528:
manufacture. It seems that lenses for 35 mm photography were a bit boring for him, as they did not pose the challenge he wanted. This he found in the designs for the military and in the ELCAN lenses he could explore more exciting optical limits. There are only a few letters by
Mandler in the Leica archives and the contents give the impression of a passionate man, who feels slightly frustrated by the slow progress made by Leitz and the fast improvements made by the Japanese. He clearly saw that without fundamental changes Leica could not compete in the long run. But Leitz was in those days already living on borrowed money. His ELCAN designs were by nature less cost oriented and the knowledge gained here could be transferred to the photographic department. Mandler's study about the Double-Gauss designs is still the definitive analysis of the limits and potential of this class of lenses. The book was published in 1979 and represented the state of the art in optical design at that time. His achievement was the transfer of that theoretical framework to practical design. He did not develop really innovative designs, but his strong point was the exploration of existing limits and to find ways to implement the almost impossible."
532:
objectives, as well as lenses for movie taking, movie projection, laser scanning, and other speciality optics. In those days optical design was very much a group effort. Mandler's contribution as physicist and designer was to set out the general direction in which design solutions would proceed and to bring his experience and knowledge of optical design theory to select the shortest path to a solution. The solution chosen was not always the most excellent in the imaging sense but it would be the best solution, balancing performance, cost, and manufacturability. As a result many of these designs remained in production for decades". To sum up, "His name will always be synonymous with the best in photographic Double-Gauss lenses".
489:
developments. That is proven by the numerous optical computations that still have lost nothing in terms of current relevance. Among them is the 50 mm f/1 Noctilux-M lens that he designed. Today, many publications still refer to his work, notably the landmark 50 mm f/2 Summicron-M lens. And there are numerous other examples that prove how important his work was for the evolution of photographic optics in general and for the evolution of photography at Leitz. This includes his apochromatically corrected telephoto lenses. While I was writing these lines, it occurred to me that that I am not qualified to render a judgment of Dr. Mandler."
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Erwin Puts concludes: "He was also a daring man: he created the
Summilux 1.4/35 mm when everybody assumed that such a lens was not possible. Mandler was a pragmatist more than a visionary. His designs are very competent, but he had to work within the restrictions of the Leitz philosophy of lens
510:
Also in Puts' essay on Leica optical designers some clues about
Mandler's significance can be found: "The key word for the Mandler designs is "state-of-the-art". The designs are first rate, even today, but the Japanese competition came quite close to producing the same level of imagery. The Leitz
467:
magazine, declared "Above all advanced cameras, the most respected and admired cameras and lenses in Japan are still the Leica cameras and Leica lenses. Without Leicas, no
Japanese camera industry might be inspired to develop single-lens-reflex cameras and automatic machines. Leicas are still the
488:
Peter Karbe wrote some lines about
Mandler after his death: "I can readily say that Dr. Mandler was one of the great optical designers at Leitz and that his work constituted a major contribution to the success of the Leica M rangefinder camera. Dr. Mandler was clearly ahead of his times with his
480:
show. Mandler designed the
Summilux-M 75 mm f/1.4 lens (1980) based on his previous design for the Summilux-M 50 mm f/1.4 lens (1961), but using new glass first applied to the Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1.0 lens (1969). In the same way, Karbe designed the APO-Summicron-M 75 mm f/2.0
503:) of Zeiss introduced new methods of lens design. In the Leica-centric view of the world, one often assumes that well-known Leica designers, like Dr. Mandler, are in the front rank of the world's best optical designers. In fact this is not the case. Persons like Dr. Glatzel or Dr. Kingslake (
531:
Reginald P. Jonas and
Michael D. Thorpe, in the article quoted, also present a valuation of Mandler's significance. Mandler was Head of Optical and Mechanical design at Leitz Canada for 20 years "during which time he was involved in the design of over 400 lenses, including many photographic
88:. Midland optical department was specialized in the research of retrofocus designs and apochromatic corrections. Mandler employed sophisticated combinations of special glasses in his apochromatic and high-speed designs, and many of these glasses were original Leitz formulas manufactured by
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were measurably on the same level The
Mandler era delivered first rate lenses, but they were mainstream lenses that fitted into the Zeitgeist of the 35 mm style of photography. The innovations (zoomlenses) however were snatched away from Leitz by the Japanese companies."
279:(the fastest lens for 35 mm format for many years, since 1975, designed in 1969, "before computer optimization was introduced at Leitz Canada" (Jonas & Thorpe, 2006)). This lens is now replaced by a faster, more complex, model: Noctilux-M 50 mm f/0.95
396:(from 1975, this lens had extra low dispersion or anomalous dispersion elements, specially developed at the Leitz Wetzlar glass research lab, that equaled the performance of fluoride crystal elements without their drawbacks. (Only 6.000 units were produced.)
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Interviewed by Tom
Abrahamsson in the early 80s about his favourite designs Mandler answered "Right now it is the 75 mm/1.4 Summilux because it's balance between performance and size". However, the current head of the optical department at Leica,
507:) have had a more lasting impact on the evolution of lens design. It is only quite recently that Leica lens designs have broken out of the traditional constraints that have restrained the free flow of creativity of the design department."
412:(an apochromatic R lens for a U.S. Navy high resolution small format camera system. Only two types of glass were employed in this 8 elements, Double-Gauss based design. Only a few units were produced in 1973.)
77:) at Midland, Ontario. Mandler was one of the team members "on loan" for a short period of time. However, Mandler stayed in Canada for more than half a century and became a Canadian citizen.
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7) Elmarit 21 mm/2.8 (first retrofocus 21 mm design, in catalogue from 1980 to 1997. This lens replaced the Super-Angulon 21 mm/3.4 in production from 1963).
463:, declared "Dr. Walter Mandler was always the subject of adoration among engineers of Minolta's optical engineering sections". Hiroshi Kimata, former editor of
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Marco Cavina: Leica
Summilux-M 35 mm f/1.4 Aspherical 1 tipo: analisi approfondita di un monumento nell'evoluzione degli obiettivi fotografici (in Italian)
290:(in production for 27 years, from 1980 until 2007. This was the favourite design of Mandler himself, based on the design of the second version Summilux-M 50mm)
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Mandler, W. (1980): "Design of basic double Gauss lenses", International Optical Design Conference, Fisher ed., Proceedings SPIE 0237, pp. 222–232.
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249:(the first 35 mm focal length lens with a f/1.4 aperture, designed in 1958 and produced from 1961 until 1993. With and without M3 goggles)
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lenses designed by Mandler as selected by Mandler himself not in chronological order (Viewfinder, Volume 38, Number 2, 2005, page 12):
319:(3rd) (the last design was for M cameras, in production from 1980 until 1998; previous versions from 1963 and 1970 also for R cameras)
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Jonas, R. P. and Thorpe, M. D. (2006): "Double Gauss lens design: a review of some classics", Proceedings SPIE 6342, pp. 1–15.
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Mandler, W. (1989): "Leica lenses and early computers", I and II, Viewfinder, Leica Historical Society of America, 22(1) y 22(2).
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designs had their own typical set of compromises that distinguished their lenses from the rest, but the best of Zeiss,
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designs by means of the computer, and a particular method developed by him and explained in his doctoral dissertation.
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Mandler became vice president of ELCAN from 1974, being an optical advisor for Leica until his retirement in 1985.
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lenses that "The great revolution in optical designs occurred during the sixties and seventies, when Dr. Glatzel (
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Mandler, W. (1979): "Über die Berechnung einfacher Gauss-Objektive", Doctoral Dissertation, Giessen University.
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Mandler's chief contribution to the optical engineering was his pioneering works in application of
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J. M. Serrano, Leica Noctilux-M 50 mm f/1: The Last Emperor, published at Film und Foto, Nº1
564:"David Farkas Photography Blog: Photokina 2008 - Day 2 - Taking it easy and getting an education"
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Mandler is credited with the design of more than 45 high performance Leica lenses for the Leica
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70:. Later he obtained a bachelor's degree in Physics and then a Ph.D. (summa cum laude) in 1979.
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The Photographic Historic Society of Canada: Eulogy for Dr. Walter Mandler
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lens (2005) based on his Summilux-M 50 mm f/1.4 ASPH lens (2004).
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Peter Karbe on new designs after Mandler: the Summilux 50 mm ASPH
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32) Elcan 66 mm/2 (Extra-high resolution lens for the US Navy)
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Mandler was born into a German farmer's family. In 1947 he joined
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Marco Cavina: Walter Mandler e la chimica del vetro (in Italian)
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Leica: A Magical World with Great Future II, by J. M. Serrano
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In 1952 Ernst Leitz decided to establish Ernst Leitz Canada (
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Leica: A Magical World with Great Future I, by J. M. Serrano
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10) Summicron 35 mm/2 (1st, with and without goggles)
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unconquered highest summit of the world of photography".
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Marco Cavina: Leitz Elcan 90 mm f/1.0 (in Italian)
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9) Summaron 35 mm/2.8 (with and without goggles)
19:(10 May 1922 – 21 April 2005) was a lens designer of
644:
Erwin Puts: Dr. Walter Mandler died on 21 April 2005
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television cameras, extrahigh resolution lenses for
420:movie projection systems, high-aperture lenses for
106:Mandler died on 21 April 2005 in Midland, Ontario.
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699:Erwin Puts about Zeiss ZM lenses and lens design
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654:Erwin Puts' Review: Noctilux-M 1:1/50 mm
367:38) Summicron-R 50 mm/2 (2nd & 3rd)
341:(another special ELCAN lens for the US Navy)
129:Ernst Leitz Canada Elmarit-R 19 mm/2.8
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312:26) Summicron 90 mm/2 (1st and 2nd)
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302:24) Tele-Elmarit 90 mm/2.8 (2nd)
299:23) Tele-Elmarit 90 mm/2.8 (1st)
96:. Mandler was a master in optimizing
1349:
459:, former Chief Operating Officer of
145:Leica Macro-Elmarit-R 60 mm/2.8
1319:Leica Historical Society of America
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553:Viewfinder Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 2
389:44) Elmarit-R 135 mm/2.8 (2nd)
386:43) Elmarit-R 135 mm/2.8 (1st)
296:22) Elmar 90 mm/4 (3 elements)
122:, including many landmark designs:
13:
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380:41) Elmarit-R 90 mm/2.8 (2nd)
377:40) Elmarit-R 90 mm/2.8 (1st)
364:37) Summicron-R 50 mm/2 (1st)
361:36) Summicron-R 35 mm/2 (2nd)
351:34) Elmarit-R 19 mm/2.8 (1st)
14:
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416:Mandler also designed lenses for
331:31) Elmarit 135 mm/2.8 (2nd)
328:30) Elmarit 135 mm/2.8 (1st)
109:
66:. At the same time he studied in
55:as a lens designer, working with
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684:Tom Abrahamsson on ELCAN factory
255:15) Summicron 50 mm/2 (4th)
242:12) Summicron 35 mm/2 (4th)
659:Pictures of rare Elcan R lenses
402:47) Telyt-R 250 mm/4 (2nd)
399:46) Telyt-R 250 mm/4 (1st)
260:Summicron-M 50 mm/2.0 C368
570:
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277:Noctilux-M 50 mm/1.0 C271
228:Elmarit-M 28 mm/2.8 (3rd)
161:Leica Elmarit-R 90 mm/2.8
153:Leica Summicron-R 90 mm/2
1:
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247:Summilux-M 35 mm/1.4 C27
1392:People from Midland, Ontario
383:42) Summicron-R 90 mm/2
325:29) Tele-Elmar 135 mm/4
213:6) Telyt 400 mm/5 (2nd)
137:Leica Summicron 50 mm/2
42:
7:
903:M (Typ 240) / M-P (Typ 240)
718:In praise of Mandler lenses
394:APO-Telyt-R 180 mm/3.4
169:Apo-Telyt-R 180 mm/3.4
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252:14) Summicron 50 mm/2
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372:Summilux-R 80 mm/1.4
288:Summilux-M 75 mm/1.4
270:Summilux-M 50 mm/1.4
201:2) Summicron 90 mm/2
198:1) Summicron 35 mm/2
495:wrote in an essay about
356:Elmarit-R 19 mm/2.8
317:Summicron 90 mm/2.0
210:5) Telyt 280 mm/4.8
1021:Leica R4 / R5 / R6 / R7
410:APO 75 mm/2.0 C341
322:28) Elmar 135 mm/4
177:Leica Telyt 400 mm
451:Mandler's significance
433:intelligence-gathering
307:Elmarit 90 mm/2.8
265:17) Elcan 50 mm/2
207:4) Telyt 200 mm/4
204:3) Elmar 135 mm/4
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1304:List of Leica cameras
928:M Monochrom (Typ 246)
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82:computer aided design
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1402:Leica Camera people
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1174:Leica Q / Leica Q-P
1110:Leica CL (Typ 7323)
938:M10 / M10-P / M10-R
465:Popular Photography
461:Minolta Corporation
339:90 mm/1.0 C164
181:A complete list of
116:rangefinder cameras
86:optical engineering
33:rangefinder cameras
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994:Single-lens reflex
812:Leica 250 Reporter
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708:Thorsten Overgaard
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908:M-E (Typ 220)
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
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861:
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851:
848:
846:
843:
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838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
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823:
819:
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808:
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795:
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786:
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777:
771:
768:
766:
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759:
755:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
725:
719:
716:
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711:
709:
705:
704:Leica History
702:
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621:
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594:
592:
583:
579:
573:
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559:
550:
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546:
541:
533:
529:
525:
522:
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514:
508:
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469:
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458:
448:
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175:
167:
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143:
135:
127:
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117:
107:
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99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
71:
69:
63:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1353:
1341:
1282:
789:Thread-mount
754:Leica Camera
602:
581:
572:
558:
530:
526:
509:
491:
487:
470:
454:
415:
409:
393:
371:
355:
345:
344:
338:
316:
306:
287:
283:, from 2008)
276:
269:
259:
246:
227:
217:
216:
192:
191:
180:
113:
105:
102:
98:Double-Gauss
79:
72:
46:
25:Leica Camera
16:
15:
1382:2005 deaths
1377:1922 births
1205:Camera lens
1125:Leica SL2-S
923:M Monochrom
913:M (Typ 262)
860:M6 / M6 TTL
780:Rangefinder
603:Rangefinder
578:"ZM lenses"
474:Peter Karbe
374:(from 1980)
120:SLR cameras
60: [
49:Ernst Leitz
37:SLR cameras
1371:Categories
1078:Mirrorless
536:References
493:Erwin Puts
429:RCA Victor
118:and Leica
35:and Leica
1222:Summicron
1196:Digilux 2
1191:Digilux 1
1167:Leica X-U
1120:Leica SL2
1105:Leica TL2
971:Digilux 3
898:M9 / M9-P
807:Leica III
599:"Mandler"
57:Max Berek
43:Biography
1343:Category
1242:Summaron
1227:Summarit
1217:Summilux
1212:Noctilux
1184:Leica Q3
1179:Leica Q2
1152:Leica X2
1147:Leica X1
1100:Leica TL
1064:Leica S3
1049:Leica S2
1044:Leica S1
1016:Leica R3
802:Leica II
1355:Commons
1232:Elmarit
1087:L mount
1036:S mount
1003:R mount
183:Leica M
94:Corning
53:Wetzlar
1256:People
1247:Hektor
521:Topcon
437:scopes
422:Picker
90:Schott
1324:Lumix
1297:Other
943:M10-D
517:Nikon
513:Canon
497:Zeiss
425:X-ray
75:ELCAN
64:]
27:) in
519:and
515:and
483:ASPH
441:NATO
418:IMAX
408:49)
392:45)
370:39)
354:35)
337:33)
315:27)
305:25)
286:20)
281:ASPH
275:19)
268:18)
258:16)
245:13)
185:and
953:M11
933:M-D
875:M-A
706:by
226:8)
92:or
84:in
51:at
1373::
893:M8
870:MP
865:M7
855:CL
850:M5
845:M4
840:M1
835:M2
830:M3
601:.
590:^
580:.
544:^
445:HP
435:,
62:de
39:.
746:e
739:t
732:v
605:.
584:.
566:.
187:R
23:(
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