Gender-critical feminism

4121:, published in 1979, examined what she considered to be the role of transgender identity in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, in particular the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" was medicalizing gender identity, and the social and political context that contributed to the image of gender-affirming treatment and surgery as therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintained that this was based in the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image", and that transgender identity aimed "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality". The book goes on to say that "All transsexuals 4840:, an American liberal think tank, has said that the latest iteration of collaboration between conservatives and anti-transgender feminists is in part a reaction to the trans community's "incredible gains" in civil rights and visibility, and that anti-trans feminists and conservatives capitalize on a "scarcity mindset rhetoric" whereby civil rights are portrayed as a limited commodity and must be prioritized to cisgender women over other groups. Greenesmith compared this rhetoric to the right-wing tactic of prioritizing the rights of citizens over non-citizens and white people over people of colour. Bev Jackson, one of the founders of the 4011:, which is understood to define who they are attracted to, and respect the person's expressed gender identity and sexual orientation. Gender-critical campaign groups in the United Kingdom such as Sex Matters have described the provision of gender-affirming care for transgender youth as "modern conversion therapy" which erases gay identities and argued it should be criminalized. Trans-exclusionary radical feminists in France campaigned against a ban on conversion therapy arguing that most transgender teenagers assigned female at birth aren't really trans. 4293:", and that "the radical stance of today's feminists has a tendency to emphasize the identity of the 'female body' as based on the category of the 'biological woman,' taking an attitude of excluding 'biological' men refugees, and transgender people". Jinsook Kim has noted that "in Korean contexts, there have been increasing concerns over popular forms of feminism based on a strong female identity rooted in notions of biological sex, the pursuit of female-only and -first politics, and the refusal of solidarity with other social minority groups". 4869:, said that there was "growing convergence, and sometimes conscious alliances, between "gender-critical" feminists (sometimes known as TERFs – Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists), religious and social conservatives, as well as right-wing politics and even neo-Nazi and fascist movements" and that the convergence was linked to "their reliance on an essentialised and binary understanding of sex and/or gender, often termed 'bio-essentialism'". Engebretsen has described the movement as a "complex threat to democracy". Another 2020 article, in 4482:

dehumanise them, and often falsely portray their rights as being in conflict with women's and children's rights, or societal and family values in general. All of these are deeply damaging to LGBTI people, while also harming women's and children's rights and social cohesion". The resolution further deplored "the extensive and often virulent attacks on the rights of LGBTI people that have been occurring for several years in, among other countries, Hungary, Poland, the Russian Federation, Turkey and the United Kingdom".

1372: 4911:—about trans topics has become the defining feature of public discourse on transgender rights". Cilia Williams et al. noted in an article on gender critical feminist discourse in Spain that "anti-trans narratives online use attacks, misinformation, and self-defence as a communication strategy, rather than debate or dialogue". Alyosxa Tudor has written that "strategic disinformation as accelerator" has been used to push forward "hateful and anti-democratic agendas". 4875:, said that "the language of 'gender ideology' originates in anti-feminist and anti-trans discourses among right-wing Christians, with the Catholic Church acting as a major nucleating agent", and said that the term "saw increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse" from around 2016. It further said that "a growing number of anti-trans campaigners associated with radical feminist movements have openly aligned themselves with anti-feminist organisations". 3909:. Citing research showing much lower prevalence, Kathleen Stock and Holly Lawford-Smith have both argued that the existence of intersex conditions does not impact the usefulness of sex categories, with Lawford-Smith saying that the term "assigned female at birth" has been "appropriated from people with differences of sexual development", and "used by trans activists for everyone, even though in more than 99% of cases, as we have seen, sex is accurately observed, not 'assigned'". 4163: 12532: 5078: 1286: 14319: 1310: 4975:

also been signed by over 100 additional feminist, LGBT, and progressive groups. In May 2021, over 110 women's and human rights organisations in Canada signed a statement stating that they "vehemently reject the dangerous and bigoted rhetoric and ideology espoused by Trans Exclusionary Radical 'Feminists' (TERFs)", and saying that "trans people are a driving force in our feminist movements and make incredible contributions across all facets of our society".

4895:, said that "a coalition of Christian conservative legal organizations, conservative foundations, Trump administration officials, Republican party lawmakers, and trans-exclusionary radical feminists has assembled to redefine the right to privacy in service of anti-transgender politics" and that "social conservatives have cast the issue as one of balancing two competing rights claims rather than one of outright animus against a gender minority population". 5050: 5064: 4432: 1298: 14307: 5036: 3390: 11273: 14329: 3752: 4307: 3802:

trans and cis women may share the experience of being disparaged for their perceived femininity. Others argue that expectations of one's assigned sex are something enforced upon them, beginning at early socialization, and transgender youth, especially gender-nonconforming children, often experience different, worse treatment involving reprisals for their deviation therefrom.

4141:, a cisgender lesbian feminist, organised an educational and outreach program at the MWMF distributing pamphlets titled "Gender Myths". During the 1993 MWMF event, Walworth was told by event security that she and any trans women in their group would be required to leave the event "for their own safety". Although an offer of bodyguard protection was provided by a group of 4811:, and genderqueer people. Butler said that "it is painful to see that Trump's position that gender should be defined by biological sex, and that the evangelical and right-wing Catholic effort to purge 'gender' from education and public policy accords with the trans-exclusionary radical feminists' return to biological essentialism". Sophia Siddiqui, the deputy editor of 3813:", and has compared it to saying that a cisgender gay person experienced straight privilege before coming out. She has also compared it to if a cisgender girl was raised as a boy against her will, and how the two scenarios tend to be viewed differently by a cisgender audience, despite being ostensibly similar experiences from a transfeminine perspective. 4762:

extremist actors". Claire Thurlow writes that "despite efforts to obscure the point, gender critical feminism continues to rely on transphobic tropes, moral panics and essentialist understandings of men and women. These factors also continue to link trans-exclusionary feminism to anti-feminist reactionary politics and other 'anti-gender' movements".

4817:, has argued that "'gender critical' feminists play into the hands of far-right street forces and extreme-right electoral parties which would like to abolish anti-discrimination protections altogether" and that it "could have a damaging effect on global feminist and LGBT movements by reinforcing conservative ideas about gender and sexuality". The 3657:

believe sex is biological and cannot be changed, and that biological sex should be a protected characteristic under equality legislation. Furthermore, gender critics emphasise the view that sex is binary, as opposed to a continuous spectrum, and that the two sexes have an objective, material basis as opposed to being socially constructed.

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early socialization, we suggest that transgender individuals must negotiate their family and peer relationships relative to established, norm-driven gender binary discourse which oftentimes result in anxiety, fear of appraisals for not conforming to gender norms, and differential treatment from both family members and peers.

4066:, an out trans woman, from the organization. The same year, Elliott was scheduled to perform at the West Coast Lesbian Conference, which she had helped organize; a group of trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists calling themselves the Gutter Dykes leafletted the conference protesting her inclusion and keynote speaker 4109:, a trans-inclusive lesbian separatist music collective. In 1977 The Gorgons, a trans-exclusionary lesbian separatist paramilitary group, issued a death threat to Stone and came to the event armed though were intercepted by security. Escalating threats against the collective motivated Stone to leave the group. 7342:

When individuals deviate from gender binary arrangements by expressing gender norms and roles not associated with their biological assignment at birth, authorities submit control by utilizing gender binary discourse beginning in early socialization and lasting throughout the individual's life. During

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The first assumption is that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" as something shared. But this assumption downplays differences among women, as if the sociological norms one identifies as part of a patriarchal gender order are evenly applied to all in one cookie-cutter

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City, University of London responded with a statement that it had a "legal obligation to protect freedom of expression that we take very seriously". It also took its "obligations with respect to ethics and integrity very seriously" and made clear that "any personal data processed in the course of any

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said that "'gender-critical' feminism" in the US has "begun to build coalition with the evangelical Right around the legal codification of sex as a biological binary" and that "popular news media frames transphobia as part of a rational, enlightened, pragmatic response to what is variously called the

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said that most contemporary feminists are supportive of trans people, and that gender-critical feminists are a small but vocal group who believe that trans rights threaten the rights of cis women. Most gender-critical arguments for this belief, he says, are false, and "misconstrue or ignore empirical

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In August 2024, a private settlement was reached between the Metanoia Institute and student psychotherapist James Esses. In a statement released following the settlement, the Metanoia Institute stated that it failed to follow its processes in not affording Esses a hearing prior to his expulsion after

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Due to a short series of blogposts from 2008, I have retrospectively been credited as the coiner of the acronym "Terf" (Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminists) ... a shorthand to describe one cohort of feminists who self-identify as radical and are unwilling to recognise trans women as sisters, unlike

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arguments to those of social conservatives, promoting vilification of people with a trans lived experience in the guise of so-called gender-critical feminism" and that "this TERF approach has been used to promote exclusionary and discriminatory legislation, such as prohibiting equal access to public

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conceded that it had discriminated against Lizzie Pitt, a social worker, by initiating a disciplinary process against her following her gender-critical statements made at an LGBT support group. Pitt described the concession as a "win for the right side of history". The council admitted liability and

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updated her speech to describe Elliott as "an opportunist, an infiltrator, and a destroyer – with the mentality of a rapist". An impromptu vote was held with the majority supporting her inclusion in the conference; when Elliott subsequently entered the stage to perform the Gutter Dykes rushed to the

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have made similar remarks. Daly presented gender transition as the result of a grotesque patriarchal urge to violate natural boundaries and imitate motherhood, assimilating it to a broader concept of "male motherhood" that also included the Catholic priesthood, and claimed that it represented a male

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discussing her research into the climate of the debate among academics. Noting that she had interviewed 50 feminist academics in gender studies with a range of views on the subject, Favaro stated "my discussions left me in no doubt that a culture of discrimination, silencing and fear has taken hold

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Briar Dickey notes that "British 'trans-exclusionary radical feminist' (TERF) discourse has often been contextualised in fringe radical feminist thought", and argues that "the contextualisation of contemporary TERF discourse as an extension and evolution of fringe second-wave feminism neglects its

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that overlap in opposition to what they describe as "gender ideology", which the agency described as "a term used to oppose the concept of gender, women's rights, and the rights of LGBTIQ+ people broadly." They argued these groups have attempted to "frame equality for women and LGBTIQ+ people as a

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and self-determination of gender, and employ "reductive models of biology and restrictive understandings of the distinction between sex and gender" in defense of such narratives. She concluded with a call for explicit recognition of anti-transgender feminism as a violation of equality and dignity,

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denouncing trans-exclusionary feminism, saying that "questions disguised as 'legitimate concerns' quickly give way to more violent attacks" and that "it is a confusionist and conspiratorial ideological movement using the cover of feminism to disrupt real feminist fights. The declaration has since

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Carolyn Sale of the Center for Free Expression at Ryerson University condemned the university's decision, saying that "the idea that in a hush behind closed doors students can bring complaints that don't have to be proven true and can do so in order to protect their "safety" should alarm us all".

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discourse" from around 2016. Claire House noted in 2023 that "key streams within trans exclusionary women's and feminist movements increasingly engage in collaborative action with right-wing populist-centered anti-gender coalitions, which include right-wing religious, conservative, and right-wing

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scholars Carly Thomsen and Laurie Essig note that "transness has been and is the object of deep hostility within some marginalized forms of feminism. Skepticism among earlier anti-trans feminists, such as Janice Raymond, about trans women being "real" women has morphed into J.K. Rowling's Twitter

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for discrimination on the grounds of gender-critical beliefs. The tribunal ruled that she had been constructively unfairly dismissed, and that she had suffered victimisation and harassment in the form of an open letter from 386 of her colleagues, as well as individual disparagement for her views,

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responded that "in trying to criticize the social construction of femaleness and intersex, Greer disenfranchised precisely those people who live at the intersection of the two categories". Greer admitted in 2016 that defining men and women solely using chromosomes was wrong. Later gender-critical

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said that despite labelling themselves as feminists, TERF groups often collaborate with conservative and far-right groups. Serena Bassi and Greta LaFleur note that "gender-critical movements often reemploy the well-known right-wing populist opposition between 'the corrupt global elites' and 'the

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condemned "the highly prejudicial anti-gender, gender-critical and anti-trans narratives which reduce the fight for the equality of LGBTI people to what these movements deliberately mischaracterise as 'gender ideology' or 'LGBTI ideology'. Such narratives deny the very existence of LGBTI people,

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These ideas have been met with criticism from believers in other branches of feminism. Sociologist Patricia Elliot argues that the view that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" assumes that cis women's experiences are homogeneous and discounts the possibility that

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Gender-critical feminists equate "women" with what they consider to be a "female sex class", and view historical and contemporary oppression of women as being rooted in their being female, while "gender" is a system of social norms which functions to oppress women on the basis of their sex. They

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was not renewed after she made a number of social media posts saying that men cannot change into women. Forstater subsequently sued the centre, alleging that she had been discriminated against because of her views. Forstater lost her initial case, with the judge ruling that her beliefs were not

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saying that she found it particularly distressing that "almost all of my most enthusiastic public attackers were feminist academic women" and that gender-critical feminists "root their analysis in the materiality of biological sex and take the oppression of women to be linked to the control of

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women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact" and that "the problem of transsexualism would best be served by morally mandating it out of existence". Several authors have since characterized this work as transphobic and constituting hate speech, as well as lacking any serious

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Centre of Gender, Feminisms & Sexualities, signed an open letter condemning a planned meeting in Ireland on UK Gender Recognition Act reforms organised by a British group opposing the reforms. The letter stated that "rans people and particularly trans women are an inextricable part of our

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Within the current Parliament, the Government must bring forward proposals to update the Gender Recognition Act, in line with the principles of gender self-declaration that have been developed in other jurisdictions. In place of the present medicalised, quasi-judicial application process, an

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after displaying gender-critical posters on her office door, teaching gender-critical material in class, and showing up halfway through a student-run queer anthology event to start arguments about "the existence and validity of trans people with a trans man in the room", published a paper in

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such as using "pro-woman" to mean "anti-trans", "protecting sex-based rights" meant excluding trans people, and "trans-exclusionary radical feminism" became "gender-critical feminism". This allowed trans-exclusionary feminism to appear reasonable to the average person while maintaining their

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accepted its first transgender student. The decision prompted a strong backlash both within and outside of the university, including from radical feminist student organizations. However, some students, and the university's Student and Minority Human Rights Commission, supported the decision.

4555:, crowdfunding almost £100,000 for legal fees. In May 2021 the case was found by the court to be unarguable, Justice Henshaw stating that "the claimant has shown no arguable reason to believe the Code has misled or will mislead service providers about their responsibilities under the Act". 4539:

ruling that gender-critical beliefs were protected under the Equality Act. A full merits hearing on Forstater's claim that she lost her employment as a result of these beliefs was heard in March 2022, and the decision, delivered in July 2022, was that Forstater had been subjected to direct

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sex." Lawford-Smith said of gender-critical feminism: "It is about being critical of gender, and this has implications for a wide range of feminist issues, not just gender identity." Writing of her view of a "gender-critical feminist utopia", she said: "While there will still be the same

4474:, Craig McLean argues that discourse on transgender-related issues in the UK has been radicalized in response to the activities of what he terms the anti-transgender movement that pushes "a radical agenda to deny the basic rights of trans people (...) under the cover of 'free speech'". 9645: 4381:'s government to revise the Act to introduce self-identification, with a public consultation opening in 2018. This proposed reform became a key locus of conflict for the emerging gender-critical movement, seeking to block reform of the Act, with a number of groups such as 3946:

Gender critical feminists believe that transgender rights are a threat to the rights of gay people. Gender critical lesbians and feminists are a minority in the UK: polls show that cisgender lesbians and bisexual women are among the most trans-inclusive groups in Britain.

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have stated "gender critical therapy" is another name for conversion therapy. Heron Greenesmith has reported on gender critical boards sharing lists of therapists whose end goal is the rejection of trans identity for parents of trans youth. The gender-critical group

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said that "the case against trans inclusion in the United Kingdom has been presented primarily through social media and blog-type or journalistic online platforms lacking the traditional prepublication checks of academic peer review". Some public figures such as

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who think of themselves as 'transmen', 'transwomen' or 'non-binary' today, they will not use those labels, because 'feminine' will be a way that males can be, 'masculine' will be a way that women can be, and 'androgynous' will be a way that anyone can be."

3844:, who had served as Raymond's thesis supervisor, insisted that as sex reassignment surgery could not reproduce female chromosomes, the clitoris, the ability to give birth, the ability to menstruate, or a female life history, it could "not produce women". 3775:

noted that "the recognition does not, contrary to allegations of anti-trans self-identified feminists, endanger women or feminism", they expand by saying "women do not have 'sex-based rights' in the affirmative sense some in this group seem to think".

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reproduction. In the present scholarly ecumene, this aligns them in some respects with scholars who are traditional and conservative, and explains why they, like conservatives, are so often in trouble with their institutions under present conditions".

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threat to so-called 'traditional' family values" and linked them to "hateful propaganda and disinformation to target and attempt to delegitimize people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics."

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has said that it "wasn't fair" that "a man who has lived for 40 years as a man and had children with a woman and enjoyed the services—the unpaid services of a wife, which most women will never know…then decides that the whole time he's been a woman".

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Bassi and LaFleur write that "the trans-exclusionary feminist (TERF) movement and the so-called anti-gender movement are only rarely distinguished as movements with distinct constitutions and aims". Pearce et al. note that the concept of

5000:'" and which said there was "a direct link between heteronormativity and heterosexism, on the one hand, and the growing anti-gender and gender-critical movements". The report formed the basis of Resolution 2417, adopted in January 2022. 8308:

Lawson, Zazie; Davies, Skye; Harmon, Shae; Williams, Matthew; Billawa, Shradha; Holmes, Ryan; Huckridge, Jaymie; Kelly, Phillip; MacIntyre-Harrison, Jess; Neill, Stewart; Song-Chase, Angela; Ward, Hannah; Yates, Michael (October 2023).

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Conflict between gender-critical feminists and other feminists and transgender rights activists has resulted in controversies in which the principles of academic freedom have been invoked. Conflicts have erupted at university campuses.

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model, or as if girls and women have the same relationships to those norms. It also fails to ask about possible similarities of experience between trans and non-trans women (both of whom may have been disparaged for their femininity).

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Carrera-Fernández and DePalma argued that "the increasingly belligerent popular discourses promoted by TERF groups since the 1970s appropriating feminist discourses to produce arguments that contradict basic premises of feminism".

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movement. Vanya Mark Solovey, a gender researcher, argues that the solidarity of Russian trans-exclusionary feminists with Russian policy towards Ukraine is closely related to the anti-trans sentiments of the Russian authorities.

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who is a danger to women". Hines criticized these feminists for fueling "rhetoric of paranoia and hyperbole" against trans people, saying that they abandon or undermine feminist principles in their anti-trans narratives, such as

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has said that transgender women cannot be lesbians, instead qualifying them as straight men trying to "join the club", and has compared transgender activism to men sexually assaulting lesbian women for rejecting their advances.

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Gender critical feminists generally see gender as a system in which women are oppressed for reasons intrinsically related to their sex, and emphasize male violence against women, particularly involving institutions such as the

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Sociologist Kelsy Burke argued that "TERFs aren't aligned with most feminists" and wrote that "most American feminists are far from trans-exclusionary and have long been among the most supportive groups of LGBTQ equality".

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was founded in opposition to Stonewall, accusing the organization of having "undermined women's sex-based rights and protections" and attempting "to introduce confusion between biological sex and the notion of gender".

6061: 4498:. These exceptions do not grant any right for individuals to be offered single-sex services, but do allow service providers to offer such services, if they are "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim". 9456: 10257: 9972: 4992:, which condemned "the highly prejudicial anti-gender, gender-critical and anti-trans narratives which reduce the fight for the equality of LGBTI people to what these movements deliberately mischaracterise as ' 8260: 4694:

that feminism and trans rights have been falsely portrayed as being in conflict by a minority of anti-transgender feminists, who often "reinforce the extremely offensive trope of the trans woman as a man in

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Gender critical feminists advocate what they call "sex-based rights", arguing that "women's human rights are based upon sex" and that "these rights are being eroded by the promotion of 'gender identity'".

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Although gender-critical feminism originated in the United States in the 1970s, it has largely fallen out of favor among American feminists. Some gender-critical organizations do remain, however, such as

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Some trans-exclusionary radical feminists have allied with conservative or far-right groups and politicians who oppose legislation that would expand transgender rights in the United States. According to

9802: 11080: 6331: 6516: 6265: 10842: 10560: 452: 10127: 6298: 4844:, has argued in contrast that "working with The Heritage Foundation is sometimes the only possible course of action" since "the leftwing silence on gender in the US is even worse than in the UK". 10158: 10096: 9222: 4981:

said in 2020 that trans-exclusionary radical feminism is "a fringe movement that is seeking to speak in the name of the mainstream, and that our responsibility is to refuse to let that happen".

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describe "gender-critical feminism" as a "self-definition by some individuals and groups labelled TERFs" and argue that the term is problematic because it serves to rebrand anti-trans activism.

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Gender studies scholar C. Libby has pointed to "burgeoning connections between trans-exclusionary radical feminism, "gender critical" writing, and transphobic evangelical Christian rhetoric".

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case has been used as a precedent for several claims of discrimination against people holding gender-critical views. Employment tribunals have delivered successful judgements in cases against

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Many other gender critical groups and pundits have spoken of the transgender rights movement as a men's sexual rights movement, designed to pressure lesbians into having sex with trans women.

7116: 11050: 10389: 10499: 8229: 8154: 6440: 3789:, as central to women's oppression. Holders of such views often contend that trans women cannot fully be women because they were assigned male at birth and have experienced some degree of 12403: 6713: 5503: 4666:

Cristan Williams notes that radical feminism has historically been predominantly trans-inclusive and considers trans-exclusionary views a minority or fringe view within radical feminism.

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is a recurrent talking point in TERF discourse, where it is usually presented as established science. It characterises trans women's gender identities as caused by sexual orientation or

3591:, and the exclusion of trans women in women's spaces and organizations. Smythe has also been credited with having coined the acronym "TERF", due to a blog post she wrote reacting to the 12260: 940: 9891: 7595: 12704: 9430: 7656: 5024:

gathered a reputation as an anti-trans space. In June 2020, it was banned abruptly for violating new rules against "promoting hate". Members set up a similar community called Ovarit.

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Clair Thurlow notes that the more explicitly hateful language used by early trans-exclusionary radical feminists failed to gain support, forcing them to pivot towards euphemisms and

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women" as well as that "Many problems in gender-critical thought are consistent with the explanation that paranoid structuralism is too often presupposed in gender-critical work".

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feed where she has insisted that trans women are not women. These ideas are, of course, deplorable, but they are also quite fringe within feminist studies and activism in the US".

11016: 9681: 8629: 8123: 6028: 12236: 9126: 10649: 9487: 9315: 8092: 3827:(1979), feminist Janice Raymond denounces the act of transition as "rape", by virtue of "reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves". 12157: 10181: 957: 10305:

Carrera-Fernández, María Victoria; DePalma, Renée (2020). "Feminism will be trans-inclusive or it will not be: Why do two cis-hetero woman educators support transfeminism?".

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Gender-critical views are common in the British media. The British press frequently publishes articles critical of trans people and trans issues. In 2018, the US version of

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technological attempt to replace women altogether. She also compared the idea that a trans woman could be a woman despite lacking a clitoris to the ideology behind "African

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Valcore, Jace; Fradella, Henry F.; Guadalupe-Diaz, Xavier; Ball, Matthew J.; Dwyer, Angela; Dejong, Christina; Walker, Allyn; Wodda, Aimee; Worthen, Meredith G. F. (2021).

9091: 10820: 6053: 10975: 9832: 7812: 7678: 5784:"A Critical Study of Identity Politics Based on the Category 'Biological Woman' in the Digital Era: How Young Korean Women Became Transgender Exclusive Radical Feminists" 10034: 9711: 9452: 6406: 10241: 9964: 8385: 7782: 9159: 8964: 10944: 10003: 9190: 6763:"Should 'Gender Critical' Views about Trans People Be Protected as Philosophical Beliefs in the Workplace? Lessons for the Future from Forstater, Mackereth and Higgs" 6480: 11180: 7842: 7360: 1562: 7056: 10586: 6736: 6493:"I don't think American women are buying it", she said, pointing out that nearly every major US feminist advocacy group is vocally pro-trans rights and inclusion. 4928:

Kathleen Lowrey, who had allegedly been fired from her additional position as associate chair of undergraduate programs for the department of anthropology at the

14353: 12660: 7700: 4133:(MWMF), after refusing to answer when another woman asked her whether or not she was transgender. This removal was justified by the retroactive instatement of a 1494: 8677: 12349: 9794: 1059: 434: 11072: 7480: 6321: 4149:, continued to provide education and outreach attempts while protesting the festival's trans exclusionary practices until the festival's final event in 2015. 12334: 9741: 9248: 6506: 6257: 1024: 446: 10214: 7902: 4038:". They argue that transgender identities stem from unprocessed trauma, childhood abuse, internalized homophobia or misogyny, sexual fetishism, and autism. 12736: 12339: 12299: 3596: 1484: 1029: 999: 10552: 8933: 6168: 5754: 3763:

Human rights scholar Sandra Duffy described the concept of "sex-based rights" as "a fiction with the pretense of legality", noting that the word "sex" in

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respectively, in contrast to feminist theorists who argue these terms embody a social category distinct from matters of biology (usually referred to as

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administrative process must be developed, centred on the wishes of the individual applicant, rather than on intensive analysis by doctors and lawyers.

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after Megalia issued a ban on the use of certain explicit slurs against gay men and transgender people. This change in policy led to the migration of

11847: 11255: 715: 9517: 6141: 13864: 9915:"Building an Intersectional and Trans-Inclusive Criminology: Responding to the Emergence of "Gender Critical" Perspectives in Feminist Criminology" 7112: 5142: 4677:

data from both the natural and social sciences". Gender-critical feminism risks legal equality and contributes to criminalization of trans people.

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Claire Thurlow said that since the 2010s, there has been a shift in language from "TERF" to "gender critical feminism", which she described as a

10442:"'I'm Real, Not You': Roles and Discourses of Trans Exclusionary Women's and Feminist Movements in Anti-gender and Right-wing Populist Politics" 9399: 5863: 5495: 13619: 12388: 12127: 8996: 8847: 6709: 4880: 4518: 4177: 2750: 1189: 11277: 4586:

failed after the claimant was deemed to have gone too far by misgendering service users. The barrister Georgiana Calvert-Lee commented to the

4428:, which argued that recognising trans women as women "constitutes discrimination against women" and called for the "elimination of that act". 13325: 12741: 9881: 8237: 7585: 2298: 1338: 9422: 7632: 6857: 5472: 12422: 11305: 10702: 10279: 8436: 5694: 5152: 757: 504: 10191: 9942: 9575: 7290: 6884: 5624:"Transphobic Truth Markets: Comparing Trans-hostile Discourses in British Trans-exclusionary Radical Feminist and US Right-wing Movements" 4145:

attending the festival, Walworth's group decided instead to set up an outreach camp outside the festival gates. This camp, later known as

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on the basis that it risks criminalising "proper therapeutic exploration", and that she believes it comes into conflict with bans against

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The term "sex-based rights" is used, primarily in the UK, to refer to a variety of legal positions and political objectives, including:

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dislike the expression "gender-critical feminism", saying that it allows trans-exclusionary feminists to rebrand transphobic activism.

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for anti-trans politics. Researcher Aleardo Zanghellini argues that "gender-critical feminism advocates reserving women's spaces for

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of denying admittance to trans women. Though it was created as a deliberately neutral descriptor, "TERF" is now typically considered

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Gender studies scholars Serena Bassi and Greta LaFleur have noted that TERFism started out as a fringe group among English speaking

3501:. Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in gender-critical feminist discourse since 2016, including use of the term " 918: 13270: 12731: 12371: 12294: 12122: 11994: 11815: 11690: 11652: 8497: 4579: 2243: 1596: 1184: 1081: 994: 856: 590: 499: 12275: 12212: 9542: 9363: 8017: 5979: 5021: 4958:, stating she had been "ostracised at her workplace and denied access to her research data" after the publication of her article. 4590:: "Above all, in a pluralistic society, which is what we want, you have to accept that people are going to have different views." 12383: 10522: 9087: 7727:"Confronting complex alliances: Situating Britain's gender critical politics within the wider transnational anti-gender movement" 1098: 522: 12053: 10816: 8346: 4189: 1135: 13841: 12097: 11920: 11837: 11695: 11632: 10991: 9824: 7804: 4358: 3978: 2728: 1411: 782: 725: 600: 486: 10026: 9703: 7872: 6656: 6396: 4397:

dropped the reforms, instead reducing the cost of a gender recognition certificate and moving the application process online.

3965:, has said that "there is no such thing as a lesbian with a penis" in regards to the idea of some trans women being lesbians. 14158: 13629: 13442: 12102: 10696: 9149: 8543: 8369: 7774: 7569:"Intersex Activism, Feminism and Psychology: Opening a Dialogue on Theory, Research and Clinical Practice | Request PDF" 6970: 5907: 5549: 4000: 3367: 3213: 2415: 1406: 9995: 9053:"The Resurgence and Popularization of Feminism in South Korea: Key Issues and Challenges for Contemporary Feminist Activism" 8956: 4709:

relationship to a wider international wave of anti-transgender sentiment" anchored in conservative and religious movements.

3897:'s estimate of 1.7% comprises mostly cases not normally considered ambiguous "in genitalia or in reproductive organs", like 30:

This article is about the movement originating within radical feminism. For the broader or related right-wing movement, see

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The belief that sex is central to the definition of women and women's rights, as opposed to basing law on gender identity.

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Although trans people were active in feminist movements in the 1960s and earlier, the 1970s saw conflict among some early

3916:, and as trans legislation and subjects overlaps heavily with intersex legislation, intersex people are often involved in 3670:

discusses four areas in which she expresses the view that sex-associated differences are important, regardless of gender:

14273: 14231: 13981: 13816: 13388: 12408: 12152: 11782: 11737: 10843:"U of a professor says she was dismissed over views that biological sex trumps transgender identity for policy decisions" 7932: 7017: 5197: 4007:. This latter argument has been criticized on the basis that doctors affirming transgender youth do not attempt to alter 3925: 3346: 3341: 3036: 2760: 2361: 622: 10582: 9615:"The Growth of the Anti-Transgender Movement in the United Kingdom. The Silent Radicalization of the British Electorate" 7204:

Bettcher, Talia Mae (2016). "Intersexuality, transgender and transsexuality". In Disch, Lisa; Hawkesworth, Mary (eds.).

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In March 2022, gender-critical groups campaigned to have the UK government remove gender identity change efforts from a

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Willem, Cilia; Platero, R. Lucas; Tortajada, Iolanda (2022). "Trans-exclusionary Discourses on Social Media in Spain".

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toilets and the right to be treated in accordance with one's gender in workplaces, accommodations, and public venues".

4130: 3592: 2561: 1574: 1554: 1169: 841: 710: 705: 469: 17: 11106: 9244: 8658: 7696: 6232: 3587:, including the rejection of the predominant view in feminist organizations that trans women are women, opposition to 1719: 14373: 14246: 13263: 12831: 12779: 12356: 12326: 12174: 10424: 8831: 8754: 7650: 7213: 6918: 6841: 6816: 6197: 5529: 5112: 4470:

for transphobia, because it portrayed trans rights as being opposed to the rights of cis women. Drawing on theory of

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does not share the implications of the word "sex" in gender-critical discourse and is widely agreed to also refer to

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Chase, Cheryl (14 July 2022). "Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism".

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has condemned gender-critical ideology, among other ideologies, and linked it to "virulent attacks on the rights of

2016: 13708: 13280: 12684: 12616: 12060: 11879: 11864: 11560: 11298: 10553:"Judith Butler artfully dismantles trans-exclusionary feminism and JK Rowling. Hang this in the Louvre immediately" 7150: 5732: 4583: 4417: 3809:

has referred to implying that trans women may experience some degree of male privilege pre-transition as "denying

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Viv Smythe has been credited with popularizing the term "trans-exclusionary radical feminism" in 2008 as an online

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across universities in England, and many countries beyond". Favaro later began discrimination proceedings against

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has described people who undergo transition, whether happier for it or not, as "a huge problem to a sane world".

1529: 1474: 1051: 1044: 925: 913: 908: 747: 97: 11727: 10777:"A Conservative Right to Privacy: Legal, Ideological, and Coalitional Transformations in US Social Conservatism" 8570:

Williams, Cristan (2020). "The ontological woman: A history of deauthentication, dehumanization, and violence".

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The gender-critical movement argues that recognition of transgender women as women conflicts with these rights.

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being formed. 2018 found a significant majority of respondents in favour of the GRA reforms, however, in 2020,

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characterized this type of view as telling trans people who have had sex reassignment surgery: "Don't exist."

14368: 14358: 14221: 14211: 14153: 13728: 12699: 12689: 12514: 12499: 12321: 12284: 12107: 12065: 11892: 11570: 11317: 11237: 10725: 10610: 7504: 6789: 6366: 5384: 5172: 4885: 4837: 4606: 4527: 4337: 3913: 3316: 3306: 3208: 2738: 2556: 1643: 1544: 1524: 1269: 1154: 1016: 969: 365: 87: 50: 12162: 11128: 10917: 8278: 4832:, an American conservative think tank, hosted a panel of self-described radical feminists opposed to the US 4712:

Researcher Aleardo Zanghellini argues that "gender-critical feminism advocates reserving women's spaces for

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Libby, C (2022). "Sympathy, Fear, Hate: Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminism and Evangelical Christianity".

7532: 4833: 4237:, the trans-exclusionary group Womenation and a number of other trans-exclusionary feminists supported the 3296: 3271: 3096: 2365: 2315: 2308: 1589: 1539: 1534: 1324: 1159: 935: 930: 752: 335: 1795: 14251: 14196: 14191: 14088: 14073: 14063: 13686: 13285: 12751: 12376: 12289: 12147: 11787: 11647: 11291: 9509: 6419:

TERF: The acronym for 'trans exclusionary radical feminists,' referring to feminists who are transphobic.

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Kathleen Stock has argued that definitions of conversion therapy and bans against it should not include

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and "a doctrine that runs counter to the ability to fulfill a liveable life or, often, a life at all".

4536: 3651: 3455: 3244: 2831: 2119: 1416: 1259: 1011: 979: 974: 776: 730: 662: 512: 476: 360: 225: 8459: 8310: 7959:"Autogynephilia: A scientific review, feminist analysis, and alternative 'embodiment fantasies' model" 6054:"'Rights aren't a competition': Anti-trans hate is on the rise in Canada, activists and advocates say" 1621: 14388: 14001: 13634: 13300: 13139: 12309: 11820: 11216: 9453:"Why feminists like me stand with JK Rowling in trans rights row – Susan Dalgety | The Scotsman" 9389: 8928: 7679:"Most state bans on gender-affirming care for trans youth still allow controversial intersex surgery" 6545: 5828:""Gender-Critical" Discourse as Disinformation: Unpacking TERF Strategies of Political Communication" 5827: 5574:

Thomsen, Carly; Essig, Laurie (2021). "Lesbian, feminist, TERF: a queer attack on feminist studies".

5428: 5004: 3937: 3854: 3525: 3404: 3056: 2836: 2273: 2077: 2023: 1004: 735: 440: 8986: 8855: 7396:"'Gender critical' author Helen Joyce says she wants to 'reduce' number of trans people: 'Chilling'" 7316:

Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2012). "Growing up trans: Socialization and the gender binary".

3493:, where it has been at the centre of high-profile controversies. It has been linked to promotion of 14378: 14268: 14206: 14201: 14103: 13899: 13836: 13397: 13198: 13154: 13127: 12974: 11582: 8147:"Westminster conversion therapy debate descends into scare-mongering about 'transing away the gay'" 4862: 4858: 4769: 4571: 3521: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3278: 3158: 2954: 2716: 2370: 2162: 2038: 2011: 1824: 595: 383: 7617: 7231:"Women's issues are different from trans women's issues, feminist author says, sparking criticism" 4807:

trends and cautioned self-declared feminists from allying with such movements in targeting trans,

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on trans issues. In 2015, Stonewall had begun campaigning for trans equality, with Stonewall head

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people'", noting the similarity of gender-critical beliefs to "far-right conspiracy theorizing".

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Abbie E. Goldberg argues that "trans-exclusionary radical feminism (TERF) has contained similar

3505:". In several countries, gender-critical feminist groups have formed alliances with right-wing, 14216: 13916: 13831: 13681: 13609: 13544: 13522: 13512: 13487: 13477: 13038: 12907: 12863: 12806: 12644: 12562: 11722: 9965:"Researcher who lost job for tweeting 'men cannot change into women' loses employment tribunal" 9914: 7278: 7138: 5162: 4997: 4949: 4891: 4317: 4173: 4117: 3823: 3772: 3311: 2971: 2878: 2701: 2662: 2551: 2541: 2517: 2495: 2485: 2460: 2450: 2109: 1865: 1753: 1677: 720: 617: 321: 4535:

due to their absolutism. However, in April 2021, the initial judgement was reversed, with the

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Another key locus of conflict for the emerging movement was the stance of LGBT rights charity

4285:" of the early 21st century, the radical stance of recent feminists have been "oriented in an 14286: 14006: 13966: 13956: 13911: 13760: 13713: 13671: 13330: 13290: 13001: 12964: 12474: 12304: 11869: 11672: 11604: 11243: 10817:"Professor Lowrey dismayed over dismissal from admin role; others feel it is a positive step" 7259: 6986: 6566: 5248: 4929: 4773: 4719: 3620: 3541: 3061: 3021: 3011: 2966: 2797: 2772: 2681: 2546: 2303: 2263: 1743: 1660: 1244: 639: 429: 9704:"Council of Europe compares UK to Russia and Poland over 'virulent attacks' on LGBT+ rights" 9672:"Council of Europe condemns 'virulent attacks on LGBT rights' in the UK, Hungary and Poland" 6433:"Famous lesbian site taken over by anti-trans 'feminists'. Now lesbian media is standing up" 5660:"Sex wars and (trans) gender panics: Identity and body politics in contemporary UK feminism" 4618:. In the statement, the institute apologized for publicizing the expulsion on social media. 14398: 14128: 14083: 14053: 14036: 14026: 13874: 13794: 13782: 13718: 13691: 13573: 13492: 13472: 13422: 13275: 12991: 12939: 12628: 12611: 12601: 12524: 11742: 11700: 11665: 11642: 11350: 9364:"Graham Linehan, creator of 'The IT Crowd' and 'Father Ted,' has been removed from Twitter" 9272:"Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" 8044:"Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" 7958: 6585:"Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" 5319:

Rogers, Baker A. (2023). "TERFs aren't feminists: lesbians stand against trans exclusion".

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Curbing Deception: A world survey on legal regulation of so-called "conversion therapies"

5177: 5137: 4685: 4631:, a gender-critical feminist organization that operates mainly within the United States. 4526:, crowdfunding over £120,000. Earlier that year, Forstater's consulting contract for the 4401: 4390: 4382: 4325: 4242: 3687: 3001: 2991: 2961: 2949: 2944: 2846: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2440: 2375: 2355: 2288: 2231: 2189: 2167: 2133: 2067: 1819: 1724: 1503: 1451: 1441: 1396: 1224: 1123: 861: 632: 92: 9510:"Mumsnet moderators are struggling to find the line between free speech and transphobia" 9338:"Graham Linehan calls for list of Irish 'gender critical' therapists for trans children" 9245:"Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights: Full Text - Women's Declaration International" 8489: 3462:

is biological and immutable, while believing gender, including both gender identity and

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In February 2020, 28 feminist and LGBT groups in France co-signed a declaration titled

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In late-January 2018, over 1000 Irish feminists, including several groups such as the

4796:: "TERF positions are now mostly heard from conservatives and right-wing extremists." 14322: 14179: 14058: 14021: 14016: 13996: 13991: 13961: 13926: 13879: 13869: 13740: 13666: 13656: 13649: 13639: 13539: 13532: 13507: 13497: 13482: 13347: 13320: 13105: 13085: 13070: 13053: 12944: 12934: 12870: 12836: 12821: 12555: 11968: 11962: 11886: 11752: 11506: 11371: 11337: 10983: 10903: 10891: 10802: 10749: 10692: 10673:"Scientizing Gender? An Examination of Anti-Gender Campaigns on Social Media, Norway" 10631: 10420: 10416: 10366: 10342: 10328: 10249: 9938: 9641: 9583: 9297: 8904: 8827: 8802: 8750: 8667: 8599: 8587: 8539: 8432: 8377: 8342: 8330: 8199: 8065: 7978: 7756: 7748: 7646: 7568: 7337: 7209: 7190: 7052: 6966: 6914: 6837: 6812: 6228: 6123: 5988: 5957: 5913: 5903: 5859: 5847: 5746: 5690: 5605: 5593: 5545: 5468: 5407: 5350: 5338: 5269: 5192: 5132: 5117: 5102: 4985: 4808: 4673: 4660: 4552: 4532: 4495: 4478: 4374: 4286: 4052: 3536:

people" in Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and other countries.

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including one professor comparing her to "the racist uncle at the Christmas table".

14143: 14138: 14048: 13976: 13971: 13931: 13884: 13859: 13804: 13698: 13594: 13527: 13412: 13377: 13295: 13215: 13183: 13144: 13117: 13080: 13016: 12986: 12922: 12917: 12895: 12875: 12816: 12801: 12649: 11827: 11543: 11247: 10881: 10788: 10737: 10684: 10676: 10619: 10523:"Republicans Are Trying To Kill An LGBT Bill In Congress By Arguing It Hurts Women" 10453: 10354: 10316: 9926: 9795:"What would changing the Equality Act mean for trans people and single-sex spaces?" 9629: 9312:"A so-called 'gender critical coming out day' for TERFs sparks blistering backlash" 9283: 9066: 9024: 8894: 8782: 8579: 8420: 8322: 8189: 8055: 7970: 7864: 7738: 7638: 7513: 7325: 7178: 7040: 7032: 6784: 6774: 6636: 6620: 6596: 6375: 6109: 6099: 5947: 5893: 5839: 5795: 5736: 5676: 5635: 5585: 5537: 5454: 5446: 5393: 5330: 5299: 5257: 5212: 4723: 4455:

have often been featured in gender-critical social media posts. The Internet forum

4424:

and co-founder Heather Brunskell-Evans. The group published a manifesto titled the

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Progress and Politics in the intersex rights movement, Feminist theory in action

7279:"Who Gets to Be a Woman?: Feminist Politics and the Question of Trans-inclusion" 6657:"Woman as Resource: A Reply to Catharine MacKinnon - The Philosophers' Magazine" 4614:

he expressed his gender-critical views and campaigned against a proposed ban on

14279: 14118: 13568: 13417: 13227: 13178: 13028: 12912: 12464: 11940: 11935: 10886: 10869: 10242:"Student psychotherapist wins apology over expulsion for gender-critical views" 10057:"Maya Forstater: Woman discriminated against over trans tweets, tribunal rules" 9930: 8824:

Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity

8770: 8266:(Report). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 7036: 6682: 5800: 5783: 5288:"Radical Inclusion: Recounting the Trans Inclusive History of Radical Feminism" 5207: 5182: 5147: 4908: 4904: 4849: 4734: 4563: 4523: 4471: 4448: 4290: 4112: 4106: 4076: 4022: 3958: 3950: 3917: 3877: 3849: 3794: 3790: 3683: 3679: 3667: 3562: 3494: 3486: 3173: 2616: 2581: 2390: 2196: 2148: 1942: 1902: 1785: 1234: 802: 797: 344: 38: 10672: 10492:"Conservative group hosts anti-transgender panel of feminists 'from the left'" 8794: 8424: 7925:"'Pro-lesbian' or 'trans-exclusionary'? Old animosities boil into public view" 7924: 6225:"Resolution 2417 (2022): Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe" 5952: 5935: 5917: 5261: 5246:

Thurlow, Claire (2022). "From TERF to gender critical: A telling genealogy?".

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has described the gender-critical movement, among other movements, as extreme

14347: 13502: 13462: 13457: 13367: 13161: 13033: 12841: 12021: 12004: 11989: 11950: 11732: 11660: 11361: 10987: 10623: 10345:(2023). "The Imperative of Rejecting 'Gender-Critical' Feminism in the Law". 10320: 10253: 9676: 9587: 9288: 9271: 9071: 9057: 9052: 8991: 8908: 8591: 8583: 8381: 8334: 8203: 8116:"Telling children they can change sex is conversion therapy, say campaigners" 8069: 8060: 8043: 7982: 7974: 7752: 7642: 7590: 7517: 7182: 6779: 6601: 6584: 6380: 6361: 6357: 5961: 5898: 5851: 5750: 5681: 5450: 5398: 5379: 5304: 5287: 5187: 4978: 4800: 4690: 4501:

Proposed changes to the Equality Act to clarify sex as meaning biological sex

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feminists have disputed the prevalence of intersex conditions, arguing that

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apologising for the organisation's previous failure to do so. In 2019, the

4067: 4063: 3985:. The theory has never received wide acceptance in sexology or psychology. 3968: 3889: 3806: 3786: 3628: 3463: 2696: 2626: 2490: 2425: 2420: 2380: 2330: 2087: 2006: 1984: 1885: 1760: 1633: 1302: 818: 481: 423: 291: 174: 11480: 10458: 8490:"What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism" 8311:"A human rights based approach to transgender and gender expansive health" 8194: 6641: 6624: 6539: 6193: 5981:

Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe (Provisional version)

5640: 5623: 4420:(now Women's Declaration International) by noted gender-critical feminist 259: 12949: 12858: 11810: 11682: 11520: 11501: 11475: 11431: 11412: 11314: 10358: 10056: 7081: 7044: 6941:"What Is Gender Critical Feminism (and why is everyone so mad about it)?" 6710:"Employment Tribunal rulings on gender-critical beliefs in the workplace" 6322:"I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. Here's how it happened" 6146: 6114: 5496:"Employment Tribunal rulings on gender-critical beliefs in the workplace" 5202: 4793: 4681: 4575: 4540:

discrimination and victimisation because of her gender-critical beliefs.

4378: 4098:

distributed flyers seeking to keep "female impersonators" off the stage.

4072: 3836: 3828: 3584: 3517: 3490: 3467: 2099: 1890: 687: 585: 299: 280: 254: 210: 191: 58: 10726:"The Promise of Repair: Trans Rage and the Limits of Feminist Coalition" 10151:"Open University academic wins tribunal case over gender-critical views" 9576:"Why we take issue with the Guardian's stance on trans rights in the UK" 9390:"J.K. Rowling explains her gender identity views in essay amid backlash" 6104: 6087: 6009: 5809: 4965: 13604: 13362: 11945: 11451: 11436: 10793: 10776: 8466:(Spring 2014 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 6885:"Government to tell GMC 'women are women' and 'biological sex matters'" 4988:

Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination published a report titled

4594: 4146: 4137:

policy by the MWMF organisers. For both the 1992 and 1993 MWMF events,

3810: 3600: 2656: 2641: 2335: 807: 230: 215: 6142:"Was bedeutet TERF? Wie linke Transfeindlichkeit Rechtsextreme stärkt" 5459: 4034:

promotes "gender exploratory therapy", which is also considered to be

13599: 13193: 12531: 12364: 11930: 11470: 11425: 11390: 11356: 11283: 9217: 7775:"JK Rowling under fire for following a 'proud transphobe' on Twitter" 7448: 7413: 7260:"Germaine Greer Defends Her Controversial Views on Transgender Women" 6401: 5077: 4962:

research processed in compliance with data protection legislation".

4854: 4713: 4443: 4431: 4405: 4267: 3921: 3841: 3660:

Gender-critical feminists promote the idea that sex is important. In

3616: 3576: 3568: 3506: 3485:, trans-exclusionary radical feminism has achieved prominence in the 2636: 2631: 1709: 1285: 1074: 792: 249: 204: 169: 135: 11777: 10583:"Feminism, biological fundamentalism and the attack on trans rights" 9117:

King, Daniel; Carrie Paechter; Maranda Ridgway (22 September 2020).

8747:

Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People

7113:"An International Human Rights Law Analysis of the WHRC Declaration" 6291:"UN Women says gender-critical activists are 'anti-rights movement'" 6258:"LGBTIQ+ communities and the anti-rights pushback: 5 things to know" 4466:

published an editorial condemning an editorial in the UK version of

4225:

In Russia, trans-exclusionary feminists, who position themselves as

4027:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

3743:

in gender-critical politics, and has been described as transphobic.

3520:

by feminist and scholarly critics, and is opposed by many feminist,

13644: 13437: 13305: 13048: 12578: 12469: 11486: 11463: 11017:"Laura Favaro: gender studies 'groupthink is forcing scholars out'" 10741: 10091: 8957:"Megalia: South Korean Feminism Marshals the Power of the Internet" 8885:

Femina Politica – Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft

8786: 6397:"A feminist glossary because we didn't all major in gender studies" 6261: 5049: 4765: 4459:

has also been a prominent hub of online gender-critical discourse.

4031: 3580: 3537: 2410: 2278: 1841: 1363: 1239: 265: 242: 9855:"Tories pledge to tackle 'confusion' over legal definition of sex" 9116: 8728: 7283:

Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice

5008:

feminist community" and accused the British group of colonialism.

12811: 11493: 11419: 11384: 11272: 9912: 9882:"Women's rights declaration sparks accusations of discrimination" 4804: 4456: 4263: 3572: 2072: 272: 198: 163: 10382:"Trans and Feminist Rights Have Been Falsely Cast in Opposition" 10347:

William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, & Social Justice

9574:

Levin, Sam; Chalabi, Mona; Siddiqui, Sabrina (2 November 2018).

6021:"Why is the idea of 'gender' provoking backlash the world over?" 4058:

In 1973, trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists from the

3442:, is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as " 12459: 11457: 9825:"Clarifying the definition of 'sex' in the Equality Act | EHRC" 4903:

T.J. Billiard in article on "TERF strategies" has stated that "

4889:'trans lobby' and the 'cult of trans'". Another 2021 paper, in 3768: 3751: 3740: 1229: 236: 9423:"Why is JK Rowling speaking out now on sex and gender debate?" 9085: 6858:"Sex Matters to intervene in Equality Act case at Inner House" 4547:, initiated a legal case calling for a judicial review of the 4438:

is a prominent gender-critical feminist in the United Kingdom.

4129:

In 1991 Nancy Burkholder, a trans woman, was ejected from the

4094:

publicly denounced Sylvia Rivera as "parodying womanhood" and

11400: 11129:""Stay away from Ireland," British anti-trans feminists told" 10215:"Judge urges council to mandate 'freedom of belief' training" 9996:"'I am fighting for the right to say men can never be women'" 9480:"Mumsnet brings in tougher forum rules after transgender row" 7586:"Changing the concept of "woman" will cause unintended harms" 6618: 6507:"Transgender for beginners: Trans, terf, cis and safe spaces" 6081: 6079: 4741: 179: 11047:"Le débat sur la place des femmes trans n'a pas lieu d'être" 9906: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 4688:

professor of sociology and gender studies scholar, wrote in

4543:

In October 2020, Ann Sinnott, at the time a director of the

12547: 12479: 11441: 10027:"Appeal backs woman over 'transphobic tweets' 10 June 2021" 7530: 6909:

Stock, Kathleen (2021). "Chapter 3: Why does sex matter?".

6802: 6800: 4758: 4628: 4122: 3735:

representing normative characteristics thereof. The phrase

1249: 220: 8615:""Still at the back of the bus": Sylvia Rivera's struggle" 8307: 6076: 5725:

Discord Between Transgender Women and TERFs in South Korea

4086:

rally, trans-exclusionary radical feminists tried to stop

3466:, to be inherently oppressive. They reject the concept of 12484: 11221:

TERF Wars: Feminism and the fight for transgender futures

9547: 9394: 8552: 5973: 5971: 3779: 3459: 1254: 10304: 8538:. London Los Angeles: SAGE Reference. pp. 822–825. 6797: 4947:

In September 2022, Laura Favaro published an article in

4781:

Political alliances with conservatives and the far right

4262:

split from the larger radical feminist online community

4101:

Trans-exclusionary radical feminist activists protested

7805:"No, United Nations. 'Trans lesbians' are not lesbians" 7143:"A Feminist Defense of Transgender Sex Equality Rights" 6473:"The rise of anti-trans "radical" feminists, explained" 6048: 6046: 11706:

Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism

10870:"Trans Ideology and the New Ptolemaism in the Academy" 10485: 10483: 10481: 6086:

Alm, Erika; Engebretsen, Elisabeth L. (15 June 2020).

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in the 1970s that grew rapidly due to media exposure.

3556: 11233:

Trans-Exclusionary Feminisms and the Global New Right

9567: 7208:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 407–427. 6285: 6283: 4966:

Conflicts with other feminist and pro-equality groups

3715:

are used as sex-terms, assigned no more meaning than

3678:, and the social effects of heterosexuality (such as 3583:

who espouse sentiments that other feminists consider

12661:

Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

10514: 9764:"Gender reassignment provisions in the Equality Act" 9573: 7835:"Lesbians are being erased by transgender activists" 6188: 6186: 6043: 5031: 4990:

Combating rising hate against LGBTI people in Europe

4898: 10945:"Researchers are wounded in academia's gender wars" 10478: 9150:"Stonewall to start campaigning for trans equality" 6807:Stock, Kathleen (2021). "Chapter 2: What is sex?". 4768:has described the gender-critical, anti-gender and 4656:anti-trans meanings to other anti-trans activists. 8666:(2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press. 8660:The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-male 7697:"US: Anti-Trans Bills Also Harm Intersex Children" 7169:Mackay, Finn (December 2015). "Radical Feminism". 6934: 6932: 6930: 6538: 6498: 6280: 9086:Women and Equalities Committee (8 January 2016). 6790:20.500.11820/283d153e-d5df-4e5c-89c5-04da82e6795d 6578: 6576: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6183: 4281:Lee Hyun-Jae has noted that in the South Korean " 3912:Most intersex organizations subscribe to a mixed 14345: 11410: 9537: 9535: 8182:DiGeSt - Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies 6911:Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism 6809:Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism 5536:(1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 1–15, 5143:Lesbian erasure in relation to transgender women 4582:ended in settlements, while a claim against the 189: 11231:Serena Bassi and Greta LaFleur (eds.) (2022), " 9183:"'Anti-women' trans policy may split Stonewall" 8814: 8812: 8749:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 33–34. 8652: 8650: 8279:"Non-Affirming Therapists Endanger Trans Youth" 7453:Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism 7309: 7082:"Woman billboard removed after transphobia row" 6927: 6356: 4055:over the inclusion of trans women in feminism. 3840:(1979), originally published one year earlier, 3516:Gender-critical feminism has been described as 14354:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States 10730:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8082: 8037: 8035: 7357:"Why are AMAB trans people denied the closet?" 7315: 6954: 6573: 6537: 6212: 6085: 5991:Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination, 5653: 5651: 5528:Sullivan, Alice; Todd, Selina (10 July 2023), 4881:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4519:Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development 4046: 3938:Transphobia § Gay and lesbian communities 3884:"men" and "incomplete males" in her 1999 book 12563: 11299: 9532: 8735: 7580: 7578: 6960: 6938: 6831: 6504: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6388: 6159: 6157: 5892:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 185–200. 4336:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 4170:The examples and perspective in this section 3412: 1332: 11156:"Feminists have long supported trans rights" 10664: 8883: 8809: 8647: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8258: 7254: 7252: 5573: 5527: 5377: 5153:Radical feminist views on transgender topics 4229:, constitute one of the two main streams of 4071:stage to attack her and attacked performers 3920:. Intersex women who display a mixed sexual 3755:A sticker promoting gender-critical feminism 37:"TERF" redirects here. For the acronym, see 27:Movement originating within radical feminism 10670: 10373: 9734:"Attorney General affirms sex-based rights" 9269: 8954: 8924:"Womad: The New Face of Feminism in Korea?" 8763: 8276: 8270: 8178:"An Epidemic of Transphobia on French Turf" 8041: 8032: 7270: 6760: 6614: 6612: 6582: 6350: 6313: 5648: 4803:has described the anti-gender movements as 4369:be updated "in line with the principles of 4172:deal primarily with the United Kingdom and 3606: 13326:African-American women's suffrage movement 12570: 12556: 11306: 11292: 10973: 10489: 9792: 7575: 7162: 6455: 6252: 6250: 6154: 6135: 6133: 5936:"The anti-feminism of anti-trans feminism" 5281: 5279: 4742:Relationship with the anti-gender movement 4192:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 3914:sociological perspective of sex and gender 3419: 3405: 2299:African-American women's suffrage movement 1339: 1325: 14364:Discrimination against transgender people 10885: 10792: 10457: 10404: 10239: 10179: 9873: 9287: 9070: 8898: 8708: 8512: 8193: 8059: 7895:"What everyone needs to know about TERFs" 7742: 7720: 7718: 7249: 7137: 6987:"Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender" 6788: 6778: 6640: 6600: 6430: 6379: 6113: 6103: 5977: 5951: 5897: 5890:Identities and Intimacies on Social Media 5799: 5740: 5680: 5639: 5569: 5567: 5493: 5458: 5431:; Erikainen, Sonja; Vincent, Ben (2020). 5397: 5303: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 4208:Learn how and when to remove this message 3458:. Gender-critical feminists believe that 13271:Discrimination against transgender women 10723: 10683:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 185–206. 10410: 10341: 10148: 10117: 9879: 8569: 8533: 8487: 8457: 8451: 8083:Garton-Crosbie, Abbi (10 January 2024). 7203: 6609: 6583:Zanghellini, Aleardo (April–June 2020). 6394: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5285: 4580:United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy 4574:and Social Work England. Claims against 4430: 3979:Ray Blanchard's theory of autogynephilia 3750: 3707:In gender-critical discourse, the terms 3579:. It was used to describe a minority of 2244:Discrimination against transgender women 11260:Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies 10446:Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies 10413:The Sage Encyclopedia of LGBTQ+ Studies 8876: 8741: 8656: 8464:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8460:"Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues" 8406: 8367: 8361: 7502:Hayward, Eva S. (2017). 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Unlike their opponents adhering to 4005:sexual orientation conversion therapy 3988: 3931: 3690:states: "Gender critical feminism is 11135:from the original on 1 December 2021 10924:from the original on 8 December 2021 10849:from the original on 8 December 2021 10823:from the original on 8 December 2021 10756:from the original on 30 October 2021 10589:from the original on 7 December 2021 10466:from the original on 1 February 2024 10240:Gentleman, Amelia (15 August 2024). 10212: 10180:Henderson, Cameron (2 August 2024). 10149:Siddique, Haroon (22 January 2024). 10118:Siddique, Haroon (19 January 2024). 9945:from the original on 7 December 2021 9894:from the original on 3 December 2021 9768:Equality and Human Rights Commission 9684:from the original on 30 January 2022 9520:from the original on 8 December 2021 9490:from the original on 8 December 2021 9477: 9459:from the original on 8 December 2021 9433:from the original on 9 December 2021 9370:from the original on 8 December 2021 9318:from the original on 8 December 2021 9251:from the original on 7 December 2021 9193:from the original on 1 February 2021 9147: 8915: 8714: 8683:from the original on 8 November 2019 8488:Goldberg, Michelle (5 August 2014). 8439:from the original on 2 December 2021 8388:from the original on 21 January 2024 8252: 8157:from the original on 23 January 2024 8020:from the original on 23 January 2024 8008:Stock, Kathleen (14 December 2021). 7845:from the original on 9 December 2023 7634:The Transgender Studies Reader Remix 7447: 7436: 7414:"Feminist theologian Mary Daly dies" 7363:from the original on 16 January 2023 7293:from the original on 12 October 2018 7237:from the original on 17 October 2018 6883:Searles, Michael (17 October 2023). 6761:Cowan, Sharon; Morris, Sean (2022). 6567:participating institution membership 6519:from the original on 26 January 2019 6431:Bollinger, Alex (19 December 2018). 6334:from the original on 25 January 2020 6200:from the original on 8 December 2021 5617: 5615: 5523: 5521: 5360: 5128:Feminist views on transgender topics 4549:Equality and Human Rights Commission 4300: 4241:in 2022 and came into conflict with 4156: 3942:Feminist views on sexual orientation 3816: 3641:Feminist views on transgender topics 11173: 11006: 10943:Favaro, Laura (15 September 2022). 10490:Fitzsimons, Tim (29 January 2019). 10260:from the original on 28 August 2024 10161:from the original on 28 August 2024 10130:from the original on 28 August 2024 9835:from the original on 28 August 2024 9805:from the original on 28 August 2024 9793:Allegretti, Aubrey (5 April 2023). 9744:from the original on 28 August 2024 9129:from the original on 5 October 2020 9094:from the original on 28 August 2024 9050: 9044: 9032:from the original on 28 August 2024 9017: 8921: 8877:Solovey, Vanya Mark (30 May 2023). 8854:. 12 September 2000. 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Archived from 10533:from the original on 5 May 2019 10502:from the original on 3 May 2019 10392:from the original on 2 May 2019 10213:Moss, Rob (17 September 2024). 9670:Duffy, Nick (25 January 2022). 9123:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 8900:10.3224/feminapolitica.v32i1.08 8695: 8606: 8481: 8400: 8301: 8222: 8138: 8107: 8076: 8001: 7917: 7887: 7857: 7827: 7797: 7767: 7689: 7671: 7624: 7610: 7561: 7524: 7495: 7406: 7388: 7375: 7348: 7222: 7197: 7131: 7104: 7074: 7009: 6979: 6902: 6876: 6850: 6825: 6754: 6735:Elgot, Jessica (4 April 2023). 6728: 6701: 6674: 6649: 6424: 5782:Lee, Hyun-Jae (December 2020). 5742:10.22492/issn.2186-5892.2023.67 5015: 4477:In Resolution 2417 (2022), the 4131:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 3926:attacks similar to trans people 3593:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 11931:Cisgender / cissexual 11926:Childhood gender nonconformity 10681:Populism and Science in Europe 9994:Gordon, Jane (23 April 2021). 9421:Brooks, Libby (11 June 2020). 9051:Kim, Jinsook (December 2021). 7355:Serano, Julia (2 March 2022). 7318:Journal of GLBT Family Studies 5487: 5312: 5193:Transphobia § In feminism 4522:tribunal case was launched by 4511: 4363:Women and Equalities Committee 4249: 3765:international human rights law 3551: 3352:Women's suffrage organizations 793:Cisgender / cissexual 788:Childhood gender nonconformity 414:Facial masculinization surgery 13: 1: 12500:Social construction of gender 11238:Transgender Studies Quarterly 10611:Transgender Studies Quarterly 10380:Hines, Sally (13 July 2018). 10280:"Litigation with James Esses" 9634:10.1080/00207659.2021.1939946 9125:. pp. 8–9. CP 294. 8462:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 8368:Santoro, Helen (2 May 2023). 8327:10.53841/bpscpf.2023.1.369.91 8042:Zanghellini, Aleardo (2020). 8010:"An exercise in talking shop" 7744:10.1080/10894160.2024.2356496 7725:Lamble, Sarah (23 May 2024). 7505:Transgender Studies Quarterly 7171:Theory, Culture & Society 6961:Lawford-Smith, Holly (2022). 6832:Lawford-Smith, Holly (2022). 6681:Kodsi, Daniel (3 July 2022). 6367:Transgender Studies Quarterly 5844:10.1080/07491409.2023.2193545 5590:10.1080/10894160.2021.1950270 5385:Transgender Studies Quarterly 5335:10.1080/10894160.2023.2252286 5292:Transgender Studies Quarterly 5219: 5173:Social construction of gender 4886:Pennsylvania State University 4838:Political Research Associates 4607:Cambridgeshire County Council 4528:Centre for Global Development 4418:Women's Human Rights Campaign 4152: 1270:Social construction of gender 14227:Suffragists and suffragettes 12577: 11980:Gender-sexuality questioning 11021:Times Higher Education (THE) 10949:Times Higher Education (THE) 9090:(Report). House of Commons. 8955:Emily Singh (29 July 2016). 7455:. London: The Women's Press. 7330:10.1080/1550428X.2013.746053 7016:Byrne, Alex (January 2020). 6088:"Gender Self-identification" 5433:"TERF wars: An introduction" 4275:Sookmyung Women's University 4036:a form of conversion therapy 3860:In a response to remarks by 3337:Suffragists and suffragettes 3267:American feminist literature 842:Gender-sexuality questioning 7: 14384:LGBTQ-related controversies 10874:Archives of Sexual Behavior 10689:10.1007/978-3-030-97535-7_9 10411:Goldberg, Abbie E. (2024). 9829:www.equalityhumanrights.com 8657:Raymond, Janice G. (1994). 8259:Ramon Mendos, Luca (2020). 6836:. Oxford University Press. 5934:Tudor, Alyosxa (May 2023). 5027: 4936:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4634: 4367:Gender Recognition Act 2004 4328:content into sub-articles, 4239:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4188:, discuss the issue on the 4096:Lesbian Feminist Liberation 4047:Early history (before 2000) 2577:Views on transgender topics 2567:Views on sexual orientation 407:Facial feminization surgery 10: 14415: 11915:Androphilia and gynephilia 11623:Gender self-identification 11103:"Ireland Says No to TERFs" 10887:10.1007/s10508-021-01950-9 9931:10.1007/s10612-021-09590-0 9478:Ntim, Zac (13 June 2018). 8230:"About Conversion Therapy" 7731:Journal of Lesbian Studies 7037:10.1007/s11098-019-01408-8 6913:. Fleet. pp. 76–108. 5801:10.21588/dns.2020.49.4.003 5788:Journal of Asian Sociology 5577:Journal of Lesbian Studies 5322:Journal of Lesbian Studies 5286:Williams, Cristan (2016). 4956:City, University of London 4819:Canadian Anti-Hate Network 4784: 4745: 4537:Employment Appeal Tribunal 4395:Boris Johnson's government 4174:the English-speaking world 4041: 3992: 3961:, co-founder of the group 3935: 3649: 3638: 3560: 3526:human rights organizations 3456:gender self-identification 777:Androphilia and gynephilia 477:Gender self-identification 36: 29: 14299: 14239: 14178: 14171: 13850: 13555: 13301:Female genital mutilation 13239: 13172: 13069: 12789: 12778: 12705:Majority-Muslim countries 12670: 12637: 12594: 12585: 12510: 12445: 12421: 12188: 12138: 12039: 12032: 11902: 11763: 11691:Against non-binary people 11681: 11613: 11531: 11372:Non-binary or genderqueer 11324: 10868:Lowrey, Kathleen (2021). 8929:Berkeley Political Review 8715:Rose, Katrina C. (2004). 8701:Raymond, Janice. (1994). 8425:10.1080/10714420802306726 8315:Clinical Psychology Forum 7471:"The ugly side of beauty" 7381:Raymond, Janice. (1994). 7277:Elliot, Patricia (2004). 6965:. OUP. pp. 13, 166. 6811:. Fleet. pp. 44–75. 6546:Oxford English Dictionary 5953:10.1177/13505068231164217 5262:10.1177/13634607221107827 5005:University College Dublin 4220: 3855:female genital mutilation 3368:Women's rights by country 2274:Female genital mutilation 151:Non-binary or genderqueer 14374:Feminism and transgender 14274:Women's studies journals 14232:Women's rights activists 12781:Movements and ideologies 11278:Gender-critical feminism 11258:", special issue of the 10781:Law & Social Inquiry 10624:10.1215/23289252-9836078 10321:10.1177/0038026120934686 9289:10.1177/2158244020927029 9072:10.25024/kj.2021.61.4.75 8584:10.1177/0038026120938292 8458:Bettcher, Talia (2014), 8413:The Communication Review 8061:10.1177/2158244020927029 7975:10.1177/0038026120934690 7643:10.4324/9781003206255-60 7518:10.1215/23289252-3814985 7183:10.1177/0263276415616682 6963:Gender-Critical Feminism 6834:Gender-Critical Feminism 6623:; Verloo, Mieke (2023). 6602:10.1177/2158244020927029 6381:10.1215/23289252-3334127 5899:10.4324/9781003250982-15 5682:10.1177/0038026120934684 5500:House of Commons Library 5451:10.1177/0038026120934713 5399:10.1215/23289252-9836008 5305:10.1215/23289252-3334463 4907:—or, more specifically, 4863:Elisabeth L. Engebretsen 4859:University of Gothenburg 3634: 3607:Gender-critical feminism 3432:Gender-critical feminism 3373:Feminists by nationality 3347:Women's studies journals 3342:Women's rights activists 2060:Movements and ideologies 596:Parental rights movement 505:Political office-holders 384:Gender-affirming surgery 13817:International relations 11816:Non-binary People's Day 11696:Against transgender men 11411: 11344:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai 11226:The Sociological Review 10308:The Sociological Review 10033:. Law Society Gazette. 9282:(2): 2158244020927029. 8572:The Sociological Review 8407:Stryker, Susan (2008). 7963:The Sociological Review 7139:MacKinnon, Catharine A. 6661:www.philosophersmag.com 6551:Oxford University Press 5668:The Sociological Review 5542:10.4324/9781003286608-1 5438:The Sociological Review 4872:The Sociological Review 4867:University of Stavanger 4836:. Heron Greenesmith of 4830:The Heritage Foundation 4371:gender self-declaration 4235:intersectional feminism 4176:and do not represent a 2761:International relations 1622:Intersectional variants 190: 123:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai 14247:Conservative feminisms 13545:Women in the workforce 13513:Violence against women 13488:Sexual objectification 13448:Opposition to feminism 12645:Bicycling and feminism 12537:Transgender portal 12490:Sex–gender distinction 11957:Gender detransitioning 11773:Anatomical terminology 11276:Quotations related to 10775:Wuest, Joanna (2021). 10724:Malatino, Hil (2021). 10440:House, Claire (2023). 9613:McLean, Craig (2021). 8884: 8703:The Transsexual Empire 8054:(2): 215824402092702. 7383:The Transsexual Empire 6780:10.1093/indlaw/dwac002 6767:Industrial Law Journal 6683:"Who is feminism for?" 6625:"Exploring TERFnesses" 5622:Dickey, Briar (2023). 5163:Sex-gender distinction 4950:Times Higher Education 4892:Law and Social Inquiry 4770:men's rights movements 4564:a barrister's chambers 4439: 4118:The Transsexual Empire 3824:The Transsexual Empire 3773:Catharine A. MacKinnon 3756: 3652:Sex–gender distinction 3287:Conservative feminisms 2542:Bicycling and feminism 2518:Women in the workforce 2486:Violence against women 2461:Sexual objectification 2421:Opposition to feminism 1678:Vegetarian ecofeminism 1291:Transgender portal 1260:Sex–gender distinction 819:Gender detransitioning 706:Anatomical terminology 14287:Women in peacekeeping 13827:Revisionist mythology 13264:Children's literature 12475:Queer heterosexuality 11995:Rapid-onset dysphoria 11673:Yogyakarta Principles 11256:Varieties of TERFness 11244:Mauro Cabral Grinspan 10679:; Giorgi, A. (eds.). 10459:10.21825/digest.85755 8195:10.21825/digest.90002 7901:. 20 September 2019. 7088:. 26 September 2018. 7025:Philosophical Studies 6642:10.21825/digest.90008 5658:Hines, Sally (2020). 5641:10.21825/digest.85311 4930:University of Alberta 4847:In a 2020 article in 4799:Feminist philosopher 4774:anti-rights movements 4746:Further information: 4720:Mauro Cabral Grinspan 4434: 4373:". Later in 2016, in 3880:called women with XY 3754: 3694:'about' trans. It is 3639:Further information: 3621:Mauro Cabral Grinspan 3542:anti-rights movements 3317:Feminist rhetoricians 3307:Feminist philosophers 2859:Revisionist mythology 2562:Views on prostitution 2547:Criticism of marriage 2237:Children's literature 1245:Queer heterosexuality 857:Rapid-onset dysphoria 640:Yogyakarta Principles 14369:Feminism and society 14359:Anti-gender movement 13729:Pathways perspective 13574:Gender mainstreaming 13493:Substantive equality 13473:Reproductive justice 13423:Matriarchal religion 13276:Diversity (politics) 11969:Gender transitioning 11921:Blanchard's typology 11843:fictional characters 11701:Anti-gender movement 11653:Rights organizations 11235:", special issue of 11223:", special issue of 10955:on 16 September 2022 10359:10.2139/ssrn.4419750 9971:. 19 December 2019. 9919:Critical Criminology 9774:on 29 September 2023 9314:. 12 November 2021. 9088:Transgender Equality 8721:Transgender Tapestry 6196:. 25 February 2020. 5158:Reactionary feminism 5093:Anti-gender movement 4787:Anti-gender movement 4748:Anti-gender movement 4568:Arts Council England 4531:protected under the 4186:improve this section 4126:intellectual basis. 4060:Daughters of Bilitis 3907:Klinefelter syndrome 3895:Anne Fausto-Sterling 3548:and disinformation. 3499:anti-gender movement 3297:Feminist art critics 3272:Feminist comic books 3229:Lists and categories 2908:By continent/country 2739:Pathways perspective 2622:Gender mainstreaming 2557:Views on pornography 2466:Substantive equality 2446:Reproductive justice 2396:Matriarchal religion 2249:Diversity (politics) 2185:Political lesbianism 1495:Other women's rights 831:Gender transitioning 783:Blanchard's typology 711:Fictional characters 657:Events and awareness 563:Anti-gender movement 32:anti-gender movement 14312:Feminism portal 14192:Ecofeminist authors 14042:Trinidad and Tobago 13982:Republic of Ireland 13842:Composition studies 13523:Women's empowerment 13478:Sex workers' rights 13403:Feminist capitalism 13383:Internalized sexism 13316:Feminism in culture 13194:Kurdish (Jineology) 12455:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11788:LGBTQ-related films 11765:Society and culture 11160:The Washington Post 11131:. 23 January 2018. 11105:. 24 January 2018. 10187:The Daily Telegraph 10000:The Daily Telegraph 9340:. 5 February 2020. 8995:. 3 February 2020. 8848:"Trouble in Utopia" 8743:Namaste, Viviane K. 8613:Gan, Jessi (2007). 8494:New Yorker Magazine 7811:. 13 October 2023. 7699:. 26 October 2022. 7233:. Washington Post. 6862:Scottish Legal News 6549:(Online ed.). 6437:www.lgbtqnation.com 6345:those of us who do. 6231:. 25 January 2022. 6105:10.34041/ln.v25.613 5178:Sociology of gender 5138:Gender essentialism 4878:In a 2021 paper in 4686:University of Leeds 4572:Westminster Council 4551:'s guidance on the 4383:Fair Play For Women 3872:Intersex conditions 3688:Holly Lawford-Smith 3395:Feminism portal 3302:Feminist economists 3292:Ecofeminist authors 3097:Trinidad and Tobago 3037:Republic of Ireland 2729:Composition studies 2496:Women's empowerment 2451:Sex workers' rights 2376:Feminist capitalism 2356:Internalized sexism 2289:Feminism in culture 1397:History of feminism 1225:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 770:Theory and concepts 652:Society and culture 633:Trans panic defense 13687:Literary criticism 13564:Complementarianism 13286:Effects on society 13254:Complementarianism 13061:Women's liberation 12495:Sexual orientation 11801:Day of Remembrance 10794:10.1017/lsi.2021.1 10648:. 21 August 2020. 10343:Fradella, Henry F. 10219:personneltoday.com 9740:. 11 August 2022. 9551:. 9 October 2021. 8858:on 15 January 2009 8771:Hayes, Cressida J. 8234:The Trevor Project 5108:Divide and conquer 5098:Anti-LGBT rhetoric 5084:Transgender portal 4884:, Hil Malatino of 4661:cultural feminists 4640:Scholarly analysis 4616:conversion therapy 4440: 4387:For Women Scotland 4273:In February 2020, 4243:Ukrainian feminist 4009:sexual orientation 3995:Conversion therapy 3989:Conversion therapy 3963:For Women Scotland 3932:Sexual orientation 3757: 3737:adult human female 3721:adult human female 3676:sexual orientation 3589:transgender rights 3452:transgender rights 3446:", the concept of 2707:Literary criticism 2572:Views on sexuality 2259:Effects on society 2227:Complementarianism 2202:Women's liberation 1957:Religious variants 1931:trans-exclusionary 1649:Radical lesbianism 1265:Sexual orientation 1104:Disenfranchisement 673:Day of Remembrance 574:trans-exclusionary 59:Transgender topics 18:Trans-exclusionary 14341: 14340: 14295: 14294: 13704:Political ecology 13610:Écriture féminine 13508:Triple oppression 13498:Toxic masculinity 13483:Sexual harassment 13343:Feminist stripper 13321:Feminist movement 13235: 13234: 13173:Ethnic and racial 12774: 12773: 12545: 12544: 12441: 12440: 11963:Gender expression 11806:Day of Visibility 11327:Gender identities 11027:on 30 August 2023 10698:978-3-030-97534-0 10417:SAGE Publications 10286:on 21 August 2024 10221:. Personnel Today 8852:The Village Voice 8826:. Da Capo Press. 8731:on 29 March 2019. 8545:978-1-5443-9381-0 6972:978-0-19-886388-5 6708:Brione, Patrick. 6621:Paternotte, David 6565:(Subscription or 6229:Council of Europe 5989:Council of Europe 5909:978-1-003-25098-2 5551:978-1-003-28660-8 5133:Intersectionality 5118:Feminist sex wars 5103:Cultural feminism 4986:Council of Europe 4972:Toutes des femmes 4828:In January 2019, 4674:Henry F. Fradella 4593:In January 2024, 4553:Equality Act 2010 4496:Equality Act 2010 4479:Council of Europe 4375:England and Wales 4355: 4354: 4287:identity politics 4258:online community 4218: 4217: 4210: 4053:radical feminists 3876:Radical feminist 3817:Gender transition 3571:radical feminist 3530:Council of Europe 3473:Originating as a 3429: 3428: 3380: 3379: 2899: 2898: 2889:womanist theology 2832:Political ecology 2663:Écriture féminine 2590: 2589: 2481:Triple oppression 2471:Toxic masculinity 2456:Sexual harassment 2316:Feminist stripper 2294:Feminist movement 1850: 1849: 1781:Africana womanism 1612: 1611: 1349: 1348: 1195:elected officials 825:Gender expression 678:Day of Visibility 487:Non-binary gender 453:Standards of Care 110:Gender identities 16:(Redirected from 14406: 14389:Radical feminism 14331: 14330: 14321: 14320: 14310: 14309: 14308: 14176: 14175: 14159:History of women 13635:Political theory 13535: 13528:Women-only space 13413:Likeability trap 13378:Invisible labour 13296:Female education 12787: 12786: 12782: 12742:African-American 12672:Women's suffrage 12663: 12650:Feminist history 12592: 12591: 12572: 12565: 12558: 12549: 12548: 12535: 12534: 12412: 12279: 12245: 12216: 12166: 12084: 12057: 12037: 12036: 11971: 11959: 11917: 11838:Media portrayals 11766: 11544:Gender dysphoria 11537: 11416: 11328: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11285: 11284: 11275: 11254:(eds.) (2023), " 11248:David Paternotte 11219:(eds.) (2020), " 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11193:on 28 April 2023 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11013: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10990:. Archived from 10971: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10951:. Archived from 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10889: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10819:. 11 June 2020. 10813: 10807: 10806: 10796: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10487: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10461: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10194:on 2 August 2024 10190:. 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Judith. 6016: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5986: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5955: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5901: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5744: 5730: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5684: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5462: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5375: 5358: 5357: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5298:(1–2): 254–258. 5283: 5274: 5273: 5243: 5213:Womyn-born womyn 5086: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5022:r/GenderCritical 4920:Academic freedom 4814:Race & Class 4724:David Paternotte 4605:In August 2024, 4486:Sex-based rights 4442:A 2020 paper in 4391:Woman's Place UK 4359:House of Commons 4350: 4347: 4341: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4256:radical feminist 4213: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4143:leather lesbians 4135:womyn-born womyn 3956: 3834:In her own book 3747:Sex-based rights 3717:adult human male 3625:David Paternotte 3567:Trans-inclusive 3479:radical feminism 3477:movement within 3434:, also known as 3421: 3414: 3407: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3332:Feminist parties 3327:Muslim feminists 3322:Jewish feminists 3233: 3232: 3214:History of women 2837:Political theory 2605: 2604: 2535: 2534: 2508: 2501:Women-only space 2386:Likeability trap 2351:Invisible labour 2269:Female education 2078:Anti-pornography 1933: 1932: 1928: 1644:Lesbian of color 1627: 1626: 1504:Women's suffrage 1480:Muslim countries 1475:Women's suffrage 1392:Feminist history 1385: 1384: 1374: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1312: 1311: 1303:LGBTQ portal 1301: 1300: 1299: 1289: 1288: 1139: 966: 833: 821: 779: 726:Media portrayals 579: 578: 577:radical feminism 575: 571: 523:Military service 455: 443: 426: 416: 409: 400: 393: 386: 376: 357: 347: 338: 331: 329:Gender dysphoria 324: 195: 79: 76: 73: 70: 67: 46: 45: 21: 14414: 14413: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14403: 14379:Feminist theory 14344: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14328: 14306: 14304: 14291: 14235: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14074:Northern Cyprus 13846: 13837:Science fiction 13630:Oedipus complex 13590:Women's studies 13551: 13550: 13549: 13533: 13443:Oedipus complex 13433:Men in feminism 13398:Language reform 13373:Ideal womanhood 13353:Gender equality 13348:Formal equality 13311:Feminationalism 13249:Cognitive labor 13231: 13199:Native American 13168: 13167: 13166: 13065: 12975:Post-structural 12780: 12770: 12666: 12659: 12655:Women's history 12633: 12581: 12576: 12546: 12541: 12529: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12437: 12424: 12417: 12406: 12273: 12239: 12210: 12184: 12160: 12134: 12078: 12051: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12017:Transmedicalism 11985:Gender variance 11975:Gender identity 11967: 11955: 11913: 11904: 11898: 11764: 11759: 11677: 11648:Rights movement 11609: 11561:Hormone therapy 11556:Puberty blocker 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11377:Gender fluidity 11326: 11320: 11312: 11268: 11246:, Ilana Eloit, 11212: 11210:Further reading 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10112: 10102: 10100: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10070: 10068: 10063:. 6 July 2022. 10055: 10054: 10050: 10040: 10038: 10023: 10019: 10009: 10007: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9969:The Independent 9963: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9895: 9878: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9806: 9791: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9745: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9717: 9715: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9685: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9617: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9476: 9472: 9462: 9460: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9419: 9415: 9405: 9403: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9321: 9319: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9268: 9264: 9254: 9252: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9228: 9226: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9196: 9194: 9179: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9115: 9111: 9097: 9095: 9084: 9080: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8970: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8920: 8916: 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8817: 8810: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8740: 8736: 8713: 8709: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8663: 8655: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8617: 8611: 8607: 8568: 8553: 8546: 8532: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8486: 8482: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8321:(369): 91–106. 8306: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8081: 8077: 8040: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7955: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7723: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7653: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7594:. 6 July 2018. 7584: 7583: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7539: 7529: 7525: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7469:(2 July 2005). 7464: 7460: 7446: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7353: 7349: 7314: 7310: 7296: 7294: 7275: 7271: 7258: 7257: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7202: 7198: 7167: 7163: 7145: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6928: 6921: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6805: 6798: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6617: 6610: 6581: 6574: 6564: 6556: 6554: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6512:The Irish Times 6503: 6499: 6486: 6484: 6469: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6425: 6412: 6410: 6393: 6389: 6355: 6351: 6337: 6335: 6318: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6264:. 28 May 2024. 6256: 6255: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6223: 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position at 4090:from speaking. 4062:voted to expel 4049: 4044: 3997: 3991: 3983:sexual deviance 3954: 3944: 3934: 3903:Turner syndrome 3886:The Whole Woman 3874: 3862:Elizabeth Grosz 3846:Sheila Jeffreys 3819: 3782: 3749: 3680:gender pay gaps 3654: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3623:, Ilana Eloit, 3609: 3565: 3559: 3554: 3546:hate propaganda 3513:organisations. 3503:gender ideology 3448:gender identity 3444:gender ideology 3425: 3389: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3283: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3129:Northern Cyprus 2909: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2717:Science fiction 2668: 2647:Women's studies 2612:Feminist method 2602: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2506: 2416:Oedipus complex 2406:Men in feminism 2371:Language reform 2346:Ideal womanhood 2326:Gender equality 2321:Formal equality 2284:Feminationalism 2222:Cognitive labor 2216: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2163:Post-structural 2062: 2052: 2051: 2050: 1959: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1930: 1927:Gender-critical 1926: 1925: 1876:Femonationalism 1860: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1825:Native American 1765: 1720:Critical theory 1682: 1624: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1563:Second Republic 1491: 1461: 1428: 1402:Women's history 1382: 1345: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1133: 1127: 1120: 960: 905: 899: 889: 888: 879:Transmedicalism 847:Gender variance 837:Gender identity 829: 817: 775: 771: 763: 762: 702: 697: 668:Beauty pageants 659: 653: 645: 644: 601:Transgender men 576: 573: 570:Gender-critical 569: 568: 559: 509: 495:Rights movement 491: 472: 461: 460: 451: 439: 422: 419: 412: 405: 396: 389: 382: 379: 372: 355:Hormone therapy 353: 350: 343: 334: 327: 320: 316: 305: 304: 156:Gender fluidity 112: 102: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14412: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14325: 14315: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14280:SCUM Manifesto 14276: 14271: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14249: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14182: 14173: 14169: 14168: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14161: 14151: 14149:United Kingdom 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13822:Existentialism 13819: 13814: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13778:Existentialism 13775: 13774: 13773: 13771:Justice ethics 13763: 13758: 13753: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13732: 13731: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13695: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13569:Gender studies 13566: 13561: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13540:Women's rights 13537: 13534:Women's health 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13418:Male privilege 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13387:International 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13256: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13237: 13236: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13088: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13064: 13063: 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12451: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12429: 12427: 12425:office-holders 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12372:United Kingdom 12369: 12368: 12367: 12359: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12287: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12265: 12264: 12263: 12261:2016 bill C-16 12253: 12248: 12247: 12246: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12205: 12194: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12155: 12150: 12144: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12120: 12118:United Kingdom 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12045: 12043: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11965: 11960: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11941:Cross-dressing 11938: 11936:Cisnormativity 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11889: 11884: 11883: 11882: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11796:Awareness Week 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11713:Asylum seekers 11710: 11709: 11708: 11698: 11693: 11687: 11685: 11683:Discrimination 11679: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11670: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11661:bathroom bills 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11540: 11538: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11473: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11422: 11417: 11408: 11403: 11393: 11388: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11322: 11321: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11267: 11266:External links 11264: 11263: 11262: 11241: 11229: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11172: 11154:Burke, Kelsy. 11146: 11120: 11094: 11064: 11038: 11005: 10966: 10935: 10909: 10880:(3): 757–760. 10860: 10834: 10808: 10787:(4): 964–992. 10767: 10742:10.1086/713292 10736:(4): 827–851. 10716: 10697: 10677:Eslen-Ziya, H. 10663: 10637: 10618:(3): 425–442. 10600: 10574: 10544: 10513: 10477: 10432: 10425: 10415:(2 ed.). 10403: 10372: 10334: 10315:(4): 745–762. 10297: 10271: 10232: 10205: 10172: 10141: 10110: 10095:. 6 May 2021. 10078: 10048: 10017: 9986: 9956: 9925:(4): 687–706. 9905: 9872: 9846: 9816: 9785: 9755: 9725: 9695: 9662: 9628:(6): 473–482. 9605: 9566: 9531: 9501: 9470: 9444: 9413: 9381: 9355: 9329: 9303: 9262: 9236: 9204: 9173: 9140: 9109: 9078: 9043: 9010: 8978: 8947: 8914: 8869: 8839: 8832: 8808: 8795:10.1086/343132 8787:10.1086/343132 8762: 8755: 8734: 8707: 8694: 8673:978-0807762721 8672: 8646: 8628:(1): 125–139. 8622:CENTRO Journal 8605: 8578:(4): 718–734. 8551: 8544: 8511: 8480: 8450: 8419:(3): 217–218. 8399: 8360: 8300: 8269: 8251: 8221: 8168: 8137: 8106: 8075: 8031: 8000: 7969:(4): 763–778. 7946: 7916: 7886: 7856: 7826: 7796: 7766: 7737:(3): 504–517. 7714: 7688: 7670: 7651: 7623: 7609: 7574: 7560: 7523: 7512:(2): 191–194. 7494: 7458: 7435: 7405: 7387: 7374: 7347: 7308: 7269: 7248: 7221: 7214: 7196: 7161: 7130: 7103: 7073: 7008: 6978: 6971: 6953: 6926: 6919: 6901: 6875: 6849: 6842: 6824: 6817: 6796: 6753: 6727: 6700: 6673: 6648: 6608: 6572: 6530: 6497: 6454: 6423: 6387: 6362:"Introduction" 6358:Stryker, Susan 6349: 6312: 6279: 6246: 6211: 6182: 6153: 6129: 6092:Lambda Nordica 6075: 6042: 6008: 5967: 5946:(2): 290–302. 5923: 5908: 5877: 5838:(2): 235–243. 5815: 5794:(4): 425–448. 5771: 5711: 5675:(4): 699–717. 5647: 5611: 5563: 5550: 5534:Sex and Gender 5530:"Introduction" 5517: 5486: 5445:(4): 677–698. 5413: 5392:(3): 311–333. 5359: 5311: 5275: 5256:(4): 962–978. 5224: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5208:White feminism 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5183:TERF (acronym) 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Party of Women 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5073: 5059: 5045: 5029: 5026: 5017: 5014: 4998:LGBTI ideology 4967: 4964: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4909:disinformation 4905:misinformation 4900: 4897: 4850:Lambda Nordica 4782: 4779: 4743: 4740: 4680:In July 2018, 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4623: 4620: 4576:Girlguiding UK 4524:Maya Forstater 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4487: 4484: 4472:radicalization 4449:Graham Linehan 4353: 4352: 4332:it, or adding 4313: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4297:United Kingdom 4295: 4291:biological sex 4251: 4248: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4180:of the subject 4178:worldwide view 4169: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4139:Janis Walworth 4113:Janice Raymond 4107:Olivia Records 4077:Patty Harrison 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4023:Trevor Project 3990: 3987: 3959:Magdalen Berns 3951:Kathleen Stock 3933: 3930: 3918:trans activism 3899:nonclassic CAH 3878:Germaine Greer 3873: 3870: 3864:, philosopher 3850:Germaine Greer 3818: 3815: 3805:Transfeminist 3795:Germaine Greer 3791:male privilege 3781: 3778: 3748: 3745: 3684:sexual assault 3668:Kathleen Stock 3663:Material Girls 3647: 3646:Sex and gender 3644: 3636: 3633: 3608: 3605: 3563:TERF (acronym) 3561:Main article: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3495:disinformation 3487:United Kingdom 3481:mainly in the 3427: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3312:Feminist poets 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3281: 3279:Feminist songs 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3255:by nationality 3247: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3204:United Kingdom 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2815:Existentialism 2812: 2811: 2810: 2808:Justice ethics 2800: 2795: 2790: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2766:Constructivism 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673:Areas of study 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617:Gender studies 2614: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2582:SCUM Manifesto 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2513:Women's rights 2510: 2507:Women's health 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2391:Male privilege 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2360:International 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2197:Technofeminism 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2141: 2136: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859:Other variants 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1585:Cayman Islands 1580:United Kingdom 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1306: 1305: 1293: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235:Gender studies 1232: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1200:Cafeteria riot 1197: 1192: 1182: 1180:United Kingdom 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1140: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1082:United Kingdom 1079: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 967: 955: 950: 945: 944: 943: 933: 928: 923: 922: 921: 916: 901: 900: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 881: 876: 875: 874: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 827: 822: 815: 810: 805: 803:Cross-dressing 800: 798:Cisnormativity 795: 790: 785: 780: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 739: 738: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 698: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 663:Awareness Week 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 636: 635: 630: 620: 615: 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 593: 586:Discrimination 583: 582: 581: 558: 557: 556: 555: 550: 548:Bathroom bills 542: 537: 536: 535: 530: 520: 515: 508: 507: 502: 497: 490: 489: 484: 479: 473: 467: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 444: 437: 432: 427: 418: 417: 410: 403: 402: 401: 398:male-to-female 394: 391:female-to-male 378: 377: 370: 369: 368: 363: 349: 348: 345:Sex assignment 341: 340: 339: 325: 317: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 296: 295: 288: 278: 277: 276: 269: 262: 252: 247: 246: 245: 240: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 201: 196: 187: 182: 172: 167: 160: 159: 158: 148: 143: 138: 133: 126: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 101: 100: 95: 90: 84: 81: 80: 62: 61: 55: 54: 39:TERF (acronym) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14411: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14334: 14326: 14324: 14316: 14314: 14313: 14302: 14301: 14298: 14288: 14285: 14282: 14281: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14238: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14154:United States 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14003: 14002:Latin America 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13832:Technoscience 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13682:Art criticism 13680: 13679: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13595:Men's studies 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13554: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13503:Transmisogyny 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13463:Purplewashing 13461: 13459: 13458:Protofeminism 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13368:Honor killing 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13039:Transnational 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12908:Individualist 12906: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12807:Anti-abortion 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12777: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12732:United States 12730: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12662: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12573: 12568: 12566: 12561: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12434: 12433:United States 12431: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12420: 12410: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12389:legal history 12387: 12386: 12385: 12384:United States 12382: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12346:South Africa 12345: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12277: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12243: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12214: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153:ancient Egypt 12151: 12149: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12123:United States 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12023: 12022:Transmisogyny 12020: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12005:Transfeminism 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11990:Postgenderism 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11952: 11951:Gender binary 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11762: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11733:Transmisogyny 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11571:masculinizing 11569: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11530: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11459: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11362:Gender bender 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11302: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11279: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11182: 11176: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11082: 11078: 11077:New Statesman 11074: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11010: 10994:on 8 May 2023 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10980:The Telegraph 10977: 10970: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10939: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10864: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10804: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10771: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10667: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10604: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10532: 10528: 10527:BuzzFeed News 10524: 10517: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10426:9781071891384 10422: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10391: 10387: 10386:The Economist 10383: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10301: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10098: 10094: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9861:. 3 June 2024 9860: 9856: 9850: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9789: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9666: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9385: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9144: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9073: 9068: 9065:(4): 75–101. 9064: 9060: 9059: 9058:Korea Journal 9054: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8992:The Hankyoreh 8988: 8982: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8893:(1): 95–101. 8892: 8888: 8886: 8880: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8835: 8833:9781580051545 8829: 8825: 8821: 8820:Serano, Julia 8815: 8813: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8758: 8756:9780226568102 8752: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8705:, p. 104, 178 8704: 8698: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8662: 8661: 8653: 8651: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8484: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8262: 8255: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8120:The Telegraph 8117: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8036: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7951: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7839:The Spectator 7836: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7809:The Telegraph 7806: 7800: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7719: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7652:9781003206255 7648: 7644: 7640: 7637:. Routledge. 7636: 7635: 7627: 7619: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7591:The Economist 7587: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7564: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7467:Bindel, Julie 7462: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7264:Time Magazine 7261: 7255: 7253: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7215:9780199328581 7211: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7045:1721.1/128358 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7012: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6922: 6920:9780349726595 6916: 6912: 6905: 6890: 6889:The Telegraph 6886: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6843:9780198863885 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6818:9780349726595 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6577: 6568: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6382: 6377: 6374:(1–2): 5–14. 6373: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6115:11250/3048285 6111: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6080: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6013: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5982: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5928: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5718: 5716: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5225: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5188:Transmisogyny 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984:In 2021, the 4982: 4980: 4979:Judith Butler 4976: 4973: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4926: 4915:Controversies 4912: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4801:Judith Butler 4797: 4795: 4788: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4691:The Economist 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4632: 4630: 4622:United States 4619: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4516:In 2019, the 4509: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453:J. K. Rowling 4450: 4445: 4437: 4436:J. K. Rowling 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4357:In 2016, the 4349: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4314:This section 4312: 4303: 4302: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254:In 2016, the 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4212: 4209: 4201: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088:Sylvia Rivera 4085: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3739:has become a 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3511:anti-feminist 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:United States 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3454:, especially 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3386: 3385: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209:United States 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057:Latin America 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2904: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2879:Technoscience 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2702:Art criticism 2700: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2652:Men's studies 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:Views on BDSM 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2476:Transmisogyny 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436:Purplewashing 2434: 2432: 2431:Protofeminism 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2341:Honor killing 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110:Individualist 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083:Cyberfeminism 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1866:Anti-abortion 1864: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1771:Multicultural 1769: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754:Transnational 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1671:Postgenderism 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666:Transfeminism 1664: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597:United States 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Liechtenstein 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185:United States 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 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