1227:, ca. ? – †1871) chief of the dominant local group and clan of the Carrizo band, during the 1850s and 1860s most prominent Carrizo chief, in 1869 Miguel and his younger brother Diablo initiated relations between Americans and the Cibecue and White Mountain Apaches, which led to the establishment of Fort Apache (first as Camp Apache in 1870). He supplied recruits for the first unit of Apache Scouts in 1871, because the Cibecue Apaches were forced to settle near Camp Apache on White Mountain Apache territory in spring 1874, he was killed shortly after during a feud with White Mountain Apaches, after that, Diablo took over leadership from his deceased older brother and avenged his death.
1251:– “His Anger is Lying Side By Side”, c. 1846 – †30. Aug.1880) after the death of his older brother Chief Miguel in 1874 during a feud with the White Mountain Apaches, he became the most prominent chief of the Carrizo band, in the fall of 1874 he enlisted as Scout and was promoted to sergeant, in January 1876 he and his band together with other Cibecue Apache bands were forced to move onto the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, only Pedro's band was allowed to stay at Fort Apache – which led to ill feelings towards the latter, therefore Diablo's band attacked on August 30, 1880, Pedro's band near Fort Apache, which resulted in the killing of Diablo himself, not to be confused with
1506:, *1817 – †March 4, 1930, Miami) was chief of the Apache Peaks band, and served as Chief of Scouts for three different United States Army Generals, Crook, Miles, and Howard. In April 1887 he was the leader of the scouts that marched 400 miles into Mexico and captured Geronimo. He once saved the life of his good friend John Clum, first Indian Agent at San Carlos Indian reservation, by shooting his own brother. This act so inflamed some of his band members that he was forced to flee the reservation and move into the town of Miami, Arizona. He was also a friend of the Earps in Tombstone and had been a guest of President Cleveland in the White House.
200:
2012:
2370:
25:
1178:, offered land for the establishment of Camp Apache (later Fort Apache), Pedro and his Carrizo band of Cibecue Apaches got permission from him to settle near later Fort Apache on White Mountain Apache territory, he and his band were generally ill-disposed toward Cibecue Apache bands of Miguel, Diablo and Pedro, who had enlisted as Apache Scouts in 1871 and were scouting against “troublemakers” of Esh-kel-dah-sila's band.
847:, meaning ′Oak Creek Canyon People′. In English they were often known as the "Bald Mountain band" (with focus on the Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (with focus on the Yavapai). They lived mainly around Bald Mountain or Squaw Peak, on the west side of the Verde Valley, southwest of Camp Verde. They lived entirely by hunting and gathering plant foods.
870:– ′People of the Upper Verde River Valley (in Yavapai: Matkʼamvaha)′). Lived along and had a few tiny farms on Fossil Creek, Clear Creek and a site on the Verde River below the mouth of Deer Creek, they hunted and gathered west of the Verde River, northwest to the Oak Creek band territory and northeast to Apache Maid Mountain.
1351:
inability to rescue their leader, due to the soldiers retreat. After the battle, the
American army buried six soldiers, Nakąįdotł’ini, his wife, and young son, who was killed while riding into battle on his father's pony. The Cibecue affair touched off a regional Apache uprising, in which the leading men of the
293:; making bows, arrows, spears, shields; and cradles for infants. Girls and young women at the elementary and secondary level are taught how to make native regalia from buckskin, in addition to making silver jewelry. In addition, young men often become jewelry makers and are taught skills in this area.
921:
Mazatzal band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names and broken up in two local groups of the "Tséé Nołtłʼizhń Band" (‘Rocks in a Line of
Greenness People’) of Southern Tonto Apache and the "Wiikchasapaya/Wikedjasapa Band" (′People of the McDowell Mountains (in Yavapai: Wi:kajasa)′) of
642:
first Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or
Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan ("actual" or "real" Walkamepa clan) lived as bilingual group in the southern and western Pinal Mountains, also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos Apache (in Apache: T’iisibaan
285:
Some 20,000 Western Apache still speak their native language, and the tribes are working to preserve it. Bilingual teachers are often employed in the lower elementary grades to promote that goal, but many children tend to learn to speak only the widely spoken
English, mingled with occasional Spanish,
933:
Tséé Nołtłʼizhń (Apache name) or
Hakayopa clan (Cottonwood People, Yavapai name); in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). Claimed the area around the community Sunflower Valley, the Mazatzal Mountains south of its highest peak, Mazatzal Peak (2.409 m), and to the east in the area around
858:
local group – ′Oak Creek Canyon People′; in
English often known as "Oak Creek band" (Apache) or as "Oak Creek Canyon band" (Yavapai). Lived near today's Sedona, along Oak Creek, Dry Beaver Creek, Wet Beaver Creek and southward to the west side of the Verde River between Altnan and West Clear Creek,
1350:
on Aug.30, 1881, after the fighting erupted the Apache scouts mutinied as suspected. The attacking
Apaches fought mainly at rifle range, however, when the scouts turned against the soldiers, a brief close range engagement occurred. As the battle ended with a strategic Apache victory, despite their
1299:
succeeded his father Pedro about 1873 as chief of the
Carrizo band of Cibecue Apaches – now generally classed as White Mountain Apaches. He was involved in the murder of the influential Carrizo band chief Diablo on August 30, 1880, half a year later in February 1881 members of Diablo's band would
980:
fourth semi-band (lived near the confluence of the East Verde with the Verde River, most south of the East Verde between the territories of the
Guwevkabaya-Yavapai southwest and Mazatzal band south, the second/Gisela semi-band to the east, and the third/Payson semi-band to the northeast, and the
881:
near the head of
Anderson's Canyon and ranged up to the southern foot of the San Francisco Mountains, at Elden Mountain near Flagstaff, around Mormon, Mary's, Stoneman's and Hay Lakes, and at Anderson and Padre Canyons. Because they were exposed to the hostile Navajo on the north and east, they
1489:
victim of the Camp Grant Massacre by Mexicans and their Tohono O'odham-allies, after the massacre the surviving Arivaipa and Pinaleño bands fled north to their Tonto Apache and Yavapai allies, together they raiding and fought the Americans until into 1875 with its culmination in General George
1137:("He Scouts Ahead"), an Eastern White Mountain chief closely engaged with Chiricahua chief Cochise – both Francisco and Na-ginit-a being killed by venom in 1865 at Camp Goodwin – arrested because of his involvement in the Cienega massacre and "executed" in unclear circumstances.
646:
second Pinaleño/Pinal Apache local group or Ilihasitumapa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan ("wood-sticking-out-of-middle-of-water People") (lived as bilingual group in the northern Pinaleno Mountains, therefore also known in English as "Pinaleño/Pinal Apache Band" of the San Carlos
937:
Tsé Nołtłʼizhń (Apache name) or Hichapulvapa clan (‘bunch-of-wood-sticking-up People‘, Yavapai name); in English simply known as "Mazatzal band" (Apache). They claimed the Mazatzal Mountains southward from East Verde River and westward from North Peak to Mazatzal
1284:
after two years to settle near Fort Apache, Pedro's band intermarried with the White Mountain Apaches and were therefore classed as White Mountain Apaches, however they retained close clan ties with the Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, he and his
1169:
clan (Nádohots’osn, Náhodits’osn, or Nádots’osin – “slender peak standing up people”) as of the entire Eastern White Mountain Apache band, most respected and prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief in history, he maintained alliances with
1293:, the most prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief at this time) in selfdefense, in revenge for the death of Diablo he was shot through both knees but survived, only Petone was mortally wounded, was a constant friend of the Americans.
1476:
at San Xavier to punish the Arivaipa. In a surprise attack, 98 Apaches were killed and mutilated by Tohono O'odham (all but eight were women and children) and 27 children were sold into slavery in Mexico by the Tohono O'odham and the
1464:– "Angry, Men Stand in Line for Him", born approximately 1828 near the Pinal Mountains as a Pinaleño) through marriage into the Arivaipa, became one of them and later their chief. He and his band together with the Pinaleño band under
1133:*Indian name (Gochaahá = Big One) killed 11/10 – 1865, chief of the Eastern White Mountain Coyotero Apache band, maybe he had been in his childhood a Mexican captive and thus inherited his Spanish name or he is to be identified with
1401:– “Metal Tooth” or “Iron Tooth”) was successor of Diablo as Chief of the Carrizo Creek band. This band of about 250 people lived on Carrizo Creek, twelve miles north of Carrizo Crossing, was closely associated with Nakąįdotł’ini.
1603:
1279:
clan (“Red Rock Strata People”) and local group of the Carrizo band, during a clan dispute in the early 1850s he was driven off the Carrizo Creek by Miguel, was allowed by the great Eastern White Mountain Apache chief
1762:(“red rock strata people”) of Pedro were limited almost exclusively to the Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, and were the only people on the Fort Apache Reservation who were not forced to go to San Carlos in 1875
1367:(June 16, 1829 – Feb.17, 1909), left the reservation and went to war in Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. The warfare lasted about two years, ultimately ending in the US defeat of the Apache.
969:
third semi-band (perhaps one of the principal Dilzhę́ʼé Apache clans – the "People of the Yellow Speckled Water", their territory encompassed the Tonto Apache Reservation, they were living in the
955:
are the first and most important semi-band under which name the five remaining semi-bands were known, those Dilzhę́ʼé of Sierra Ancha formed with members of the Walkamepa band a bilingual unit).
407:
Today it includes the Tséé hachíídn or Cháchíídn (“Red Rock Strata People”, a group of chief Pedro's Carrizo band of the Cibecue Apaches, who were not forced to move to San Carlos in 1875.
836:
mixed-tribal bands with common headmen. Both the band/local group or its headman usually were given two names: one was Apache (Southern Athabascan) and the other Yavapai (Upland Yuman).
1472:. Led by William S. Oury and Jesús María Elías, who blamed every depredation in southern Arizona on the 500 Camp Grant Apaches, contacted an old ally Francisco Galerita, leader of the
124:
175:
are home to the majority of Western Apache and are the bases of their federally recognized tribes. In addition, there are numerous bands. The Western Apache bands call themselves
262:
Since Goodwin, other researchers have disputed his conclusion of five linguistic groups. They do agree that there are three main Apachean dialects, with several sub-groupings:
1127:
on the San Carlos Reservation is named, this Apache settlement is divided into two communities, one of the White Mountain, the other of San Carlos and Southern Tonto Apache.
599:– “Edge of Cottonwood People”, “Cottonwoods in Gray Wedge Shape People”, named after the trees at the mouth of the San Pedro River and their farms along Pinal Creek called
705:
636:
611:– “Big Mescal Sitting There”) in the west to the northern edge of the Apache Peaks in the east, northward across the Salt River and in the north and eastern parts of the
1107:. He tried to convince Geronimo to surrender peacefully. Became later a prominent stockman, made several trips to Washington, D.C., and was active in Indian affairs.
446:– “Horizonally Red Canyon People” – sometimes shortened to “People of the Red Canyon” or “Red Canyon People”, possibly of Navajo/Zuni ancestry, ranged north of the
226:
language family. The Navajo speak a related Apachean language, but the peoples separated several hundred years ago and are considered culturally distinct. Other
2253:
2000:
322:. It is the most eastern band of the Western Apache group. The White Mountain Apache are a federally recognized tribe. Their traditional area ranged from the
1481:
1314:
1300:
avenge his death. In this battle, Pedro was shot through both knees and Alchesay through the chest, both of them survived, but Petone was mortally wounded.
466:
considered to be Southern Tonto Apache land), today all part of the federally recognized tribe of the White Mountain Apache of the Fort Apache Reservation
1389:
1718:
were the only Yavapai who had clans, the clans were probably taken over through contact with their Southern Tonto and San Carlos Apache neighbors and kin
1338:) chief of the Cañon Creek band and a respected medicine man among his people, held dances and claimed to bring two dead chiefs, the Carrizo band chief
1845:. Goodwin, Janice T.(Ed.). The University of Chicago publications in anthropology: Ethnological series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. .
1510:
1141:
1978:
1231:
1195:
181:(“The People”). Because of dialectical differences, the Pinaleño/Pinal and Arivaipa/Aravaipa bands of the San Carlos Apache pronounce the word as
2175:
1259:
1111:
735:(“Mount Turnbull Apache”) or further Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Guwevkabaya-Yavapai clan (Yavapai name not known) (lived as bilingual group in the
558:
1901:. Anthropology papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 31, Part 2). New York City: The American Museum of Natural History.
1727:
2246:
1993:
1498:
1289:(or war chief) Yclenny together with White Mountain Apache chiefs Alchesay and Petone killed August 30, 1880 Diablo, (oft mistaken for
1036:. Therefore, it is not always easy to find out whether it is now exclusively dealing with Yavapai or Apache, or those mixed bands. The
1412:
1890:
Perry, Edgar. (1992). Oral history . In T. Scott, B. Young, H. Cordero, C. Lomahaftewa, J. Ben, E. Perry, E. Salmon, (1949–1995),
89:
474:– “Spotted on Top People” or “Marked on The Ground People”, likely refers to a mountain that is spotted with junipers, lived along
61:
2692:
832:
north of Flagstaff. Because they shared hunting and gathering grounds with Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya bands of the Yavapai, they formed
541:), a federally recognized tribe composed of the San Carlos Apache proper and several groups of the Cibecue Apache (excluding the
1044:
were therefore, because of their ancestral and cultural proximity to the Tonto and San Carlos Apaches, often incorrectly called
497:– “White Arrowgrass Goes Up People” or “Canyon of the Row of White Canes People”, lived along Carrizo Creek, a tributary of the
2222:
1966:
42:
2872:
2239:
1986:
1747:
1677:
1625:
68:
1931:
1911:
1957:
White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker–University Collaboration
1916:
203:
160:
1921:
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Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya Yavapai). Lived mainly in the eastern slopes of Mazatzal Mountains and eastwards on both sides of
805:– ‘Those who you don’t understand’, ‘wild rough People’. The Spanish adapted the latter term, referring to the people as
75:
2008:
1871:
1857:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1794:
108:
898:(lived in the Tonto Basin from the Salt River in south northward along and over the East Verde River, including the
581:
1831:. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, (Vol. 33). New York: American Folk-Lore Society (J. J. Augustin).
545:(“Red Rock Strata People”) clan of the Carrizo band), some Tonto Apache, Lipan as well Chiricahua Apache peoples.
57:
1385:, the medicine men and chief of the Cañon Creek band. He succeeded his brother as chief of the Cañon Creek band.
354:. They lived near waterways, which they used for their crops, such as along the East Fork and North Fork of the
1123:– "One Who Does All the Talking") chief of the Eastern White Mountain band, for whom the present settlement of
1024:, and could not be distinguished by outsiders (Spaniards, Americans, or Mexicans) except on the basis of their
335:
319:
156:
46:
2016:
1969:, American Indian Language Development Institute (has children's video of Cactus Boy story in Western Apache)
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and Áłchʼísé – "The Little One", May 17, 1853 – Aug.6, 1928) was a chief of the White Mountain Apache and an
454:
between Cherry Creek in the west to Cedar Creek in the east – sometimes they were found even further west on
2785:
2262:
1975:, a nonprofit organization working to preserve the site of and educate people about the Camp Grant Massacre
1946:
668:– “Dark Rocks People” or “Black Rocks People”, after a well known spot of black rocks around Bassett Peak (
172:
1640:
2810:
2685:
1424:– "Great Chief") was recognized as the main chief of the San Carlos band, before he left the reservation.
516:– “Base of Mountain People/Foot of the Mountain People”, lived along Cibecue Creek, a tributary of the
1887:. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology, (#9). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
1782:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, (No. 15). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1524:
323:
2775:
740:
685:
534:
82:
2116:
2862:
2800:
2790:
2767:
2483:
1535:
1347:
927:
829:
438:– “Horizontally Red Canyon” or “Red Ridge Valley”, therefore the Apache living there were called
211:
35:
1310:, Chief of the Cibecue band, not to be confused with the Pinaleño Apache Chief of the same name)
533:– “Metate Stone People”, lived on both sides of the San Pedro River and in the foothills of the
2795:
2780:
2678:
2533:
1346:
to life, fearing an Apache uprising the Army tried to arrest the medicine man which led to the
736:
681:
475:
1020:
lived together with the Tonto Apache (as well as bands of the San Carlos Apache) in bilingual
988:
north and along Pine Creek in Strawberry and Pine valleys, a tributary of Tonto Creek, in the
696:– “Sits Close Together”) and the southern edge of the Pinaleno Mountains, together with their
2815:
977:
area known in Apache as Tégótsog ("Place of the Yellow Water" or "Place of the Yellow Land").
970:
787:
718:– “Dark Rocks People” or “Black Rocks People”, Aravaipa proper, because they outnumbered the
359:
355:
331:
272:
164:
1703:
1491:
779:
517:
498:
479:
447:
1801:
Portraits of "the whiteman": Linguistic play and Cultural symbols among the Western Apache
557:– “Fled to the Mountains People”, lived northeast of Globe between the Salt River and the
8:
2725:
2619:
2599:
2183:
2169:
1692:
1469:
759:
223:
1184:, succeeded in 1873 Esh-kel-dah-sila as chief of the Eastern White Mountain Apache band.
199:
2805:
1569:
943:
Dilzhę́ʼé semi-band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai group with two names: in Apache:
907:
775:
612:
463:
339:
327:
278:
236:
227:
239:
classified the Western Apache into five groups based on Apachean dialect and culture:
1867:
1853:
1832:
1818:
1804:
1790:
1743:
1673:
1621:
1585:
1577:
1554:
1473:
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eastward to Stoneman's and Mary's Lakes, and northward to Roger's Lake and Flagstaff.
673:
627:– “pine mountains”) southeast toward the Gila River, together with their allies, the
423:
347:
266:
252:
152:
2654:
1618:
Big Sycamore Stands Alone: The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place
862:
Fossil Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache:
289:
In relation to culture, tribal schools offer classes in native handicrafts, such as
2745:
2720:
2604:
2594:
2528:
2442:
2276:
2193:
1087:
985:
934:
the former Fort Camp Reno in the western Tonto Basin (also called Pleasant Valley).
767:
763:
743:, in English most widely known as “Aravaipa Apache clan” of the San Carlos Apache.)
725:
Tsēē Bénast’i’é – “Wrapped Around the Rocks People” or “Surrounded by Rocks People”
689:
604:
343:
311:
1789:. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2867:
2841:
2649:
2564:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2356:
2336:
2084:
2069:
974:
963:
850:
Oak Creek band (a bilingual mixed Apache-Yavapai band with two names: in Apache:
538:
2281:
565:(“Salt”) on the Salt River, between Cibicue Creek mouth and Canyon Creek mouths)
2346:
2296:
2286:
2231:
2203:
2148:
1775:
1096:
1025:
839:
Bald Mountain band (a bilingual, mixed Apache-Yavapai band known in Apache as:
701:
677:
632:
290:
966:
area, south of the third/Payson semi-band and northeast of the Mazatzal band).
2856:
2740:
2701:
2639:
2629:
2609:
2538:
2488:
2478:
2375:
2079:
2074:
1961:
1092:
989:
828:, inhabited the upper reaches of the Verde River and ranged north toward the
378:– “Many Go to War People”, literally, “they scout with horses,” often called
882:
depended entirely on hunting and gathering wild plant foods for sustenance.
2755:
2634:
2462:
2417:
2402:
2291:
2128:
1651:
1104:
1095:. He received United States militaries highest decoration for bravery, the
899:
483:
459:
451:
401:
168:
2735:
2326:
1956:
2831:
2644:
2589:
2523:
2513:
2493:
2427:
2407:
2306:
2153:
2121:
2089:
2049:
1589:
1175:
1171:
1100:
959:
923:
878:
783:
771:
653:
455:
123:
2437:
2331:
1972:
1951:
1485:
was chief of the Pinaleño band, became together with the Arivaipa Chief
2715:
2569:
2422:
2133:
2039:
2034:
1670:
The Apache Peoples: A History of All Bands and Tribes Through the 1880s
1452:
1352:
794:
722:“Wrapped Around the Rocks People” their name was used for all Aravaipa.
363:
2574:
2111:
1941:
1815:
Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache
1255:, the most prominent Eastern White Mountain Apache chief at this time.
817:– ‘People with high-pitched voices’, distinguishing them by language.
520:, middle or central band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)
2836:
2730:
2624:
2584:
2412:
2104:
2054:
833:
2579:
918:
bands of Yavapai bilingual mixed-tribal bands with common headmen.)
24:
2614:
2548:
2432:
2397:
2064:
1947:
White Mountain Apaches at Fort Apache Reservation: Photos and Facts
1448:, an Arivaipa Apache Chief and di-yin, father-in-law of Eskiminzin.
1364:
1057:
572:– ‘It is Placed Alone beside the Fire People’, often simply called
219:
1864:
Grenville Goodwin among the Western Apache: Letters from the field
1852:. Basso, Keith H. (Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1060:(also belonging to the Upland Yuma Peoples) were also referred as
951:
clan (‚red-strata-country People, i.e. Sierra Ancha People‘). The
704:
allies and their Pinaleño/Pinal kin they hunted and camped in the
553:– “Spoiled Mescal People”, “Tasteless Mescal People”, also called
524:
2543:
2452:
2392:
2351:
2341:
2301:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2094:
2044:
2020:
2011:
1926:
1017:
910:
and Mazatzal Mountains – like the Northern Tonto Apache with the
419:
140:
2670:
1581:
486:
area, western band of the Cibecue Apache with five local groups)
400:
Dził Nchaa Si’án (“Big Seated Mountain People”, i.e. “People of
230:
who speak Athabaskan languages are located in Alaska and Canada.
2447:
2316:
2311:
1356:
884:
Only the Mormon Lake band was composed entirely of Tonto Apache
866:– ‘Blue Water People,i.e. Fossil Creek People’ and in Yavapai:
580:– “Small Cottonwood Canyon People”, lived and farmed along the
351:
148:
144:
136:
1876:
Gordon, Steve; Martin, Deborah; & Perry, Edgar. (1998).
639:
to the southwest, lived generally north of the Arivaipa band)
2457:
2321:
2143:
1240:
1124:
1028:. The Yavapai and Apache together were often referred to as
501:, eastern band of the Cibecue Apache with four local groups)
2099:
2059:
1885:
The Western Apache clan system: Its origins and development
790:. They were the most westerly group of the Western Apache.
139:
Native American people, who live primarily in east central
1936:
801:– ‘wild’, ‘crazy’; neighboring Western Apache called them
1962:
Apache Indian Language (Tinde, Nde, Ndee, Tineh, Na'isha)
1912:
White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
1728:
The Rye Creek Projekt Archeology in the Upper Tonto Basin
1360:
1636:
1634:
1672:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
1322:– “spotted or freckled Mexican”, called by the Whites
206:
woman, c. 1883–1887, photographed by Randall, A. Frank
1917:
San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
1862:
Goodwin, Grenville; & Opler, Morris E. (1973).
1631:
635:
and their Arivaipa kin they hunted and camped in the
576:– “Metate People”, or San Carlos proper, also called
422:
of the Apache living in the Cibecue Creek Valley and
2365:
1740:
Surviving Conquest: A History of the Yavapai Peoples
1667:
1555:
Shadows at Dawn – The Peoples – Nnēē / Apache / 'O:b
947:– ‘People with high-pitched voices’ and in Yavapai:
843:– ‘Porcupine Sitting Above People’, and in Yavapai:
1932:
Yavapai–Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council)
1568:
877:– ‘Turquoise Road Coming Up People’) Lived east of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
296:
1817:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1604:"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé"
2854:
2261:
1922:Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)
1576:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
813:called the Tonto Apache and neighboring Yavapai
854:– ‘Horizontal Red Rock People’ and in Yavapai:
525:San Carlos Apache of the San Carlos Reservation
1525:Tonto Apache § Chiefs of the Tonto Apache
1442:) chief of a local group of the Arivaipa band.
672:– “Mountain That Sits Here and There”) of the
587:Pinaleño/Pinal band (Spanish ‘Pinery People’,
2686:
2247:
1994:
1843:The social organization of the Western Apache
1574:The Social Organization of the Western Apache
1564:
1562:
1056:, the southwestern group of Yavapai, and the
809:–meaning 'loose', 'foolish' in Spanish. The
1829:Myth and tales of the White Mountain Apache
1803:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1468:were attacked by on April 30, 1871, in the
656:: ‘cowards, ‘women’, called by the Apaches
2693:
2679:
2254:
2240:
2001:
1987:
1559:
1866:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1438:– “Angry Circular”, called by the Whites
1223:– "Aware of His Anger", sometimes called
1076:
1071:
1003:
786:in the SE, extending eastward toward the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1663:
1661:
1659:
1514:, actor & Apache dialect supervisor.
1271:– “Angry, He Ask for It”, also known as
1161:– “Angry, Right Side Up”, also known as
623:– “pine-burdened mountain”, in Yavapai:
301:
198:
122:
194:
2855:
2223:List of Indian reservations in Arizona
2028:Contemporary peoples native to Arizona
1927:Yavapai-Apache Nation Official Website
1742:, 2003, University of Nebraska Press,
2674:
2235:
1982:
1656:
1405:
155:. Most live within reservations. The
1628:, 2008, University of Oklahoma Press
1249:Hashkéédásiláá (hash-kay-dah-si-laa)
161:San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
143:, in the United States and north of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1188:
286:depending on their home languages.
127:Seal of the San Carlos Apache tribe
13:
1850:Western Apache raiding and warfare
1769:
1704:The Apaches of the Aravaipa Canyon
14:
2884:
2700:
1905:
1899:Basketry of the San Carlos Apache
1275:, ca. 1835 – †1885) chief of the
1165:, fl. c. 1850–1875) chief of the
984:fifth semi-band (lived along the
413:
310:"People of the White Mountains" (
2368:
2010:
1892:Film, video and audio collection
1880:. Topanga, CA: Sequoia Records.
1518:
584:, a tributary of the Gila River)
397:– “On Top of Mountains People”)
23:
2163:Prehistoric cultures in Arizona
1752:
1732:
1721:
1708:
749:
658:Tsēē ch’éheshjiné, Tséch’isjiné
297:Western Apache bands and tribes
34:needs additional citations for
1848:Goodwin, Grenville. (1971).
1841:Goodwin, Grenville. (1942).
1827:Goodwin, Grenville. (1939).
1697:
1686:
1645:
1610:
1596:
1548:
958:second semi-band (lived along
680:, the Galiuro Mountains, the
676:, their range encompassed the
320:Fort Apache Indian Reservation
157:Fort Apache Indian Reservation
1:
1668:Palmer, Jessica Dawn (2013).
1541:
873:Mormon Lake band (in Apache:
700:("Pine Mountains People") of
698:Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band
631:("Pine Mountains People") of
629:Hwaalkamvepaya/Walkamepa Band
389:Eastern White Mountain band (
370:Western White Mountain band (
306:The White Mountain Apache or
2873:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
2786:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
2263:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
1897:Roberts, Helen H. (1929).
1157:– “He Is Constantly Angry”,
981:fifth/Pine semi-band north).
495:Tł’ohk’aa digaidn Bikoh Ndéé
344:Safford (Ichʼįʼ Nahiłtį́į́))
173:Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation
16:Native American ethnic group
7:
2811:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1942:Fort Apache Reservation Map
1937:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1883:Kaut, Charles R. (1957).
1529:
1363:(c. 1825 – Nov. 1883), and
1342:and the Cibecue band chief
1099:for his actions during the
418:(Spanish derivation of the
216:Ndéé biyáti’ / Nnéé biyáti’
10:
2889:
1973:Apaches of Aravaipa Canyon
1813:Basso, Keith H. (1996).
1799:Basso, Keith H. (1979).
1785:Basso, Keith H. (1970).
1522:
706:Dripping Springs Mountains
637:Dripping Springs Mountains
2824:
2766:
2708:
2557:
2471:
2385:
2363:
2269:
2217:
2162:
2027:
1780:Western Apache witchcraft
1336:Freckled Mexican Matthews
906:– "Wide Flat Mountain"),
2776:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
2270:More than 100,000 people
1967:Projects.ltc.arizona.edu
1042:Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya)
1014:Guwevkabaya (Kwevkepaya)
686:Santa Catalina Mountains
652:Arivaipa/Aravaipa band (
535:Santa Catalina Mountains
214:(which they refer to as
210:The various dialects of
2801:San Carlos Apache Tribe
2791:Jicarilla Apache Nation
2386:20,000 – 100,000 people
1536:Western Apache language
1348:Battle of Cibecue Creek
928:Theodore Roosevelt Lake
914:– they formed with the
830:San Francisco Mountains
58:"Western Apache people"
2796:Mescalero Apache Tribe
2781:Fort Sill Apache Tribe
2558:Less than 1,000 people
1716:Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya
1641:Yavapai and Nde Apache
1269:Hash-kay-ya-nal-ti-din
1163:Clear-Eyed Eskeltesela
1077:White Mountain Apaches
1072:Notable Western Apache
1054:Ɖo:lkabaya (Tolkepaya)
1004:Other bands and groups
916:Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya
841:Dahszíné Dahsdáyé Iṉéé
737:Santa Teresa Mountains
682:Santa Teresa Mountains
334:in the north over the
315:
207:
135:are a subgroup of the
128:
2816:Yavapai Apache Nation
2751:Western Apache people
2472:1,000 – 20,000 people
1523:Further information:
962:and Rye Creek in the
945:Dilzhę́’é or Dilzę́`é
875:Dotłʼizhi HaʼitʼInṉéé
788:Little Colorado River
678:Aravaipa Creek Valley
478:, a tributary of the
332:Little Colorado River
316:Sierra Blanca Apache'
308:Dził Łigai Si’án Ndéé
302:White Mountain Apache
202:
165:Yavapai-Apache Nation
126:
1492:Tonto Basin Campaign
1265:Hashkéé-yánáłtiʼi-dn
621:Dził Ndilchí’ Biyílé
195:Language and culture
43:improve this article
1693:The Pinal Mountains
1652:Fort Apache History
1570:Goodwin, Greenville
1470:Camp Grant Massacre
1315:Nock-ay-dot-klin-ne
1273:Pedro, the Imitator
1038:Wi:pukba (Wipukepa)
1010:Wi:pukba (Wipukepa)
953:Dilzhę́ʼé semi-band
912:Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya
760:San Francisco Peaks
702:Guwevkabaya-Yavapai
633:Guwevkabaya-Yavapai
549:Apache Peaks band (
470:Canyon Creek band (
440:Deshchíí Bikoh Ndéé
318:), are centered in
235:The anthropologist
224:Southern Athabaskan
2806:Tonto Apache Tribe
2017:Indigenous peoples
1787:The Cibecue Apache
1406:San Carlos Apaches
908:Bradshaw Mountains
782:in the SW and the
776:Mazatzal Mountains
708:to the northwest)
613:Pinaleno Mountains
578:T’iiszhaazhé Bikoh
555:Bích’iltł’éhé Nṉēē
551:Nadah doo Golniihé
464:Mazatzal Mountains
450:to well above the
340:Pinaleno Mountains
328:Snowflake, Arizona
228:indigenous peoples
222:, a branch of the
208:
129:
2850:
2849:
2668:
2667:
2229:
2228:
1748:978-0-8032-2242-7
1679:978-0-7864-4551-6
1626:978-0-8061-3972-2
1494:of 1872 and 1873.
1381:) was brother of
868:Matkitwawipa band
674:Galiuro Mountains
603:, lived from the
568:San Carlos band (
426:known to them as
424:Salt River Canyon
326:near present-day
237:Grenville Goodwin
204:San Carlos Apache
147:in the states of
119:
118:
111:
93:
2880:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2484:Chichimeca Jonaz
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2178:
2170:Ancestral Pueblo
2015:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1738:Timothy Braatz:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1690:
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1600:
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1566:
1557:
1552:
1511:Michael Minjarez
1482:Capitán Chiquito
1466:Capitán Chiquito
1458:Hashkéébánsiziin
1359:(c. 1857–1919),
1308:Captain Chiquito
1304:Capitán Chiquito
1142:Esh-kel-dah-sila
1088:William Alchesay
1008:Often groups of
995:sixth semi-band.
986:East Verde River
864:Tú Dotłʼizh Nṉéé
852:Tséé Hichíí Nṉéé
815:Dilzhʼíʼ dinéʼiʼ
768:Oak Creek Canyon
764:East Verde River
690:Rincon Mountains
609:Nadahchoh Das’án
605:Mescal Mountains
582:San Carlos River
491:Tł’ohk’aa hagain
384:Coyotero Apaches
358:, Willow Creek,
218:) are a form of
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2888:
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2174:
2158:
2085:Southern Paiute
2023:
2009:
2007:
1908:
1776:Basso, Keith H.
1772:
1770:Further reading
1767:
1766:
1757:
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1616:Ian W. Record:
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1601:
1597:
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1560:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1408:
1355:bands, such as
1332:Bobby-dok-linny
1306:(also known as
1201:One-Eyed-Miguel
1199:(also known as
1191:
1079:
1074:
1046:Yavapai Apaches
1006:
758:lived from the
752:
720:Tsēē Bénast’i’é
617:Pinal Mountains
561:as far east as
527:
432:Dishchíí Bikoh,
416:
324:White Mountains
304:
299:
258:White Mountain.
249:Southern Tonto,
246:Northern Tonto,
197:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2886:
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2863:Western Apache
2848:
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2660:Western Apache
2657:
2655:Tohono Oʼodham
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2139:Western Apache
2136:
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2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:Akimel O'odham
2119:
2117:Tohono Oʼodham
2109:
2108:
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1906:External links
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1282:Hashkéédásiláá
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1253:Hashkéédásiláá
1245:Capitan Grande
1228:
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1189:Cibecue Apache
1187:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1159:Heske-hldasila
1155:Hashkéédásiláá
1138:
1128:
1108:
1097:Medal of Honor
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1066:Mohave Apaches
1026:first language
1005:
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822:Northern Tonto
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747:
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744:
741:Mount Turnbull
726:
723:
650:
649:
648:
644:
643:or T’iisebán).
585:
570:Tsandee Dotʼán
566:
526:
523:
522:
521:
504:Cibecue band (
502:
489:Carrizo band (
487:
428:Deshchíí Bikoh
415:
414:Cibecue Apache
412:
411:
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387:
352:Sonora, Mexico
336:Gila Mountains
303:
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291:basket weaving
283:
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273:White Mountain
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1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:Tonto Apaches
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Hashkíbáínzín
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Hashkéénásbas
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:Nakąįdotł’ini
1380:
1379:Es-keg-i-slaw
1376:
1373:(also called
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Barbudeclenny
1325:
1321:
1320:Nakąįdotł’ini
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:Tséé hachíídn
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
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1200:
1197:
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1183:
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1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
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1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Tonto Apaches
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
994:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
957:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
932:
931:
929:
925:
920:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
742:
738:
734:
733:Ch’ishdlaazhé
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
710:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Dził Naz’aayú
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
645:
641:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:, in Apache:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
546:
544:
543:Tsēē Hachīīdn
540:
536:
532:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
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465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
406:
403:
399:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:and parts of
345:
341:
338:south to the
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
294:
292:
287:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
263:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
240:
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233:
232:
229:
225:
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217:
213:
205:
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192:
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186:
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170:
166:
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158:
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138:
134:
125:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2825:Other topics
2750:
2659:
2630:Motozintleco
2403:Chontal Maya
2219:
2138:
2134:Southern Ute
2129:Tonto Apache
1952:Apache Texts
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1849:
1842:
1828:
1814:
1800:
1786:
1779:
1759:
1754:
1739:
1734:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1669:
1647:
1617:
1612:
1598:
1573:
1550:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1398:
1395:Béshbiwoo’dn
1394:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:Ne-big-ja-gy
1370:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:Babbyduclone
1323:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1225:Pin-dah-kiss
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:Esketeshelaw
1150:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1105:Yavapai Wars
1093:Apache Scout
1086:
1082:
1065:
1062:Yuma Apaches
1061:
1053:
1050:Yuma Apaches
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1007:
971:Round Valley
952:
948:
944:
915:
911:
903:
900:Sierra Ancha
895:
891:
883:
874:
867:
863:
855:
851:
844:
840:
825:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:called them
792:
755:
753:
750:Tonto Apache
732:
728:
719:
715:
711:
697:
693:
669:
665:
661:
657:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
600:
596:
592:
589:T’iis Sibaan
588:
577:
573:
569:
562:
559:Apache Peaks
554:
550:
542:
530:
528:
513:
510:Ts’iłt’aadn,
509:
505:
494:
490:
484:Mogollon Rim
476:Canyon Creek
471:
460:Sierra Ancha
452:Mogollon Rim
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
402:Mount Graham
394:
390:
383:
379:
375:
371:
307:
305:
288:
284:
261:
234:
231:
215:
209:
188:
183:
182:
177:
176:
169:Tonto Apache
132:
130:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2832:Apache Wars
2184:Basketmaker
2050:Halchidhoma
1422:Nantʼánchoh
1399:Bé-cbiɣo'dn
1147:Eskiltesela
1101:Apache Wars
960:Tonto Creek
949:Matkawatapa
926:down where
924:Tonto Creek
879:Mormon Lake
856:Wiipukepaya
845:Wiipukepaya
799:Ben-et-dine
784:Tonto Basin
778:and to the
772:Verde River
729:Dziłdlaazhé
694:Itah Gos’án
593:T’iisibaan,
456:Tonto Creek
436:Deshchííkoh
360:Black River
356:White River
178:Ndee (Indé)
2857:Categories
2716:Chiricahua
2570:Chiricahua
2534:Qʼanjobʼal
2514:Mexicanero
2040:Chiricahua
2035:Chemehuevi
1542:References
1487:Eskiminzin
1453:Eskiminzin
1432:Eskénásbas
1428:Eskinospas
1353:Chiricahua
1344:Es-ki-ol-e
1213:Es-chá´-pa
1209:Esh-ke-iba
1167:Nádots’osn
1135:Na-ginit-a
1022:rancherias
904:Dził Nteel
795:Chiricahua
780:Salt River
770:along the
754:(autonym:
739:including
518:Salt River
506:Dziłt’aadn
499:Salt River
480:Salt River
448:Salt River
444:Dishchíídn
391:Dziłghą́ʼé
376:Łį́nabaahá
372:Łį́nabaahé
364:Gila River
267:San Carlos
253:San Carlos
171:, and the
69:newspapers
2837:Apacheria
2736:Mimbreños
2731:Mescalero
2721:Jicarilla
2625:Mezcalero
2595:Kaqchikel
2585:Ixcatecos
2529:Pima Bajo
2443:Tojolabal
2327:Purépecha
2277:Chinantec
2220:See also:
2176:dwellings
2105:Hopi-Tewa
2055:Havasupai
1760:Cháchíídn
1620:, p. 56,
1572:(1969) .
1504:T'alkááli
1477:Mexicans.
1375:Ka-clenny
1237:El Diablo
1221:Hashkééba
1205:El Tuerto
1131:Francisco
896:Dilzhę́’é
834:bilingual
774:into the
756:Dilzhę́`é
601:T’iisébaa
597:T’iisebán
574:Tsék’āādn
531:Tsék’āādn
514:Dziłtaadn
458:, in the
395:Dziłghą’á
380:Coyoteros
348:Chihuahua
279:Dilzhę́’é
153:Chihuahua
99:June 2021
2842:Language
2746:Salinero
2565:Awakatek
2539:Qʼeqchiʼ
2519:Ocuiltec
2509:Lacandon
2504:Jakaltek
2499:Guarijio
2453:Wixarika
2438:Tepehuán
2433:Popoluca
2413:Cuicatec
2337:Tlapanec
2332:Rarámuri
2194:Mogollon
2070:Maricopa
2065:Hualapai
1778:(1969).
1582:76-75453
1530:See also
1499:Talkalai
1490:Crook's
1418:Casadora
1365:Geronimo
1217:Es-ca-pa
1103:and the
1083:Alchesay
1058:Hualapai
930:now is.
803:Koun`nde
712:Tsézhiné
666:Tsézhiné
662:Tséjiné,
647:Apache.)
563:Íshįįhyú
472:Gołkizhn
462:and the
362:and the
281:(Tonto).
243:Cibecue,
220:Apachean
2600:Kʼicheʼ
2575:Cochimí
2549:Tepehua
2544:Tacuate
2398:Chatino
2357:Zapotec
2352:Tzotzil
2347:Tzeltal
2342:Totonac
2302:Mazatec
2297:Mazahua
2287:Huastec
2209:Sinagua
2199:Patayan
2189:Hohokam
2149:Yavapai
2112:Oʼodham
2095:Quechan
2045:Cocopah
2021:Arizona
1413:Casador
1390:Sánchez
1287:segundo
1239:– "the
1117:Bailish
1018:Yavapai
1016:of the
716:Tséjiné
625:Walkame
482:in the
420:autonym
312:Spanish
141:Arizona
83:scholar
2868:Apache
2768:Tribes
2741:Plains
2640:Paipai
2615:Kumiai
2610:Kiliwa
2605:Kikapú
2580:Cucapá
2489:Chocho
2479:Akatek
2448:Triqui
2393:Amuzgo
2312:Mixtec
2204:Salado
2080:Navajo
2075:Mohave
1870:
1856:
1835:
1821:
1807:
1793:
1746:
1676:
1624:
1588:
1580:
1357:Naiche
1340:Diablo
1297:Petone
1232:Diablo
1196:Miguel
1182:Polone
1121:Baylas
1052:. The
992:area).
975:Payson
964:Gisela
539:Tucson
330:, the
149:Sonora
145:Mexico
137:Apache
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2756:Tonto
2726:Lipan
2709:Bands
2635:Opata
2620:Lipán
2463:Zoque
2458:Yaqui
2418:Huave
2322:Otomi
2317:Nahua
2282:Chʼol
2144:Yaqui
1590:17996
1456:(aka
1446:Santo
1260:Pedro
1243:" or
1241:Devil
1125:Bylas
1115:(aka
1112:Bylas
1085:(aka
1030:Tonto
938:Peak.
826:Tonto
807:Tonto
537:near
342:near
275:, and
255:, and
189:Nnēē:
184:Innee
90:JSTOR
76:books
2650:Teko
2645:Seri
2590:Ixil
2524:Pame
2494:Chuj
2428:Mayo
2408:Cora
2307:Mixe
2292:Maya
2154:Zuni
2100:Tewa
2090:Pima
2060:Hopi
1894:. .
1868:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1758:the
1744:ISBN
1714:the
1674:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1586:OCLC
1578:LCCN
1440:Nosy
1377:and
1334:and
1176:Zuni
1174:and
1172:Hopi
1040:and
1012:and
990:Pine
811:Dine
793:The
766:and
688:und
654:Pima
350:and
151:and
131:The
62:news
2423:Mam
2019:of
1397:or
1361:Juh
1219:or
1203:or
1119:or
1064:or
1048:or
1032:or
894:or
824:or
731:or
714:or
664:or
595:or
512:or
434:or
393:or
382:or
366:.
187:or
45:by
2859::
1658:^
1633:^
1584:.
1561:^
1460:,
1434:,
1420:,
1330:,
1326:,
1267:,
1247:,
1215:,
1211:,
1207:,
1153:,
1149:,
1068:.
762:,
684:,
660:,
591:,
508:,
493:,
442:,
430:,
404:”)
374:,
314::
191:.
167:,
163:,
159:,
2694:e
2687:t
2680:v
2255:e
2248:t
2241:v
2002:e
1995:t
1988:v
1682:.
1606:.
1592:.
1502:(
1430:(
1416:(
1393:(
1318:(
1263:(
1235:(
1145:(
973:–
902:(
886:.
692:(
615:(
607:(
529:(
386:)
269:,
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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