29:
118:; however, the epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma appear abnormal histologically, as they are infiltrative and not arranged in a lobular pattern as seen in the normal thymus. Thymic carcinoma represents 20% of tumors derived from thymic epithelial cells. Compared to thymoma, the cells of thymic carcinoma behave aggressively; they are fast growing and have a higher likelihood of systemic spread.
125:
separates thymoma into categories from type A to C based on histology, with type C thymoma representing the equivalent of thymic carcinoma. Thymic carcinoma can be further divided into subtypes based on histopathological features. Though the genetic and molecular profile of thymic carcinoma has been
89:
Early-stage thymic carcinoma is generally asymptomatic, and the development of symptoms is indicative of an advanced stage cancer. Signs and symptoms are non-specific and include chest pain, persistent cough, and difficulty breathing, which are related to progressive tumor compression of anterior
187:
have been proposed and used for thymic carcinoma, but consensus has been limited. The
Masaoka staging system has been more commonly used, but it has been suggested to have limited applicability as most thymic carcinoma patients present at an advanced stage. The TNM system predicts prognosis if
541:
Marx, Alexander; Chan, John K. C.; Chalabreysse, Lara; Dacic, Sanja; Detterbeck, Frank; French, Christopher A.; Hornick, Jason L.; Inagaki, Hiroshi; Jain, Deepali; Lazar, Alexander J.; Marino, Mirella; Marom, Edith M.; Moreira, Andre L.; Nicholson, Andrew G.; Noguchi, Masayuki (2022-02-01).
232:
As thymic carcinoma tends to be diagnosed at later stages, prognosis tends to be poor, with some studies estimating 30 to 55% of patients survive 5 years following diagnosis. Recurrence following complete resection is common, with one case series finding a recurrence rate as high as 50%.
170:
or during the surgery with concomitant evaluation by the pathologist. Other carcinomas with malignant spread to the thymus are on the differential diagnosis and must be excluded, as they may appear similar to thymic carcinoma on histopathological examination.
652:
637:
212:. For those with incomplete tumor resection, chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy followed by repeat surgical resection may be warranted. Other treatment options include
730:
192:
spread is observed; however, cancer spread to lymph nodes is uncommon. At the time of diagnosis, cancer spread outside of the chest cavity is estimated at less than 7%.
138:
Diagnosis of thymic carcinoma is based on a combination of clinical, radiologic, and biopsy findings. Most early cases are asymptomatic and found incidentally on
81:
from 70 to 74 years old and a higher incidence in males compared to females. After thymoma, thymic carcinoma is the second most common type of thymus cancer.
723:
544:"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Thymus and Mediastinum: What Is New in Thymic Epithelial, Germ Cell, and Mesenchymal Tumors?"
716:
65:
that is often diagnosed at advanced stages. Recurrence following treatment is common, and thymic carcinoma is associated with a poor
250:
811:
883:
204:
of the entire tumor or surgical debulking is standard. Patients with complete resection of the tumor may undergo subsequent
954:
1019:
986:
594:
899:
279:
Hsu, Chun-Hsiang; Chan, John K.; Yin, Chun-Hao; Lee, Ching-Chih; Chern, Chyi-Uei; Liao, Cheng-I (2019-12-31).
281:"Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States"
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981:
873:
213:
91:
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543:
364:
413:
122:
667:
78:
28:
95:
77:
A study examining cases of thymic carcinoma in the United States from 2001 to 2015 found a peak
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939:
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8:
959:
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may be associated with thymic carcinoma. Thymic carcinoma is rarely associated with
993:
949:
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911:
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555:
478:
460:
376:
318:
300:
217:
139:
888:
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305:
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560:
510:
381:
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and provides the definitive diagnosis. Biopsy may be done prior to surgery by
1008:
850:
569:
474:
465:
414:"Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version - NCI"
390:
314:
646:
919:
833:
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522:
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332:
209:
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180:
143:
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cell markers specific for thymic carcinoma have not yet been identified.
629:
929:
860:
189:
115:
179:
There is no consensus staging protocol for thymic carcinoma. Both the
66:
806:
691:
200:
Treatment of thymic carcinoma depends on the stage, though initial
46:
893:
783:
147:
111:
738:
748:
641:
159:
62:
58:
365:"Thymic carcinoma: A rare cancer requiring special attention"
146:. Further evaluation consists of additional imaging, such as
540:
98:, unlike thymoma which has a strong association with
619:
1006:
517:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
508:
724:
509:Robinson, Shawn P.; Akhondi, Hossein (2022),
447:Alqaidy, Doaa; Moran, Cesar A. (2022-04-08).
278:
446:
126:shown to be different from that of thymoma,
57:, or type C thymoma, is a malignancy of the
114:and thymic carcinoma originate from thymic
731:
717:
27:
559:
482:
464:
380:
322:
304:
183:, designed for thymoma staging, and the
1007:
812:Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies
884:Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
712:
362:
84:
589:
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14:
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615:
584:
499:
431:
397:
339:
269:
987:Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma
955:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
251:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
72:
900:Template:Respiratory pathology
595:"Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma"
534:
243:
1:
363:Tseng, Yau-Lin (2011-08-01).
236:
548:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
449:"Thymic Carcinoma: A Review"
306:10.1371/journal.pone.0227197
227:
195:
133:
105:
36:Thymic carcinoma seen on CT.
7:
982:Postinflammatory lymphedema
874:Generalized lymphadenopathy
742:: organ and vessel diseases
369:Formosan Journal of Surgery
92:Superior vena cava syndrome
10:
1036:
561:10.1016/j.jtho.2021.10.010
174:
142:as a mass in the anterior
1020:Lymphatic organ neoplasia
910:
859:
797:
747:
682:
623:
382:10.1016/j.fjs.2011.08.007
255:National Cancer Institute
123:World Health Organization
40:
35:
26:
21:
466:10.3389/fonc.2022.808019
96:paraneoplastic syndromes
90:chest wall structures.
181:Masaoka staging system
168:fine needle aspiration
940:Congenital lymphedema
453:Frontiers in Oncology
208:and may also require
977:Factitial lymphedema
967:Secondary lymphedema
879:Castleman's disease
297:2019PLoSO..1427197H
220:, and experimental
128:immunohistochemical
972:Bullous lymphedema
945:Lymphedema praecox
935:Primary lymphedema
846:Splenic infarction
683:External resources
185:TNM staging system
85:Signs and symptoms
1002:
1001:
912:Lymphatic vessels
772:DiGeorge syndrome
740:Lymphatic disease
706:
705:
257:. 2 February 2011
206:radiation therapy
140:chest radiographs
100:myasthenia gravis
52:
51:
16:Medical condition
1027:
994:Waldmann disease
960:Milroy's disease
950:Lymphedema tarda
925:Lymphangiectasia
839:Banti's syndrome
829:Wandering spleen
819:Accessory spleen
789:Thymic carcinoma
733:
726:
719:
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599:Cleveland Clinic
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291:(12): e0227197.
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267:
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218:targeted therapy
116:epithelial cells
55:Thymic carcinoma
31:
22:Thymic carcinoma
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18:
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1034:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1026:
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1024:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
906:
889:Kikuchi disease
869:Lymphadenopathy
855:
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743:
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632:
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214:hormone therapy
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177:
162:, which is the
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75:
61:. It is a rare
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12:
11:
5:
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779:Ectopic thymus
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624:Classification
617:
616:External links
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611:
610:
583:
554:(2): 200–213.
533:
498:
430:
418:www.cancer.gov
396:
375:(4): 136–140.
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851:Splenic tumor
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222:immunotherapy
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164:gold standard
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48:
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25:
20:
1015:Rare cancers
920:Lymphangitis
834:Splenomegaly
788:
690:
666:
651:
636:
602:. Retrieved
598:
551:
547:
536:
526:, retrieved
514:
456:
452:
422:. Retrieved
420:. 2005-07-08
417:
372:
368:
288:
284:
259:. Retrieved
254:
245:
231:
210:chemotherapy
199:
178:
158:, and tumor
137:
120:
109:
88:
76:
73:Epidemiology
54:
53:
824:Polysplenia
762:Hyperplasia
144:mediastinum
1009:Categories
930:Lymphedema
861:Lymph node
767:Hypoplasia
604:2022-10-10
528:2022-10-22
515:StatPearls
459:: 808019.
424:2022-10-10
237:References
190:lymph node
570:1556-0864
511:"Thymoma"
475:2234-943X
391:1682-606X
315:1932-6203
228:Prognosis
202:resection
196:Treatment
134:Diagnosis
106:Pathology
79:incidence
67:prognosis
42:Specialty
807:Asplenia
692:Orphanet
578:34695605
523:32644717
493:35463355
333:31891634
285:PLOS ONE
47:Oncology
894:Tonsils
784:Thymoma
757:Abscess
673:D013945
484:9024054
324:6938371
293:Bibcode
261:14 June
175:Staging
112:thymoma
799:Spleen
749:Thymus
576:
568:
521:
491:
481:
473:
389:
331:
321:
313:
160:biopsy
154:, and
63:cancer
59:thymus
697:99868
662:164.0
110:Both
898:see
668:MeSH
657:9-CM
574:PMID
566:ISSN
519:PMID
489:PMID
471:ISSN
387:ISSN
329:PMID
311:ISSN
263:2019
121:The
653:ICD
647:C37
638:ICD
556:doi
479:PMC
461:doi
377:doi
319:PMC
301:doi
156:PET
152:MRI
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216:,
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148:CT
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265:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
