719:, they discuss how this mode combines the memory savings of mode 1 with the color detail of mode 2. However, as they go on to say this mode limits the number of sprites that can be displayed to 8 instead of 32. Therefore, the term "undocumented" used to describe this mode is a misnomer. However, because this manual was not widely known, this mode is generally considered to be one of the undocumented modes. Generally, the only reason to use this mode over Mode 2 is to reduce memory consumption.
25:
502:
427:
122:
130:
493:
neglected to install sinks and suffered from malfunctions of the chip. By 1983 Texas
Instruments had shrunk the die size to 3 μm which ran cooler and no longer required a sink--MSX machines and the Sega SG-1000 used the newer 3 μm TMS9918 while most Colecovisions had the original 4.5 μm variant (the final run of the consoles produced in 1985 had the newer model TMS9918).
633:" characters. These semi-graphics are defined in a special character set of 256 characters defined by 2×2 "fat-pixels". There are 4×4 pixels in each fat-pixel, but the pixels within a fat-pixel cannot be individually defined, although each fat-pixel can have its own color, hence the name of this mode (Multicolor). This mode is very blocky, and rarely used.
538:. Having a separate address space means that the CPU has to do more work to write or read this memory, but it also means that the VDC doesn't slow the CPU down when it periodically reads this memory to generate the display. Additionally, it leaves more address space available to the CPU for other memory and memory-mapped hardware.
521:, were released in the mid-late 1980s, but were never very popular. The function of one pin is changed, and the mapping of the video memory allows two 16K×4-bit chips to be used instead of the eight 16K×1-bit chips the TMS99xx needs. Otherwise the chips are completely identical to the TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A respectively.
562:. Next, the CPU performs the actual write or read on the VDP's data port. As a data byte is written or read, the TMS9918 automatically increments the internal address register. This auto-increment feature accelerates writes and reads of blocks of data. The control port is also used to access various internal registers.
492:
microprocessor which used the older enhancement load NMOS process that required three supply voltages. Due to the large die size and relatively high internal speed, the TMS9918 ran warm enough to necessitate a heat sink--some devices such as the
Taiwanese DINA console (a hybrid Colecovision/SG-1000)
768:
When two non-transparent pixels in any pair of sprites collide, the sprite collision flag is set. This is useful for triggering more advanced collision detection routines inside the software which can then determine the exact location of the collision and act upon it, as the VDP is itself incapable
642:
Technically, mode 2 is a character mode with a colorful character set. The screen is horizontally divided into three 256×64 pixel areas, each of which gets its own character set. By sequentially printing the characters 0 through 255 in all three areas, the program can simulate a graphics mode where
1268:
But at first you need to spend attention to the fact that for all colors that have no chrominance - thus black, gray and white - R-Y and B-Y are not 0% but all have an offset of 47%. So you need to subtract this offset from all R-Y and B-Y values at first. Due to the fact that in practice this one
541:
Depending on the screen mode being used, not all of the video memory may be needed to generate the display. In these cases, the CPU may use the extra video memory for other purposes. For example, one use is as a scratch-pad for uncompressing graphics or sound data stored in cartridge ROM into.
650:
The program can also use three identical character sets, and then deal with the screen like a text mode with a colorful character set. Background patterns and sprites then consist of colorful characters. This was commonly used in games, because only 32×24 bytes would have to be moved to fill and
753:
There can be no more than 4 sprites on a single scanline; any additional sprites' horizontal pixels are dropped. Sprites with a higher priority are drawn first. The VDP reports in a status register the number of the first dropped sprite. The CPU can get around this limitation by rotating sprite
622:
256×192 pixels total, as 32×24 characters, pulled from 3 character sets of 256 8×8 pixel characters. Each 8-pixel-wide line of a character in the character sets has a 2-color limitation. This mode provides a unique character for every character location on screen, allowing for the display of
485:, than to try to have a different console for every different color standard. The '1' version also features an external composite video input which made it a handy chip to use in video "titlers" that could overlay text or graphics on video, while the '2' version does not.
654:
The challenge of using TMS9918 mode 2 was that every 8×1 pixel area could have only two colors, foreground and background. They could be freely picked out of the 16 color palette, but for each 8×1 area, only two colors could exist. When manipulating the screen in
749:
Modes 1, 2, and 3 can render sprites. There can be up to 32 monochrome sprites of either 8×8 or 16×16 pixels on screen, each sprite with its own, single color. The illusion of multicolor sprites can be created by stacking multiple sprites on top of each other.
701:. This mode allows for two-color bitmap images, with no color table. This saves memory, at the expense of a slightly reduced horizontal resolution (text mode has a horizontal resolution of 240 pixels instead of 256 pixels like the graphic modes do).
675:
Texas
Instruments originally only documented the four modes listed above. However the bit that enables mode 2 is more interesting than initially let on. It is best described as a modifier bit for the other modes. Enabling it does three things:
611:
256×192 pixels total, as 32×24 characters, pulled from 1 character set of 256 8×8 pixel characters. Each group of 8 characters in the character set has a 2-color limitation. For example, the characters "0" through "7" will all have the same
1855:. For this reason the colors of the TMS9918 look somewhat pale here as you can see in the first table above. The below table uses the gamma-corrected values, which are (written in hexadecimal because this is needed by Knowledge's coding):
1827:
You might come to the conclusion that the erroneous value of 113% for R of color "light red" results out of a typo within the datasheet and there R-Y must not be greater than 80%. But if you measure the output signals of the chip with an
558:. A pin controlled by the CPU separates this bus into two "ports", a control port and a data port. To write or read a byte of video memory, the CPU first has to write two bytes on the VDP's control port to the VDC's internal address
297:
All of the ICs in this family are usually referred to by the TMS9918 name, sometimes with an 'A' postfix. The 'A' indicates a second version of the chip which added new features, most prominently the addition of a
488:
The original variants of the TMS9918 were depletion load NMOS and manufactured on a 4.5 μm process; it was one of the first depletion load NMOS chips Texas
Instruments manufactured in contrast to the
1832:, you'll find that all values in the table are correct. So the error is inside the chip and drives the red signal into saturation. For this reason this value is to be corrected to 100%.
605:
240×192 pixels total, as 40×24 characters, pulled from 1 character set of 256 6×8 pixel characters. The entire character set has a 2-color limitation. This mode doesn't support sprites.
754:
priorities so that a different set of sprites is drawn on every frame; instead of disappearing entirely, the sprites will flicker. This technique is known as sprite multiplexing.
686:
Changes two address bits of the pattern and color tables into mask bits, which controls whether each third of the screen has its own pattern and color table or not.
2400:
2241:
with a built-in VDP and fixed the masking features. Both VDPs by
Toshiba feature a slightly different palette than the Texas VDPs, with more vivid colors.
2260:. The Nintendo PPU used in the Famicom/NES was also loosely based on the TMS9918. They used additional display modes and registers, and added hardware
690:
With this in mind, three additional modes are possible. Note that although genuine TMS9918A chips support these modes, clones and emulators may not.
761:- a standard VDP output, which is triggered automatically once every 50th or 60th of a second (depending on chip variant), at the start of the VBI (
2471:
725:: Known as Bitmap Multicolor Mode. This mode is more of a novelty, as it offers nothing beyond what the standard Multicolor mode can already do.
542:
Another popular use is to create a second copy of some or all of the display data to eliminate flickering and tearing, a technique known as
738:
registers, so scrolling must be done by software. Furthermore, scrolling can only be done on character boundaries, not pixel by pixel.
2441:
2424:
2306:
765:). The CPU then jumps to a sprite-handling routine in the software, which in turn tells the VDP where to reposition the sprites.
149:, in manuals referenced as "Video Display Processor" (VDP) and introduced in 1979. The TMS9918 and its variants were used in the
543:
2234:
and does not support the undocumented pattern / color table masking feature in graphics 2 mode. Later, Toshiba released the
598:
There are four documented screen modes available in the TMS9918A (as mentioned before, the TMS9918 lacks mode
Graphic 2):
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450:
outputs 50 Hz. The difference between '1' and the '2' in 'TMS9918A' and 'TMS9928A' is that the '1' version outputs
89:
108:
61:
223:
The key features of this chip are, as highlighted in a 1980 presentation by Karl Guttag (one of the designers):
68:
46:
2329:
757:
Automatic sprite movement is not handled by the VDP. Instead, in practice, the CPU will pick up on the VDP's
746:
Sprites are typically used to create moving foreground objects. They appear in front of characters (tiles).
2380:
2364:
244:
216:
The TMS9918 generates both grid-based character graphics (used to display text or background images) and
75:
2180:
762:
571:
217:
2135:
Note: The used steps are: Round all values to two decimal places, then raise to the power of 1.6 for
534:
The VDP has 16K × 8 bits of external video memory. This memory is outside the address space of the
57:
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Notes: Colors are merely illustrative, and were converted from the YPrPb values (MS9928A/9929A) to
758:
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have been available for computer monitors as well as for televisions, and that these CRTs had a
824:
According to "Table 2.3 - Color
Assignments" on the datasheet outputs levels are the following:
711:. Texas Instruments actually documented this "undocumented" screen mode in their manual titled
2183:, a vertical full-screen scroll register, vertical and horizontal offset registers, a hardware
582:
Characters are typically used to create text or background images. They appear behind sprites.
1245:
colorimetry was not taken into account - see the next section for alternate color conversions.
481:. It was more cost-effective to output Y, Pr and Pb and encode them into PAL or SECAM in the
2496:
2347:
2279:
590:
The TMS9918 has a number of screen modes that control the characteristics of the characters.
2456:
1843:. The TMS9918 series chips had been designed to work with televisions and their CRTs had a
260:
8:
2188:
1256:
In order to convert Y, R-Y and B-Y to RGB you need to consider how Y originated, namely:
810:
1548:
Now you can do the conversion to RGB. All results must be in the range from 0% to 100%:
2171:
559:
154:
2425:"Undocumented Mode 1 + 2 : Poll/Discussion | MSX Resource Center (Page 2/4)"
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198:
146:
82:
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modes and a horizontal two-page scroll register, these chips were used in the MSX2+/
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command, one easily could exceed the maximum 2 colors per 8×1 area and end up with "
166:
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1852:
1844:
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step will never be done alone, it's no problem that some results will be negative:
1238:
233:
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When "transparent" is used for characters, it will show the external video signal.
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monitors had 1.8 and the CRTs of PC monitors had 2.2). Flat screens do not have
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When "transparent" is used for sprites, it will show the background characters.
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The TMS9918 has two separate and distinct graphics types: characters and
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2330:"TMS9918 Arizona Technical Symposium Draft - Development - SMS Power!"
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standard of computers, and later used in a third-party upgrade to the
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video, while the '2' versions (including the TMS9929A) outputs analog
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and finally transform the range of values from 0...100 to 0...255.
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256×192 pixels total, 64×48 changeable virtual pixels, as 32×24 "
489:
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186:
174:
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473:, including Europe, due to the different video signal standards
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R = R-Y + Y B = B-Y + Y G = (Y - 0.30 * R - 0.11 * B) / 0.59
299:
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813:, composed of 15 displayed colors and a "transparent" color.
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2276:, a 1986 microprocessor with dedicated graphics instructions
1835:
Furthermore, you need to consider that up to that time only
1234:
643:
each pixel can be set individually. However, the resulting
454:
275:
Multicolor mode with 64 by 48 memory mappable color squares
2282:
have comparable graphics hardware introduced the same year
2348:"YUV, YCbCr, YPbPr colour spaces | DiscoveryBiz.Net"
2192:
781:
palette. Colors were generated based on a combination of
474:
162:
2288:, a display controller widely used in 8-bit computers
2179:, which added additional bitmap modes, more colorful
713:"Video Display Processors Programmers Guide SPPU004"
2402:
TMS9918A/TMS9928A/TMS9929A Video
Display Processors
269:
Thirty-two 8×8 patterns per row, 24 rows per screen
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
469:). The need for the latter was predominant in the
421:
2398:
509:A later variant of the TMS9918 series chips, the
306:Texas Instruments TMS9918 Product Family Summary
2463:
2161:Sprites: 32, 1 colour, max 4 per horizontal line
496:
418:and the other computers had the A version VDC.
769:of reporting which two sprites have collided.
2382:Video Display Processors - Programmer's Guide
2170:Texas Instruments' TMS9918A was succeeded by
1262:Thus you need to use the following formulas:
554:The CPU communicates with the VDP through an
683:Divides the screen horizontally into thirds.
2264:capabilities and other advanced features.
2149:Video RAM: direct wiring to 4, 8, or 16 KB
2206:The V9938, in turn, was succeeded by the
272:Text mode with forty 6×8 patterns per row
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2307:List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics
723:Mode 3 (Multicolor) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2)
705:Mode 1 (Graphic 1) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2):
637:
500:
425:
128:
120:
2365:Video Display Processor / Hybrid Modes.
227:256 by 192 full color pixels per screen
2472:Computer-related introductions in 1979
2464:
2324:
2322:
524:
259:CPU accesses RAM via VDP (no need for
2375:
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801:values are for the TMS9928A/9929A .
220:used for moving foreground objects.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2319:
1259:Y = R * 0.30 + G * 0.59 + B * 0.11
804:
717:Playing Games with VRAM Addressing"
13:
2244:The TMS9918 was the basis for the
695:Mode 0 (Text) + Mode 2 (Graphic 2)
414:was only used in the TI-99/4; the
14:
2508:
2457:SRAM Replacement for TMS9x18 VRAM
2435:
2370:
2191:. The V9938 was designed for the
2158:Colours: 15 colours + transparent
2143:
292:
249:Automatic refresh of dynamic RAMs
230:15 different colors and/or shades
777:The TMS9918 family chips used a
278:External video input and control
266:32 dynamic characters per screen
256:memory mapped type CPU interface
23:
2152:Text modes: 40 × 24 and 32 × 24
670:
585:
422:TMS9918A, TMS9928A and TMS9929A
281:Single supply +5 volt operation
34:needs additional citations for
2417:
2392:
2358:
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2212:, which added some additional
1249:
734:The TMS9918 does not have any
243:Direct wiring to RAS/CAS type
1:
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680:Expands the color table size.
593:
577:
789:values for the TMS9918A and
729:
529:
497:TMS9118, TMS9128 and TMS9129
7:
2367:, which is also put to use.
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565:
10:
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2492:Texas Instruments hardware
2399:Texas Instruments (1982),
763:vertical blanking interval
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651:scroll the entire screen.
465:and Pr (R-Y) and Pb (B-Y)
405:
2165:
772:
467:colour difference signals
1847:of 1.6 (remark: CRTs of
809:The TMS9918 has a fixed
143:video display controller
16:Video display controller
2452:F18A Modern Replacement
2203:'computer-on-a-card'.
505:VDP TMP9118NL prototype
444:60 Hz video signal
715:. In section 8.4.2, "
549:
506:
431:
167:NABU Personal Computer
145:(VDC) manufactured by
134:
126:
2280:Atari 8-bit computers
2155:Resolution: 256 × 192
638:Screen Mode 2 details
504:
429:
132:
124:
2388:. Texas Instruments.
1237:taking into account
627:Mode 3 (Multicolor):
43:improve this article
2187:and a customizable
620:Mode 2 (Graphic 2):
609:Mode 1 (Graphic 1):
525:External interfaces
307:
302:mode (Graphic II).
284:Standard N-Channel
759:vertical interrupt
507:
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2447:Programmers Guide
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1837:cathode ray tubes
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623:bitmapped images.
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207:Hanimex Pencil II
147:Texas Instruments
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709:Half-Bitmap Mode
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471:50 Hz world
320:Video Frequency
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191:Tatung Einstein
177:, Spectravideo
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311:Chip Variant
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2497:MSX hardware
2419:
2409:, retrieved
2401:
2394:
2381:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2302:Yamaha V9958
2297:Yamaha V9938
2243:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2208:
2205:
2175:
2169:
2134:
2133:
2034:dark yellow
1915:light green
1834:
1830:oscilloscope
1826:
1727:dark yellow
1608:light green
1547:
1448:dark yellow
1329:light green
1267:
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1096:dark yellow
935:light green
866:transparent
823:
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716:
712:
708:
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698:
694:
689:
674:
671:Undocumented
653:
649:
641:
626:
619:
608:
602:
597:
589:
586:Screen modes
581:
569:
553:
540:
533:
518:
514:
510:
508:
487:
483:RF modulator
447:
446:, while the
439:
435:
433:
430:VDP TMS9928A
411:
409:
296:
286:silicon gate
245:dynamic RAMs
222:
215:
159:Memotech MTX
155:CreatiVision
151:ColecoVision
138:
136:
133:VDP TMS9918A
125:VDP TMS9918A
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2230:called the
2214:high-colour
2201:Geneve 9640
2068:dark green
2000:medium red
1949:light blue
1861:Color code
1761:dark green
1693:medium red
1642:light blue
1554:Color code
1482:dark green
1414:medium red
1363:light blue
1275:Color code
1250:CRT display
1142:dark green
1050:medium red
981:light blue
842:Chrominance
830:Color code
787:chrominance
697:: Known as
665:color spill
645:framebuffer
203:Coleco Adam
2466:Categories
2411:2018-11-02
2313:References
2258:Mega Drive
2238:MSX-Engine
2017:light red
1932:dark blue
1818:100.0000%
1710:light red
1625:dark blue
1431:light red
1346:dark blue
1073:light red
958:dark blue
594:Documented
578:Characters
355:Composite
352:Composite
336:Composite
314:Video Out
288:technology
211:Tomy Tutor
99:April 2015
69:newspapers
2442:Datasheet
2262:scrolling
2254:Game Gear
2220:systems.
1966:dark red
1849:Macintosh
1801:80.0000%
1784:36.0508%
1767:68.7627%
1750:80.5085%
1733:75.3729%
1716:53.9492%
1699:33.3390%
1682:92.6102%
1665:31.8644%
1659:dark red
1648:46.4576%
1631:33.6780%
1614:85.9831%
1597:78.3729%
1380:dark red
1004:dark red
837:Luminance
783:luminance
730:Scrolling
707:Known as
659:with the
556:8-bit bus
530:Video RAM
463:luminance
452:composite
442:output a
332:Composite
317:Video In
58:"TMS9918"
2482:TI-99/4A
2274:TMS34010
2268:See also
2197:TI-99/4A
2172:Yamaha's
2085:magenta
1778:magenta
1580:0.0000%
1499:magenta
1165:magenta
857:B-Y (Pb)
852:R-Y (Pr)
566:Graphics
560:register
448:TMS9929A
440:TMS9928A
436:TMS9918A
416:TI-99/4A
252:General
2236:T7937A
2226:made a
2224:Toshiba
2189:palette
2185:blitter
2181:sprites
1243:SMPTE C
742:Sprites
572:sprites
519:TMS9129
515:TMS9128
511:TMS9118
490:TMS9900
412:TMS9918
406:TMS9918
391:(None)
374:(None)
218:sprites
195:TI-99/4
187:Sord M5
175:SC-3000
171:SG-1000
139:TMS9918
83:scholar
2256:, and
2218:turboR
2199:— the
2166:Legacy
2119:white
1881:black
1864:Color
1812:white
1574:black
1557:Color
1533:white
1295:black
1278:Color
1211:white
889:black
833:Color
773:Colors
736:scroll
517:, and
388:YPbPr
377:60 Hz
358:60 Hz
300:bitmap
240:output
236:color
209:, and
183:SV-328
179:SV-318
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2406:(PDF)
2386:(PDF)
2232:T6950
2228:clone
2209:V9958
2176:V9938
2102:gray
1983:cyan
1853:gamma
1845:gamma
1841:gamma
1821:100%
1815:100%
1795:gray
1713:113%
1676:cyan
1536:100%
1516:gray
1491:-24%
1488:-34%
1474:-30%
1457:-40%
1440:-20%
1423:-20%
1403:-47%
1397:cyan
1389:-17%
1338:-20%
1335:-30%
1321:-27%
1318:-40%
1220:100%
1214:100%
1188:gray
1027:cyan
973:100%
657:BASIC
479:SECAM
459:YPbPr
395:50 Hz
370:YPbPr
340:60 Hz
328:9918
254:8-bit
141:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2193:MSX2
1804:80%
1798:80%
1787:73%
1781:79%
1770:23%
1764:13%
1753:50%
1747:90%
1736:33%
1730:83%
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1702:33%
1696:99%
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1628:33%
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1611:37%
1600:26%
1594:13%
1519:80%
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1502:53%
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1471:10%
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1451:73%
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1400:73%
1386:36%
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1372:46%
1369:-4%
1366:53%
1355:53%
1352:-7%
1349:40%
1332:67%
1315:53%
1287:B-Y
1284:R-Y
1235:sRGB
1226:47%
1223:47%
1203:47%
1200:47%
1197:80%
1191:80%
1180:67%
1177:73%
1174:53%
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1134:17%
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1128:80%
1125:33%
1122:80%
1108:57%
1105:73%
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1099:73%
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1059:53%
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1042:70%
1036:73%
1033:60%
1030:67%
1019:30%
1016:83%
1013:47%
1010:47%
1007:47%
996:93%
993:43%
990:53%
987:53%
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970:40%
967:40%
964:60%
961:40%
950:27%
947:17%
944:67%
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938:67%
927:20%
921:53%
918:53%
915:53%
904:47%
901:47%
797:and
785:and
661:LINE
477:and
455:NTSC
438:and
434:The
410:The
399:Yes
380:Yes
361:Yes
137:The
62:news
2246:VDP
2128:FF
2125:FF
2122:FF
2116:15
2111:B2
2108:B2
2105:B2
2099:14
2094:9A
2091:32
2088:AF
2082:13
2077:18
2074:8C
2071:0A
2065:12
2060:54
2057:B4
2054:D7
2048:11
2043:2B
2040:A2
2037:BD
2031:10
2026:4C
2023:5F
2020:FF
2009:2B
2006:2C
2003:FB
1992:EF
1989:E2
1986:1E
1975:25
1972:29
1969:BD
1958:FB
1955:4B
1952:51
1941:E3
1938:2D
1935:2B
1924:4C
1921:C8
1918:34
1907:1E
1904:AD
1901:0A
1890:00
1887:00
1884:00
1809:15
1792:14
1775:13
1758:12
1741:11
1724:10
1583:0%
1577:0%
1542:0%
1539:0%
1530:15
1525:0%
1522:0%
1513:14
1496:13
1479:12
1462:11
1445:10
1304:0%
1301:0%
1298:0%
1208:15
1185:14
1162:13
1139:12
1116:11
1111:7%
1093:10
1039:0%
924:7%
898:0%
892:0%
799:B-Y
795:R-Y
667:".
550:CPU
536:CPU
475:PAL
461:(Y
344:No
261:DMA
163:MSX
45:by
2468::
2372:^
2350:.
2332:.
2321:^
2252:,
2014:9
1997:8
1980:7
1963:6
1946:5
1929:4
1912:3
1895:2
1878:1
1873:B
1870:G
1867:R
1707:9
1690:8
1673:7
1656:6
1639:5
1622:4
1605:3
1588:2
1571:1
1566:B
1563:G
1560:R
1428:9
1411:8
1394:7
1377:6
1360:5
1343:4
1326:3
1309:2
1292:1
1281:Y
1241:.
1217:-
1194:-
1070:9
1047:8
1024:7
1001:6
978:5
955:4
932:3
909:2
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