108:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1087:0-12-408640-3
1083:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1011:
1009:9780071412278
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
977:
973:
967:
951:
947:
943:
936:
920:
916:
910:
896:on 2007-10-07
895:
891:
884:
880:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
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827:
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822:
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798:
795:
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743:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
692:
687:
683:
681:
679:
673:
663:
656:
653:(from left).
649:
642:
635:
630:
620:
617:
609:
606:February 2015
599:
595:
591:
585:
584:
580:
575:This section
573:
569:
564:
563:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
533:
532:Roger Fellous
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
486:
481:
477:
470:
465:
454:
451:
445:
440:
439:
438:
436:
432:
429:
424:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:Royal Society
390:
389:magnification
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:beam expander
362:
361:magnification
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
292:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
207:
205:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
180:camera phones
177:
176:
175:parfocal lens
172:is a type of
171:
167:
162:
160:
159:
154:
153:angle of view
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2757:Polaroid art
2651:K-14 process
2646:Instant film
2641:Gum printing
2596:C-41 process
2581:Photographic
2482:Image sensor
2477:Film scanner
2131:Sun printing
2064:Print toning
1851:space selfie
1821:Pictorialism
1751:Ethnographic
1731:Conservation
1603:Guide number
1598:Focal length
1415:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1096:
1075:
1043:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
998:
991:
980:. Retrieved
975:
966:
954:. Retrieved
945:
935:
923:. Retrieved
909:
898:. Retrieved
894:the original
883:
806:
804:
791:
787:autofocusing
779:
764:
755:
748:
746:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
696:
676:
674:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
612:
603:
588:Please help
576:
550:for optical
541:
537:
520:SOM-Berthiot
501:
413:
411:
404:
382:
359:of variable
347:, and other
311:
299:digital zoom
296:
278:
274:
270:
269:(wider than
256:
237:prime lenses
221:
200:
184:digital zoom
173:
169:
165:
163:
156:
149:focal length
140:
138:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2762:Stereoscopy
2626:E-6 process
2621:Dye coupler
2554:color space
2467:Digiscoping
2460:camera back
2375:Philippines
2304:Visual arts
2294:Glass plate
2279:Heliography
2178:Composition
2153:Ultraviolet
2109:Stereoscopy
2104:Slow motion
2089:Scanography
2004:Kite aerial
1944:Contre-jour
1836:Post-mortem
1826:Pornography
1806:Neues Sehen
1741:Documentary
1675:Zone System
1650:Reciprocity
1576:Film format
1506:Backscatter
1484:Terminology
1354:beauty dish
1253:rangefinder
1218:light-field
1199:Photography
859:Normal lens
837:Zoomar lens
693:zoom system
680:zoom system
552:ray tracing
508:Zoomar lens
453:Zoomar lens
450:Voigtländer
337:microscopes
265:, some are
263:normal lens
145:camera lens
65:"Zoom lens"
2823:Telescopes
2807:Categories
2752:Lomography
2583:processing
2532:Print film
2448:comparison
2415:Uzbekistan
2365:Luxembourg
2325:Bangladesh
2274:Dufaycolor
2254:Box camera
2211:Simplicity
2168:Zoom burst
2163:Xerography
2158:Vignetting
2148:Time-lapse
2136:Tilt–shift
2029:Mordançage
2019:Luminogram
1984:Holography
1979:High-speed
1959:Fill flash
1939:Burst mode
1917:Techniques
1898:Vernacular
1893:Underwater
1888:Toy camera
1868:Still life
1796:Monochrome
1786:High-speed
1736:Cloudscape
1726:Conceptual
1628:Photograph
1613:Lens flare
1593:Film speed
1475:Zone plate
1421:wide-angle
1406:long-focus
982:2020-02-01
900:2007-11-18
870:References
794:distortion
373:irradiance
341:telescopes
333:binoculars
329:projectors
229:SLR camera
158:prime lens
151:(and thus
76:newspapers
2702:Norwegian
2666:Stop bath
2611:Developer
2239:Ambrotype
2201:Lead room
2124:Slit-scan
2059:Photogram
2054:Panoramic
1964:Fireworks
1949:Cyanotype
1791:Landscape
1436:telephoto
1384:reflector
1379:monolight
1374:lens hood
1359:cucoloris
1295:safelight
1206:Equipment
925:March 20,
875:Citations
842:Superzoom
775:f-numbers
577:does not
548:computers
528:Angénieux
357:telescope
225:superzoom
141:zoom lens
2781:Category
2487:CMOS APS
2385:Slovenia
2313:Regional
2259:Calotype
2196:Headroom
2074:Redscale
1989:Infrared
1934:Brenizer
1908:Wildlife
1831:Portrait
1776:Forensic
1766:Fine-art
1701:Aircraft
1691:Abstract
1571:F-number
1551:Exposure
1526:Clipping
1501:Aperture
1369:hot shoe
1290:enlarger
1285:Darkroom
1068:(1989).
1039:Archived
950:Archived
919:Archived
815:See also
495:/2.8~3.5
204:aperture
2792:Outline
2728:Related
2420:Vietnam
2405:Ukraine
2340:Denmark
2320:Albania
2299:Tintype
2226:History
2191:Framing
2084:Rollout
2049:Panning
1999:Kirlian
1903:Wedding
1781:Glamour
1761:Fashion
1746:Eclipse
1716:Banquet
1638:Albumen
1448:Monopod
1426:fisheye
1394:softbox
1243:pinhole
1233:instant
1223:digital
1125:Sources
598:removed
583:sources
504:Kilfitt
476:Fujinon
397:patents
379:History
331:, some
325:cameras
246:2.8 or
90:scholar
2790:
2779:
2712:street
2707:Polish
2400:Turkey
2395:Taiwan
2380:Serbia
2370:Norway
2345:Greece
2330:Canada
1924:Afocal
1883:Street
1863:Sports
1846:Selfie
1801:Nature
1756:Erotic
1721:Candid
1696:Aerial
1684:Genres
1586:medium
1463:Tripod
1431:swivel
1344:Filter
1322:holder
1317:format
1213:Camera
1155:
1084:
1006:
742:servos
691:afocal
678:afocal
558:Design
353:afocal
271:normal
133:Nikkor
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