1197:
1229:
1169:
592:
1196:
50:
995:
1025:. DEET concentrations of 30% to 50% are effective for several hours. Picaridin, available at 7% and 15% concentrations, needs more frequent application. DEET formulations as high as 30% are recommended for children over two months of age. The CDC also recommends the use of: IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone. Protect infants less than two months of age by using a carrier draped with
512:
1228:
5668:
5654:
1307:
2715:
821:
213:. Rarely the virus is spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding, but it otherwise does not spread directly between people. Risks for severe disease include being over 60 years old and having other health problems. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests.
763:, the transmission of a viral or bacterial disease from the female of the species to her offspring, has been observed in various West Nile virus studies, amongst different species of mosquitoes in both the laboratory and in nature. Mosquito progeny infected vertically in autumn may potentially serve as a mechanism for WNV to overwinter and initiate
1168:
1051:, Permanone) or other insect repellents may be applied to clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and other gear. (Permethrin is not suitable for use directly on skin.) Most repellent is generally removed from clothing and gear by a single washing, but permethrin-treated clothing is effective for up to five washings.
256:(WNV) show no symptoms and go unreported. About 20% of infected people develop symptoms. These vary in severity, and begin 3 to 14 days after being bitten. Most people with mild symptoms of WNV recover completely, though fatigue and weakness may last for weeks or months. Symptoms may range from mild, such as
486:
Skin manifestations, specifically rashes, are common; however, there are few detailed descriptions in case reports, and few images are available. Punctate erythematous, macular, and papular eruptions, most pronounced on the extremities have been observed in WNV cases and in some cases histopathologic
435:
West-Nile reversible paralysis, Like WNP, the weakness or paralysis is asymmetric. Reported cases have been noted to have an initial preservation of deep tendon reflexes, which is not expected for a pure anterior horn involvement. Disconnect of upper motor neuron influences on the anterior horn cells
1039:
Wear long-sleeve shirts, which should be tucked in, long trousers, socks, and hats to cover exposed skin (although most fabrics do not totally protect against bites). Insect repellents should be applied over top of protective clothing for greater protection. Do not apply insect repellents underneath
1277:
While the general prognosis is favorable, current studies indicate that West Nile Fever can often be more severe than previously recognized, with studies of various recent outbreaks indicating that it may take as long as 60 to 90 days to recover. Patients with milder WNF are just as likely as those
685:
Some species of birds develop sufficient viral levels (>~10 log PFU/ml;) after being infected to transmit the infection to biting mosquitoes that in turn go on to infect other birds. In birds that die from WNV, death usually occurs after 4 to 6 days. In mammals and several species of birds, the
1467:
have given this vaccine to their birds, although its effectiveness is unknown. Dogs and cats show few if any signs of infection. There have been no known cases of direct canine-human or feline-human transmission; although these pets can become infected, it is unlikely they are, in turn, capable of
941:
kits are commercially available from different manufacturers in the U.S., each of these kits is indicated for use on serum to aid in the presumptive laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection in patients with clinical symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis. Positive WNV test results obtained via use of
701:
exposure to infected blood. The US outbreak identified additional transmission methods through blood transfusion, organ transplant, intrauterine exposure, and breast feeding. Since 2003, blood banks in the United States routinely screen for the virus among their donors. As a precautionary measure,
515:
West Nile virus life cycle. After binding and uptake, the virion envelope fuses with cellular membranes, followed by uncoating of the nucleocapsid and release of the RNA genome into the cytoplasm. The viral genome serves as messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation of all viral proteins and as template
1440:
Drought has been associated with a higher number of West Nile virus cases in the following year. As drought can decrease fish and other populations that eat mosquito eggs, higher numbers of mosquitoes can result. Higher temperatures are linked to decreased time for replication and increased viral
243:
in 1937, and was first detected in North
America in 1999. WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. In the United States thousands of cases are reported a year, with most occurring in August and September. It can occur in outbreaks of disease. Severe disease may also
807:
The most at risk occupations in the U.S. are outdoor workers, for example farmers, loggers, landscapers/groundskeepers, construction workers, painters, summer camp workers and pavers. Two reports of accidental exposure by laboratory personnel working with infected fluids or tissues have been
431:
syndrome associated with WNV infection, is less common than WNM or WNE. This syndrome is generally characterized by the acute onset of asymmetric limb weakness or paralysis in the absence of sensory loss. Pain sometimes precedes the paralysis. The paralysis can occur in the absence of fever,
1153:
have condemned attempts to control the transmitting mosquitoes by spraying pesticide, saying the detrimental health effects of spraying outweigh the relatively few lives that may be saved, and more environmentally friendly ways of controlling mosquitoes are available. They also question the
1360:
The first appearance of WNV in the
Western Hemisphere was in 1999 with encephalitis reported in humans, dogs, cats, and horses, and the subsequent spread in the United States may be an important milestone in the evolving history of this virus. The American outbreak began in
977:
is a crucial step in the definitive diagnosis of WNV infection. Consideration of a differential diagnosis is required when a patient presents with unexplained febrile illness, extreme headache, encephalitis or meningitis. Diagnostic and serologic laboratory testing using
607:), the virus amplifies within the bird, an uninfected mosquito bites the bird and is in turn infected. Other species such as humans and horses are incidental infections, because the virus does not amplify well within these species and they are considered dead-end hosts.
1264:
No specific treatment is available for WNV infection. Most people recover without treatment. In mild cases, over-the-counter pain relievers can help ease mild headaches and muscle aches in adults. In severe cases supportive care is provided, often in hospital, with
778:
Risk factors independently associated with developing a clinical infection with WNV include a suppressed immune system and a patient history of organ transplantation. For neuroinvasive disease the additional risk factors include older age (>50+), male sex,
726:
to affect the course of WNV disease was demonstrated. Mosquitoes inoculate their saliva into the skin while obtaining blood. Mosquito saliva is a pharmacological cocktail of secreted molecules, principally proteins, that can affect vascular constriction,
4078:
220:. The best way to reduce the risk of infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquito populations may be reduced by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools. When mosquitoes cannot be avoided,
4342:
Hall, RA; Broom AK; Hartnett AC; Howard MJ; Mackenzie JS (February 1995). "Immunodominant epitopes on the NS1 protein of MVE and KUN viruses serve as targets for a blocking ELISA to detect virus-specific antibodies in sentinel animal serum".
393:
West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE) is the most common neuroinvasive manifestation of WNND. WNE presents with similar symptoms to other viral encephalitis with fever, headaches, and altered mental status. A prominent finding in WNE is
287:
Headache can be a prominent symptom of WNV fever, meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and it may or may not be present in poliomyelitis-like syndrome. Thus, headache is not a useful indicator of neuroinvasive disease.
710:
asks prospective donors to wait 28 days after returning from North
America or the northeastern provinces of Italy before donating. There also have been reports of possible transmission of the virus from mother to child during
1424:
Outdoor workers (including biological fieldworkers, construction workers, farmers, landscapers, and painters), healthcare personnel, and laboratory personnel who perform necropsies on animals are at risk of contracting WNV.
1058:, which is a daytime feeder and is more apt to be found in, or on the periphery of, shaded areas with heavy vegetation. They are now widespread in the United States, and in Florida they have been found in all 67 counties.
1217:
species lay their eggs on wet soil or other moist surfaces. Hatch time is variable for both types; under favorable circumstances (such as warm weather), the eggs of some species may hatch in as few as 1–3 days after
747:
in a manner that may be advantageous to a virus. Studies have shown it can specifically modulate the immune response during early virus infection, and mosquito feeding can exacerbate WNV infection, leading to higher
1116:, or their oral swab samples collected on specific RNA-preserving filter paper card, can have their virus presence tested by either RT-PCR or IHC, where virus shows up as brown-stained tissue because of a substrate-
1356:
in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. The disease was first noted in horses in Egypt and France in the early 1960s and found to be widespread in southern Europe, southwest Asia and
Australia.
5801:
5786:
914:
If cases of suspected West Nile virus infection, sera should be collected on both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness. Convalescent specimens should be collected 2–3 weeks after acute specimens.
694:. As a result of the differential infectiousness of hosts, the feeding patterns of mosquitoes play an important role in WNV transmission, and they are partly genetically controlled, even within a species.
850:
history of the location where infection occurred. A recent history of mosquito bites and an acute febrile illness associated with neurologic signs and symptoms should cause clinical suspicion of WNV.
1154:
effectiveness of insecticide spraying, as they believe mosquitoes that are resting or flying above the level of spraying will not be killed; the most common vector in the northeastern United States,
1499:
As of 2019, six vaccines had progressed to human trials but none had been licensed in the United States. Only the two live attenuated vaccines produced strong immunity after a single dose.
1097:) to directly amplify and show the presence of virus in the submitted samples. When using the blood sera of wild birds and sentinel chickens, samples must be tested for the presence of WNV
1013:
Public health measures include taking steps to reduce mosquito populations. Personal recommendations are to reduce the likelihood of being bitten. General measures to avoid bites include:
583:
West Nile virus has been seen to replicate faster and spread more easily to birds at higher temperatures; one of several ways climate change could affect the epidemiology of this disease.
3967:
Tyler KL, Pape J, Goody RJ, Corkill M, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (February 2006). "CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis".
491:
lymphocytic infiltrate, a manifestation commonly seen in viral exanthems. A literature review provides support that this punctate rash is a common cutaneous presentation of WNV infection.
7167:
5035:
903:. Cases of West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis that have been serologically confirmed produce similar degrees of CSF pleocytosis and are often associated with substantial CSF
5390:
3468:"Mosquito feeding modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokines in flavivirus susceptible mice: an effect mimicked by injection of sialokinins, but not demonstrated in flavivirus resistant mice"
969:
A number of various diseases may present with symptoms similar to those caused by a clinical West Nile virus infection. Those causing neuroinvasive disease symptoms include the
2833:
Brugman, V. A.; Hernández-Triana, L. M.; England, M. E.; Medlock, J. M.; Mertens, P. P. C.; Logan, J. G.; Wilson, A. J.; Fooks, A. R.; Johnson, N.; Carpenter, S. (2017-03-27).
4034:
Papa A, Karabaxoglou D, Kansouzidou A (October 2011). "Acute West Nile virus neuroinvasive infections: cross-reactivity with dengue virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus".
4168:
1090:
traps, testing blood samples drawn from wild birds, dogs, and sentinel monkeys, and testing brains of dead birds found by various animal control agencies and the public.
907:. Specimens collected within eight days following onset of illness may not test positive for West Nile IgM, and testing should be repeated. A positive test for West Nile
3415:
Wanasen N, Nussenzveig RH, Champagne DE, Soong L, Higgs S (2004). "Differential modulation of murine host immune response by salivary gland extracts from the mosquitoes
3131:
812:
states that there are no known cases of health care workers acquiring the virus from infected patients when the appropriate infection control precautions are observed.
986:
of CSF to identify the specific pathogen causing the symptoms, is the only currently available means of differentiating between causes of encephalitis and meningitis.
1344:(1942) and India (1953), a 1950 serosurvey in Egypt found 90% of those over 40 years in age had WNV antibodies. The ecology was characterized in 1953 with studies in
4456:
961:
tissues can also be useful. Only a few state laboratories or other specialized laboratories, including those at CDC, are capable of doing this specialized testing.
6949:
4378:
706:
initially ran a test for this disease in donors who donate within 28 days of a visit to the United States, Canada, or the northeastern provinces of Italy, and the
1290:
for over a year. People with milder symptoms are just as likely as people with more severe symptoms to experience adverse outcomes. Recovery is marked by a long
911:
in the absence of a positive West Nile IgM is indicative of a previous flavivirus infection and is not by itself evidence of an acute West Nile virus infection.
4379:"California Department of Public Health Tutorial for Local Agencies to Safely Collect Dead Birds Oral Swab Samples on RNAse Cards for West Nile Virus Testing"
432:
headache, or other common symptoms associated with WNV infection. Involvement of respiratory muscles, leading to acute respiratory failure, sometimes occurs.
4821:
Sambri V, Capobianchi M, Charrel R, Fyodorova M, Gaibani P, Gould E, Niedrig M, Papa A, Pierro A, Rossini G, Varani S, Vocale C, Landini MP (August 2013).
4421:
Dusfour, Isabelle; Chaney, Sarah C (2022). "14 - MOSQUITO CONTROL: Success, failure and expectations in the context of arbovirus expansion and emergence".
2835:"Blood-feeding patterns of native mosquitoes and insights into their potential role as pathogen vectors in the Thames estuary region of the United Kingdom"
1340:
in 1939 in central Africa found anti-WNV positive results ranging from 1.4% (Congo) to 46.4% (White Nile region, Sudan). It was subsequently identified in
2995:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "West Nile virus infection in organ donor and transplant recipients—Georgia and Florida, 2002".
5300:
307:
syndrome lasting 3 to 6 days after symptom onset. Systematic follow-up studies of patients with WNF have not been done, so this information is largely
2060:
Montgomery SP, Chow CC, Smith SW, Marfin AA, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL (2005). "Rhabdomyolysis in patients with west nile encephalitis and meningitis".
5890:
3049:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding—Michigan, 2002".
6705:
5013:
3215:
2819:
2756:
2697:
2005:
1942:
3368:"Effect of mosquito salivary gland treatment on vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus replication and interferon alpha/beta expression in vitro"
244:
occur in horses, for which a vaccine is available. A surveillance system in birds is useful for early detection of a potential human outbreak.
5027:
6959:
3716:
Kumar D, Drebot MA, Wong SJ, et al. (2004). "A seroprevalence study of west nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients".
3624:
Kumar D, Drebot MA, Wong SJ, et al. (2004). "A seroprevalence study of West Nile virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients".
202:
occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures. Recovery may take weeks to months. The risk of death among those in whom the
5382:
2257:
Anderson RC, Horn KB, Hoang MP, Gottlieb E, Bennin B (November 2004). "Punctate exanthem of West Nile Virus infection: report of 3 cases".
1069:
is recommended. Bed nets should be tucked under mattresses, and can be sprayed with a repellent if not already treated with an insecticide.
5466:
4017:
2968:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Investigation of blood transfusion recipients with West Nile virus infections".
2173:
Paddock CD, Nicholson WL, Bhatnagar J, et al. (June 2006). "Fatal hemorrhagic fever caused by West Nile virus in the United States".
804:
made up 4.0 to 4.5% of a sample of people with West Nile disease, while the incidence of the gene in the general population is only 1.0%.
697:
Direct human-to-human transmission initially was believed to be caused only by occupational exposure, such as in a laboratory setting, or
516:
during RNA replication. Copies are subsequently packaged within new virus particles that are transported in vesicles to the cell membrane.
6334:
5762:
4956:"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and progression of disease over time among patients enrolled in the Houston West Nile virus cohort"
3858:"Safety and Health Information Bulletins | Workplace Precautions Against West Nile Virus | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
707:
5731:
4640:
4422:
1373:. The virus is believed to have entered in an infected bird or mosquito, although there is no clear evidence. West Nile virus is now
690:
during infection. Mosquitoes biting such hosts are not believed to ingest sufficient virus to become infected, making them so-called
4862:
Watson JT, Pertel PE, Jones RC, et al. (September 2004). "Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile Fever".
3276:
Schneider BS, Soong L, Girard YA, Campbell G, Mason P, Higgs S (2006). "Potentiation of West Nile encephalitis by mosquito feeding".
1674:
3097:
421:, an increase of white blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid. Changes in consciousness are not usually seen and are mild when present.
1749:
1250:
prefer manmade containers, such as tires, in which to lay their eggs. The rapid spread of this aggressive daytime feeding species
5971:
5415:
Brown, L.; Medlock, J.; Murray, V. (January 2014). "Impact of drought on vector-borne diseases – how does one manage the risk?".
4160:
1644:
1573:
2892:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections—United States, 2002".
644:
The mosquito species that are most frequently infected with WNV feed primarily on birds. Different species of mosquitos take a
572:
encode seven nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The RNA strand is held within a nucleocapsid formed from 12-
67:
5480:
Deas, Tia S; Bennett CJ; Jones SA; Tilgner M; Ren P; Behr MJ; Stein DA; Iversen PL; Kramer LD; Bernard KA; Shi PY (May 2007).
3123:
2138:
Anninger WV, Lomeo MD, Dingle J, Epstein AD, Lubow M (2003). "West Nile virus-associated optic neuritis and chorioretinitis".
1603:
1396:(1998), Russia (1999), the United States (1999 to 2009), Canada (1999–2007), Israel (2000), Greece (2010), and Israel (2024).
5883:
5632:
5284:
5257:
4439:
4253:
4226:
4115:
4088:
3951:
2103:
Smith RD, Konoplev S, DeCourten-Myers G, Brown T (February 2004). "West Nile virus encephalitis with myositis and orchitis".
869:. Initial screening could be done using the ELISA technique detecting immunoglobulins in the sera of the tested individuals.
842:
Preliminary diagnosis is often based on the patient's clinical symptoms, places and dates of travel (if patient is from a non
5212:(2000). "West Nile virus in the New World: appearance, persistence, and adaptation to a new econiche—an opportunity taken".
4385:
808:
received. While this appears to be a rare occurrence, it highlights the need for proper handling of infected materials. The
436:
possibly by myelitis or glutamate excitotoxicity have been suggested as mechanisms. The prognosis for recovery is excellent.
6208:
2769:
2432:"Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals: an Overview for 15 Selected Pathogens Taking a European Perspective"
1319:
5090:
Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM (1953). "Isolation of West Nile virus from hooded crow and rock pigeon in the Nile delta".
4404:
6323:
1298:. One study found that neuroinvasive WNV infection was associated with an increased risk for subsequent kidney disease.
5318:
5578:
Moskowitz DW, Johnson FE (2004). "The central role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in vertebrate pathophysiology".
6198:
3110:
1315:
1106:
1036:, apply sunscreen first and then repellent. Repellent should be washed off at the end of the day before going to bed.
17:
1480:
have been shown to partially protect mice from WNV disease. There have also been attempts to treat infections using
6710:
6550:
6083:
6078:
5876:
1393:
611:
The prime method of spread of the West Nile virus (WNV) is the female mosquito. In Europe, cats were identified as
209:
West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which
3022:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, 2002".
1054:
Most mosquitoes that transmit disease are most active at dawn and in the evening dusk. A notable exception is the
4297:"Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry"
767:
3808:
Glass, WG; McDermott DH; Lim JK; Lekhong S; Yu SF; Frank WA; Pape J; Cheshier RC; Murphy PM (January 23, 2006).
2734:
770:
transmission the following spring, although it likely plays little role in transmission in the summer and fall.
7197:
7182:
6485:
3761:"Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection"
3158:"Prior exposure to uninfected mosquitoes enhances mortality in naturally-transmitted West Nile virus infection"
1472:, which had been proposed as an antiretroviral drug for HIV, has shown promise against West Nile encephalitis.
1213:
survive, in only a few ounces of water. Less than half the amount that may collect in a discarded coffee cup.
6742:
6382:
5981:
1187:
927:
4281:
3234:"Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose"
7033:
7028:
6636:
2294:"Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex"
1909:
934:
324:
3943:
Reversibility of
Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5: Treatment Options of Chemical Sensitivity
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424:
West Nile meningoencephalitis is inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis).
5738:
3517:
salivary gland extracts modulate anti-viral and TH1/TH2 cytokine responses to sindbis virus infection".
1901:
7177:
6752:
6670:
6651:
6017:
1966:"Is initial preservation of deep tendon reflexes in West Nile Virus paralysis a good prognostic sign?"
790:
A genetic factor also appears to increase susceptibility to West Nile disease. A mutation of the gene
6875:
6338:
6230:
4653:
979:
942:
these kits should be confirmed by additional testing at a state health department laboratory or CDC.
809:
557:
5621:
Malik, Yashpal Singh; Milton, Arockiasamy Arun Prince; Ghatak, Sandeep; Ghosh, Souvik (2022-01-01).
5482:"In vitro resistance selection and in vivo efficacy of morpholino oligomers against West Nile virus"
2770:
Komar, N, S Langevin, S Hinten, N Nemeth, E Edwards, D Hettler, B Davis, R Bowen, M Bunning (2003).
7187:
6954:
6897:
6775:
6570:
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5816:
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2528:
Vogels, Chantal Bf; Göertz, Giel P.; Pijlman, Gorben P.; Koenraadt, Constantianus Jm (2017-11-08).
1477:
1017:
Using insect repellent on exposed skin to repel mosquitoes. Repellents include products containing
5458:
7152:
7058:
6720:
6715:
6620:
6415:
6401:
6377:
6319:
6129:
6013:
3585:"Vertical transmission of West Nile Virus by three California Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) species"
3156:
Schneider BS, McGee CE, Jordan JM, Stevenson HL, Soong L, Higgs S (2007). Baylis, Matthew (ed.).
3155:
2772:"Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus"
1697:
873:
529:
428:
88:
1801:
Davis LE, DeBiasi R, Goade DE, et al. (Sep 2006). "West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease".
625:(Eastern United States, and urban and residential areas of the United States north of 36–39°N),
7157:
6405:
6373:
6349:
6184:
6062:
5986:
5961:
5947:
5926:
4010:
1279:
1007:
974:
703:
633:
355:
269:
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Many of the guidelines for preventing occupational West Nile virus exposure are common to all
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4579:"Mosquito-Borne Diseases Emergence/Resurgence and How to Effectively Control It Biologically"
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1999:
1406:(1996), Italy (1998), the United States (1999 to 2001), and France (2000), Mexico (2003) and
1362:
1306:
1179:
1078:
West Nile virus can be sampled from the environment by the pooling of trapped mosquitoes via
900:
835:
760:
600:
521:
183:
4875:
800:
but leads to more serious complications of WNV infection. Carriers of two mutated copies of
719:
or exposure to the virus in a lab, but these are rare cases and not conclusively confirmed.
6890:
6885:
6264:
4967:
4636:
3169:
2716:"Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere"
2601:
1325:
1144:
1102:
1055:
954:
732:
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of birds. In the United States, WNV mosquito vectors feed preferentially on members of the
4823:"West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention"
3552:
Bugbee, LM; Forte LR (September 2004). "The discovery of West Nile virus in overwintering
1666:
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8:
6811:
6680:
6475:
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1803:
1492:. GenoMed, a U.S. biotech company, has found that blocking angiotensin II can treat the "
1353:
1287:
862:
577:
468:
6826:
4971:
4954:
Nolan MS, Podoll AS, Hause AM, Akers KM, Finkel KW, Murray KO (2012). Wang, Tian (ed.).
3173:
2605:
930:; this necessitates caution when evaluating serologic results of flaviviral infections.
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6150:
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5555:
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5506:
5481:
5358:
5333:
5115:
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4906:
4887:
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4720:
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4613:
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3834:
3809:
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2318:
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2234:
2209:
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1982:
1965:
1934:
1874:
1848:"Two case reports of neuroinvasive west nile virus infection in the critical care unit"
1847:
1828:
1636:
1333:
1266:
740:
399:
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studies, although abnormalities may be present in various cerebral areas including the
336:
308:
232:
reduce the likelihood of being bitten. There is no specific treatment for the disease;
221:
74:
5810:
2151:
834:: Definitive diagnosis of WNV is obtained through detection of virus-specific IgM and
595:
West Nile virus maintains itself in nature by cycling between mosquitoes in the genus
7172:
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6880:
6223:
6037:
5827:
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5253:
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5107:
5028:"New Study Reveals: West Nile virus is far more menacing & harms far more people"
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4084:
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3984:
3947:
3914:
3839:
3790:
3733:
3729:
3698:
3641:
3637:
3606:
3565:
3534:
3487:
3483:
3440:
3436:
3389:
3340:
3336:
3293:
3255:
3197:
3089:
3058:
3031:
3004:
2977:
2950:
2901:
2874:
2856:
2801:
2679:
2627:
2567:
2549:
2510:
2461:
2453:
2412:
2394:
2323:
2274:
2239:
2190:
2155:
2120:
2077:
2042:
1987:
1926:
1879:
1820:
1565:
1381:), and most recently, North America and is spreading into Central and South America.
1295:
784:
728:
591:
472:
439:
Nonneurologic complications of WNV infection that may rarely occur include fulminant
403:
395:
351:
320:
300:
131:
62:
5607:
5119:
4768:
4328:
4296:
3996:
3745:
3653:
3499:
3452:
3401:
3352:
3305:
2742:
2089:
2021:"The West Nile Virus outbreak of 1999 in New York: the Flushing Hospital experience"
1832:
1182:
site: The highest individual light trap total for 2010 was from a trap located in a
354:(WNND), which occurs in less than 1 percent of cases, is when the virus infects the
6831:
6816:
6446:
6257:
6252:
5705:
5695:
5587:
5550:
5542:
5501:
5493:
5424:
5353:
5345:
5221:
5209:
5181:
5142:
5099:
5070:
4985:
4975:
4926:
4918:
4891:
4871:
4834:
4796:
4740:
4732:
4691:
4683:
4608:
4590:
4557:
4516:
4498:
4401:
4352:
4308:
4245:
Medicine for the Outdoors: The Essential Guide to First Aid and Medical Emergencies
4063:
4043:
3976:
3829:
3821:
3780:
3772:
3725:
3688:
3680:
3633:
3596:
3526:
3479:
3432:
3379:
3332:
3285:
3245:
3187:
3177:
2940:
2932:
2864:
2846:
2791:
2783:
2730:
2669:
2661:
2617:
2609:
2557:
2541:
2500:
2492:
2443:
2402:
2386:
2313:
2305:
2266:
2229:
2221:
2182:
2147:
2112:
2069:
2032:
1977:
1938:
1918:
1869:
1859:
1812:
1723:
1595:
1489:
1251:
1247:
1150:
1124:
1026:
999:
919:
908:
667:
304:
233:
3319:
Wasserman HA, Singh S, Champagne DE (2004). "Saliva of the Yellow Fever mosquito,
2116:
6908:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6329:
6240:
6120:
5821:
5659:
5622:
5274:
5247:
5133:
Bernkopf H, Levine S, Nerson R (1953). "Isolation of West Nile virus in Israel".
5075:
5058:
4980:
4408:
4243:
4216:
4105:
3941:
3857:
3182:
1902:"Long-term clinical and neuropsychological outcomes of West Nile virus infection"
1159:
1136:
866:
744:
616:
612:
506:
480:
316:
253:
175:
152:
31:
5186:
3759:
Glass, WG; Lim JK; Cholera R; Pletnev AG; Gao JL; Murphy PM (October 17, 2005).
3075:
3048:
3021:
2994:
2967:
2891:
2430:
Rijks, J.M.; Cito, F.; Cunningham, A.A.; Rantsios, A.T.; Giovannini, A. (2016).
1432:
in which 286 people died, with the state of Texas being hard hit by this virus.
1278:
with more severe manifestations of neuroinvasive disease to experience multiple
1269:, pain medication, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections.
276:
may ensue if the central nervous system is affected. Medical conditions such as
6735:
6423:
6394:
5832:
5673:
5428:
4562:
4312:
3906:
3601:
3584:
3384:
3367:
2448:
2431:
2270:
1493:
1485:
1239:
1190:: around 25,142 mosquitoes were collected during a 16-hour period on August 31.
1175:
1132:
1093:
Testing of the mosquito samples requires the use of reverse-transcriptase PCR (
1083:
950:
691:
675:
652:
627:
619:. The important mosquito vectors vary according to area; in the United States,
604:
464:
452:
411:
203:
6790:
5795:
5146:
5103:
4503:
4295:
Jozan, M; Evans R; McLean R; Hall R; Tangredi B; Reed L; Scott J (Fall 2003).
3250:
3233:
2851:
1127:, by elimination of mosquito breeding sites such as abandoned pools, applying
7146:
7082:
6992:
6940:
6861:
6843:
6765:
6685:
6561:
6543:
6455:
6245:
5902:
5727:
5591:
5531:"Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease"
5436:
5314:
5170:"The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999"
5169:
4604:
4595:
4512:
4485:
Wooding, Madelien; Naudé, Yvette; Rohwer, Egmont; Bouwer, Marc (2020-02-17).
4471:
4215:
Richman, Douglas D.; Whitley, Richard J.; Hayden, Frederick G. (2016-12-01).
2860:
2553:
2457:
2398:
1291:
1062:
983:
970:
716:
671:
664:
621:
375:
367:
229:
225:
5700:
5546:
5332:
Murray KO, Ruktanonchai D, Hesalroad D, Fonken E, Nolan MS (November 2013).
5225:
4839:
4822:
4280:. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida. EENY-319.
3530:
2613:
2496:
2479:
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL (2005).
2375:"Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context"
2225:
1377:
in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, Oceania (subtype
1143:. With aerial pesticides, there is a rising need to develop new versions as
895:
Definitive diagnosis of WNV is obtained through detection of virus-specific
417:
West Nile meningitis (WNM) usually involves fever, headache, stiff neck and
7096:
6922:
6696:
6511:
6430:
6364:
6353:
6310:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6088:
6053:
5996:
5938:
5719:
5599:
5564:
5515:
5444:
5367:
5349:
5233:
5195:
5154:
5111:
4999:
4940:
4922:
4883:
4848:
4754:
4736:
4705:
4622:
4530:
4320:
4055:
3988:
3918:
3843:
3794:
3737:
3702:
3684:
3645:
3610:
3569:
3538:
3491:
3444:
3393:
3344:
3297:
3289:
3259:
3201:
3093:
3062:
3035:
3008:
2981:
2954:
2936:
2905:
2878:
2805:
2787:
2683:
2665:
2631:
2571:
2514:
2465:
2416:
2390:
2327:
2278:
2243:
2194:
2159:
2124:
2081:
2073:
2046:
1991:
1930:
1883:
1824:
1454:
1378:
1066:
946:
923:
904:
889:
847:
780:
736:
655:, Mosquitoes show further selectivity, exhibiting preference for different
552:
541:
476:
444:
407:
371:
363:
210:
195:
187:
93:
5778:
4687:
4364:
3669:"Risk factors for West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease, California, 2005"
1864:
723:
284:, and age over 60 years, increase the risk of developing severe symptoms.
6927:
6917:
6821:
6802:
6629:
6624:
6520:
6499:
6284:
6218:
6175:
6105:
6027:
5951:
5906:
5851:
5529:
Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, Lanciotti RS, Bode AV, Campbell GL (2005).
5497:
4773:
3825:
3810:"CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection"
3776:
1370:
1324:
WNV was first isolated from a feverish 37-year-old woman at Omogo in the
1283:
1219:
885:
858:
698:
645:
448:
418:
312:
5301:"Tajemnicza choroba ptaków w Warszawie. Potwierdziły się złe informacje"
4016:. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. June 28, 2012.
2545:
7114:
7044:
7014:
6964:
6848:
6730:
6611:
6466:
6344:
6275:
6157:
6006:
4546:"Mosquito control: A review on the past, present and future strategies"
2309:
1473:
1366:
1337:
1202:
1183:
1098:
1044:
649:
565:
546:
383:
359:
265:
199:
97:
4047:
2379:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2019:
Asnis DS, Conetta R, Teixeira AA, Waldman G, Sampson BA (March 2000).
1816:
7123:
5915:
4431:
3078:"Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations—United States, 2003"
2832:
1963:
1845:
1481:
1399:
1384:
Outbreaks of West Nile virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in
1140:
1128:
1033:
1022:
853:
Diagnosis of West Nile virus infections is generally accomplished by
712:
460:
440:
387:
261:
160:
3467:
2346:
49:
5899:
5059:"A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda"
2713:
2481:"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease"
2186:
2037:
2020:
1922:
1468:
infecting native mosquitoes and thus continuing the disease cycle.
1429:
1418:
1407:
1365:
in New York City and was later spread to the neighboring states of
1206:
1113:
994:
896:
854:
831:
828:
764:
660:
525:
488:
456:
379:
340:
296:
281:
179:
124:
5750:
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae
7053:
7002:
6980:
5331:
4820:
4273:
3556:(Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania".
2102:
1964:
Mojumder, D.K., Agosto, M., Wilms, H.; et al. (March 2014).
1469:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1243:
1131:
to active breeding areas, and targeting the adult population via
1079:
958:
881:
877:
843:
749:
687:
656:
537:
511:
292:
West Nile fever (WNF), which occurs in 20 percent of cases, is a
217:
4341:
4104:
Long, Sarah S.; Prober, Charles G.; Fischer, Marc (2017-05-09).
3807:
3414:
2648:
Kilpatrick, AM, P Daszak, MJ Jones, PP Marra, LD Kramer (2006).
686:
virus does not multiply as readily and so does not develop high
7091:
6870:
6599:
6588:
5790:
5479:
1846:
Flores Anticona EM, Zainah H, Ouellette DR, Johnson LE (2012).
1450:
1414:
1349:
1329:
1210:
1117:
1094:
1087:
533:
332:
328:
277:
240:
5898:
5765:. Lists general information and resources for West Nile Virus.
5684:"Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination"
5681:
4797:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | West Nile Virus | CDC"
4668:"Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito
4158:
3758:
2590:"Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus"
2530:"Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus"
576:
protein blocks; the capsid is contained within a host-derived
1345:
1341:
1235:
1214:
938:
569:
398:(30 to 50 percent of patients with encephalitis), often with
293:
273:
257:
191:
80:
5743:
5667:
4907:"Long-term prognosis for clinical West Nile virus infection"
4665:
3275:
2527:
1756:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER)
1496:" of West Nile virus encephalitis as well as other viruses.
1417:
the West Nile virus was identified in bodies of dead birds (
670:. Among the preferred species within these families are the
194:, headache, vomiting, or a rash. In less than 1% of people,
6162:
5739:
CDC—West Nile Virus—NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
4033:
3667:
Jean CM, Honarmand S, Louie JK, Glaser CA (December 2007).
2735:
10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:eownvt]2.0.co;2
2650:"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission"
2429:
2018:
1018:
792:
344:
268:. A severe infection can last weeks and can, rarely, cause
7168:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
4294:
3583:
Goddard LB, Roth AE, Reisen WK, Scott TW (November 2003).
3512:
3466:
Zeidner NS, Higgs S, Happ CM, Beaty BJ, Miller BR (1999).
2137:
311:. Possible symptoms include high fever, headache, chills,
5465:. Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC. 30 April 2009.
4080:
Immunology & Serology in Laboratory Medicine - E-Book
3365:
3076:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003).
2478:
2256:
2172:
2059:
1464:
1421:) while investigating an unusually high number of finds.
1352:. The virus became recognized as a cause of severe human
825:
797:
573:
561:
5528:
5057:
Smithburn KC, Hughes TP, Burke AW, Paul JH (June 1940).
5056:
4484:
4107:
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
3666:
1667:"Final Cumulative Maps and Data | West Nile Virus | CDC"
5383:"2012 was deadliest year for West Nile in US, CDC says"
5168:
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. (June 2001).
4666:
Benedict MQ, Levine RS, Hawley WA, Lounibos LP (2007).
4550:
Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka
3318:
2654:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1061:
In an at-risk area, staying in air-conditioned or well-
303:. Most characterizations of WNF describe it as a mild,
5682:
De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN (2012).
5620:
5273:
Bisen, Prakash S.; Raghuvanshi, Ruchika (2013-06-14).
4487:"Controlling mosquitoes with semiochemicals: a review"
3582:
2919:
Fonseca K, Prince GD, Bratvold J, et al. (2005).
1775:
Olejnik E (1952). "Infectious adenitis transmitted by
820:
83:, headache, vomiting or diarrhea and muscle aches rash
30:
This article is about the disease. For the virus, see
3966:
3465:
2918:
5768:
5649:
5132:
4905:
Klee AL, Maidin B, Edwin B, et al. (Aug 2004).
4577:
Dahmana, Handi; Mediannikov, Oleg (March 13, 2020).
4543:
4214:
3558:
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
3513:
Schneider BS, Soong L, Zeidner NS, Higgs S (2004). "
2921:"West Nile virus infection and conjunctive exposure"
637:(Southeast) are the main vector species. In Europe,
370:-like syndrome. Many patients with WNND have normal
4718:
4544:Karunaratne, S. H. P. P.; Surendran, S. N. (2022).
3366:Limesand KH, Higgs S, Pearson LD, Beaty BJ (2003).
2643:
2641:
1900:Carson PJ, Konewko P, Wold KS, et al. (2006).
5414:
5167:
4576:
4424:Mosquitopia: The place of pests in a healthy world
3231:
2709:
2707:
2583:
2581:
5089:
4861:
4103:
3940:Rea, William J.; Patel, Kalpana D. (2017-12-14).
1899:
1800:
27:Human disease caused by West Nile virus infection
7144:
5761:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
5624:Role of Birds in Transmitting Zoonotic Pathogens
5577:
5272:
4159:American Academy of Pediatrics (8 August 2012).
2638:
483:may also be more common than previously thought.
165:10% risk of death among those seriously affected
4904:
4267:
4265:
3913:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
3715:
3623:
3271:
3269:
3227:
3225:
3151:
3149:
2704:
2578:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1065:room, or sleeping under an insecticide-treated
4719:Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS (July 2013).
3551:
3113:. Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service.
1282:complaints such as tremor, and dysfunction in
599:and certain species of birds. A mosquito (the
144:Reducing mosquitoes, preventing mosquito bites
5884:
4420:
4161:"Choosing an Insect Repellent for Your Child"
4129:
4127:
2423:
2291:
1428:In 2012, the US experienced one of its worst
1310:Global distribution of West Nile virus (2006)
343:. Fewer than one-third of patients develop a
5325:
5012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4271:
4262:
3904:
3506:
3459:
3408:
3359:
3312:
3266:
3222:
3214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3146:
2818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2755:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2714:Kilpatrick, AM, SL LaDeau, PP Marra (2007).
2696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2004:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1952:
6335:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
5763:United States National Agricultural Library
5410:
5408:
5208:
4721:"West Nile virus: review of the literature"
3116:
2207:
1895:
1893:
1796:
1794:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1458:
1392:(1996 to 1997), the Czech Republic (1997),
1254:has been attributed to the used tire trade.
708:Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service
5891:
5877:
5732:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5730:. Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S.
5276:Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control
4124:
4110:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1135.
2763:
2587:
2368:
2366:
1728:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
872:Typical findings of WNV infection include
540:surface. This structure is similar to the
48:
5709:
5699:
5554:
5505:
5357:
5185:
5074:
4989:
4979:
4930:
4838:
4744:
4695:
4612:
4594:
4561:
4520:
4502:
4248:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 392.
4083:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 252.
4011:"2012 DOHMH Advisory #8: West Nile Virus"
3833:
3784:
3692:
3600:
3383:
3323:, modulates murine lymphocyte function".
3249:
3191:
3181:
2944:
2868:
2850:
2795:
2673:
2621:
2561:
2504:
2447:
2406:
2317:
2233:
2036:
1981:
1873:
1863:
1774:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1588:
1566:"General Questions About West Nile Virus"
1073:
973:and bacterial meningitis. Accounting for
964:
487:findings have shown a sparse superficial
182:. In about 80% of infections people have
5405:
4712:
4241:
3939:
3232:Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD (2006).
1890:
1791:
1463:)) based on killed viruses exists; some
1305:
1246:of mosquitoes. Some species such as the
993:
819:
755:
590:
580:altered by two viral membrane proteins.
510:
5380:
4876:10.7326/0003-4819-141-5-200409070-00010
4076:
2363:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1509:
14:
7145:
5746:—National Pesticide Information Center
5161:
4814:
4402:RNA virus preserving filter paper card
4278:(Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)"
4023:from the original on December 3, 2013.
1724:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment"
1618:
1596:"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment"
1123:West Nile control is achieved through
918:It is common in serologic testing for
528:of viruses. Image reconstructions and
6706:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
5872:
5252:. Elsevier. 2019-08-22. p. 452.
4464:Biosciences Research in Today's World
3935:
3933:
1029:with an elastic edge for a tight fit.
564:, which is between 11,000 and 12,000
319:, drowsiness, pain in the joints and
247:
5249:Encyclopedia of Environmental Health
4637:"Mosquito Monitoring and Management"
4455:Tidi, Stephen K (December 6, 2015).
4454:
4272:Rios L, Maruniak JE (October 2011).
4191:"Prevention | West Nile Virus | CDC"
4135:"Prevention | West Nile Virus | CDC"
3905:Zekar, Lara; Sharman, Tariq (2022),
3134:from the original on 26 October 2017
2334:
1677:from the original on 27 October 2017
1647:from the original on 18 October 2017
1606:from the original on 26 October 2017
1576:from the original on 26 October 2017
1320:West Nile virus in the United States
922:to occur among flaviviruses such as
6209:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
5755:Species Profile – West Nile Virus (
5334:"West Nile virus, Texas, USA, 2012"
5321:from the original on July 29, 2017.
5038:from the original on 6 October 2012
4171:from the original on 27 August 2016
4077:Turgeon, Mary Louise (2017-04-07).
2372:
1852:Case Reports in Infectious Diseases
1242:and are a breeding ground for many
556:. The genetic material of WNV is a
24:
5469:from the original on 1 March 2013.
4676:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
4301:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
3981:10.1212/01.wnl.0000195890.70898.1f
3930:
2534:Emerging Microbes & Infections
2062:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
846:country or area), activities, and
752:and more severe forms of disease.
427:West Nile poliomyelitis (WNP), an
25:
7209:
5645:
5393:from the original on June 8, 2013
2210:"West Nile virus chorioretinitis"
1695:
1402:of disease in horses occurred in
1316:List of West Nile virus outbreaks
1107:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
536:covered with a relatively smooth
252:About 80% of those infected with
206:is affected is about 10 percent.
136:Based on symptoms and blood tests
6199:Western equine encephalomyelitis
6189:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
5666:
5652:
5614:
5571:
5522:
5473:
5451:
5374:
4656:: Mosquitoes and West Nile virus
4643:from the original on 2013-04-15.
4284:from the original on 2012-09-26.
4242:Auerbach, Paul S. (2009-01-01).
3814:Journal of Experimental Medicine
3765:Journal of Experimental Medicine
3730:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00592.x
3638:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00592.x
3484:10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00199.x
3437:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2004.00498.x
3337:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00712.x
3100:from the original on 2017-06-25.
2436:Journal of Comparative Pathology
1948:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1227:
1195:
1167:
603:) bites an uninfected bird (the
544:virus; both belong to the genus
190:. About 20% of people develop a
6324:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
5627:. Springer Nature. p. 49.
5307:
5293:
5266:
5240:
5202:
5126:
5083:
5050:
5020:
4947:
4898:
4855:
4789:
4761:
4659:
4647:
4629:
4570:
4537:
4478:
4448:
4414:
4395:
4371:
4335:
4288:
4235:
4208:
4183:
4152:
4097:
4070:
4027:
4003:
3960:
3946:. CRC Press. pp. 699–700.
3907:"Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria"
3898:
3874:
3850:
3801:
3752:
3709:
3660:
3617:
3576:
3545:
3104:
3069:
3042:
3015:
2988:
2961:
2912:
2885:
2826:
2521:
2472:
2285:
2250:
2201:
2166:
2131:
2096:
2053:
2012:
1839:
1476:antisense oligos conjugated to
1301:
865:(CSF), which is obtained via a
773:
586:
178:, which is typically spread by
6486:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
5744:West Nile Virus Resource Guide
4345:Journal of Virological Methods
1768:
1742:
1716:
1689:
1659:
1441:load in birds and mosquitoes.
796:gives some protection against
13:
1:
6743:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
5982:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
2292:Lobigs M, Diamond MS (2012).
2152:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00738-4
2117:10.1016/j.humpath.2003.09.007
1502:
1188:Fire Island National Seashore
989:
928:tick-borne encephalitis virus
6637:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
5338:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5076:10.4269/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471
4981:10.1371/journal.pone.0040374
4457:"Mosquito control: A review"
4357:10.1016/0166-0934(94)00105-P
3183:10.1371/journal.pone.0001171
3082:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
3051:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
3024:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2997:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2970:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2894:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2776:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2175:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2025:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1910:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1272:
1259:
1147:among mosquitoes can occur.
815:
722:Recently, the potential for
239:The virus was discovered in
7:
6659:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
6647:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
5486:Antimicrob Agents Chemother
5187:10.1056/NEJM200106143442401
2373:Paz, Shlomit (2015-04-05).
2208:Shaikh S, Trese MT (2004).
1444:
1332:in 1937 during research on
500:
366:, meningoencephalitis or a
107:2 to 14 days after exposure
10:
7214:
6671:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
6551:Sandfly fever Naples virus
5429:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.09.006
5317:. NIOSH. August 27, 2012.
4563:10.4038/jnsfsr.v50i0.11244
4313:10.1089/153036603768395799
3602:10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.743
3385:10.1603/0022-2585-40.2.199
2449:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.003
2271:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.031
1435:
1313:
1178:-baited CDC light trap at
504:
123:West Nile virus spread by
29:
7112:
7080:
7071:
7042:
7012:
6990:
6979:
6938:
6906:
6859:
6800:
6789:
6763:
6694:
6609:
6598:
6587:
6559:
6509:
6498:
6464:
6444:
6362:
6339:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
6308:
6297:
6273:
6173:
6051:
5936:
5925:
5914:
5842:
5772:
5279:. John Wiley & Sons.
5104:10.3181/00379727-84-20764
5092:Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med
4654:Oklahoma State University
4639:. National Park Service.
4504:10.1186/s13071-020-3960-3
4221:. John Wiley & Sons.
3886:World Health Organization
3251:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.337
2852:10.1186/s13071-017-2098-4
2588:Kilpatrick, A.M. (2011).
1641:World Health Organization
1478:cell penetrating peptides
1252:beyond their native range
1086:-baited light traps, and
980:polymerase chain reaction
810:World Health Organization
641:is the principal vector.
159:
148:
140:
130:
119:
111:
103:
87:
73:
61:
56:
47:
42:
6955:SARS-related coronavirus
6918:Henipavirus encephalitis
6776:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
6621:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
6402:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
6374:Arbovirus encephalitides
6350:Arbovirus encephalitides
6320:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
6285:Banna virus encephalitis
6185:Arbovirus encephalitides
6130:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
6096:Saint Louis encephalitis
6063:Arbovirus encephalitides
6014:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5948:Arbovirus encephalitides
5592:10.2174/1568026043387818
5381:Fox, M. (May 13, 2013).
4596:10.3390/pathogens9040310
4303:(Submitted manuscript).
2725:(Submitted manuscript).
743:. It clearly alters the
648:from different types of
631:(Midwest and West), and
495:
7059:Yaba monkey tumor virus
6416:Kyasanur Forest disease
6378:Tick-borne encephalitis
6079:Australian encephalitis
5972:California encephalitis
5701:10.1186/1297-9716-43-16
5547:10.3201/eid1108.050289b
5226:10.1089/vim.2000.13.411
5147:10.1093/infdis/93.3.207
4840:10.1111/1469-0691.12211
4491:Parasites & Vectors
4274:"Asian Tiger Mosquito,
3531:10.1089/vim.2004.17.565
2839:Parasites & Vectors
2614:10.1126/science.1201010
2497:10.3201/eid1108.050289a
2226:10.1136/bjo.2004.049460
1008:mosquito-borne diseases
998:Low-cost, ceiling-hung
957:, and virus culture of
901:neutralizing antibodies
874:lymphocytic pleocytosis
836:neutralizing antibodies
532:reveal a 45–50 nm
530:cryoelectron microscopy
429:acute flaccid paralysis
211:often carry the disease
174:is an infection by the
6406:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
5987:La Crosse encephalitis
5350:10.3201/eid1911.130768
4923:10.3201/eid1008.030879
4737:10.1001/jama.2013.8042
3685:10.3201/eid1312.061265
3421:Culex quinquefasciatus
3290:10.1089/vim.2006.19.74
2937:10.3201/eid1110.040212
2788:10.3201/eid0903.020628
2666:10.1098/rspb.2006.3575
2391:10.1098/rstb.2013.0561
2074:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.252
1449:A vaccine for horses (
1311:
1074:Monitoring and control
1043:Repellents containing
1003:
975:differential diagnoses
965:Differential diagnosis
839:
704:National Blood Service
634:Culex quinquefasciatus
608:
517:
356:central nervous system
270:permanent brain damage
7198:Animal viral diseases
7183:Insect-borne diseases
6839:Marburg virus disease
6390:Powassan encephalitis
6067:Japanese encephalitis
4827:Clin Microbiol Infect
4688:10.1089/vbz.2006.0562
3238:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
2259:J. Am. Acad. Dermatol
1730:. USA.gov. 2018-12-10
1363:College Point, Queens
1309:
997:
971:enterovirus infection
823:
761:Vertical transmission
756:Vertical transmission
594:
522:Japanese encephalitis
514:
352:neuroinvasive disease
315:, weakness, fatigue,
260:, to severe, such as
236:may reduce symptoms.
6265:Semliki Forest virus
5535:Emerging Infect. Dis
5498:10.1128/AAC.00069-07
5459:"Vertebrate Ecology"
5032:The Guardian Express
4434:. pp. 213–233.
3826:10.1084/jem.20051970
3777:10.1084/jem.20042530
3673:Emerging Infect. Dis
2925:Emerging Infect. Dis
2485:Emerging Infect. Dis
2351:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1248:Asian tiger mosquito
1145:pesticide resistance
1103:immunohistochemistry
1056:Asian tiger mosquito
955:immunohistochemistry
733:platelet aggregation
674:, a corvid, and the
469:cardiac dysrhythmias
6812:Ebola virus disease
6476:Colorado tick fever
6231:O'nyong'nyong fever
4972:2012PLoSO...740374N
4165:healthychildren.org
3174:2007PLoSO...2.1171S
2660:(1599): 2327–2333.
2606:2011Sci...334..323K
2546:10.1038/emi.2017.82
2347:"Home - PMC - NCBI"
2298:Expert Rev Vaccines
1865:10.1155/2012/839458
1804:Annals of Neurology
1673:. 24 October 2017.
1602:. 15 January 2019.
1572:. 19 October 2017.
1354:meningoencephalitis
1288:executive functions
1209:can hatch, and the
1205:of permanent water
863:cerebrospinal fluid
560:, single strand of
327:symptoms including
317:swollen lymph nodes
7024:Simian foamy virus
5843:External resources
5734:(CDC). 2018-10-30.
5303:. August 13, 2024.
5034:. 26 August 2012.
4407:2016-01-10 at the
2385:(1665): 20130561.
2310:10.1586/erv.11.180
1781:Bull Res Counc Isr
1413:In August 2024 in
1334:yellow fever virus
1326:West Nile District
1312:
1267:intravenous fluids
1112:Dead birds, after
1004:
982:(PCR) testing and
840:
680:Turdus migratorius
609:
550:within the family
520:WNV is one of the
518:
400:lower motor neuron
313:excessive sweating
248:Signs and symptoms
222:mosquito repellent
216:There is no human
68:Infectious disease
7178:Tropical diseases
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7067:
7066:
6975:
6974:
6785:
6784:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6494:
6493:
6293:
6292:
6038:Rift Valley fever
5866:
5865:
5728:"West Nile Virus"
5634:978-981-16-4554-9
5580:Curr Top Med Chem
5315:"West Nile virus"
5286:978-1-118-39325-3
5259:978-0-444-63952-3
4769:"West Nile Virus"
4441:978-1-00-305603-4
4255:978-0-323-06813-0
4228:978-1-68367-316-3
4218:Clinical Virology
4117:978-0-323-46132-0
4090:978-0-323-40283-5
4048:10.1002/jmv.22180
3953:978-1-4987-8137-4
3882:"West Nile virus"
3718:Am. J. Transplant
3626:Am. J. Transplant
3425:Med. Vet. Entomol
3124:"West Nile virus"
2600:(6054): 323–327.
2140:Am. J. Ophthalmol
1817:10.1002/ana.20959
1750:"West Nile virus"
1704:. MedicineNet Inc
1698:"West Nile Virus"
1637:"West Nile virus"
1151:Environmentalists
937:-cleared WNV IgM
880:level, reference
785:diabetes mellitus
729:blood coagulation
473:hemorrhagic fever
404:flaccid paralysis
396:muscular weakness
321:flu-like symptoms
301:flu-like symptoms
169:
168:
155:(pain medication)
132:Diagnostic method
37:Medical condition
18:West Nile disease
16:(Redirected from
7205:
7078:
7077:
6988:
6987:
6798:
6797:
6607:
6606:
6596:
6595:
6571:Chandipura virus
6507:
6506:
6447:Orthomyxoviridae
6306:
6305:
6253:Ross River fever
6018:Bunyamwera fever
5934:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5870:
5869:
5770:
5769:
5735:
5723:
5713:
5703:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5558:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5063:Am. J. Trop. Med
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4911:Emerg Infect Dis
4902:
4896:
4895:
4864:Ann. Intern. Med
4859:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4670:Aedes albopictus
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4598:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4506:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4429:
4418:
4412:
4411:. fortiusbio.com
4399:
4393:
4392:
4391:on July 9, 2014.
4390:
4384:. Archived from
4383:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4276:Aedes albopictus
4269:
4260:
4259:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3472:Parasite Immunol
3463:
3457:
3456:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3387:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3331:(6–7): 295–306.
3325:Parasite Immunol
3316:
3310:
3309:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2854:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2799:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2729:(4): 1121–1136.
2720:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2677:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1985:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1562:
1490:alpha interferon
1462:
1231:
1199:
1171:
1125:mosquito control
1027:mosquito netting
1000:mosquito netting
945:In fatal cases,
826:immunoglobulin M
337:loss of appetite
325:gastrointestinal
234:pain medications
52:
40:
39:
21:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7188:Animal vaccines
7143:
7142:
7141:
7128:
7108:
7073:
7063:
7038:
7008:
6982:
6971:
6934:
6909:Paramyxoviridae
6902:
6855:
6792:
6781:
6759:
6690:
6601:
6590:
6575:
6555:
6539:Pappataci fever
6532:Oropouche virus
6527:Oropouche fever
6501:
6490:
6460:
6440:
6358:
6330:Heartland virus
6300:
6289:
6269:
6241:Pogosta disease
6169:
6116:West Nile fever
6047:
5928:
5917:
5910:
5897:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5838:
5837:
5781:
5726:
5672:
5665:
5660:Medicine portal
5658:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5586:(13): 1433–54.
5576:
5572:
5527:
5523:
5478:
5474:
5463:West Nile Virus
5457:
5456:
5452:
5413:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5379:
5375:
5330:
5326:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5207:
5203:
5180:(24): 1807–14.
5174:N. Engl. J. Med
5166:
5162:
5131:
5127:
5088:
5084:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5005:
5004:
4952:
4948:
4903:
4899:
4860:
4856:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4777:. 18 March 2021
4767:
4766:
4762:
4717:
4713:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4575:
4571:
4542:
4538:
4483:
4479:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4409:Wayback Machine
4400:
4396:
4388:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4351:(2–3): 201–10.
4340:
4336:
4293:
4289:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
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4153:
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4132:
4125:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4075:
4071:
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4020:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3921:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3888:
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3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3806:
3802:
3757:
3753:
3714:
3710:
3679:(12): 1918–20.
3665:
3661:
3622:
3618:
3589:J. Med. Entomol
3581:
3577:
3550:
3546:
3511:
3507:
3464:
3460:
3413:
3409:
3372:J. Med. Entomol
3364:
3360:
3317:
3313:
3274:
3267:
3230:
3223:
3207:
3206:
3154:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3111:West Nile Virus
3109:
3105:
3074:
3070:
3047:
3043:
3020:
3016:
2993:
2989:
2966:
2962:
2917:
2913:
2890:
2886:
2831:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2768:
2764:
2748:
2747:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2688:
2646:
2639:
2586:
2579:
2526:
2522:
2477:
2473:
2428:
2424:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2290:
2286:
2255:
2251:
2220:(12): 1599–60.
2214:Br J Ophthalmol
2206:
2202:
2181:(11): 1527–35.
2171:
2167:
2136:
2132:
2101:
2097:
2058:
2054:
2017:
2013:
1997:
1996:
1962:
1953:
1945:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1844:
1840:
1799:
1792:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:Gompf, Sandra.
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1510:
1505:
1447:
1438:
1336:. A series of
1322:
1304:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1232:
1223:
1200:
1191:
1172:
1137:aerial spraying
1133:lethal ovitraps
1076:
992:
967:
949:amplification,
920:cross-reactions
888:levels, and no
867:lumbar puncture
818:
776:
758:
745:immune response
724:mosquito saliva
617:West Nile virus
589:
509:
507:West Nile virus
503:
498:
481:Chorioretinitis
323:. There may be
254:West Nile virus
250:
176:West Nile virus
172:West Nile fever
153:Supportive care
115:Weeks to months
57:West Nile virus
43:West Nile fever
38:
35:
32:West Nile virus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7153:Horse diseases
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7088:
7086:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7048:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6998:
6996:
6985:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6914:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6808:
6806:
6795:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6617:
6615:
6604:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6517:
6515:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6472:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6370:
6368:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6347:
6342:
6332:
6327:
6316:
6314:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6181:
6179:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6010:
6009:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5903:viral diseases
5896:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5813:
5798:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:Classification
5767:
5766:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5736:
5724:
5678:
5677:
5674:Viruses portal
5663:
5647:
5646:External links
5644:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5613:
5570:
5521:
5492:(7): 2470–82.
5472:
5450:
5404:
5373:
5344:(11): 1836–8.
5324:
5306:
5292:
5285:
5265:
5258:
5239:
5201:
5160:
5135:J. Infect. Dis
5125:
5082:
5049:
5019:
4946:
4917:(8): 1405–11.
4897:
4854:
4833:(8): 699–704.
4813:
4788:
4760:
4711:
4658:
4646:
4628:
4569:
4536:
4477:
4447:
4440:
4413:
4394:
4370:
4334:
4287:
4261:
4254:
4234:
4227:
4207:
4182:
4151:
4123:
4116:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4042:(10): 1861–5.
4026:
4002:
3959:
3952:
3929:
3897:
3873:
3849:
3800:
3771:(8): 1087–98.
3751:
3724:(11): 1883–8.
3708:
3659:
3632:(11): 1883–8.
3616:
3575:
3544:
3505:
3458:
3407:
3378:(2): 199–205.
3358:
3311:
3265:
3221:
3145:
3115:
3103:
3088:(32): 769–72.
3068:
3041:
3030:(50): 1135–6.
3014:
2987:
2960:
2931:(10): 1648–9.
2911:
2900:(50): 1133–5.
2884:
2825:
2782:(3): 311–322.
2762:
2703:
2637:
2577:
2520:
2491:(8): 1167–73.
2471:
2442:(1): S75–S97.
2422:
2362:
2333:
2284:
2249:
2200:
2187:10.1086/503841
2165:
2130:
2095:
2052:
2038:10.1086/313737
2011:
1970:Neurology Asia
1951:
1923:10.1086/506939
1889:
1838:
1811:(3): 286–300.
1790:
1777:Culex molestus
1767:
1741:
1715:
1688:
1658:
1617:
1587:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1494:cytokine storm
1486:immunoglobulin
1484:, intravenous
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1303:
1300:
1274:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1240:stagnant water
1233:
1226:
1224:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1176:carbon dioxide
1173:
1166:
1084:carbon dioxide
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1030:
991:
988:
966:
963:
951:histopathology
817:
814:
775:
772:
757:
754:
692:dead-end hosts
676:American robin
628:Culex tarsalis
588:
585:
558:positive-sense
505:Main article:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
484:
465:optic neuritis
453:rhabdomyolysis
437:
433:
425:
422:
415:
414:abnormalities.
391:
348:
249:
246:
226:window screens
204:nervous system
167:
166:
163:
157:
156:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
77:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7210:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7158:Bird diseases
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7083:Rhabdoviridae
7079:
7076:
7070:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6993:Herpesviridae
6989:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6941:Coronaviridae
6937:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6862:Rhabdoviridae
6858:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6766:Herpesviridae
6762:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6562:Rhabdoviridae
6558:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:Toscana virus
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6497:
6487:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6456:Bourbon virus
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6246:Sindbis virus
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5650:
5636:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5541:(8): 1174–9.
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5417:Public Health
5411:
5409:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5302:
5296:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5214:Viral Immunol
5211:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:(3): 207–18.
5140:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:(3): 719–22.
5097:
5093:
5086:
5077:
5072:
5069:(1): 471–92.
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4966:(7): e40374.
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:(3): 308–15.
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4387:
4380:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:(3): 99–110.
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:J. Med. Virol
4030:
4019:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3934:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:Culex pipiens
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:(4): 565–73.
3524:
3520:
3519:Viral Immunol
3516:
3515:Aedes aegypti
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:Aedes aegypti
3411:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:Aedes aegypti
3315:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:Viral Immunol
3272:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3244:(2): 337–45.
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:(11): e1171.
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3057:(39): 877–8.
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:(2): 177–87.
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:(6): 1183–5.
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:(6): 723–30.
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1646:
1643:. July 2011.
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:convalescence
1289:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:NPSmonitoring
1177:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:Culex pipiens
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1001:
996:
987:
985:
984:viral culture
981:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
848:epidemiologic
845:
837:
833:
830:
827:
822:
813:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:
788:
786:
782:
771:
769:
766:
762:
753:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
720:
718:
717:breastfeeding
714:
709:
705:
700:
695:
693:
689:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:American crow
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:Culex pipiens
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
623:
622:Culex pipiens
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
593:
584:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
508:
490:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:basal ganglia
373:
369:
368:poliomyelitis
365:
361:
358:resulting in
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
290:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
242:
237:
235:
231:
230:mosquito nets
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
89:Complications
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
7193:Encephalitis
7163:Flaviviruses
7113:
7104:Mokola virus
7081:
7043:
7015:Retroviridae
7013:
7001:
6991:
6939:
6907:
6860:
6801:
6774:
6764:
6697:Bunyavirales
6695:
6612:Arenaviridae
6610:
6560:
6512:Bunyavirales
6510:
6465:
6445:
6431:Langat virus
6365:Flaviviridae
6363:
6354:Bhanja virus
6311:Bunyavirales
6309:
6274:
6174:
6146:Yellow fever
6134:Dengue fever
6115:
6054:Flaviviridae
6052:
5997:Tahyna virus
5962:Bwamba Fever
5939:Bunyavirales
5937:
5850:
5826:
5815:
5800:
5785:
5756:
5691:
5687:
5623:
5616:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5462:
5453:
5423:(1): 29–37.
5420:
5416:
5395:. Retrieved
5386:
5376:
5341:
5337:
5327:
5309:
5295:
5275:
5268:
5248:
5242:
5220:(4): 411–4.
5217:
5213:
5204:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5031:
5022:
5008:cite journal
4963:
4959:
4949:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4870:(5): 360–5.
4867:
4863:
4857:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4805:. Retrieved
4803:. 2021-07-22
4800:
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4772:
4763:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4682:(1): 76–85.
4679:
4675:
4669:
4661:
4649:
4631:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4463:
4450:
4430:. New York:
4423:
4416:
4397:
4386:the original
4373:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4275:
4244:
4237:
4217:
4210:
4199:. Retrieved
4197:. 2018-09-24
4194:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4164:
4154:
4143:. Retrieved
4141:. 2018-09-24
4138:
4106:
4099:
4079:
4072:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4005:
3975:(3): 361–5.
3972:
3968:
3962:
3942:
3922:, retrieved
3910:
3900:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3862:www.osha.gov
3861:
3852:
3820:(1): 35–40.
3817:
3813:
3803:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3595:(6): 743–6.
3592:
3588:
3578:
3564:(3): 326–7.
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3478:(1): 35–44.
3475:
3471:
3461:
3431:(2): 191–9.
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3284:(1): 74–82.
3281:
3277:
3241:
3237:
3210:cite journal
3165:
3161:
3136:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3106:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2814:cite journal
2779:
2775:
2765:
2751:cite journal
2726:
2722:
2692:cite journal
2657:
2653:
2597:
2593:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2382:
2378:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2265:(5): 820–3.
2262:
2258:
2252:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2111:(2): 254–8.
2108:
2104:
2098:
2068:(3): 252–7.
2065:
2061:
2055:
2031:(3): 413–8.
2028:
2024:
2014:
2000:cite journal
1976:(1): 93–97.
1973:
1969:
1914:
1908:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1808:
1802:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:Medicine Net
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1569:
1498:
1448:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1398:
1383:
1359:
1323:
1302:Epidemiology
1284:motor skills
1276:
1263:
1155:
1149:
1122:
1111:
1092:
1077:
1048:
1012:
1005:
968:
947:nucleic acid
944:
932:
924:dengue virus
917:
913:
905:neutrophilia
894:
890:erythrocytes
871:
852:
841:
806:
801:
791:
789:
781:hypertension
777:
774:Risk factors
759:
737:inflammation
721:
699:conjunctival
696:
684:
679:
643:
638:
632:
626:
620:
610:
596:
587:Transmission
582:
568:long; these
553:Flaviviridae
551:
545:
542:dengue fever
519:
489:perivascular
477:coagulopathy
445:pancreatitis
408:hyporeflexia
372:neuroimaging
364:encephalitis
299:that causes
286:
251:
238:
215:
208:
196:encephalitis
171:
170:
94:Encephalitis
6803:Filoviridae
6625:Lassa fever
6521:Adria virus
6219:Chikungunya
6176:Togaviridae
6106:Usutu virus
6028:Ngari virus
5952:Batai virus
5852:MedlinePlus
5210:Calisher CH
4801:www.cdc.gov
4774:MedlinePlus
4195:www.cdc.gov
4139:www.cdc.gov
3128:Mayo Clinic
3003:(35): 790.
2976:(36): 823.
2540:(11): e96.
2105:Hum. Pathol
1671:www.cdc.gov
1600:www.cdc.gov
1570:www.cdc.gov
1371:Connecticut
1338:serosurveys
1238:often hold
1032:When using
926:(DENV) and
886:lactic acid
876:, elevated
859:blood serum
857:testing of
613:being hosts
566:nucleotides
526:serocomplex
449:myocarditis
419:pleocytosis
188:no symptoms
104:Usual onset
7147:Categories
7115:Poxviridae
7045:Poxviridae
6965:SARS-CoV-2
6467:Reoviridae
6345:Tete virus
6276:Reoviridae
6158:Zika fever
6007:Tete virus
5905:(A80–B34,
5828:DiseasesDB
5757:Flavivirus
4807:2022-06-24
4781:21 October
4589:(4): 310.
4201:2018-10-29
4145:2018-11-28
3924:2022-06-24
3911:StatPearls
3891:2018-11-28
3867:2018-11-28
3138:25 October
2845:(1): 163.
2356:2022-06-24
1760:15 January
1754:Mayoclinic
1734:15 January
1708:15 January
1681:28 October
1651:28 October
1610:15 January
1580:26 October
1503:References
1474:Morpholino
1400:Epizootics
1367:New Jersey
1314:See also:
1220:being laid
1215:Floodwater
1207:mosquitoes
1184:salt marsh
1141:pesticides
1120:reaction.
1101:by use of
1099:antibodies
1045:permethrin
990:Prevention
768:horizontal
650:vertebrate
646:blood meal
547:Flavivirus
524:antigenic
402:symptoms,
384:cerebellum
360:meningitis
350:West Nile
266:meningitis
200:meningitis
180:mosquitoes
141:Prevention
98:meningitis
7124:Monkeypox
5916:Arthropod
5694:(1): 16.
5437:0033-3506
5042:26 August
4605:2076-0817
4583:Pathogens
4513:1756-3305
4497:(1): 80.
4472:2476-7905
4432:Routledge
4175:24 August
3969:Neurology
2861:1756-3305
2554:2222-1751
2458:0021-9975
2399:0962-8436
1482:ribavirin
1430:epidemics
1273:Prognosis
1260:Treatment
1129:larvacide
1109:(ELISA).
1105:(IHC) or
1040:clothing.
1034:sunscreen
1023:picaridin
1002:for a bed
855:serologic
816:Diagnosis
713:pregnancy
702:the UK's
461:nephritis
441:hepatitis
388:brainstem
309:anecdotal
262:paralysis
161:Prognosis
149:Treatment
63:Specialty
7173:Zoonoses
7072:Multiple
6960:SARS-CoV
6950:MERS-CoV
6139:DENV-1-4
5927:Mosquito
5900:Zoonotic
5720:22380523
5688:Vet. Res
5608:22897898
5600:15379656
5565:16102303
5516:17485503
5467:Archived
5445:24342133
5391:Archived
5387:NBC News
5368:24210089
5319:Archived
5234:11192287
5196:11407341
5155:13109233
5120:45962741
5112:13134268
5036:Archived
5000:22792293
4960:PLOS ONE
4941:15496241
4884:15353427
4849:23594175
4755:23860989
4706:17417960
4641:Archived
4623:32340230
4531:32066499
4405:Archived
4329:17720540
4321:14511579
4282:Archived
4169:Archived
4056:21837806
4018:Archived
3997:37751889
3989:16382032
3919:32310422
3844:16418398
3795:16230476
3746:31695008
3738:15476490
3703:18258047
3654:31695008
3646:15476490
3611:14765647
3570:15532939
3539:15671753
3500:26774722
3492:10081770
3453:42458052
3445:15189245
3402:85624297
3394:12693849
3353:32742815
3345:15541033
3306:37464180
3298:16553552
3260:16896145
3202:18000543
3162:PLOS ONE
3132:Archived
3098:Archived
3094:12917583
3063:12375687
3036:12537289
3009:12227442
2982:12269472
2955:16355512
2906:12537288
2879:28347323
2806:12643825
2743:13796761
2684:16928635
2632:22021850
2572:29116220
2515:16102302
2466:26422413
2417:25688020
2328:22309667
2279:15523368
2244:15548822
2195:16652309
2160:14644244
2125:14991545
2090:33442661
2082:16187894
2047:10722421
1992:25400704
1943:Archived
1931:16912946
1884:22966470
1833:30778922
1825:16983682
1787:: 210–1.
1675:Archived
1645:Archived
1604:Archived
1574:Archived
1455:QI05AA10
1445:Research
1419:Corvidae
1410:(2011).
1408:Sardinia
1388:(1994),
1162:feeder.
1114:necropsy
1080:ovitraps
1063:screened
899:IgM and
897:antibody
832:molecule
829:antibody
765:enzootic
741:immunity
661:Corvidae
578:membrane
501:Virology
457:orchitis
410:with no
380:thalamus
341:diarrhea
333:vomiting
297:syndrome
282:diabetes
125:mosquito
112:Duration
75:Symptoms
7074:vectors
7054:Tanapox
7003:B virus
6981:Primate
6500:Sandfly
6326:(CCHFV)
5907:042–079
5822:D014901
5711:3311072
5556:3320472
5507:1913242
5397:May 13,
5359:3837649
4991:3391259
4968:Bibcode
4932:3320418
4892:5779034
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4697:2212601
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4064:9901472
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3786:2213214
3694:2876738
3193:2048662
3170:Bibcode
2946:3366727
2870:5369192
2797:2958552
2675:1636093
2623:3346291
2602:Bibcode
2594:Science
2563:5717085
2506:3320478
2408:4342965
2319:3337329
2235:1772450
1983:4229851
1939:2765866
1875:3433121
1858:: 1–4.
1470:AMD3100
1457: (
1436:Weather
1404:Morocco
1390:Romania
1386:Algeria
1375:endemic
1296:fatigue
1280:somatic
1244:species
1186:in the
1158:, is a
1067:bed net
959:autopsy
882:glucose
878:protein
844:endemic
750:viremia
688:viremia
657:species
538:protein
412:sensory
294:febrile
218:vaccine
7092:Rabies
7034:HTLV-2
7029:HTLV-1
6983:-borne
6871:Rabies
6793:-borne
6602:-borne
6600:Rodent
6591:-borne
6589:Mammal
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6502:-borne
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5929:-borne
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1415:Warsaw
1379:Kunjin
1350:Israel
1330:Uganda
1211:larvae
1160:canopy
1118:enzyme
1095:RT-PCR
1088:gravid
783:, and
739:, and
668:family
665:thrush
601:vector
534:virion
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386:, and
339:, and
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278:cancer
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120:Causes
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6832:ZEBOV
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5833:30025
5811:066.4
5796:A92.3
5604:S2CID
5116:S2CID
4888:S2CID
4460:(PDF)
4428:(PDF)
4389:(PDF)
4382:(PDF)
4325:S2CID
4060:S2CID
4021:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
3993:S2CID
3742:S2CID
3650:S2CID
3496:S2CID
3449:S2CID
3398:S2CID
3349:S2CID
3302:S2CID
2739:S2CID
2719:(PDF)
2086:S2CID
1946:(PDF)
1935:S2CID
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1346:Egypt
1342:Egypt
1294:with
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1234:Used
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933:Four
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570:genes
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6395:POWV
6383:TBEV
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6235:ONNV
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6203:WEEV
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6100:SLEV
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3256:PMID
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3198:PMID
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2043:PMID
2006:link
1988:PMID
1927:PMID
1880:PMID
1856:2012
1821:PMID
1762:2019
1736:2019
1710:2019
1683:2017
1653:2017
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