32:
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219:. Infocom compiled game code to files containing Z-machine instructions (called story files or Z-code files) and could therefore port its text adventures to a new platform simply by writing a Z-machine implementation for that platform. With the large number of incompatible home computer systems in use at the time, this was an important advantage over using native code or developing a compiler for each system.
295:
community. A large proportion of interactive fiction is in the form of Z-machine story files. Demand for the ability to create larger game files led Nelson to specify versions 7 and 8 of the Z-machine, though version 7 is rarely used. Because of the way addresses are handled, a version 3 story file
246:
closed
Infocom. Infocom produced six versions of the Z-machine. Files using versions 1 and 2 are very rare. Only two version 1 files are known to have been released by Infocom and only two of version 2. Version 3 covers the majority of Infocom's released games. Later versions had more capabilities,
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can be up to 128K in length, a version 5 story can be up to 256K in length, and a version 8 story can be up to 512k in length. Though these sizes may seem small by today's computing standards, for text-only adventures, these are large enough for elaborate games.
231:, Infocom's first adventure game. Z-code files usually have names ending in .z1, .z2, .z3, .z4, .z5, .z6, .z7, or .z8, where the number is the version number of the Z-machine on which the file is intended to be run, as given by the first
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for Z-code files are available on a wide variety of platforms. The Inform website lists links to freely available interpreters for 15 desktop operating systems (including 8-bit microcomputers from the 1980s such as the
299:
During the 1990s, Graham Nelson drew up a Z-Machine
Standard based on detailed studies of the existing Infocom files. The standard also includes extensions used by his newer versions, as well as links to the
586:
portions in such a way that the virtual machine became independent from any user interface. This allowed more variety in porting Frotz. One of the stranger ports is also one of the simplest: an
238:
This is a modern convention, however. Infocom itself used extensions of .dat (Data) and .zip (ZIP = Z-machine
Interpreter Program), but the latter clashed with the widespread use of .zip for
578:. Sound effects and graphics were supported to varying degrees. By 2002, development stalled and the program was picked up by David Griffith. The code base was split between
461:
A more complex example involving combat, along with its MDL Zork equivalent, is presented in a 2019 blog post by Andrew
Plotkin. Notably, the Z-machine has no support for
521:), and four interpreter platforms (Emacs, Java, JavaScript, and Scratch). According to Nelson, it is "possibly the most portable virtual machine ever created".
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compiler, which also generates Z-machine story files as its output, even though the Inform source language is quite different from ZIL.
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stated that "ZIL ... is functionally dead", and reported rumors of a "completely new parser that may never be used". In May 1993,
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This article is about the
Infocom virtual machine. For the x-ray generator informally known as the "Z machine", see
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254:(called Zilch) that Infocom used to produce its story files has never been released, although documentation of the
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functionality creating a bot with which one can play most Z-machine games using an instant messaging client.
988: (archived March 9, 2012) (PDF) the Z-Language Interpreter Program (Infocom Internal Document) from 1989
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by Stefan
Jokisch in 1995 for DOS. Over time it was ported to other platforms, such as
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978: (archived August 7, 2010) (PDF) is the Infocom ZIL manual from 1989
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Popular interpreters include Nitfol and Frotz. Nitfol makes use of the
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308:" savefile format. In 2006, Nelson expanded Z-machine to the 32-bit
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2010:
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save-format, but the packaging of the file-structure is different.
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749:"Inside the Industry: Infocom's West Coast Move Stirs Controversy"
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796:. Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation. 16 November 2022.
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309:
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438:"There is a brass lantern (battery-powered) here."
426:"A battery-powered lantern is on the trophy case."
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from MIT. Here is the definition of Zork I's brass lantern:
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1002:
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630:– A computer language that can produce Z-machine programs
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is wrapped around a version of Frotz with the minimum
675:– The base architecture used for virtual machines in
669:– Like Glulx, made to address some of its limitations
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259:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
999:describes the creation and design of the Z-machine
819:
723:
247:culminating in some graphic support in version 6.
936:
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997:How to Fit a Large Program Into a Small Machine
1567:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom
1324:Nord and Bert Couldn't Make Head or Tail of It
465:and ZIL has no concept of Lisp's list system.
1658:
1018:
316:, founded 2016, manages all these standards.
16:Virtual machine for interactive fiction games
864:
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757:. No. 63. September 1989. p. 10.
539:files are available for several different
304:" resource format used by Infocom, and a "
663:, a graphical system similar to Z-machine
477:An implementation of Frotz running on an
314:Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels
852:"if-archive/infocom/interpreters/nitfol"
472:
1672:
806:
761:
2572:
794:"Glk, Glulx, and Blorb Specifications"
690:
608:systems is Zoom. It supports the same
1646:
1006:
274:moved Infocom to California in 1989,
207:that was developed by Joel Berez and
2239:
1275:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
715:
13:
1631:Zork: The Undiscovered Underground
825:
807:Plotkin, Andrew (April 17, 2019).
741:
721:
698:"The Z-Machine Standards Document"
320:ZIL (Zork Implementation Language)
284:released the first version of his
14:
2601:
1426:Quarterstaff: The Tomb of Setmoth
960:
291:Inform has become popular in the
967:The Z-Machine standards document
227:The "Z" of Z-machine stands for
30:
1233:Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur
898:
884:
769:"Inform - ZMachine - Standards"
468:
41:needs additional citations for
800:
786:
240:PKZIP-compatible archive files
1:
2383:Lightweight Java Game Library
1605:The Lost Treasures of Infocom
1181:Leather Goddesses of Phobos 2
892:"The RISC OS Frotz Home Page"
872:"Frotz README file on Gitlab"
683:
242:starting in the 1990s, after
1729:List of visual novel engines
266:-family language similar to
7:
2580:Interactive fiction engines
1695:First-person shooter engine
1174:Leather Goddesses of Phobos
1032:
924:"Frotz DUMB file on Gitlab"
615:
600:Another popular client for
10:
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18:
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1217:
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387:"brass lantern"
312:format for Inform 7. The
189:
179:
167:
159:
151:
143:
133:
906:"Frotz on the App Store"
330:
1310:A Mind Forever Voyaging
21:Z Pulsed Power Facility
1707:Game engine recreation
1617:Zork: Grand Inquisitor
1352:James Clavell's ShĹŤgun
492:
2418:Platinum Arts Sandbox
2263:Adventure Game Studio
809:"What is ZIL anyway?"
754:Computer Gaming World
673:Motorola 68000 series
562:Frotz was written in
476:
277:Computer Gaming World
2064:Visual3D Game Engine
1719:Game creation system
1545:Legend Entertainment
944:"Logical Shift Zoom"
828:"About Interpreters"
324:The ZIL is based on
217:text adventure games
211:in 1979 and used by
50:improve this article
2333:Blender Game Engine
2165:Pixel Game Maker MV
293:interactive fiction
235:of the story file.
130:
2338:Bork3D Game Engine
1303:The Lurking Horror
982:Description of ZIP
773:inform-fiction.org
702:inform-fiction.org
493:
463:garbage collection
128:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2463:Wintermute Engine
2224:
2223:
2085:Amazon Lumberyard
1880:Zillions of Games
1640:
1639:
1528:
1527:
1435:
1434:
1165:Leather Goddesses
1159:
1158:
679:' adventure games
588:instant messaging
541:operating systems
197:
196:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2597:
2585:Virtual machines
2237:
2236:
2190:UbiArt Framework
2155:Nvidia GameWorks
1749:
1748:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1559:Related articles
1550:Westwood Studios
1444:
1443:
1331:Plundered Hearts
1282:Hollywood Hijinx
1222:
1221:
1050:Original trilogy
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677:Magnetic Scrolls
543:, including the
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2467:
2448:Thousand Parsec
2398:Open Wonderland
2373:Irrlicht Engine
2316:
2251:
2231:
2220:
2216:Unreal Engine 5
2199:
2195:Unreal Engine 4
2150:Luminous Engine
2105:Creation Engine
2068:
2049:Unreal Engine 3
2044:Unreal Engine 2
1884:
1865:Virtual Theatre
1860:Unreal Engine 1
1778:
1738:
1681:
1671:
1641:
1636:
1591:Legends of Zork
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1524:
1493:
1431:
1399:
1213:
1186:
1155:
1115:
1080:
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986:Wayback Machine
976:Wayback Machine
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722:McGrew, Jesse.
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580:virtual machine
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2054:Vicious Engine
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2013:
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1998:
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1931:Essence Engine
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1835:Pie in the Sky
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1598:Return to Zork
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1489:Brian Moriarty
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1484:Steve Meretzky
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832:Inform website
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545:classic Mac OS
481:, playing the
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2458:Vassal Engine
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106:December 2009
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2304:
2296:
2278:
2246:
2017:Silent Storm
2016:
2001:Retro Engine
1981:MT Framework
1810:Genie Engine
1674:Game engines
1629:
1624:Zork Nemesis
1622:
1615:
1610:
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1596:
1589:
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1479:Dave Lebling
1454:Tim Anderson
1447:Implementers
1424:
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1404:Other titles
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1110:Spellbreaker
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992:Interpreters
972:Learning ZIL
947:. Retrieved
938:
927:. Retrieved
918:
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258:used called
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2353:Game Editor
2232:open-source
1986:PhyreEngine
1870:Voxel Space
1840:Reality Lab
1800:Dark Engine
1744:Proprietary
1690:Source port
1585:InvisiClues
1412:Cornerstone
1394:The Witness
1387:Wishbringer
1254:Bureaucracy
1247:Border Zone
1218:Other games
1208:Stationfall
1128:Beyond Zork
733:22 November
648:tility for
510:ZX Spectrum
485:version of
345:LIVING-ROOM
65:"Z-machine"
2574:Categories
2519:PlayCanvas
2286:Game-Maker
2160:Panta Rhei
2125:Fox Engine
1961:HeroEngine
1845:RenderWare
1540:Activision
1520:Joe Ybarra
1474:Amy Briggs
1469:Marc Blank
1419:Fooblitzky
1338:Seastalker
1261:Cutthroats
1201:Planetfall
1192:Planetfall
949:2016-10-29
929:2019-02-19
877:2019-02-19
857:2016-10-29
837:2009-11-07
684:References
604:and other
333:<OBJECT
272:Mediagenic
244:Activision
209:Marc Blank
181:Endianness
163:1.1 (2014)
152:Introduced
76:newspapers
2368:id Tech 4
2363:id Tech 3
2312:Stratagus
2247:Z-machine
2211:id Tech 7
2170:RE Engine
2135:id Tech 6
2130:id Tech 5
2100:Construct
2080:4A Engine
1976:Marmalade
1971:Leadwerks
1956:GameSalad
1946:Frostbite
1911:CryEngine
1901:C4 Engine
1850:RPG Maker
1805:GameMaker
1795:Clickteam
1764:Freescape
1759:Filmation
1611:Z-machine
1533:Companies
1459:Bob Bates
1373:Suspended
1359:Starcross
1142:Anthology
1135:Zork Zero
1096:Enchanter
1086:Enchanter
910:App Store
661:LucasArts
606:Unix-like
570:systems,
568:Unix-like
551:systems,
549:Unix-like
414:LANTERN-F
372:ADJECTIVE
201:Z-machine
129:Z-machine
2358:GDevelop
2305:Quake II
2291:OHRRPGCE
2230:Free and
2185:Source 2
2175:Snowdrop
2095:Buildbox
2090:Bitsquid
2011:Shark 3D
1951:Gamebryo
1936:Euphoria
1825:LithTech
1769:Gold Box
1724:Game IDE
1574:Get Lamp
1515:Al Vezza
1317:Moonmist
1268:Deadline
1240:Ballyhoo
1103:Sorcerer
1074:Zork III
778:26 March
707:26 March
644:reation
616:See also
519:Game Boy
517:and the
501:Apple II
402:LIGHTBIT
256:language
252:compiler
215:for its
134:Designer
2590:Infocom
2534:Stencyl
2494:Horde3D
2489:GPUOpen
2479:Delta3D
2438:Solar2D
2433:Scratch
2403:Panda3D
2343:Cocos2d
2180:Stencyl
2145:Kynapse
2034:Unigine
1941:Flare3D
1815:GoldSrc
1734:id Tech
1380:Trinity
1366:Suspect
1296:Journey
1289:Infidel
1088:trilogy
1069:Zork II
1034:Infocom
984:at the
974:at the
728:zilf.io
610:Quetzal
572:RISC OS
557:Windows
533:Quetzal
515:Palm OS
399:TAKEBIT
360:LANTERN
354:SYNONYM
336:LANTERN
306:Quetzal
223:History
213:Infocom
160:Version
138:Infocom
90:scholar
2539:Stride
2524:Raylib
2509:OpenFL
2499:libGDX
2453:Torque
2428:Ren'Py
2423:Pygame
2413:Plasma
2328:Away3D
2307:engine
2299:engine
2281:engine
2140:Ignite
2115:Defold
2110:Decima
2059:Vision
2024:Source
2019:engine
1921:Diesel
1440:People
1064:Zork I
724:"ZILF"
657:ansion
653:aniac
640:cript
628:Inform
574:, and
555:, and
537:Binary
507:, and
505:TRS-80
479:iPhone
411:ACTION
286:Inform
169:Design
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2548:2020s
2529:Snap!
2484:Godot
2472:2010s
2321:2000s
2297:Quake
2268:Build
2256:1990s
2240:1970s
2204:2020s
2120:Felgo
2073:2010s
2039:Unity
2029:Titan
1896:Anvil
1889:2000s
1830:Mugen
1783:1990s
1774:SCUMM
1752:1980s
1498:Other
1151:books
1120:Other
634:SCUMM
622:Glulx
602:macOS
435:LDESC
423:FDESC
396:FLAGS
375:BRASS
363:LIGHT
310:Glulx
302:Blorb
203:is a
97:JSTOR
83:books
2504:Moai
2393:OGRE
2388:Löve
2348:Dim3
2279:Doom
2006:SAGE
1996:RAGE
1875:Zero
1820:Jedi
1712:list
1700:list
1678:list
1580:Grue
1149:Zork
1058:Zork
1042:Zork
813:Zarf
780:2018
735:2020
709:2018
667:TADS
582:and
488:Zork
456:>
447:SIZE
384:DESC
357:LAMP
264:Lisp
262:, a
250:The
233:byte
229:Zork
199:The
190:Open
174:CISC
155:1979
144:Bits
69:news
2514:ORX
1926:Ego
659:by
595:I/O
591:bot
576:iOS
553:DOS
529:API
526:Glk
483:MIT
342:LOC
326:MDL
268:MDL
260:ZIL
193:Yes
185:Big
52:by
2576::
1966:IW
908:.
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636:–
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1991:Q
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655:M
651:M
646:U
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