2025:" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States, there are racial disparities in the food environment. Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice. This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core. The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security.
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encouraged
Victory Gardens as a means of national security: domestic pressure on major agricultural industries would be relieved to further augment the war economy. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time. In the post-war period, the US government gradually stopped assisting urban agriculture programs, partially due to the lack of need of war supplies and partially due to the US fully embracing industrialized food systems.
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2246:, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster. Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays. In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community.
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individual's community as a member of the community farm. This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole. This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment. Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health. Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood.
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1631:, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Urban agriculture sites have been noted as lowering crime rates generally in local neighborhoods. Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride. Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people.
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2264:, is open on Sundays and Thursdays. However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly. For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products. The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers.
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produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship. The
Detroit project was successful enough that other US cities adopted similar urban agriculture practices. By 1906, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that over 75,000 schools alone managed urban agriculture programs to provide children and their families with fresh produce. However, it would not be until the First World War that US urban agriculture spread widely.
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were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p. 1). Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children. An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders. Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water
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1035:. Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types. According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $ 1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold." In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms. Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm. Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden.
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2061:. Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area. A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2.5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city. When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces
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providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts. The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and
Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work.
1912:, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil. Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e.g. Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e.g. Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e.g. petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs).
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members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.
1933:. Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty. Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species. Typically urban soil has had the
1733:, 1 US gallon (3.8 L; 0.83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg). The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food. Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO
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consume plants produced by urban agriculture. It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests. Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption.
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error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community. It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need. A community gardening program that is well-established is
Seattle's
2333:, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them. Community centers like Florida House integrate agriculture into the urban lifestyle by providing centralized urban areas to learn about urban agriculture and food production.
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impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance." Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast
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and food justice for communities living in food deserts. First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food. When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for
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A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that
Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet
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Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture alleviates much more than simply food insecurity by also encouraging discourse about all facets of community wellness from physical and mental health to community connectedness. It has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic
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Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to engage with ecological citizenship actively. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society.
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for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United
Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities. Although some city farms
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communities in various US states. Other groups incorporate urban agriculture programs as part of wider social justice missions, such as those in the city of
Wilmington, Delaware. Still others seek to use urban agriculture as a means of combating community-scale food insecurity, as part of wider goals
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called upon all
American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation of food insecurity. The National War Garden Committee under the American Forestry Association organized campaigns with patriotic messages such as "Sow
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of people living in and around cities. Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns. Due to the food
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movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United
Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States. Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010
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accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and
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to lend their properties to the city government ahead of the winter season. The
Detroit government would in turn develop these lots as makeshift potato gardens - nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor - as potatoes were weather resistant and easy to grow. He intended for these gardens to
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Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations. This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of
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Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which
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A large part of the people involved in urban agriculture are the urban poor. In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban
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Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake. A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day and
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Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to
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In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for the plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish
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that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. Public and government
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not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health. The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem. Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing
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Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented.
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of produce. Though some sites of urban agriculture were repurposed for other economic development, the overall trend of the 1980s was an expansion of the practice. The 1990s continued this growth of urban agriculture sites in the US, while also expanding their purposes. A result of this broadening
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sprouted during World War One (emulated later during World War Two) in the US, as well as Canada & the United Kingdom. By 1919, American victory gardens numbered 5 million plots country-wide, and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested. So efficient were the American urban agriculture
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allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land. Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit. Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous
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Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities. Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs. Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community
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Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a
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Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure
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and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $ 115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be
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Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes. Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners. Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming. These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an
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In contrast to the dominant model of agriculture, agroecology emphasizes the importance of soil health by fostering connections between the diverse biotic and abiotic factors present. It prioritizes farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems.
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Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts. For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees. However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of
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Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of
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Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening. There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008 to 2013. US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame. Urban
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has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for
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Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households. Studies show that every $ 1 invested in a community garden yields $ 6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment. Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food
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Alternative food networks seek to redefine food production, distribution, and consumption by considering the sociocultural elements of local communities and economies. Sustainable food networks are a related concept, but focus more on ecological concerns. Local food networks focus more on the
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Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy. Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household
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American urban agriculture initiatives during the 1980s built upon the previous decade's focus on community engagement. A natural evolution was sites of urban agriculture entering everyday community roles and consequently requiring more funding than grassroots movements could muster. The US
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By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. Indeed, these new victory gardens became the "first line of defense for the country". Once more, the government supported and
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able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of
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When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased. This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym. There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors.
837:", who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others,
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Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars. They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items. As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $ 0.44 per dozen.
1496:. These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community. Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the
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to cultivate plants. These systems provide a soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting.
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Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The
1106:, London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the
1591:, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality. UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing
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methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.
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agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together. In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients. Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community.
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The benefits that UA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous. The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation.
1945:(TOC) in the soil. This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web. Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting.
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845:, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing
1987:. The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage. Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly.
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Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health. These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated
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973:, continued to shape American urban agricultural practices during the 1970s. These groups - and many others - reinvigorated interest in urban agriculture, aimed not only at community development but also combating environmental crises.
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stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of
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Alternatives for Community & Environment. Environmental Justice and the Green Economy. A Vision Statement and Case Studies for Just and Sustainable Solutions. Rep. Roxbury, MA: Alternatives for Community & Environment, 2010.
1908:", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals. In the process known as
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to people who live in urbanized areas. Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building. They are important sources of
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Alaimo K, Beavers AW, Crawford C, et al. (2016) Amplifying Health Through Community Gardens: A Framework for Advancing Multicomponent, Behaviorally Based Neighborhood Interventions. Current Environmental Health Reports 3:302–312.
1244:, allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of
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The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance.
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Pirog, Rich S.; Van Pelt, Timothy; Enshayan, Kamyar; and Cook, Ellen, "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions" (2001). Leopold Center Pubs and Papers. 3.
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These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.
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systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food.
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has been linked to socioeconomic inequities. Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as
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Throughout the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s, urban agriculture sites and usages of these sites have continued to grow. Groups managing some sites focus on the economic security and cultural preservation of immigrants, such as the
2007:
or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise. These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can
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In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers.
1500:, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i.e. growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features.
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and diet-related outcomes". These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States. Although the definition and methods for determining "
2256:, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of
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Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of
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or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products. With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income.
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957:. Despite these efforts, vacant lots as a whole became seen as blighted, decaying areas. Some American cities, such as Syracuse, NY once more supported urban agriculture programs, not for food security but to
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With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas. This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of
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have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning.
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or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about the concept of
5707:
McClintock, Nathan. (2008). From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Unearthing the Root Structure of urban agriculture in Oakland, California. UC Berkeley: Institute for the Study of Societal Issues.
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Comis, Don. (2000). "Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils." Agricultural Research: n. pag. Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils. USDA-ARS, 13 August 2004. Web. 25 March 2013.
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Kingsley, Jonathan 'Yotti'; Townsend, Mardie; Henderson-Wilson, Claire (2009). "Cultivating health and wellbeing: Members' perceptions of the health benefits of a Port Melbourne community garden".
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in addition to promoting food access. For example, agroecology has been integral to social movements surrounding public demand for sustainably grown food free from pesticides and other chemicals.
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the Seeds of Victory", with the aim of reducing domestic pressure on food production. In so doing, primary agricultural industries could focus on shipping rations to troops in Europe. So called
2108:, and atmospheric deposition. Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues.
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security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise. The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of
1599:. UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food. Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a
1132:) are appearing. The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested.
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organic waste back to energy and nutrients. At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate.
1470:, racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and
5293:
Alaimo, K., Packnett, E., Miles, R., Kruger, D. (2008). "Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Urban Community Gardeners". Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. (1499-4046),40 (2), p. 94.
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Vilar-Compte, Mireya; Burrola-Méndez, Soraya; Lozano-Marrufo, Annel; Ferré-Eguiluz, Isabel; Flores, Diana; Gaitán-Rossi, Pablo; Teruel, Graciela; Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael (20 January 2021).
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the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food. These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings.
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Rickman, Joy C; Barrett, Diane M; Bruhn, Christine M (2007). "Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds".
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during harvest time. However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming. Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and
1647:. Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city. The CFSC states that:
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Sommers, L., and B. Butterfield, as cited in: Blair, D., C. Giesecke, and S. Sherman. (1991). "A Dietary, Social and Economic Evaluation of the Philadelphia Urban Gardening Project,"
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has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car.
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Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by
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Can a hands-on teaching tool affect students' attitudes and behavior regarding fruit and vegetables? by Lineberger Sarah E. and J. M. Zajicek, HortTechnology 10 (3) 593-596 -2000
2100:
contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities. High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking
1320:, resulting in healthy and abundant harvests. The ultimate goal of developments includes providing superior agricultural products that meet urban consumers' safety requirements.
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5639:
Nathan McClintock (2011). "From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Demarcated Devaluation in the Flatlands of Oakland, California". In Alison Hope Alkon; Julian Agyeman (eds.).
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In theory one would save money, but everything is being run on the house's power grid most of the time. So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc.
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Decisions must be made on a group-level basis to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when community residents are asked to take on more active roles in the farm.
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1121:, followed by an even larger location in 2012. Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program.
1941:(SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction. A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the
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method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.
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for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical
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3263:
1073:
The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as the city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in
881:, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season.
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Ning Yuan, Grace; B-Marquez, Gian Powell; Deng, Haoran; Iu, Anastasiia; Fabella, Melisa; B. Salonga, Reginald; Ashardiono, Fitrio; A. Cartagena, Joyce (November 2022).
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Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer.
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food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture.
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2707:
4900:
Xuereb, Marc. (2005). "Food Miles: Environmental Implications of Food Imports to Waterloo Region." Public Health Planner Region of Waterloo Public Health. November.
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offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
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Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In
4771:"Mahbuba Kaneez Hasna. IDRC. CFP Report 21: NGO Gender Capacity in Urban Agriculture: Case Studies from Harare (Zimbabwe), Kampala (Uganda), and Accra (Ghana) 1998"
1270:. The obstacles that vertical farming must overcome include; training/indoor farming expertise, commercial feasibility and resistance from city people/politicians.
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In the context of the USA, urban agriculture as a widely recognized practice took root in response of the 1893-1897 economic depression in Detroit. In 1894, Mayor
5101:
Lasat, M. M. (2000). "Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant /soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues".
5690:
Teresa M. Mares, Devon G. Pena (2011). "Environmental and Food Justice: Toward Local, Slow, and Deep Food Systems". In Alison Hope Alkon, Julian Agyeman (ed.).
2310:
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population.
1341:, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and peri-urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies
1337:
An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or
1411:
The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:
998:
and human diets, among a multitude of other uses. Much attention has been placed on the practice of urban agriculture in connection to food movements such as
3244:
2876:
Naylor, Lindsay (1 October 2012). ""Hired Gardens and the Question of Transgression: Lawns, Food Gardens and the Business of 'alternative' Food Practice."".
1918:
is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation only costs about $ 5–$ 40 per ton of
1424:. The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities.
1202:
crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized
6957:
1937:
stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage. Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes,
5879:
4705:
2141:
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to
942:
support for Victory Gardens waned during the Interwar Period, with most American sites becoming repurposed for various economic development initiatives.
7637:
5614:
Morales, Alfonso (2011). "Growing Food and Justice: Dismantling Racism through Sustainable Food Systems". In Alison Hope Alkon; Julian Agyeman (eds.).
1904:
Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes. They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "
1517:
is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems
5380:
McAleese, Jessica D.; Rankin, Linda L. (2007). "Garden-Based Nutrition Education Affects Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Sixth-Grade Adolescents".
2348:
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population.
5487:
Litt, J.s., et al. “Exploring Ecological, Emotional, and Social Levers of Self-Rated Health for Urban Gardeners and Non-Gardeners: A Path Analysis.”
1680:
As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights. The
2277:
UA creates circular energy loops in which food is consumed in the same place it is produced and waste is not exported to the peripheral rural areas.
8029:
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4821:
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and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life. The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in
2148:
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on
1278:
4019:
Katharine Travaline & Christian Hunold (2010) Urban agriculture and ecological citizenship in Philadelphia, Local Environment, 15:6, 581-590,
1451:
All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times.
5333:"Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature of aesthetics: Gaining insight through the community gardening experience"
2238:
on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share. The
1420:
Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because they fit within the current scope of
1095:
have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with
949:
By the 1950s and 1960s, urban agriculture was more focused on grassroots initiatives spearheaded by politicized social movements, including the
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6524:
6489:
3546:
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methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative.
671:
631:
149:
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Bell, J. N.B.; Power, S. A.; Jarraud, N.; Agrawal, M.; Davies, C. (2011). "The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture".
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IDRC/ UN-HABITAT".Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture" Urban Agriculture: Land Management and Physical Planning (2003)
4727:
1834:
in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities. A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m of uncut
1477:
Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see)
982:
was the division of urban agriculture practitioners based on motivations, organizational structure, and a host of other operational concerns.
5579:
Raja, S.; Changxing Ma; Yadav, P. (2008). "Beyond Food Deserts: Measuring and Mapping Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments".
5461:
Swartz, S.H.; Ranum, O.J.; Phillips, O.K.; Cavanaugh, J.J.; Bennett, A.E. (2003). "Urban Gardening Yields Benefits for Low Income Families".
2319:
UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses.
6222:
6009:"Assessing soil lead contamination at multiple scales in Oakland, California: Implications for urban agriculture and environmental justice"
5566:
4902:
https://web.archive.org/web/20180128180314/http://chd.region.waterloo.on.ca/en/researchResourcesPublications/resources/FoodMiles_Report.pdf
4563:
Armstrong, Donna (2000). "A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development".
1623:
Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. UA can have an overall positive impact on
4598:
1225:
The concept of vertical farming dates back to the early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by
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model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities. Seattle's
1466:
which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of
977:
government created an Urban Garden Program, which funded programs in twenty-eight cities who in turn produced roughly twenty-one million
3056:"Community Food Security Via Urban Agriculture: Understanding People, Place, Economy, And Accessibility From A Food Justice Perspective"
2301:
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction.
1081:
and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of
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can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO
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individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally.
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Bays, Sharon (1998). "What's Culture Got to Do With It? "Cultural Preservation" and Hmong Women's Activism In Central California".
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Urban farms also are also a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity.
733:
2614:"Chapter 13: Food for thought? The potential of urban agriculture in local food production for food security in the South Pacific"
912:
During World War One, food production became a major national security concern for several countries, including the US. President
829:
Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, "
5537:"Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: A Report to Congress"
4476:
3503:
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in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St. Louis. Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs.
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5664:
1377:. In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding.
5544:
3894:"Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review"
2847:
2582:
1543:
5307:
4599:"Increased community participation. [Social Impact]. Cities Without Hunger - Community Gardens: Sao Paulo (2003-2009)"
1627:, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being. Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive
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1922:. Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.
5331:
Hale, James; Knapp, Corrine; Bardwell, Lisa; Buchenau, Michael; Marshall, Julie; Sancar, Fahriye; Litt, Jill S. (2011).
4857:
4036:
Alkon, Alison Hope; Norgaard, Kari Marie (2009). "Breaking the Food Chains: An Investigation of Food Justice Activism".
4001:
Fraser, Evan D.G. (2002). "Urban Ecology in Bangkok Thailand: Community Participation, Urban Agriculture and Forestry".
3390:
1110:
was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in
922:
programs that surplus foodstuffs were shipped to war-ravaged European nations, in addition to American military forces.
6769:
5903:
Smit, Jack, et al. "Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Wastes and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources"
1011:
political responses to globalization or concerns with the environmental impacts of industrialized food transportation.
1526:
and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of
56:
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78:
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5016:
Environmental Affairs Department, City of Los Angeles. 2006. "Green Roofs - Cooling Los Angeles: A Resource Guide".
3420:
3197:
Kontothanasis, Georgios (2017). "Social Practices of Urban Agriculture in the Metropolitan Region of Thessaloniki".
2995:"Resisting Agricultural Assimilation: The Political Ecology of Hmong Growers in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Region"
8056:
6215:
4822:"Checking the food odometer: Comparing food miles for local versus conventional produce sales to Iowa institutions"
1768:
6079:
2092:
However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is
6817:
6802:
6797:
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2752:
At the Intersection of Urban Agriculture and Social Justice Activism: Practices and Perceptions in Wilmington, DE
2415:
2382:
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based in Detroit has cluster tool banks. Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools,
713:
698:
693:
199:
45:
5732:
Gottlieb, Robert (2009). "Where We Live, Work, Play . . . And Eat: Expanding the Environmental Justice Agenda".
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1163:
to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural
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6859:
6807:
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One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of
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179:
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6252:
1316:, often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for
950:
164:
2539:
Bailkey, M., and J. Nasr. 2000. "From Brownfields to Greenfields: Producing Food in North American Cities",
2307:
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment.
7338:
7036:
6559:
6534:
5082:
Black, H. "Absorbing Possibilities: Phytoremediation." Environ Health Perspectives 103.12 (1995): 1106-108.
2365:
fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals.
2253:
1738:
930:
884:
184:
159:
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and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout the year.
877:
carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities. In
7857:
6544:
6208:
5842:"New York Could Grow All Its Own Food. Theoretically, New York City could become largely self-sufficient"
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999:
169:
17:
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poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices.
1786:
by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer. Such areas can act as
1396:
1117:
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated
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7001:
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6519:
6348:
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490:
209:
144:
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Cluis, C. (Fall 2004). "Junk-greedy Greens: phytoremediation as a new option for soil decontamination"
4285:"Food Sovereignty and Alternative Paradigms to Confront Land Grabbing and the Food and Climate Crises"
3020:
L'Annunziata, Elena (2010). "FOLLOWING THE PLANT: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF A HMONG COMMUNITY GARDEN".
7877:
7831:
7681:
6323:
5924:"Urban agriculture, using sustainable practices that involve the reuse of wastewater and solid waste"
4126:
2583:"The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia"
2304:
UA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution.
2298:
Urban agriculture saves energy (e.g. energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas).
1535:
1057:
for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds.
854:
771:
465:
4400:"Urban agriculture for sustainable cities: Using wastes and idle land and water bodies as resources"
4188:
3554:
7271:
7128:
6832:
6420:
6333:
6318:
6273:
5018:
http://environmentla.org/pdf/EnvironmentalBusinessProgs/Green%20Roofs%20Resource%20Guide%202007.pdf
4735:
2460:
2257:
2089:, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices.
2042:
those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods.
850:
728:
562:
475:
460:
398:
324:
3672:
2215:
1755:
1729:, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km), using, if shipped by
1389:
A mixed garden bed of plants for food and for bees and insects in a community based urban farm in
7915:
7691:
7593:
7588:
7306:
7183:
6759:
6484:
6479:
6370:
6338:
6175:
5880:"Black farmers in Detroit are growing their own food. But they're having trouble owning the land"
5119:
2490:
1603:
plot a median yield value of between approximately $ 200 and $ 500 (US, adjusted for inflation).
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874:
626:
621:
512:
480:
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7753:
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6504:
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6247:
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1763:, incorporating discarded plastic bottles into pots for hydroponic agriculture in urban windows
1710:
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823:
723:
708:
579:
572:
334:
126:
49:
6132:
Alternative Urban Futures: Planning for sustainable development in cities throughout the world
3951:
Grewal, Sharanbir S.; Grewal, Parwinder S. (2012). "Can cities become self-reliant in food?".
2822:
8005:
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7098:
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6643:
6425:
3504:"Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia, established in 1979 — City Farmer News"
2420:
2405:
2053:. Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local
2038:
1726:
1550:
development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity.
1489:
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1342:
567:
393:
329:
302:
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1782:
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's
1292:
The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional
953:. These groups benefited from a great number of vacant lots, left behind during a period of
897:
emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.
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7301:
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5935:
5772:
5427:
5049:
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4948:
4921:
4411:
3808:
3459:
3216:
Feagan, Robert (2007). "The Place of Food: Mapping out the 'local' in Local Food Systems".
3105:
2885:
2239:
2153:
1942:
1919:
1803:
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1583:(UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and
1467:
1111:
978:
764:
517:
470:
139:
6185:
5867:
Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities
2676:
Continuous productive urban landscapes: designing urban agriculture for sustainable cities
1615:
The needs of urban landscaping can be combined with those of suburban livestock farmers. (
1587:
of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the
60:
8:
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7649:
7205:
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7058:
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6996:
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Designed for Disease: The Link Between Local Food Environments and Obesity and Diabetes.
4538:
2500:
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2050:
1938:
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485:
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Tong, Zheming; Whitlow, Thomas H.; Landers, Andrew; Flanner, Benjamin (1 January 2016).
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Procedia Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Synergies from Buildings to the Urban Scale
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3718:"A LITTLE HISTORY ON THE MOST RECENT EVOLUTION OF VERTICAL, URBAN FARMING IN SINGAPORE"
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307:
189:
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5003:
4576:
4469:
4127:"Agroecology as a territory in dispute: between institutionality and social movements"
3135:"The Paleo paradox: Re-wilding as a health strategy across scales in the anthropocene"
2322:
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor.
1701:
7910:
7736:
7731:
7440:
7225:
7173:
6895:
6467:
6415:
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4520:
4433:
4377:
4338:
4304:
4257:
4220:
4208:
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4104:
4073:"Impacts of Urban Agriculture on the Determinants of Health: Scoping Review Protocol"
4049:
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3915:
3891:
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3859:
3836:
3751:
3743:
3485:
3477:
2920:
2689:
2679:
2621:
2613:
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Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure.
2330:
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and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption.
1596:
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609:
557:
527:
376:
319:
282:
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5607:
5600:
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5348:
4807:
Alaimo, K., Beavers, A.W., Crawford, C. et al. Curr Envir Health Rpt (2016) 3: 302.
4316:
4269:
4172:
Katz, Michael (2015). "What Kind of Problem Is Poverty? The Archeology of an Idea".
4057:
3171:
2590:
2295:
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland.
2077:
can also promote worker protection and consumer rights. For example, communities in
1830:
can benefit human health. Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce
1455:
Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly
1385:
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7993:
7967:
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7485:
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7011:
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4045:
4020:
3960:
3923:
3905:
3826:
3816:
3467:
3225:
3150:
3146:
3113:
3094:"Reframing urban "wildlife" to promote inclusive conservation science and practice"
3067:
2975:
2945:
2893:
2515:
2430:
2396:
2326:
2289:
2285:
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production instead of sitting unused
2189:
productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent
2169:
1915:
1909:
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1600:
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245:
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4204:
4187:
Borras, Saturnino M.; Franco, Jennifer C.; Suárez, Sofía Monsalve (4 March 2015).
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projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space.
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Built-Up Encroachment and the Urban Field: A Comparison of Forty European Cities.
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2004:
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1317:
958:
918:
913:
383:
93:
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infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and
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7605:
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1980:
1959:
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of foodstuffs. According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the
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838:
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371:
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7686:
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7583:
7570:
7545:
7525:
7495:
7220:
7188:
6966:
6774:
6633:
6608:
6452:
6410:
6355:
6313:
5800:
5401:
5366:
5277:
5259:
5069:
4968:
4655:
4584:
4524:
4108:
3937:
3840:
3489:
2485:
2465:
2205:
2185:
2137:
Rooftop urban farming at the Food Roof Farm in downtown St. Louis, Missouri
2058:
2022:
1664:
1588:
1463:
1369:
1352:
1226:
1172:
1140:
1118:
1103:
1053:
1024:
878:
819:
594:
552:
497:
455:
412:
388:
5745:
5186:
4284:
3673:"Aquaponics: A Brief History of This Integrated Fish & Veggies System"
2618:
Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture
7798:
7793:
7578:
7465:
7460:
7450:
7445:
7373:
7363:
7138:
7103:
7083:
7048:
7016:
6764:
6699:
6682:
6655:
6628:
6613:
6589:
6462:
6303:
6231:
5569:, PolicyLink, and the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. April 2008.
4497:
Wakefield, S.; Yeudall, F.; Taron, C.; Reynolds, J.; Skinner, A. (2007).
4449:"Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture, Household Food Security and Nutrition"
4300:
4089:
3629:"ComCrop - Singapore's first and only commercial rooftop farming company"
2425:
2224:
2209:
2149:
2054:
1930:
1787:
1514:
1509:
1497:
1390:
1357:
1300:
1282:
1264:
1260:
1237:
1230:
1199:
1160:
1156:
1082:
1019:
811:
803:
795:
604:
430:
420:
361:
346:
255:
240:
214:
108:
6099:
3376:
3055:
1595:, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of
7515:
7398:
7333:
7318:
7276:
7153:
7053:
6457:
6405:
6400:
6283:
5168:
2520:
2435:
2220:
2101:
1905:
1760:
1639:
1405:
1401:
1374:
1361:
1338:
1308:
1304:
1241:
1203:
1187:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1125:
1074:
1032:
1007:
961:. Social and environmental justice groups, such as New York City based
846:
599:
547:
542:
435:
425:
314:
292:
287:
5922:
Rojas-Valencia, M.N.; Velásquez, M.T. Orta de; Franco, Víctor (2011).
5439:
3580:
1263:
can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting
7962:
7925:
7872:
7852:
7847:
7505:
6991:
6978:
6970:
6665:
6395:
4236:"Re-thinking agrarian reform, land and territory in La Via Campesina"
3797:"A review on urban agriculture: technology, socio-economy and policy"
2201:
2165:
2161:
2127:
1811:
1563:
1459:
1251:
992:
842:
537:
5966:
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
5923:
5761:"A case study of air quality above an urban roof top vegetable farm"
5160:
5037:
4936:
3980:"Urban and Agriculture Communities: Opportunities for Common Ground"
3472:
3447:
3363:
Patman, Suzanne (Winter 2015). "A New Direction in Garden History".
2871:
2869:
7821:
7748:
7676:
7413:
7288:
7078:
6360:
5305:
3744:"Vertical farms, building a viable indoor farming model for cities"
2556:
2475:
2445:
2142:
2082:
1976:
834:
502:
4448:
2219:
Tomato plants growing in a pot farming alongside a small house in
1668:
A vegetable garden in the square in front of the train station in
1611:
7930:
7892:
7882:
7758:
7393:
7283:
6714:
6670:
6638:
5657:
4499:"Growing urban health: Community gardening in South-East Toronto"
2866:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2440:
2243:
2196:
2173:
2009:
1984:
1934:
1656:
This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local
1293:
1086:
1049:
966:
905:
351:
297:
98:
4668:
1971:
provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings.
1333:
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:
7622:
7615:
7610:
7026:
6692:
6618:
6288:
6278:
6186:
Water, Land, and Health of Urban and Peri-Urban food production
6170:
5719:, "Sick of Poverty," Scientific American, Dec. 2005, pp: 93-99.
4364:
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development
3060:
Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development
2763:
2761:
2133:
2070:
1657:
1616:
1236:
In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as
1195:
1191:
866:
830:
250:
6200:
5689:
4335:
Agroecology and the search for a truly sustainable agriculture
3979:
3699:"The Full History of Vertical Farming: When Did It All Start?"
3529:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places - Smithsonian"
2776:
2770:
To dwell is to garden: a history of Boston's community gardens
2580:
1222:
densely populated urban areas with limited land availability.
7711:
6709:
5921:
5534:
4496:
3982:. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology
3853:
3041:
Planning for Equitable Urban Agriculture in the United States
2790:. City bountiful: a century of community gardening in America
2616:. In Rosin, Christopher; Stock, Paul; Campbell, Hugh (eds.).
1835:
1823:
1669:
1155:
is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines
1023:
A cow at Mudchute Park and Farm, Tower Hamlets, London. Note
870:
822:
in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from
366:
5460:
4622:"How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs"
4070:
2758:
2069:
rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of
1817:
1289:
such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability.
7632:
7247:
6600:
6390:
2634:
from the original on 1 April 2024 – via ResearchGate.
2228:
1299:
In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like
826:, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs.
799:
532:
232:
5241:
2913:"Victory Gardens Were More About Solidarity Than Survival"
2581:
Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. & Ingombe, L. (September 2009).
7560:
5758:
5692:
Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability
5641:
Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability
5616:
Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability
5330:
4447:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4071:
Audate, PP; Fernandez, MA; Cloutier, G; Lebel, A (2018).
3313:
2647:"Fifth of global food-related emissions due to transport"
4337:(1st ed.). United Nations Environmental Programme.
4125:
Giraldo, Omar Felipe; Rosset, Peter M. (19 March 2018).
3858:. New York, N.Y.: United Nations Development Programme.
3794:
2823:"The School Garden | National Agricultural Library"
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2104:
which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s,
1749:, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road.
5963:
5138:
5136:
3658:
food and africulture organization of the united nations
2015:
1031:
There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in
969:, Boston-based Urban Gardeners, and Philadelphia-based
6135:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–217.
5824:
Murphy, Kate. "For Urban Gardeners, Lead Is a Concern"
3628:
1705:
Edible oyster mushrooms growing on used coffee grounds
5578:
5413:
5411:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4360:"No Buts About It…The Value of Urban Food Production"
3856:
Urban agriculture: food, jobs, and sustainable cities
2732:
1872:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1814:
can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon.
6128:
5959:
5957:
5301:
5299:
5133:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4819:
4728:"What's the Real Cost of Raising Backyard Chickens?"
3264:"What's the Difference Between a Garden and a Farm?"
2372:
5417:
3091:
3038:
904:called on outlying citizens of a depression-struck
6047:
5408:
5289:
5287:
4706:"Urban Agriculture – Why It Has a Positive Impact"
4485:
4186:
2946:"Open Space Management Mission: Community Gardens"
1677:consumption while supplying more for market sale.
806:. The term also applies to the area activities of
6080:"GM expanding urban gardening program in Detroit"
6054:. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 118–119.
5954:
5638:
5296:
4982:Mayer, Helmut (1999). "Air pollution in cities".
4889:
3053:
2231:grew over 700 tomatoes during the summer of 2013.
1139:A tidy front yard flower and vegetable garden in
937:A very similar practice came into use during the
8043:
6171:Federation of City Farms & Community Gardens
6122:"URBACT - Sustainable food in urban communities"
6077:
5613:
3421:"Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens"
3019:
1965:
1368:Today, some cities have much vacant land due to
888:A gardening demonstration in New York City, 1922
5865:André Viljoen, Katrin Bohn and Joe Howe, 2005,
5284:
5242:Passchier-Vermeer, W.; Passchier, W.F. (2000).
5038:"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement"
4937:"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement"
2557:"Food for the Cities: Production systems (UPA)"
6965:
5839:
5507:
5420:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
5379:
5201:"Managing Urban Runoff | Polluted Runoff"
4885:http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/leopold_pubspapers/3
4176:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 39–78.
3715:
3577:"NYC DEP - Green Infrastructure Grant Program"
2673:
2288:The use of wastewater for irrigation improves
1069:The Project Eats Rooftop Farm in New York City
6951:
6216:
6107:City Farm Grows Jobs, Knowledge, and Tomatoes
5767:. Special Issue: Urban Health and Wellbeing.
5727:
5725:
5535:USDA; Economic Research Service (June 2009).
5306:Bellows, Anne C.; Katherine Brown; Jac Smit.
4124:
4035:
3977:
3716:Klein-Hessling, Dr. Hermann (11 March 2021).
3196:
1285:plants indoors, free from the constraints of
772:
7827:List of organic gardening and farming topics
6191:Turning Shipping Containers Into Urban Farms
5567:California Center for Public Health Advocacy
5463:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
5382:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
4756:FAO. (1999). "Issues in Urban Agriculture",
3978:Butler, L.; Moronek, D.M., eds. (May 2002).
3950:
2589:. Global Development Network. Archived from
1638:UPA can be seen as a means of improving the
5897:
5145:"Absorbing possibilities: Phytoremediation"
4858:"Eat Locally, Ease Climate Change Globally"
4114:http://www.researchprotocols.org/2018/3/e89
3604:"New Rooftop Farms to Sprout in Singapore!"
2574:
2152:, much like that of the eighteenth-century
1488:is accompanied by the related movements of
6958:
6944:
6223:
6209:
6006:
5722:
5710:
5581:Journal of Planning Education and Research
4829:Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
3994:
3898:International Journal for Equity in Health
3854:Smit, Jac; Ratta, Annu; Nasr, Joe (1996).
3741:
2910:
2168:. Other community garden projects use the
1723:Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
779:
765:
59:. Please do not remove this message until
6050:Public Produce: The New Urban Agriculture
5356:
5267:
5176:
4809:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0105-0
4645:
4562:
4514:
4423:
4371:
4251:
4098:
4088:
3927:
3909:
3830:
3820:
3771:"The future of farming is moving indoors"
3742:Despommier, Dickson (24 September 2019).
3471:
3117:
2955:. Boston Parks and Recreation Department.
1892:Learn how and when to remove this message
1818:Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
1198:, who practiced a form of this method by
1102:An early city farm was set up in 1972 in
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
5731:
4626:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
4397:
4357:
3261:
2749:
2674:André, Viljoen; Howe, Joe, eds. (2005).
2611:
2214:
2195:
2132:
2121:
2032:
1868:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1754:
1700:
1663:
1610:
1557:
1395:
1384:
1328:
1134:
1064:
1018:
924:
883:
92:
55:Relevant discussion may be found on the
6045:
5703:
5701:
5541:Administrative Publication No. (AP-036)
5237:
5235:
5103:Journal of Hazardous Substance Research
4332:
3670:
1841:
1259:showcases how innovative approaches to
1210:tank, completing the sustainable loop.
14:
8044:
5308:"Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture"
4282:
4233:
4000:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3768:
3722:Association for Vertical Farming (AVF)
3696:
3601:
3445:
3362:
3215:
3132:
2875:
2787:
2767:
2003:Using high-density urban farming with
6939:
6204:
5859:
5807:
5512:"Large Scale Urban agriculture Essay"
5142:
5100:
4981:
4703:
4697:
4619:
4393:
4391:
4328:
4326:
3262:Crawford, Andrea (12 February 2014).
3039:Lipman and Campbell (20 March 2024).
2911:Steinhauer, Jennifer (15 July 2020).
2644:
2240:Garden Resource Program Collaborative
1147:
959:make these vacant lots more appealing
8012:
6907:
5698:
5232:
5035:
4934:
4171:
4077:Journal of Medical Internet Research
3671:Bradley, Kirsten (19 January 2014).
3242:
3022:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations
2992:
2965:
2669:
2667:
2551:
2549:
2016:Health inequalities and food justice
1845:
1696:
955:post-war urban to suburban migration
29:
8024:
6919:
6110:, article about Chicago's City Farm
6078:Wayland, Michael (29 August 2013).
5840:Schultz, Colin (13 February 2014).
5508:Tom Bosschaert (15 December 2007).
4603:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
4227:
3880:
3314:"European Federation of City Farms"
2176:Gardens use this model, as did the
1998:
1777:
1213:
24:
6770:Environmental impact of irrigation
6114:
6102:(2 April 2007). New York Magazine.
5665:"Growing Food and Justice for All"
5244:"Noise exposure and public health"
4543:Out & About Greater Wilmington
4388:
4323:
4283:Rosset, Peter (28 February 2011).
3446:Lawson, Laura (22 December 2016).
2827:USDA National Agricultural Library
2612:Thornton, Alan (9 December 2013).
1948:
1794:) and release breathable oxygen (O
1190:can be traced back to the ancient
1128:rooftop farms (which also rely on
25:
8068:
6176:European Federation of City Farms
6164:
5248:Environmental Health Perspectives
5149:Environmental Health Perspectives
4620:Young, Simon N. (November 2007).
2792:. University of California Press.
2664:
2546:
2411:Asset-based community development
2200:Urban agriculture project in the
2156:. One such community farm is the
2111:
1503:
1447:(CFSC) defines food security as:
1445:Community Food Security Coalition
27:Farming in cities and urban areas
8023:
8011:
8000:
7999:
7987:
6918:
6906:
6894:
6883:
6882:
6039:
6000:
5915:
5906:
5872:
5833:
5817:
5752:
5683:
5572:
5559:
5528:
5501:
5481:
5454:
4358:Weissman, Evan (25 March 2013).
4050:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00291.x
3133:Leiper, Chelsea (October 2019).
2820:
2772:. Northeastern University Press.
2389:
2375:
1850:
1769:Energy efficiency in agriculture
1431:
1380:
1077:, that have people working with
748:
115:
34:
6838:Agriculture and the environment
6575:British Agricultural Revolution
6230:
5618:. MIT Press. pp. 149–177.
5497:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.004
5373:
5349:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.044
5324:
5215:
5193:
5113:
5094:
5085:
5076:
5029:
5010:
4975:
4928:
4906:
4876:
4850:
4820:Pirog, R.; A. Benjamin (2003).
4813:
4801:
4781:
4763:
4750:
4734:. 29 March 2015. Archived from
4720:
4662:
4613:
4591:
4556:
4531:
4463:
4440:
4351:
4276:
4180:
4165:
4118:
4029:
4013:
3971:
3944:
3847:
3788:
3762:
3735:
3709:
3690:
3664:
3646:
3621:
3602:Swartz, Joe (2 February 2018).
3595:
3569:
3539:
3521:
3496:
3439:
3413:
3391:"The Severn Project, Our Story"
3383:
3356:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3255:
3236:
3209:
3190:
3164:
3126:
3085:
3047:
3032:
3013:
2986:
2959:
2938:
2904:
2848:"Gardening for the Common Good"
2840:
2814:
2796:
2678:. Oxford: Architectural Press.
2620:. Routledge. pp. 203–218.
2416:Building-integrated agriculture
2383:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1713:system is accountable for high
1566:glass jar with mung beans in it
1400:Tomato plant at Roof garden in
1323:
1273:
798:, processing, and distributing
794:refers to various practices of
734:Agriculture and the environment
200:British Agricultural Revolution
6782:Climate change and agriculture
6555:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
5694:. MIT Press. pp. 197–221.
5643:. MIT Press. pp. 89–121.
4503:Health Promotion International
4472:Journal of Nutrition Education
4131:The Journal of Peasant Studies
3769:Lutkin, Aimee (7 March 2018).
3448:"Agriculture: Sowing the city"
3151:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.05.015
2750:Sundberg, Todd (Spring 2018).
2700:
2638:
2605:
2533:
2254:farmers' market in Los Angeles
2073:in lower socioeconomic areas.
2037:Urban agriculture may advance
180:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
13:
1:
6129:Pinderhughes, Raquel (2004).
5928:Agricultural Water Management
5869:, Oxford: Architectural Press
5489:Social Science & Medicine
5475:10.1016/s0002-8223(08)70150-0
5337:Social Science & Medicine
5004:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00144-2
4704:Hales, Steve (26 July 2016).
4577:10.1016/S1353-8292(00)00013-7
4398:Smit, Jac; Nasr, Joe (1992).
4205:10.1080/01436597.2015.1029225
4143:10.1080/03066150.2017.1353496
3822:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11583
3748:Field Actions Science Reports
3339:"P-Patch Community Gardening"
3098:Biodiversity and Conservation
2993:Kerr, Laura (30 April 2007).
2768:Warner, Sam Bass Jr. (1987).
2645:Smith, Loren (21 June 2022).
2527:
2339:
2075:Sustainable urban agriculture
1966:Nutrition and quality of food
1014:
951:African-American Civil Rights
6560:Arab Agricultural Revolution
6033:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.10.001
5986:10.1080/13504509.2011.570803
5785:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.006
5491:, vol. 144, 2015, pp. 1–8.,
5062:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029
4961:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029
4539:"The Greening of Wilmington"
4404:Environment and Urbanization
4253:10.1080/03066150.2013.826654
4025:10.1080/13549839.2010.487529
3965:10.1016/j.cities.2011.06.003
3092:Egerer and Buchholz (2021).
2541:Community Food Security News
1960:reduction in noise pollution
1206:during the 1970s and 1980s.
931:Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis
185:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
7858:Index of pesticide articles
6007:McClintock, Nathan (2012).
5948:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.04.005
5514:, Except Consultancy, 2007"
4373:10.5304/jafscd.2013.032.014
4234:Rosset, Peter (July 2013).
4189:"Land and food sovereignty"
3750:(Special Issue 20): 68–73.
3654:"Fisheries and Aquaculture"
3218:Progress in Human Geography
3072:10.5304/jafscd.2012.031.013
2804:"Hazen S. Pingree Monument"
2368:
2267:
2158:Collingwood Children's Farm
2118:Urban agriculture by region
1574:
1229:and the growing demand for
1108:Collingwood Children's Farm
61:conditions to do so are met
10:
8073:
7002:Climate-friendly gardening
6520:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
5394:10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.015
4425:10.1177/095624789200400214
4240:Journal of Peasant Studies
3911:10.1186/s12939-020-01330-0
3119:10.1007/s10531-021-02182-y
3054:Meenar and Hoover (2012).
2115:
1766:
1507:
1435:
1038:
860:
853:, thereby contributing to
145:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
7981:
7903:
7878:Plant disease forecasting
7840:
7832:Vegan organic agriculture
7807:
7682:Genetically modified tree
7569:
7112:
6977:
6879:
6870:Universities and colleges
6846:
6790:
6738:
6599:
6503:
6490:Universities and colleges
6302:
6295:
6261:
6238:
5228:10.1007/s40572-016-0105-0
5036:Rowe, D. Bradley (2011).
4935:Rowe, D. Bradley (2011).
4683:10.1080/02614360902769894
3547:"Department of Buildings"
3245:"Emerging Food Movements"
2999:Geography Honors Projects
2968:Transforming Anthropology
2953:Open Space Plan 2002-2006
2754:. University of Delaware.
2543:. Fall 1999/Winter 2000:6
1920:soil being decontaminated
1606:
1553:
1536:ecological sustainability
1004:sustainable food networks
1000:alternative food networks
855:climate change mitigation
672:Universities and colleges
632:Universities and colleges
6855:Agriculturist profession
6334:Agricultural engineering
6319:Agricultural cooperative
6071:
6046:Nordahl, Darrin (2009).
5593:10.1177/0739456X08317461
5023:12 February 2017 at the
4333:Altieri, Miguel (2005).
3230:10.1177/0309132507073527
3178:. USEPA. 4 December 2015
2980:10.1525/tran.1998.7.2.35
2898:10.1177/1474474012451543
2461:Metropolitan agriculture
2258:Boulevard Richard-Lenoir
1060:
851:greenhouse gas emissions
657:Agriculturist profession
476:Agricultural engineering
461:Agricultural cooperative
8057:Sustainable food system
6760:Agricultural wastewater
6485:Sustainable food system
6480:Sustainable agriculture
6371:Animal-free agriculture
6339:Agricultural technology
5765:Environmental Pollution
5042:Environmental Pollution
4984:Atmospheric Environment
4941:Environmental Pollution
3703:vertical farming planet
3249:Body and Soul Australia
2491:Subsistence agriculture
1287:traditional agriculture
627:Sustainable food system
622:Sustainable agriculture
513:Animal-free agriculture
481:Agricultural technology
7817:Biodynamic agriculture
7754:Postharvest physiology
7702:Landscape architecture
7399:Indonesian home garden
6860:Agricultural machinery
6818:History of agriculture
6803:Agriculture by country
6798:Agricultural machinery
6755:Agricultural pollution
6750:Agricultural expansion
6525:Austronesian expansion
6438:Mechanised agriculture
5260:10.1289/ehp.00108s1123
4758:FAO Spotlight Magazine
4174:Territories of Poverty
2788:Lawson, Laura (2005).
2496:Terraces (agriculture)
2232:
2212:
2138:
2130:
2126:A small urban farm in
1764:
1711:industrial agriculture
1706:
1673:
1654:
1620:
1581:Peri-urban agriculture
1567:
1540:indigenous sovereignty
1453:
1418:
1408:
1393:
1348:
1144:
1070:
1043:Many communities make
1028:
934:
889:
869:'s semi-desert towns,
824:peri-urban agriculture
755:Agriculture portal
714:History of agriculture
699:Agriculture by country
694:Agricultural machinery
662:Agricultural machinery
580:Mechanised agriculture
150:Austronesian expansion
102:
7064:Historic conservation
6865:Government ministries
6808:Agriculture companies
6644:Convertible husbandry
6324:Agricultural supplies
6274:Agricultural Engineer
6095:Farming Goes Vertical
5746:10.1089/env.2009.0001
5734:Environmental Justice
5543:: 160. Archived from
4924:on 28 September 2013.
4794:14 April 2018 at the
4516:10.1093/heapro/dam001
4193:Third World Quarterly
3697:Piechowiak, Mateusz.
3289:"USDA ERS - Glossary"
3243:Meryment, Elizabeth.
2421:Ecological sanitation
2406:Allotment (gardening)
2218:
2199:
2136:
2125:
2116:Further information:
2039:environmental justice
2033:Environmental justice
1812:remain green all year
1758:
1727:Iowa State University
1704:
1667:
1649:
1614:
1561:
1472:environmental justice
1449:
1413:
1399:
1388:
1335:
1329:Resource and economic
1281:is a method involves
1138:
1114:, farmed since 1838.
1068:
1022:
1008:local food movements.
928:
887:
704:Agriculture companies
667:Government ministries
466:Agricultural supplies
303:Convertible husbandry
96:
7994:Gardening portal
7893:Aquamog weed remover
7868:List of insecticides
6515:Neolithic Revolution
6376:Cellular agriculture
6329:Agricultural science
4777:on 18 December 2007.
4716:on 29 December 2019.
4609:on 5 September 2017.
4479:16 July 2007 at the
4301:10.1057/dev.2010.102
4090:10.2196/resprot.9427
4038:Sociological Inquiry
3775:world economic forum
3395:thesevernproject.org
3001:. Macalester College
2878:Cultural Geographies
2808:historicdetroit.org/
2651:University of Sidney
1943:total organic carbon
1861:factual accuracy is
1842:Soil decontamination
1804:Carbon Sequestration
1773:Efficient energy use
1468:institutional racism
1343:intensive production
518:Cellular agriculture
471:Agricultural science
140:Neolithic Revolution
6025:2012AppGe..35..460M
5978:2011IJSDW..18..226B
5940:2011AgWM...98.1388R
5777:2016EPoll.208..256T
5432:2007JSFA...87..930R
5054:2011EPoll.159.2100R
4996:1999AtmEn..33.4029M
4953:2011EPoll.159.2100R
4914:"Urban Agriculture"
4862:The Washington Post
4416:1992EnUrb...4..141S
3813:2022Heliy...811583Y
3557:on 13 February 2016
3464:2016Natur.540..522L
3172:"Urban Agriculture"
3110:2021BiCon..30.2255E
2890:2012CuGeo..19..483N
2501:Underground farming
2451:Guerrilla gardening
2051:deindustrialization
1939:soil organic matter
1737:than the local and
1524:Transdisciplinarity
1314:Artificial lighting
1246:artificial lighting
1045:community gardening
849:, leading to lower
399:Steam sterilization
48:of this article is
7863:List of fungicides
7628:Companion planting
6649:Rotational grazing
6565:Columbian exchange
5884:The World from PRX
5828:The New York Times
4990:(24–25): 4029–37.
4947:(8–9): 2100–2110.
4565:Health & Place
3533:smithsonianmag.com
2917:The New York Times
2506:Urban horticulture
2233:
2213:
2178:South Central Farm
2139:
2131:
2087:Richmond, Virginia
1828:particulate matter
1765:
1739:regional transport
1707:
1674:
1629:social interaction
1621:
1568:
1532:gender empowerment
1422:sustainable design
1409:
1394:
1177:resource-efficient
1148:Aquaponics systems
1145:
1071:
1029:
1027:in the background.
971:Philadelphia Green
935:
890:
308:Rotational grazing
190:Columbian exchange
103:
8052:Urban agriculture
8039:
8038:
7911:Community orchard
7737:drought tolerance
6933:
6932:
6494:Urban agriculture
6468:Rice-duck farming
6416:Intensive farming
6386:Extensive farming
6061:978-1-59726-588-1
6013:Applied Geography
5771:(Pt A): 256–260.
5440:10.1002/jsfa.2825
5143:Black, H (1995).
3458:(7634): 522–524.
2331:Sarasota, Florida
2327:Community centers
1953:Large amounts of
1916:Phytoremeditation
1902:
1901:
1894:
1822:The reduction in
1802:. The process of
1697:Energy efficiency
1597:food distribution
1097:local authorities
1052:. The grassroots
895:Allotment gardens
873:were fed through
792:Urban agriculture
789:
788:
637:Urban agriculture
610:Rice-duck farming
558:Intensive farming
528:Extensive farming
97:An urban farm in
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
8064:
8027:
8026:
8015:
8014:
8003:
8002:
7992:
7991:
7968:Plant collecting
7904:Related articles
7841:Plant protection
7022:French intensive
6960:
6953:
6946:
6937:
6936:
6922:
6921:
6910:
6909:
6898:
6886:
6885:
6730:Wildlife farming
6580:Green Revolution
6531:Ancient history
6473:Rice-fish system
6381:Contract farming
6366:Animal husbandry
6225:
6218:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6125:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5876:
5870:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5837:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5729:
5720:
5717:Sapolsky, Robert
5714:
5708:
5705:
5696:
5695:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5671:on 15 March 2013
5667:. Archived from
5661:
5655:
5654:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5576:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5505:
5499:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5239:
5230:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5140:
5131:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5048:(8–9): 2100–10.
5033:
5027:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4920:. Archived from
4910:
4904:
4898:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4831:. Archived from
4826:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4773:. Archived from
4767:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4712:. Archived from
4701:
4695:
4694:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4605:. Archived from
4595:
4589:
4588:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4494:
4483:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4375:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4255:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4033:
4027:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3913:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3583:on 15 March 2014
3579:. Archived from
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3553:. Archived from
3543:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3397:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3380:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3293:www.ers.usda.gov
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3104:(7): 2255–2266.
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2713:. Archived from
2712:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:on 14 April 2018
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2516:Vertical farming
2431:Forest gardening
2399:
2397:Gardening portal
2394:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2290:water management
2250:Farmers' markets
2170:allotment garden
1999:Economy of scale
1977:soluble vitamins
1910:Phytoremediation
1897:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:reliably sourced
1854:
1853:
1846:
1784:carbon footprint
1778:Carbon footprint
1625:community health
1601:community garden
1589:creation of jobs
1494:food sovereignty
1360:. Additionally,
1257:vertical farming
1219:Vertical farming
1214:Vertical farming
1130:vertical farming
965:, Seattle-based
939:Great Depression
902:Hazen S. Pingree
808:animal husbandry
781:
774:
767:
753:
752:
751:
615:Rice-fish system
523:Contract farming
508:Animal husbandry
246:Animal husbandry
205:Green Revolution
156:Ancient history
119:
105:
104:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8035:
7986:
7977:
7973:Turf management
7958:Lists of plants
7953:List of gardens
7899:
7836:
7803:
7565:
7115:
7108:
6973:
6964:
6934:
6929:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6842:
6833:Poultry farming
6786:
6741:
6734:
6705:Poultry farming
6595:
6571:Modern history
6551:Post-classical
6499:
6498:
6497:
6443:Organic farming
6298:
6297:
6293:
6257:
6234:
6229:
6167:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6120:
6117:
6115:Further reading
6085:
6083:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6044:
6040:
6019:(1–2): 460–73.
6005:
6001:
5962:
5955:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5838:
5834:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5757:
5753:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5612:
5608:
5577:
5573:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5547:on 6 April 2013
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5510:"Bosschaert, T
5506:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5459:
5455:
5416:
5409:
5378:
5374:
5343:(11): 1853–63.
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5240:
5233:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5203:. Water.epa.gov
5199:
5198:
5194:
5161:10.2307/3432605
5141:
5134:
5118:
5114:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5034:
5030:
5025:Wayback Machine
5015:
5011:
4980:
4976:
4933:
4929:
4918:Delta Institute
4912:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4796:Wayback Machine
4786:
4782:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4738:on 2 April 2015
4726:
4725:
4721:
4702:
4698:
4671:Leisure Studies
4667:
4663:
4618:
4614:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4495:
4486:
4481:Wayback Machine
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4441:
4396:
4389:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4331:
4324:
4281:
4277:
4232:
4228:
4185:
4181:
4170:
4166:
4123:
4119:
4069:
4065:
4034:
4030:
4018:
4014:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3949:
3945:
3890:
3881:
3866:
3852:
3848:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3763:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3710:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3508:cityfarmer.info
3502:
3501:
3497:
3473:10.1038/540522a
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3214:
3210:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3131:
3127:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2909:
2905:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2748:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2720:on 19 July 2011
2717:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2686:
2672:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2471:Rooftop gardens
2395:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2342:
2270:
2236:Food processing
2191:kitchen gardens
2120:
2114:
2106:vehicle exhaust
2066:
2035:
2018:
2001:
1968:
1955:noise pollution
1951:
1949:Noise pollution
1898:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1867:
1859:This section's
1855:
1851:
1844:
1832:mortality rates
1820:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1780:
1775:
1748:
1736:
1731:tractor-trailer
1699:
1609:
1577:
1556:
1512:
1506:
1440:
1434:
1383:
1331:
1326:
1276:
1268:food production
1216:
1186:The origins of
1181:food production
1171:, making it an
1150:
1063:
1041:
1017:
963:Green Guerillas
919:victory gardens
863:
785:
749:
747:
742:
741:
740:
739:
738:
729:Poultry farming
686:
678:
677:
676:
651:
643:
642:
641:
585:Organic farming
450:
442:
441:
440:
415:
405:
404:
403:
235:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
196:Modern history
176:Post-classical
129:
85:
74:
68:
65:
54:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8070:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7948:Garden tourism
7945:
7940:
7938:Groundskeeping
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7813:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7727:free-flowering
7724:
7719:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7044:Groundskeeping
7041:
7040:
7039:
7037:computer-aided
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6963:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6661:Insect farming
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6540:Ancient Greece
6537:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6165:External links
6163:
6162:
6161:
6141:
6126:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6097:
6092:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6038:
5999:
5953:
5934:(9): 1388–94.
5914:
5905:
5896:
5871:
5858:
5832:
5830:. 13 May 2009.
5816:
5806:
5751:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5682:
5656:
5649:
5631:
5624:
5606:
5571:
5558:
5527:
5500:
5480:
5453:
5407:
5372:
5323:
5295:
5283:
5254:(1): 123–131.
5231:
5214:
5192:
5155:(12): 1106–8.
5132:
5112:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5028:
5009:
4974:
4927:
4905:
4888:
4875:
4864:. 9 March 2008
4849:
4838:on 14 May 2012
4812:
4800:
4780:
4762:
4749:
4732:UrbanFarmingHQ
4719:
4710:My Green Hobby
4696:
4661:
4632:(6): 394–399.
4612:
4590:
4555:
4530:
4484:
4462:
4439:
4410:(2): 141–152.
4387:
4350:
4343:
4322:
4275:
4246:(4): 721–775.
4226:
4199:(3): 600–617.
4179:
4164:
4137:(3): 545–564.
4117:
4063:
4044:(3): 289–305.
4028:
4012:
3993:
3970:
3943:
3879:
3864:
3846:
3807:(11): e11583.
3787:
3761:
3734:
3708:
3689:
3663:
3645:
3620:
3594:
3568:
3538:
3520:
3495:
3438:
3412:
3401:on 16 May 2018
3382:
3371:(2): 273–283.
3365:Garden History
3355:
3330:
3305:
3280:
3268:Slate Magazine
3254:
3235:
3208:
3189:
3163:
3125:
3084:
3066:(1): 143–160.
3046:
3031:
3012:
2985:
2958:
2937:
2903:
2884:(4): 483–504.
2865:
2852:library.si.edu
2839:
2813:
2795:
2775:
2757:
2731:
2699:
2684:
2663:
2637:
2626:
2604:
2573:
2545:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Urban forestry
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Sheet mulching
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2386:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2266:
2252:, such as the
2182:Garden sharing
2113:
2112:Implementation
2110:
2064:
2034:
2031:
2017:
2014:
2005:vertical farms
2000:
1997:
1967:
1964:
1950:
1947:
1900:
1899:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1800:photosynthesis
1795:
1791:
1779:
1776:
1746:
1734:
1719:transportation
1698:
1695:
1608:
1605:
1576:
1573:
1555:
1552:
1528:social justice
1508:Main article:
1505:
1504:Agroecological
1502:
1436:Main article:
1433:
1430:
1382:
1379:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:photosynthesis
1279:Indoor farming
1275:
1272:
1215:
1212:
1149:
1146:
1124:In Singapore,
1062:
1059:
1040:
1037:
1016:
1013:
988:Hmong American
914:Woodrow Wilson
862:
859:
787:
786:
784:
783:
776:
769:
761:
758:
757:
744:
743:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
618:
617:
612:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
494:
493:
488:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Slash-and-burn
381:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
317:
312:
311:
310:
305:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
243:
237:
236:
231:
230:
227:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
192:
187:
182:
174:
173:
172:
167:
165:Ancient Greece
162:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
133:
132:
131:
130:
125:
124:
121:
120:
112:
111:
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8069:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8032:
8031:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8010:
8008:
8007:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7943:Garden centre
7941:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7921:Floral design
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7787:reforestation
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7697:Intercropping
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7638:most valuable
7636:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:Arboriculture
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7199:Garden square
7197:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7129:Ancient Egypt
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7032:Garden design
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6956:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6927:
6926:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6881:
6878:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Meat industry
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:Biotechnology
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6740:Environmental
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6720:Sheep farming
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Dairy farming
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6601:Farming Types
6598:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6535:Ancient Egypt
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Paludiculture
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6349:Biotechnology
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:Agriculturist
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6159:0-7425-2366-7
6156:
6144:
6142:9780742523678
6138:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6063:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:(3): 226–35.
5971:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5909:
5900:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5726:
5718:
5713:
5704:
5702:
5693:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5650:9780262300223
5646:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5625:9780262300223
5621:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5587:(4): 469–82.
5586:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:(6): 930–44.
5425:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5309:
5302:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5202:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:(2): 207–19.
4676:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4571:(4): 319–27.
4570:
4566:
4559:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4509:(2): 92–101.
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4466:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4344:9789687913353
4340:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3865:9789211260472
3861:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3427:. 4 July 2014
3426:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3319:
3318:cityfarms.org
3315:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3177:
3176:www.usepa.gov
3173:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:. Dan Austin.
2809:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:9780750655439
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2627:9780415712606
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Market garden
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2262:Paris, France
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:Boston Common
2151:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:New York City
2076:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:ascorbic acid
1978:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1645:self-efficacy
1641:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:urban poverty
1590:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:participation
1542:, and public
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:food security
1484:The issue of
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1438:Food security
1432:Food security
1429:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1381:Environmental
1378:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1092:food security
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
989:
983:
980:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
940:
932:
927:
923:
920:
915:
910:
907:
903:
898:
896:
886:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:food security
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
760:
759:
756:
746:
745:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Meat industry
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:Biotechnology
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
682:
681:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
647:
646:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Paludiculture
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:
491:Biotechnology
489:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
446:
445:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
372:Sharecropping
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
229:
228:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Ancient Egypt
158:
157:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
128:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
95:
91:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
52:
51:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8028:
8016:
8004:
7985:
7888:Weed control
7777:horticulture
7771:
7707:Olericulture
7687:Hydroculture
7677:Fruticulture
7655:Floriculture
7598:
7584:Permaculture
7571:Horticulture
6967:Horticulture
6923:
6911:
6899:
6887:
6775:Overdrafting
6634:Goat farming
6545:Ancient Rome
6453:Permaculture
6411:Horticulture
6356:Agroforestry
6314:Agribusiness
6181:FAO programs
6146:. Retrieved
6131:
6106:
6084:. Retrieved
6049:
6041:
6016:
6012:
6002:
5969:
5965:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5887:. Retrieved
5883:
5874:
5866:
5861:
5849:. Retrieved
5845:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5809:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5737:
5733:
5712:
5691:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5669:the original
5659:
5640:
5634:
5615:
5609:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5545:the original
5540:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5511:
5503:
5488:
5483:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5423:
5419:
5388:(4): 662–5.
5385:
5381:
5375:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5314:. Retrieved
5251:
5247:
5217:
5205:. Retrieved
5195:
5152:
5148:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5012:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4922:the original
4917:
4908:
4878:
4866:. Retrieved
4861:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4833:the original
4828:
4815:
4803:
4783:
4775:the original
4765:
4757:
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4736:the original
4731:
4722:
4714:the original
4709:
4699:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4607:the original
4602:
4593:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:
4533:
4506:
4502:
4471:
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4442:
4407:
4403:
4363:
4353:
4334:
4295:(1): 21–30.
4292:
4288:
4278:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4173:
4167:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4015:
4006:
4003:Environments
4002:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3973:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3901:
3897:
3855:
3849:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3764:
3747:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3721:
3711:
3702:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3676:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:
3623:
3613:17 September
3611:. Retrieved
3607:
3597:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:the original
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:the original
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3405:15 September
3403:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3394:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:
3257:
3248:
3238:
3224:(1): 23–42.
3221:
3217:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3175:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3142:
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2586:
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2560:
2540:
2535:
2486:Smallholding
2466:Permaculture
2363:
2335:
2325:
2313:
2271:
2248:
2234:
2227:filled with
2225:garbage cans
2206:Colonia Roma
2186:Roof gardens
2147:
2140:
2094:contaminated
2091:
2059:soil quality
2048:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2023:food deserts
2019:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1952:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1903:
1888:
1879:
1860:
1821:
1788:carbon sinks
1781:
1751:
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1715:energy costs
1709:The current
1708:
1691:
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1675:
1655:
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1483:
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1464:food justice
1454:
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1419:
1414:
1410:
1370:urban sprawl
1367:
1358:food deserts
1353:malnutrition
1349:
1336:
1332:
1324:Perspectives
1298:
1291:
1277:
1274:Indoor farms
1250:
1235:
1227:urbanization
1224:
1217:
1208:
1185:
1173:eco-friendly
1151:
1141:Aretxabaleta
1123:
1119:rooftop farm
1116:
1104:Kentish Town
1101:
1072:
1054:permaculture
1042:
1030:
1025:Canary Wharf
984:
975:
948:
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936:
911:
899:
891:
879:Machu Picchu
864:
828:
820:horticulture
791:
790:
636:
595:Permaculture
553:Horticulture
498:Agroforestry
456:Agribusiness
413:Hydroculture
389:Smallholding
377:
170:Ancient Rome
90:
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8030:WikiProject
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7084:Proplifting
7049:Garden tool
7017:Foodscaping
6925:Wikiproject
6765:Overgrazing
6700:Pig farming
6683:Paddy field
6656:Hydroponics
6629:Fur farming
6614:Aquaculture
6609:Agrivoltaic
6590:Monoculture
6511:Prehistory
6463:Polyculture
6284:Farm worker
6262:Occupations
6232:Agriculture
5851:16 February
5846:Smithsonian
5516:. Except.nl
4289:Development
3959:(1): 1–11.
3343:seattle.gov
3145:: 122–130.
3043:. Springer.
2566:27 February
2426:Foodscaping
2223:in fifteen
2210:Mexico City
2204:section of
2150:common land
2055:food system
1931:soil health
1515:Agroecology
1510:Agroecology
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1301:hydroponics
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1231:sustainable
1200:cultivating
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1033:urban areas
929:Peaches in
812:aquaculture
804:urban areas
796:cultivating
605:Polyculture
431:Hydroponics
421:Aquaculture
362:Paddy field
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241:Agrivoltaic
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109:Agriculture
18:Urban farms
8046:Categories
7692:Indigenous
7589:stock-free
7561:Zoological
7441:Pollinator
7334:Greenhouse
7277:Sharawadgi
7265:Vietnamese
7226:East Asian
7134:Australian
7089:Raised bed
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6791:Categories
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6148:15 January
6100:Skyfarming
6086:7 November
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3682:20 January
3638:8 December
3561:9 February
3513:8 December
3431:8 December
3348:8 December
3323:5 December
3298:5 December
3273:5 December
2930:6 December
2858:9 November
2708:"untitles"
2528:References
2521:Windowfarm
2436:Green wall
2340:Trade-offs
2221:New Jersey
2102:lead paint
1906:grey water
1826:and other
1798:) through
1767:See also:
1761:windowfarm
1640:livelihood
1579:Urban and
1406:Bangladesh
1402:Mymensingh
1375:food waste
1362:racialized
1339:metropolis
1309:aquaponics
1305:aeroponics
1242:aeroponics
1204:aquaponics
1188:aquaponics
1179:method of
1165:fertilizer
1153:Aquaponics
1126:hydroponic
1015:Main types
847:food miles
816:beekeeping
685:Categories
600:Plantation
548:Free range
543:Feed ratio
436:Aeroponics
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293:Free-range
288:Fertilizer
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7963:Perennial
7926:Floristry
7873:Pesticide
7853:Herbicide
7848:Fungicide
7742:hardiness
7506:Shrubbery
7486:Sculpture
7307:landscape
7236:Cantonese
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7206:Community
7174:Byzantine
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7007:Community
6997:Butterfly
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6987:Allotment
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6666:Livestock
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1460:fast food
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1252:Singapore
993:rewilding
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835:locavores
719:Livestock
538:Farmhouse
320:Intensive
283:Extensive
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8006:Category
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7822:Grafting
7782:forestry
7764:Tropical
7749:Pomology
7722:cuttings
7717:breeding
7551:Wildlife
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7481:Scottish
7431:Pleasure
7419:Paradise
7414:Charbagh
7384:Monastic
7379:Medieval
7289:Floating
7243:Japanese
7194:Communal
7184:Colonial
7149:Biblical
7114:Types of
7079:Parterre
6889:Category
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6361:Agronomy
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5469:: 94–5.
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5367:21596466
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3587:15 March
3490:30905945
3377:24636254
3182:27 March
3156:27 March
3139:Geoforum
3077:27 March
3005:27 March
2832:27 March
2724:13 March
2694:60533269
2632:Archived
2476:Satoyama
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2369:See also
2268:Benefits
2143:consumer
2083:Illinois
2067:emission
2029:origin.
1979:such as
1863:disputed
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1684:and the
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933:, France
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7436:Prairie
7404:Persian
7394:Orchard
7359:Kitchen
7354:Keyhole
7349:Italian
7344:Islamic
7339:Hanging
7298:French
7284:Fernery
7272:English
7231:Chinese
7216:Cottage
7144:Baroque
7116:gardens
7069:History
6913:Commons
6725:Terrace
6671:Pasture
6639:Grazing
6585:Organic
6505:History
6421:animals
6344:Digital
6304:General
6248:History
6243:Outline
6082:. MLive
6021:Bibcode
5974:Bibcode
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5773:Bibcode
5740:: 7–8.
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3832:9668687
3809:Bibcode
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3633:Comcrop
3551:nyc.gov
3460:Bibcode
3106:Bibcode
2886:Bibcode
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2244:compost
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2010:recycle
1985:thiamin
1935:topsoil
1672:, China
1658:grocers
1294:farming
1143:, Spain
1087:farming
1079:animals
1050:P-Patch
1039:Gardens
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967:P-Patch
906:Detroit
861:History
833:" and "
831:foodies
563:animals
486:Digital
449:Related
394:Terrace
378:Colonia
357:Organic
352:Orchard
342:Natural
325:animals
298:Grazing
278:Dryland
261:poultry
233:On land
210:Organic
127:History
99:Chicago
7768:Urban
7665:Taiwan
7660:Canada
7623:Botany
7616:Saikei
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7556:Winter
7541:Walled
7476:School
7471:Sacred
7426:Physic
7389:Mughal
7369:Market
7324:German
7302:formal
7294:Flower
7260:Korean
7179:Cactus
7164:Bottle
7124:Alpine
7074:Native
7027:Garden
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818:, and
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7496:Shade
7456:Roman
7329:Greek
7319:Front
7221:Dutch
7189:Color
6847:Lists
6710:Ranch
6678:Mixed
6431:crops
6253:Index
6072:Notes
5990:S2CID
5597:S2CID
5444:S2CID
5311:(PDF)
5165:JSTOR
4836:(PDF)
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4687:S2CID
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3425:NICVA
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2360:soil.
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650:Lists
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335:crops
315:Hobby
273:Dairy
266:sheep
7633:Crop
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7461:Roof
7451:Rock
7446:Rain
7409:Bāgh
7374:Mary
7364:Knot
7248:Roji
7139:Back
6969:and
6426:pigs
6391:Farm
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1519:.
780:e
773:t
766:v
101:.
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20:)
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