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standard mechanical components. This electronic system tells the differential when and how to vary the torque. Due to the number of wheels that receive power, a front or rear wheel drive differential is less complex than an all-wheel drive differential. The impact of torque distribution is the generation of yaw moment arising from longitudinal forces and changes to the lateral resistance generated by each tire. Applying more longitudinal force reduces the lateral resistance that can be generated. The specific driving condition dictates what the trade-off should be to either damp or excite yaw acceleration. The function is independent of technology and could be achieved by driveline devices for a conventional powertrain, or with electrical torque sources. Then comes the practical element of integration with brake stability functions for both fun and safety.
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vehicle's capability to maintain traction in poor weather conditions. When one wheel begins to slip, the differential can reduce the torque to that wheel, effectively braking the wheel. The differential also increases torque to the opposite wheel, helping balance the power output and keep the vehicle stable. A rear-wheel drive torque vectoring differential works similarly to a front-wheel drive differential.
100:(ATTS) torque-vectoring differential driving the front wheels; it was known in different markets as the Type S (Japan), VTi-S (Europe), and Type SH (North America). In essence, ATTS is a small automatic transmission coupled to the differential, with an electronic control unit actuating clutches to vary the torque output between each driven wheel. ATTS effectively counteracted the natural tendency of the
89:
ability improves handling and traction in almost any situation. Torque vectoring differentials were originally used in racing. Mitsubishi rally cars were some of the earliest to use the technology. The technology has slowly developed and is now being implemented in a small variety of production vehicles. The most common use of torque vectoring in automobiles today is in all-wheel drive vehicles.
193:, one for each axle. In this case the torque vectoring between the front and rear axles is just a matter of electronically controlling the power distribution between the two motors, which can be done on a millisecond scale. In the case of EVs with three or four motors, even more precise torque vectoring can be applied electronically, with millisecond-specific
168:
Most torque vectoring differentials are on all-wheel drive vehicles. A basic torque vectoring differential varies torque between the front and rear wheels. This means that, under normal driving conditions, the front wheels receive a set percentage of the engine torque, and the rear wheels receive
145:
The idea and implementation of torque vectoring are both complex. The main goal of torque vectoring is to independently vary torque to each wheel. Differentials generally consist of only mechanical components. A torque vectoring differential requires an electronic monitoring system in addition to
176:
There are more advanced torque vectoring differentials as well. These differentials build on basic torque transfer between front and rear wheels. They add the ability to transfer torque between individual wheels. This provides an even more effective method of improving handling characteristics.
154:
Torque vectoring differentials on front or rear wheel drive vehicles are less complex, yet share many of the same benefits as all-wheel drive differentials. The differential only varies torque between two wheels. The electronic monitoring system only monitors two wheels, making it less complex. A
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For example, a vehicle might have a standard torque distribution of 90% to the front wheels and 10% to the rear. When necessary, the differential changes the distribution to 50/50. This new distribution spreads the torque more evenly between all four wheels. Having more even torque distribution
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of the wheels. As these factors vary during driving, different forces are exerted on the wheels. The differential monitors these forces, and adjusts torque accordingly. Many front-wheel drive differentials can increase or decrease torque transmitted to a certain wheel. This ability improves a
88:
released sporty vehicles with torque vectoring systems. The torque vectoring idea builds on the basic principles of a standard differential. A torque vectoring differential performs basic differential tasks while also transmitting torque independently between wheels. This torque transferring
250:
Research is taking place into using torque vectoring to actively steer railway wheelsets on the track. Claimed benefits include a drastic reduction of wear on both track and wheel and the opportunity to simplify or even eliminate the mechanically complex, heavy and bulky
208:
Torque vectoring can be even more effective if it is actuated through two electric motor drives located on the same axle, as this configuration can be used for shaping the vehicle understeer characteristic and improving the transient response of the vehicle, The
60:
vehicles also have a basic torque vectoring differential. As technology in the automotive industry improves, more vehicles are equipped with torque vectoring differentials. This allows for the wheels to grip the road for better launch and handling.
224:, where the bigger motor is providing the driving power and the smaller for the torque vectoring functionality. The detailed control system of the torque vectoring is described in the doctoral thesis of Dr.-Ing. Michael Graf.
555:
Musk said the added efficiency is thanks to the electronic system that will shift power between the front and rear motors from one millisecond to the next, so each is always operating at its most efficient
134:(AYC) system in 1996. AYC was fitted to the rear wheels and similarly works to counteract understeer through a series of electronically-controlled clutches that control torque output.
632:
Goggia, Tommaso; Sorniotti, Aldo; De
Novellis, Leonardo; Ferrara, Antonella; Gruber, Patrick; Theunissen, Johan; Steenbeke, Dirk; Knauder, Bernhard; Zehetner, Josef (May 2015).
727:
Chen, Yan; Wang, Junmin (September 2012). "Fast and Global
Optimal Energy-Efficient Control Allocation With Applications to Over-Actuated Electric Ground Vehicles".
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system; or in rail vehicles which achieve the same using individually motored wheels. This method of power transfer has recently become popular in
792:
802:
409:
Sawase, Kaoru; Sano, Yoshiaki (April 1999). "Application of active yaw control to vehicle dynamics by utilizing driving/breaking force".
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797:
601:"Direct Yaw Moment Control Actuated through Electric Drivetrains and Friction Brakes: Theoretical Design and Experimental Assessment"
307:
634:"Integral Sliding Mode for the Torque-Vectoring Control of Fully Electric Vehicles: Theoretical Design and Experimental Assessment"
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the rest. If needed, the differential can transfer more torque between the front and rear wheels to improve vehicle performance.
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The differential monitors each wheel independently, and distributes available torque to match current conditions.
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The phrase "Torque
Vectoring" was first used by Ricardo in 2006 in relation to their driveline technologies.
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Wheals, J.; Deane, M.; Drury, S.; Griffith, G.; Harman, P.; Parkinson, R.; Shepherd, S.; Turner, A. (2006).
127:
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De
Novellis, L.; Sorniotti, A.; Gruber, P.; Orus, J.; RodrĂguez, J.M.; Theunissen, J.; De Smet, J. (2015).
574:
69:
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German
Aerospace Centre unveiled a full scale mockup of torque vectoring running gear intended for their
674:'Methode zur Erstellung und Absicherung einer modellbasierten Sollvorgabe fĂĽr Fahrdynamikregelsysteme'
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front-wheel drive differential must take into account several factors. It must monitor rotational and
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can be used as a criterion for allocating torque across the wheels. This approach is used in the
19:
This article is about intentional torque targetting. For unintentional torque disequilibrium, see
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Stored Energy
Technology Limited has built and successfully demonstrated their torque vectoring
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688:"Wheel Torque Distribution Criteria for Electric Vehicles With Torque-Vectoring Differentials"
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In case of electric vehicles with four electric motor drives, the same total wheel torque and
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112:(SH-AWD) system by 2004, which improved handling by increasing torque to the outside wheels.
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moment can be generated through a near infinite number of wheel torque distributions.
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A special transmission unit was used in the experimental 2014 car MUTE of the
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511:"Torque Vectoring: The Hyper-Smart, Fuel-Efficient Future of All-Wheel Drive"
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213:(scheduled for 2022) tri-motor model has one axle with two motors, while the
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217:(in production in 2021) has two motors on each axle, front and rear.
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De
Novellis, Leonardo; Sorniotti, Aldo; Gruber, Patrick (May 2014).
462:. World Congress & Exhibition. Society of Automotive Engineers.
631:
575:"2022 Rivian R1T First Drive Review: Electric Off-Road Dominance"
539:"The Model D Is Tesla's Most Powerful Car Ever, Plus Autopilot"
388:"Development of SH-AWD (Super Handling-All Wheel Drive) System"
308:"The 2012 Ford Focus Gets Torque Vectoring, We're not Thrilled"
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all-wheel drive is typically implemented with two independent
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108:. Honda later developed the system into their Super Handling
81:
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439:. The Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory
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torque control in the quad-motor case, and two wheels of
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Design and
Simulation of a Torque Vectoring™ Rear Axle
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A high-tech running gear for the train of the future
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729:IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
762:Actiwheel, a revolutionary traction technology
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23:. For differential torque for steering, see
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333:"Torque Vectoring and Active Differential"
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692:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
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638:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
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676:, Technical University of Munich, 2014.
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40:is a technology employed in automobile
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16:Technology in all-wheel drive vehicles
573:Moloughney, Tom (28 September 2021).
242:light-duty truck introduced in 2021.
793:Automotive transmission technologies
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803:Advanced driver assistance systems
618:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2014.12.003
173:increases the vehicle's traction.
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76:VTi-R with ATTS (Australia, 2011)
44:that has the ability to vary the
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497:VehicleDynamicsInternational.com
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306:Ireson, Nelson (Dec 28, 2010).
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222:Technical University of Munich
94:fifth-generation Honda Prelude
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98:Active Torque Transfer System
337:Torque-vectoring.belisso.com
130:was equipped with a similar
126:At about the same time, the
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537:Davies, Alex (2014-10-10).
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48:to each half-shaft with an
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741:10.1109/TCST.2011.2161989
360:Nazarov, Dimitar (2016).
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651:10.1109/TVT.2014.2339401
30:Not to be confused with
262:system which employs a
128:Lancer Evolution IV GSR
120:Lancer Evolution IV GSR
150:Front/rear wheel drive
141:Functional description
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122:with AYC (Japan, 2014)
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56:vehicles. Some newer
287:Differential steering
271:Next Generation Train
266:of their own design.
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96:was equipped with an
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25:differential steering
468:10.4271/2006-01-0818
437:"Active Yaw Control"
201:control plus one of
398:(2). Honda R&D.
490:"Torque Vectoring"
312:MotorAuthority.com
132:Active Yaw Control
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92:The flagship 1996
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516:Popular Mechanics
233:Energy efficiency
187:electric vehicles
181:Electric vehicles
58:front-wheel drive
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362:"What Is ATTS"
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764:SET Limited
411:JSAE Review
366:CarThrottle
104:Prelude to
787:Categories
776:DLR Portal
550:2014-10-11
523:2012-03-12
343:2012-03-12
317:2 November
293:References
215:Rivian R1T
106:understeer
86:Mitsubishi
50:electronic
672:Graf M.,
584:5 October
579:InsideEVs
544:Wired.com
476:0148-7191
275:Innotrans
260:Actiwheel
199:per wheel
195:per wheel
80:In 1996,
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611:: 1–15.
371:1 August
281:See also
203:per axle
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714:2982503
443:7 March
65:History
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277:2022.
237:Rivian
46:torque
745:S2CID
710:S2CID
656:S2CID
493:(PDF)
253:bogie
82:Honda
586:2021
472:ISSN
445:2023
373:2022
319:2012
84:and
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273:at
240:R1T
229:yaw
185:In
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