Reza Shah - Knowledge

1732: 2629: 1973: 986: 1299:, the first Iranian university, was established. The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000. He founded 100,000-man army (previously, the shah had relied on tribal forces who were rewarded with plunder from the enemy), 90,000-man civil service. He set up free, compulsory education for both males and females and shut down private religious schools—Islamic, Christian, Jewish, etc. He confiscated land and real estate from the wealthy shrine endowments at Mashhad and Qom, etc. In Mashhad, the revenues of the sanctuary of Imam Reza helped finance secular education, build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises." 1961:. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran's water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to 4824: 1413:. His account of building the university and the medical school’s first dissection hall reveals the cultural challenges faced during Iran's modernization. In a 1934 ministerial meeting, Hekmat pointed out that Tehran lacked a university. Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of 250,000 Toman. Before, Shah had ordered ten students annually to study in Europe and the United States. Reza Shah advised against sending more students abroad, suggesting the establishment of a university in Tehran instead. From 1937, the University of Tehran admitted both men and women to study law, medicine, pharmacology, and literature. 1255:—would be "free of clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, and ethnic differences", on the one hand, and on the other hand would contain "European-style educational institutions, Westernized women active outside the home, and modern economic structures with state factories, communication networks, investment banks, and department stores." Reza is said to have avoided political participation and consultation with politicians or political personalities, instead embracing the slogan "every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system." He is also said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens. 4832: 1724:, who acted as the nation's finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia's long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the 1280: 1526:

state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000 full-time government workers. Patronage controlled by the Shah's royal court served as the third "pillar". This was financed by the Shah's considerable personal wealth which had been built up by forced sales and confiscations of estates, making him "the richest man in Iran". On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres."

1439: 2337: 2112: 608: 4279: 834: 1140: 1654: 2120: 1802:, the Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932, the Shah cancelled the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran's demands and left bad feeling on both sides. 1374: 1303: 2046: 1244: 1156: 945:'s command. Farman Farma noted that Reza had potential and sent him to military school where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant. In 1911, he gave a good account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to captain in 1912. By 1915, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. His record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a 73: 2240: 1919:

his rivals and into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as it could only take place with Shah's approval. Eventually the Shah became totally dependent on the military and secret police to retain power; in return, these state organs regularly received funding up to 50 percent of available public revenue to ensure their loyalty.

5946: 1848: 1934: 1587: 1602:. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine, and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurant, and hotels that did not open their doors to both sexes. Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies, in defiance of the Quranic ban on necropsy (the Shah even forced his cabinet members to "accompany him to the university's pathology lab to view two cadavers in a vat") He restricted public 1327:, wanted a garden, she chose a design by French architect André Godard. However, the shah's approval was required for construction within the royal compound. Upon seeing a Latin name on the plans, Reza Shah became visibly angry. Despite assurances that Godard had lived in Iran long enough to be considered virtually Iranian, the shah tore up the plans and insisted that an Iranian architect design the garden. 5934: 1995:

firing squad. When he entered into negotiations with the British, instead of negotiating a favorable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule. The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw, Iran would have to expel the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian

2089:. When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah." 848: 1880: 1314:, the main site of French excavation in Iran. Enraged by the sight of a large European castle with a French flag, he remarked, "Did they intend to position an army there up on the hill?" He also received multiple reports of French looting of Susa's antiquities and taking them to France. When Reza Khan ascended the throne in 1925, his court minister, 1839:. Caught off guard, out gunned and diplomatically isolated, Reza Shah was defeated by Anglo-Soviet invasion, ordering his forces to surrender to prevent the world war from reaching Iran, and w as forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son. Reza Shah then was banished into exile while Iran would remain under Allied occupation until 1946. 1423:’s poems praising knowledge. Despite strong opposition from conservative clerics who opposed the dissection hall, efforts by figures like Hekmat ensured the school’s opening. Dr. Bakhtiar, a surgeon and deputy, had to discreetly visit hospitals, retrieve corpses, load them into his car, and transport them to the dissection hall. 3422: 1175:, and that Reza Khan would wear civilian clothing instead of the military attire. This erroneous calculation by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who observed Reza Khan, including members of parliament, that he (and not Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power. 2171:

about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life. He was sixty-six years

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The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in response to Reza for having denied the request to remove the German residents, who could threaten the Abadan refinery. Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran and denied the use of the railway to the Allies.

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would be closed; and all remaining German nationals (including all families) would be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain imprisonment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing

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The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many Iranian commanders behaved incompetently, others secretly sympathized with the British and sabotaged Iranian resistance. The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah

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Not all observers agree that the Shah minimized foreign influence. Reza Shah built a 1392 km-long rail line connecting the Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea, using foreign technicians from countries with no historic interest in Iran—principally Germany, Scandinavia, and the United States—and not

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to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.

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but from Iran's: "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order." Among the tribes forcibly settled where the Bakhtiari, Qashqai, Lur, Kurd, Baluchi. According to Sandra Mackey, the settling "shattered tribal economic and undermined

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Within days, Reza Shah ordered the military to cease resistance and entered into negotiations with the British and Soviets. Foroughi was disobliged towards Reza Shah, having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter's father in-law being executed by

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Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded

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His legacy remains controversial to this day. His defenders say that he was an essential reunifying and modernizing force for Iran, while his detractors (particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran) assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population

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Reza Shah's foreign policy, which had consisted largely on playing the Soviet Union off against the United Kingdom, failed when the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, resulted in those two powers becoming sudden allies in the fight against the Axis powers. Seeking to scold this new Axis ally, and

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from Iranian working society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. The unveiling issue and the Women's Awakening are

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with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient. The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims. He confiscated land from the Qajars and from

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The later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of Iran and also to the industrialization of the country. He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians,

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and a large number of modern educated Iranians, proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905–1911. The preservation and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a

1825:"to convince the Persians of the kinship between Germans and the Persians, the modern Aryans and the ancient Aryans". In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the 1473:"), the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the names for the Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from 1178:

By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran's interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed prime minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile)

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However, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand. Because of its strategic importance to the Allies, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill.

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However, according to Makki Hossein, this north–south railway line was uneconomical, only serving the British, who had a military presence in the south of Iran and desired the ability to transfer their troops north to Russia, as part of their strategic defence plan. Instead, the Shah's government

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of 1856. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. Upon his father's death, Reza and his mother moved to her brother's house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle. In 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Amir

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arrived and broke into the shrine, killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between the clergy and the Shah. Some of the Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Keeper of the Keys of the shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later named Barjesteh, who stated he did not want to

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Like his son after him, Reza Shah died in exile. After the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his

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Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic. The general practice was to "draw up, with the help of the police chief, a list of parliamentary candidates for the interior minister. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. ...

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and many other western-educated Iranians emerged to implement modernist plans, such as the construction of railways, a modern judiciary and educational system, and the imposition of changes in traditional attire, and traditional and religious customs and mores. In the second half of his reign

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In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the

4825:"آمار ترانزیت کالا از کشور و میزان کالاهاى عبورى نشان دهنده نقش و اهمیت کریدور شمال و جنـوب درترانزیت کشور است که با کامل شدن زیرساخت هاى لازم این نقش به مراتب افزایش خواهد یافت.ولى بـا دقـت در ایـن آمارها مشاهده مى شود که نقش کریدور شرق به غرب در کشور، همچنان کمرنگ و بى رونق است" 1389:, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. The minister of finance, Prince 1397:, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. The elimination of these ministers "deprived" Iran "of her most dynamic figures ... and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah" according to historian Cyrus Ghani. 1052: 2072:

Reza Shah's main critics were the so-called "new intelligentsia", often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not a state-builder but an 'oriental despot' ... not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted

1485:, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son and successor, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably, nonetheless use of "Iran" continued to supplant "Persia", especially in the West. Though the predominant and official language of the country was the 1768:

should have developed what critics believe was an economically justifiable east–west railway system. (However, in the decades that followed and continuing into the present, north-south transit is considered far more economically vital in comparison to west–east transit.)

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Two years after the coup, Seyyed Zia appointed Reza Pahlavi as Iran's prime minister, backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed

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learned of the generals' actions, he beat armed forces chief General Ahmad Nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. Nakhjavan was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.

934:. Maurits Wagenvoort, who met and spoke to Reza at a meeting of the "Babi-circle of Hadsji Achont" in Tehran in 1903, in a publication from 1926 speaks of him as the "gholam of His Presence the Dutch Consul" and noted his very keen interest in Western politics. 1118:

Reza Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran's interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government. Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in

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handed down the list to the supervisory electoral councils that were packed by the Interior Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule."

2222:. During this rampage, happening all over the nation, any construction depicting or even citing the name of the Shah and his family was destroyed. This included the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body. 1759:

to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.

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In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the Communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his

2103:: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history". 1318:, suggested ending the French monopoly on excavation granted by Qajar government and appointing a Frenchman as the director of a new archaeological institute. Consequently, the French monopoly was abolished in 1927, and as a compromise, 926:

Tuman Kazim Khan, an officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade, in whose home he had a room of his own and a chance to study with Kazim Khan's children with the tutors who came to the house. When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the

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was appointed director of the archaeological service. The Iranian Parliament voted on April 29, 1928, to hire Godard for five years starting from November 18, 1928. Reza Shah preferred Iranian architects. When his favorite daughter,

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Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". In the spring of 1950, after the foundation of the

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to one day, banned self-flagellation during Ashura, and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's rule had caused intense dissatisfaction of the

1559:. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head.Reza Shah confiscated some religious madrasas from clerics. 725:, and also served in the army. In 1911, he was promoted to first lieutenant, by 1912 he was elevated to the rank of captain and by 1915 he became a colonel. In February 1921, as leader of the entire Cossack Brigade based in 1110:. It is thought that the British provided "ammunition, supplies and pay" for Reza's troops. On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power. 1063:, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade, based in 1534:

the traditional social structure. ... people and herds, ill adapted to a sedentary lifestyle and dependent for hygiene and health on moving campsites from time to time, died in terrible numbers. None have forgotten."

1501:) was geographically confusing at times as it was also the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces. Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the 1623:. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as "The Shah is a new 1400:

Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Hekmat funded the construction of key cultural and educational sites in Iran, including the University of Tehran, the Ancient Iran Museum (later the Iran National Museum), and the tombs of

2199:, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title "the Great" to be added to his name. There were reports that on 14 January 1979, shortly before the 5635:, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), 2225:

In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran. An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.

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gave a situation report to the British War Office saying that a capable Persian officer was in command of the Cossacks and this "would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour".

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Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution.

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and the suicide of Davar, ensured that any progress towards democratization was stillborn and organized opposition to the Shah, impossible. Reza Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and

1821:, as they were considered to be the only people besides germans to be "pure Aryans". In 1939, Hitler also provided Iran with their German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books on 1419:

enlisted Godard to design the University of Tehran, using the 200,000-square-meter Jalaliyah Garden for the project. In 1935, the Ebne Sina Medical School opened first, adorned with calligraphy from

1271:(1933–41), which the Shah described as "one-man rule", strong personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist and Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented. 6921: 2603:

was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.

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listen to the orders of a dog. From 1925 to 1941 enrollment of "theology students in the traditional madresehs"—roughly the equivalent in age level of secondary schools—declined from 5984 to 785.

1091:), or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, the Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the 3656:(in Persian and English). Gronsveld and Rotterdam: Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn & Co's Uitgeversmaatschappij. Initiated by the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Tehran. pp. 254–256. 1872:

national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution.

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His Imperial Majesty – Reza Shah Pahlavi – Shahanshah of Iran – With the Best Wishes – Berlin, 12 March 1936 –

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was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland.

1713:), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. The British took the dispute before the 1906:

The parliament assented to his decrees, the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh, the murder of others such as Teymourtash,

757:, and amended Iran's 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the 6914: 1835:

to guarantee the continued supply for United Kingdom and in order to secure a route of supply to provide Soviet forces with war material, the two allies jointly launched a

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Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.

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Under Reza Shah's reign, a number of new concepts were introduced between 1923 and 1941. Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts and laws included:

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Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women's Awakening (1936–1941). This movement sought the elimination of the

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The Shah's reign is sometimes divided into periods. All the efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period. Abdolhossein

2771:) (1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926), was a close colleague / friend of Reza Shah (before he became king), was probably also Reza Shah's favorite prime minister. 1106:

was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the

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While the Shah left behind no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, his reforms indicated a striving for an Iran which—according to scholar

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allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia, should they believe foreign troops were using it as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory.

7164: 6398: 2656:(1896–1982). The couple married in 1916 and when Reza Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official wife. They had four children together: 1911: 1542:

As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of

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He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.

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He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist

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be appointed prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was as commander of the Iranian Army, which he combined with the post of

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instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.

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This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during

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until his death. It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of

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Although the landed aristocracy lost most of their influence during Reza Shah's reign, his regime aroused opposition not from them or the

985: 7199: 1809:, Germany was Iran's largest ally and trading partner. The Germans agreed to give the Shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a 3715: 1717:. However, before a decision was made by the League, the company and Iran compromised and a new concession was signed on 26 April 1933. 6337: 2442: 997:, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard to launch an expedition into Russia as part of their 2085:, a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement, who had strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the 1200:

to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah, and instate him as the next Shah of Iran. Initially, he had planned to declare the country a

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Mohammad Gholi Majd, August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs, University Press of America, 2012, p. 12.

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lbrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization.

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as the new prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was commander-in-chief of the army and the minister of war.

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on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.

7144: 7134: 5110: 4760: 7119: 6391: 5889: 5156: 4744: 4052: 3769: 3577: 3542: 3512: 3398: 2008:, as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power, but the heir to 714:, but also introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the 2596:), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing. 7109: 7099: 6440: 5969: 4335: 4249: 3850: 894: 7184: 6455: 4076: 3076:

Ghani, Cyrus. (1998), Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule. Tauris publisher, London

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Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials and their wives commemorating the abolition of the

1204:, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition. 1111: 1060: 865: 4618: 3785: 2304: 6290: 6138: 4936: 4697: 1336: 35: 2276: 5796: 5772: 5744: 5716: 5688: 5664: 5198: 5086: 5051: 5018: 4994: 4634: 4398: 3901: 3725: 3661: 3629: 3602: 3491:(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...) 3484: 3371: 3336: 3302: 3246: 3172: 2954: 2323: 1014: 969: 7194: 7139: 7124: 6384: 4250:"Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux: Disentangling the Narrative of French Colonialism and Modern Architecture in Iran" 2203:, the remains were moved back to Egypt and buried in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo. However, in a 2015 documentary 1671:

One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Tehran was to tear up the treaty with the

1627:." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from 1362:. Contradicting this are claims that he was behind anti-Jewish incidents in parts of Tehran during September 1922. 3692: 1813:

of progress and modernity. they began to form a stronger alliance as Iran started helping the axis forces and the

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From the beginning of the appointment of Reza Khan as the minister of war, there was ever increasing tension with

7149: 6412: 6051: 2814:(26 October 1939 – 26 June 1940). Reza Shah removed him from office and imprisoned him in 1940 for spying on the 2283: 149: 5950: 1258:

Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods". From 1925 to 1933, figures such as

607: 5727:

Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie:

5604: 3826: 3274: 2847: 2546: 2427: 2261: 1291:

During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the

930:. In 1903, when he was 25 years old, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general 775: 1103: 1068: 980: 734: 7159: 7129: 6194: 3107:"Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran" 2461: 1928: 1836: 1563:, the Minister of Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasa into a new art college (Honar Kadeh) in Tehran, where 703: 5569: 2640:, who was his cousin, in 1895. The marriage lasted until Maryam's death in 1911, the couple had a daughter: 1048:. This, along with various other unrest in the country, created "an acute political crisis in the capital." 7114: 6531: 6491: 6161: 5496: 5321: 4098: 3323: 3091:

SINCONA Auction 49: The Kian Collection (Machine Struck Coins and Medals of the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties

2683: 2507:

Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on bribes.

2290: 1645:

and ordering all citizens, rich and poor, to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.

1216: 506: 7174: 6261: 5965: 5680: 4619:

Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII

2874: 1390: 1263: 1705:. The next year, 1932, he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded to 6963: 6950: 6869: 6825: 6516: 5938: 5656: 3328: 2668: 2645: 2257: 2215: 1915: 1864: 1612: 1482: 1148: 1076: 942: 490: 89: 46: 42: 2272: 7204: 6546: 6486: 6434: 6364: 5849: 5704: 5234:

Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikhe-Mashrothe Iran (The history of constitutional movement of Iran), pp. 825, 855.

5078: 3217: 2191:). In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran where the embalming was removed, and buried in a 1710: 1599: 1017:. The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers 17: 5173: 4424: 4148: 1987:, whom he blamed for demoralising the military, to resign, replacing him with former prime minister 1891:

Reza Shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with Iran's Middle Eastern neighbors, particularly

1219:. Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the 715: 6460: 6445: 6342: 6187: 5443: 2192: 1386: 1315: 1259: 1029: 6899: 1683: 1658: 810: 7169: 6971: 6956: 6465: 6450: 6128: 6019: 4719: 2860: 2529: 2409: 2356: 2349: 2250: 1748: 1172: 950: 931: 927: 722: 641: 275: 5640: 1385:

Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. His minister of Imperial Court,

6864: 6407: 2715: 2402: 2168: 2123: 1942: 1756: 1706: 1506: 687: 364: 360: 4903: 3759: 3619: 3532: 2970: 801:, resulted in the suppression of several ethnic and social groups. Although he was of Iranian 7021: 7009: 6654: 6634: 6618: 6566: 6284: 6232: 6171: 6120: 6110: 6061: 6029: 4042: 3731: 2867: 2764: 2465: 2381: 2188: 2061: 1988: 1752: 1572: 1547: 1292: 1228: 1168: 1072: 738: 498: 239: 194: 127: 31: 5633:

The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women

3468: 3388: 2468:

conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.

7089: 7084: 6561: 5404: 4366:

A Rich Record: The Cultural, Political and Social Transformation of Iran Under the Pahlavis

3476: 2737: 2487: 2086: 1687: 1603: 1576: 1296: 1284: 1208: 522: 5118: 4849: 4768: 4283: 4278: 3023: 8: 7040: 6874: 6714: 6644: 6624: 6586: 6541: 6511: 6496: 6476: 6332: 6153: 5736: 5708: 5140: 2931: 2811: 2774: 2703: 2691: 2370: 2363: 2180: 1792: 1702: 1494: 882: 794: 510: 435: 349: 251: 199: 5756: 4297: 4282: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2632:

Reza Shah and his children (from left to right: Mohammad Reza, Shams, and Ashraf), 1920s

7015: 6859: 6810: 6805: 6795: 6775: 6755: 6745: 6679: 6629: 6347: 5453: – Hardline cleric known as the "hanging judge" of Iran", Adel Darwish, 4164: 3442: 2784: 2751: 2730: 2723: 2498: 2297: 2200: 2013: 1958: 1628: 1575:, later relocated the art college to the basement of the faculty of engineering at the 994: 914: 910: 802: 783: 758: 707: 596: 530: 518: 514: 5785:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

5548:

Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization

4343: 3989: 3858: 3534:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

678:(15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the 7046: 6800: 6790: 6770: 6719: 6674: 6536: 6506: 5885: 5792: 5768: 5740: 5712: 5684: 5660: 5636: 5600: 5152: 5082: 5047: 5014: 4990: 4932: 4740: 4630: 4394: 4267: 4048: 3897: 3832: 3822: 3765: 3721: 3657: 3625: 3598: 3573: 3538: 3508: 3480: 3446: 3394: 3367: 3342: 3332: 3318: 3298: 3270: 3242: 3168: 3128: 2950: 2819: 2711: 2511: 2453: 2096: 1805:

Unlike British and Soviet, Germany was always in good terms with Iran. On the eve of

1721: 1714: 1514: 1462: 1416: 1252: 1128: 1002: 946: 659: 485: 464: 5374: 5043: 4810: 2218:, Iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric 1493:, whereas "Iranians" made for a much more neutral and unifying reference to all the 6978: 6815: 6760: 6551: 6526: 6093: 6012: 5983: 5755:

Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj;

5272: 4257: 3565: 3434: 3118: 2906: 2894: 2564: 2435: 2416: 2021: 2009: 1900: 1784: 1698: 1691: 1616: 1486: 1358:. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the 1144: 1084: 1018: 922: 855: 787: 746: 570: 550: 227: 170: 117: 5905: 3693:"History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi – Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)" 3469: 1896: 1827: 1279: 6765: 6740: 6729: 6376: 6313: 6307: 6255: 6210: 5961: 5879: 5522:"عضو شورای شهر پایتخت ایران: جسد مومیایی شده متعلق به رضاشاه بود و دوباره دفن شد" 5455: 5450: 5008: 4625: 4431: 4171: 3361: 3089: 2744: 2480: 2472: 2219: 2092: 2050: 2017: 1954: 1884: 1868: 1852: 1755:(Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system, from the 1502: 1394: 1355: 1267: 1220: 957: 878: 798: 791: 726: 679: 526: 4797:

History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy

3269:(چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15–16, 21–33, 39–40, 43–45. 1564: 1438: 1319: 6837: 6785: 6709: 6694: 6684: 6249: 3913:

For fine discussions of this period and Ironside's key role, see R. H. Ullman,

3528: 3423:"Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926" 2815: 2801: 2698:. The couple married in 1922 but divorced in 1923 and together they had a son: 2676: 2653: 2457: 2336: 2111: 1981: 1946: 1818: 1635:

The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident with the

1490: 1420: 1033: 1006: 898: 822: 806: 502: 410: 4711: 3438: 3123: 3106: 1771:

On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term

1342:

Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the

1139: 833: 7078: 6591: 6576: 6556: 6501: 6267: 6044: 5148: 4271: 4038: 3789: 3132: 2996: 2805: 2695: 2661: 2577: 2553: 2420: 2208: 2082: 1653: 1637: 1568: 1498: 1450: 1410: 1324: 814: 809:

trying to create a single, united and largely homogeneous nation, similar to

754: 494: 247: 182: 63: 5787:, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: 5521: 3836: 2211:, claimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Ray. 7052: 6995: 6639: 6606: 5628: 5036: 4982: 4915: 3559: 3346: 2827: 2823: 2600: 2557: 2525:

Establishment of the first Iranian kindergarten and school for deaf people.

2494: 2389: 2164: 2095:, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to 2025: 1950: 1876:

and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.

1814: 1806: 1799: 1738: 1672: 1560: 1351: 1232: 1227:

took place much later, on 25 April 1926. It was at that time that his son,

1041: 1010: 886: 699: 631: 335: 4139:(ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p. 15 3569: 1701:

to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned

6750: 6704: 6699: 6689: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6581: 6571: 5788: 5764: 3819:

Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule

2947:

Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad

2797: 2535:

Creation of birth certificates and Identification cards for all Iranians.

2385: 2119: 1860: 1787:. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, as 1608: 1107: 1071:. He forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that 1059:

On 14 January 1921, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General

861: 711: 243: 5497:"Iran Unearths Mummy That Could Belong to One of its Last Royal Leaders" 4262: 3761:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

2538:

Creation of the first Iranian airplane factory with buying license from

1373: 1302: 6942: 6724: 6649: 6422: 5761:

Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942

5729:

The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941

5400: 5398: 5396: 3197: 2833: 2476: 2449: 2264: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2057: 2045: 2005: 1984: 1443: 1243: 1224: 1155: 902: 691: 627: 104: 5617:

The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys Through Theocratic Iran and Its Furies

2081:

and brought to power by British imperialists." His defenders included

2049:

Reza Shah's legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after

1555:

as required by Islamic law. The Shah also encouraged women to discard

6780: 5861: 5732: 2589: 2374: 2196: 2152: 2140: 2127: 1092: 1037: 368: 5393: 4298:"(Link is down, needs verification) A Brief History of Iranian Jews" 2239: 2064:

who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.

1354:

and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after

1310:

In 1923, Reza Khan, then Sardar Sepah (Commander in Chief), visited

72: 6929: 3930:(London, 1977), pp. 180–184. Ironside's diary is the main document. 2431: 2160: 1996: 1822: 1402: 1201: 1045: 918: 906: 718:. Therefore, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern Iran. 318: 6179: 5655:, Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: 5348: 5299: 4137:

Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam

3651: 1933: 1903:

shortly thereafter, prevented these projects from being realized.

1847: 1586: 1346:

by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of

5945: 2539: 2078: 2074: 1962: 1624: 1620: 1580: 1347: 1064: 565: 5597:

The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789–1945 (2nd ed.)

4827:[Summary report of road transit goods from the country] 2028:

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.

1725: 1095:

for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Article IV of the

1013:

responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the

5933: 2593: 2156: 2131: 1892: 1679: 1662: 1642: 1591: 1530: 1510: 1470: 1359: 1331: 1197: 1188: 1160: 890: 874: 838: 818: 730: 314: 41:"Reza Khan" and "Shah Reza" redirect here. For other uses, see 4660:

Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution

3241:(چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46–51 جلد اول. 889:

Abbas-Ali Khan and wife Noush-Afarin. His mother, Nush Afarin

797:

and cultural unitarism, along with forced detribalization and

5075:

Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers

2616: 2585: 2519: 2515: 2504:

Ordering all educational institutions in Iran to admit women.

2184: 2176: 1556: 1552: 1406: 1181: 1124: 1120: 1028:

prepared to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500

1025: 941:. His initial career started as a private under Qajar Prince 913:

several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a

837:

Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, in

353: 4929:

Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran

3297:(اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61–62. 2584:). On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah issued a decree banning all 1798:

Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the

1509:

knew the country as Persia, largely a legacy of the Ancient

1051: 737:. He forced the dissolution of the government and installed 7032: 6847: 5956: 5677:

Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941

2486:

Creation of the first university in Iran which is known as

2148: 1571:

were among the teachers. However, the second Pahlavi king,

1458: 1343: 1311: 1212: 805:

descent, his government carried out an extensive policy of

750: 695: 4604:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4573:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4501:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3717:

Onomastic Reforms: Family Names and State-Building in Iran

3260: 3258: 5653:

Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran

1957:

Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault without a

1791:

means "Land of the Aryans". This wisdom of this decision

1543: 960:, which later became the name of the dynasty he founded. 905:

when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the

5957:

IRANNOTES.com | High Quality IRANIAN Banknotes and Coins

5206: 3597:(in Persian). Tehran: Hekayat Ghalam Novin. p. 31. 3507:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 538. 2415:

Rebuilding Iran's historical sites, including the tombs

5884:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 3255: 2800:(3 December 1935 – 26 October 1939), Mahmoud Jam's son 2514:

and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, the

2214:

After the 1979 revolution and during the period of the

1879: 1457:(or its cognates) was historically the common name for 5470:"Iranian officials discover body of Reza Shah Pahlavi" 5349:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5300:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5174:"Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black" 4540: 4538: 4536: 3757: 3167:، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/ 1598:

The devout were also angered by policies that allowed

3654:

Iran and the Netherlands; interwoven through the ages

2475:(with German advice) and other Iranian banks such as 2187:(also the future burial place of his son, the exiled 1922: 1055:

Reza Pahlavi portrait during his time as war minister

5862:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" 4515:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4227:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3947:(Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945), pp. 87–90, 358–451. 2471:

Creation of the Iran's first national bank known as

1295:

were built, modern education was introduced and the

1215:(King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the 1163:

on the occasion of the coronation of Reza Shah, 1926

764:

In the spring of 1950, he was posthumously named as

702:

from 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the

7190:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

5243:A.Kasravi, The case or the defense of the accused, 5199:"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia" 4533: 3386: 3051:بزرگداشت رضاشاه بزرگ، بنیانگذار ایران نوین، در لندن 2971:"Historic Personalities of Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi" 2652:Reza Shah's second wife was Nimtaj Ayromlou, later 2456:, were carried out by the initiative of Reza Shah. 2348:Successful suppression of separatist movements and 2167:, South Africa, where he died on 26 July 1944 of a 1937:

Reza Shah and Crown Prince Mohammad Reza in a train

6406: 5035: 3676: 3624:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–181. 1426: 3879:Report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H. Ullman, 2031:The British left the Shah a face-saving way out: 1461:. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and 1134: 7076: 5703:, 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: 4584: 4582: 3232: 3230: 2850:, he was given the title "Reza Shah the Great". 2056:Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to 1648: 1196:By October 1925, he succeeded in pressuring the 5877: 5693: 4799:. Tehran: Nasher Publication. pp. 484–485. 4494: 4492: 4964: 4962: 4698:"Reza Shah – Historic Footage with Soundtrack" 4247: 3751: 3094:. SINCONA Swiss International Coin Auction AG. 2340:500 Rials Iranian banknote depicting Reza Shah 2179:, where it was embalmed and kept at the royal 2159:and then to a house at 41 Young Avenue in the 1817:cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the 6915: 6392: 6195: 4975: 4794: 4662:by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c 1984, p. 22 4579: 4197: 3816: 3681:(in Dutch). Santpoort: C.A. Mees. p. 84. 3393:. University of California Press. p. 4. 3227: 3159: 3157: 3144: 3142: 2840: 2445:in order to protect Iran's official language. 2430:to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of 2229: 1377:Reza Shah addressing Iranian parliament, 1939 1350:; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the 769: 706:in 1941. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 5171: 5165: 5133: 4489: 4099:"Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events" 3427:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3165:از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی 3111:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2567:and making it the official calendar of Iran. 2545:Building the first Iranian airport known as 2012:since that last Qajar Shah's death in 1930, 5910:(in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8 5777: 5749: 5721: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5139: 4959: 4712:"Reza Shah of Iran meets Ataturk of Turkey" 4391:Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 4325:, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 169 3652:Martine Gosselink and Dirk J. Tang (2009). 3380: 2949:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 2623: 2464:representing the Oriental Institute of the 1779:is a term used for a country identified as 1678:In 1934 he made an official state visit to 1368: 1335:linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the 710:. A modernizer, Reza Shah clashed with the 682:. As a politician, he previously served as 6922: 6908: 6399: 6385: 6202: 6188: 6105:14 February 1925 – 16 September 1941 6024:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 5297: 5279:. Constable & Company, Ltd, pp. 86–87. 5263:, 1982, Princeton University Press, p. 154 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 4732: 4595: 4564: 4417: 4248:Salari Sardari, Mohadeseh (4 March 2024). 4047:. Government Printing Office. p. 27. 4036: 3475:. University of California Press. p. 3317: 3154: 3139: 2758: 2443:Academy of Persian Language and Literature 2395:Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles. 1851:Reza Shah in his office (Green Palace) at 1686:. During their meeting Reza Shah spoke in 1337:Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran 873:Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the town of 162:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 71: 5699:Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). 4918:, Iran in the epoch of Pahlavi the first. 4726: 4498: 4261: 3527: 3288: 3286: 3122: 3021: 2522:was the only form of schooling available. 2324:Learn how and when to remove this message 2175:After his death, his body was carried to 1520: 1283:Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the 956:In November 1919, he chose the last name 7165:Imperial Iranian Army brigadier generals 5622: 5584: 3592: 3420: 3292: 2859:Czechoslovakia: Collar 1st Class of the 2627: 2366:and public hospitals across the country. 2335: 2118: 2110: 2067: 2044: 1971: 1932: 1878: 1846: 1730: 1652: 1585: 1537: 1437: 1372: 1301: 1278: 1242: 1154: 1138: 1050: 984: 832: 219:24 April 1921 – 1 November 1925 6056:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 5645: 5494: 5060: 5006: 3969: 3778: 3713: 3466: 3387:Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). 3264: 3212: 3210: 2997:"ظهور رضا شاه از دروازه نوسازی قاجارها" 2944: 2794:) (18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935) 2636:Reza Shah married, for the first time, 2398:Creation of an Iranian modern military. 2024:. Instead (with the help of Foroughi), 1842: 866:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 786:nearly four decades later, which ended 400: 1895; died 1911) 14: 7155:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 7077: 5559: 5033: 4874:Russia and the West in Iran 1918-1948. 4601: 4570: 4175:: Recent History, The Education System 4044:Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study 3502: 3359: 3283: 3104: 2994: 1497:, further, "Persia" (locally known as 321:, Mazandaran, Sublime State of Persia 7180:Iranian people of Azerbaijani descent 6903: 6380: 6183: 5669: 4876:George Lenczowski. 1949. pp. 160-161. 4788: 4722:from the original on 7 November 2021. 4503:. New York: Dutton. pp. 173–174. 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4012:"Political history. Mahrzad Brujerdi" 3812: 3810: 3808: 3617: 3557: 3236: 3198:The Origins of the Iranian Revolution 2905: 2147:on Bois-Cheri Road in the village of 1735:This photograph's inscription reads: 1067:, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and 5881:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 5495:Hignett, Katherine (24 April 2018). 5346: 4629:(PDF), University Press of America. 4191: 3537:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 269. 3207: 3070: 3068: 2932:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography" 2448:The first scientific excavations at 2352:under a powerful central government. 2262:adding citations to reliable sources 2233: 782:eventually sowing the seeds for the 99:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 6209: 5962:Newspaper clippings about Reza Shah 5444:Obituary: Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali 5405:Historical Iranian Sites and People 5347:Khan, Iqbal Ahmed (20 March 2023). 5298:Ahmed Khan, Iqbal (20 March 2023). 4904:Reza Shah Pahlavi: Policies as Shah 4151:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam 4091: 3945:Preparations For Change of Monarchy 2898: 1489:, many did not consider themselves 1306:Reza Shah opening a railway station 1238: 1088: 917:, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh 770: 554: 24: 7200:Iranian people of Georgian descent 6146:Non-profit organization positions 6081:24 April 1921 – 13 June 1926 4767:. 8 September 1941. Archived from 4517:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 181 4232: 4229:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 180 3821:. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers. 3805: 2710:Reza Shah's fourth and last wife, 2377:in order to enforce law and order. 1923:World War II and forced abdication 1899:in 1938, followed by the start of 1097:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 36:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 25: 7216: 5926: 5809:"Iranian princess dies at age 58" 5659:, pp. 106–107, 214–215, 218–220, 4906:, Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 4736:A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited 4149:"Pahlavi Dynasty": An Entry from 3758:Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (2001). 3065: 2787:(2 June 1927 – 18 September 1933) 1015:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 989:Reza Pahlavi behind a machine gun 970:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 901:), whose family had emigrated to 6162:Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society 5944: 5932: 5898: 5871: 5855: 5842: 5827: 5801: 5609: 5560:Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). 5553: 5540: 5514: 5488: 5462: 5436: 5410: 5367: 5340: 5322:"Reza Shah's Residence For Sale" 5314: 5291: 5282: 5266: 5250: 5237: 5228: 5215: 5191: 5103: 5091: 5027: 5000: 4931:(Oxford University Press, 1980: 4606:. New York: Dutton. p. 184. 4575:. New York: Dutton. p. 179. 4425:Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi 4277: 3928:The English amongst the Persians 3915:Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921 3595:Reza Shah az Tavalod ta Saltanat 3151:، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران 3105:Steele, Robert (22 March 2021). 3047: 2995:افشاری, علی (24 February 2021). 2907:[ɾeˈzɒːˈʃɒːh-epæhlæˈviː] 2718:. The couple had five children: 2690:The third wife of Reza Shah was 2493:Transferring and providing full 2238: 1837:surprise invasion in August 1941 1274: 963: 846: 606: 451: 7105:People from Mazandaran province 7095:20th-century monarchs of Persia 6338:Human rights in the Pahlavi Era 5866:Czech Medals and Orders Society 5763:, pp. 13–43, London; New York: 5731:, pp. 15–37, London; New York: 4946: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4867: 4842: 4817: 4803: 4775: 4753: 4704: 4690: 4677: 4665: 4652: 4639: 4610: 4551: 4520: 4507: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4441: 4404: 4384: 4371: 4358: 4328: 4315: 4290: 4219: 4206: 4178: 4157: 4142: 4130: 4117: 4061: 4030: 4004: 3978: 3972:Hayat Yahya (The Life of Yahya) 3963: 3950: 3933: 3920: 3907: 3886: 3873: 3843: 3738: 3707: 3685: 3670: 3645: 3611: 3586: 3551: 3521: 3496: 3460: 3414: 3353: 3311: 3190: 3177: 3098: 2836:(26 June 1940 – 27 August 1941) 2601:Persia (or one of its cognates) 2552:Changing Iranian currency from 2428:Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations 2249:needs additional citations for 2155:. Subsequently, he was sent to 1883:Reza Shah meeting officials in 1757:Indo-European Telegraph Company 1505:, many countries including the 1247:Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi 788:2,500 years of Iranian monarchy 721:At the age of 14 he joined the 473: 447: 422: 397: 7145:World War II political leaders 7135:Leaders who took power by coup 5172:Abbas Milani (February 2006). 3764:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 147–. 3561:Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 3471:The Life and Times of the Shah 3390:The Life and Times of the Shah 3082: 3041: 3015: 2988: 2963: 2938: 2924: 2888: 2848:National Consultative Assembly 2804:marries Reza Shah's daughter, 2781:) (13 June 1926 – 2 June 1927) 2694:(1905–1994), who was from the 2172:old at the time of his death. 1135:Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty 790:. Moreover, his insistence on 776:National Consultative Assembly 27:Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 13: 1: 7067:indicate interim officeholder 6343:Corruption in the Pahlavi Era 5675:Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). 5550:, Lexington Books 2009, p. 71 5111:"The Iranian History 1941 AD" 4885:Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161 4739:. AuthorHouse. pp. 33–. 3679:Karavaanreis door Zuid-Perzië 3593:Niazmand, Seyed Reza (2002). 3467:Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). 3421:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). 3218:"سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" 2917: 2606:Reconstruction of old cities. 2452:, the ancient capital of the 2115:Reza Shah's funeral in Tehran 1980:The Shah ordered pro-British 1929:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1775:in formal correspondence, as 1697:In 1931, he refused to allow 1649:Foreign affairs and influence 1481:. In 1959, the government of 1024:In late 1920, the Soviets in 828: 704:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 150:16th Prime Minister of Persia 78: 7120:Iranian critics of religions 5261:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4783:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4674:by Ervand Abrahamian, p. 145 4672:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4471:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4458:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4379:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4200:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4186:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4125:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3746:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3720:. Harvard University Press. 3324:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3196:Roger Homan. (Autumn 1980) " 3022:dsi.co.ir (3 October 2018). 2570:Ordering all men other than 2497:for the Iranian students to 2193:mausoleum built in his honor 1611:throughout Iran. In 1935, a 1217:Persian Constitution of 1906 1044:", reinforced by the Soviet 974: 694:and subsequently reigned as 7: 7110:Commanders-in-chief of Iran 7100:20th-century Iranian people 6262:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 5966:20th Century Press Archives 5681:University Press of Florida 5619:, Nation Books, 2005, p. 91 4811:"Iran's Transit Importance" 4323:Great Britain and Reza Shah 3974:. Vol. 4. p. 246. 3941:The History of Twenty Years 3677:Maurits Wagenvoort (1926). 3564:. I.B.Tauris. p. 161. 3163:نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد، 2875:Royal Order of the Seraphim 2364:national health care system 1391:Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III 1207:The Majlis, convening as a 491:Princess Hamdam al-Saltaneh 10: 7221: 7185:People exiled to Mauritius 6826:Interim Government of Iran 6101:Commander-in-Chief of Iran 5868:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 5657:Cambridge University Press 4970:Paved with Good Intentions 4954:Paved with Good Intentions 4499:Mackey, Sandra (c. 1996). 4447:Encarta: Reza Shah Pahlavi 3329:Princeton University Press 2853: 2841:Titles, styles and honours 2669:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 2646:Hamdam al-Saltaneh Pahlavi 2434:'s birth as the savior of 2230:Amendments and foundations 2216:Interim Government of Iran 1926: 1682:and met Turkish President 1483:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1186:(His Serene Highness) and 1149:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 978: 967: 943:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 47:Shah Reza (disambiguation) 43:Reza Khan (disambiguation) 40: 29: 7062: 7031: 6994: 6941: 6888: 6846: 6824: 6605: 6421: 6356: 6325: 6300: 6277: 6242: 6219: 6168: 6158: 6150: 6145: 6135: 6125: 6117: 6107: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6058: 6049: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5977: 5705:Federal Research Division 5528:(in Persian). 21 May 2018 5079:Syracuse University Press 5073:Milani, Farzaneh (1992). 3786:"The Pahlavi Era of Iran" 3439:10.1017/s0020743800022388 3366:. Yale University Press. 3327:. Princeton, New Jersey: 3223:. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. 3124:10.1017/S002074382000121X 1711:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1657:Reza Shah with president 669: 665: 655: 647: 637: 623: 618: 614: 602: 592: 584: 576: 564: 545: 540: 536: 484: 376: 342: 325: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 269: 259: 233: 223: 212: 205: 188: 176: 166: 155: 148: 144: 137: 133: 123: 113: 103: 95: 88: 70: 61: 56: 6848:Islamic Republic of Iran 5918:– via runeberg.org 5878:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 5783:Katouzian, Homa (2006). 5683:, pp. 209–213, 217–218, 5599:, Penguin, 2001, p. 459 5424:. Tehran. AP. 7 May 1950 5223:A History of Modern Iran 4989:(Yale University, 1981: 4438:, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) 2881: 2624:Family and personal life 2574:to wear Western clothes. 2362:Foundation of the first 2355:Foundation of the first 2106: 1387:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1369:Parliament and ministers 1260:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1151:to the left of Reza Khan 993:In the aftermath of the 981:1921 Persian coup d'état 893:, was an immigrant from 30:Not to be confused with 7195:Politicide perpetrators 7140:Prime ministers of Iran 7125:Iranian anti-communists 6408:Prime ministers of Iran 6129:Persian Cossack Brigade 5651:Paidar, Parvin (1995): 5546:JMohammad A. Chaichia, 5449:14 October 2006 at the 5379:The Mail & Guardian 5212:Parcham, 16 August 1942 5007:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). 4894:Rezun. 1982, p. 29 4602:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4571:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4430:24 October 2010 at the 4410:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 3881:The Anglo-Soviet Accord 3714:Chehabi, H. E. (2020). 3618:Nahai, Gina B. (2000). 3293:زیباکلام, صادق (1398). 3267:رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت 2866:Denmark: Knight of the 2861:Order of the White Lion 2790:Mohammad Ali Foroughi ( 2759:List of prime ministers 2530:Iran Scout Organization 2410:national Museum of Iran 2357:judicial system of Iran 2207:, his daughter-in-law, 1953:) invaded and occupied 1793:continues to be debated 1287:'s Faculty of Medicine. 1264:Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz 1173:Persian Cossack Brigade 951:Persian Cossack Brigade 932:Fridolin Marinus Knobel 928:Persian Cossack Brigade 723:Persian Cossack Brigade 642:Persian Cossack Brigade 628:Sublime State of Persia 338:, Union of South Africa 276:Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi 7150:Monarchs who abdicated 6880:Post abolished in 1989 6052:Prime Minister of Iran 5949:Quotations related to 5907:Sveriges statskalender 5791:, pp. 33–34, 335–336, 5418:"Shah's body returned" 5077:, Syracuse, New York: 5034:Milani, Abbas (2011). 5010:Iran at War: 1500–1988 4795:Makki Hossein (1945). 4685:History of Modern Iran 4647:History of Modern Iran 4590:History of Modern Iran 4546:History of Modern Iran 4484:History of Modern Iran 4412:Mission for My Country 4368:, Tehran, 2005, p. 15. 3986:"Bahman Amir Hosseini" 3894:Modern Iran since 1921 3817:Ghanī, Sīrūs. (2000). 3748:, (1982), pp. 116–117. 3695:. Iran Chamber Society 3505:Iran: A Modern History 3503:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3363:Iran: A Modern History 3360:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3185:History of Modern Iran 2873:Sweden: Knight of the 2633: 2599:In the Western world, 2512:national school system 2510:Creation of the first 2341: 2135: 2124:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 2116: 2099:, writes in his book, 2053: 2039: 1977: 1938: 1888: 1856: 1743: 1665: 1595: 1521:Support and opposition 1507:English-speaking world 1446: 1378: 1307: 1288: 1248: 1164: 1152: 1061:Edmund "Tiny" Ironside 1056: 990: 937:He also served in the 854:This article contains 841: 821:after the fall of the 632:Imperial State of Iran 411:Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlu 365:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 361:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 77:Reza Shah in uniform, 6172:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6121:Vsevolod Starosselsky 6111:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6062:Mohammad-Ali Foroughi 6030:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 5701:Iran: A Country Study 5422:Eugene Register Guard 5042:. Macmillan. p. 4771:on 18 September 2012. 4624:26 March 2009 at the 4321:Mohammad Gholi Majd, 3917:, 3 (Princeton, 1972) 3570:10.5040/9780755612079 3558:Ghani, Cyrus (1998). 3265:نیازمند, رضا (1387). 3202:International Affairs 3149:تاریخ بیست ساله ایران 2945:Rahnema, Ali (2011). 2868:Order of the Elephant 2765:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 2631: 2466:University of Chicago 2438:and Iranian identity. 2382:Trans-Iranian Railway 2350:reunification of Iran 2339: 2189:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2122: 2114: 2068:Critics and defenders 2062:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2048: 2033: 1989:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 1975: 1936: 1882: 1850: 1764:using foreign loans. 1753:National Bank of Iran 1749:British Imperial Bank 1734: 1684:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1659:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1656: 1589: 1548:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 1538:Clash with the clergy 1495:ethnic groups of Iran 1441: 1376: 1305: 1293:Trans-Iranian Railway 1282: 1246: 1229:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1169:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1158: 1142: 1073:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1054: 988: 885:, in 1878, to son of 836: 811:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 739:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 729:, he marched towards 648:Years of service 240:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 195:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 32:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7160:People from Savadkuh 7130:Iranian nationalists 6951:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 6935:Iranian Armed Forces 6562:Fathollah Khan Akbar 6314:Yasmine Etemad-Amini 5941:at Wikimedia Commons 5813:The Lewiston Journal 5737:Taylor & Francis 5566:Smithsonian Magazine 5562:"Inside Iran's Fury" 5203:Retrieved 4 May 2008 5141:Kapuscinski, Ryszard 4981:Nikki R. Keddie and 4850:"Historical Setting" 4781:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4184:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4170:4 March 2016 at the 3970:Dowlatabadi, Yahya. 3744:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3331:. pp. 123–163. 3237:معتضد, خسرو (1387). 2738:Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi 2610:Abolition of slavery 2501:for studying abroad. 2488:University of Tehran 2258:improve this article 2205:From Tehran to Cairo 2153:Mauritian government 2143:, where he lived at 2087:1909 siege of Tabriz 2060:in favor of his son 1910:, Firouz, Modarres, 1843:Later years of reign 1641:decree, banning the 1604:mourning observances 1577:University of Tehran 1297:University of Tehran 1285:University of Tehran 1209:constituent assembly 1079:. He took the title 921:, and served in the 716:modern Iranian State 450: 1922; 139:Pre-royal positions 7115:Critics of Islamism 6931:Commanders-in-Chief 6333:Pahlavi family tree 6154:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 5711:, pp. 28, 116–117, 5709:Library of Congress 5459:, 29 November 2003. 5381:. 17 September 2010 4987:Roots of Revolution 4941:Nationalism in Iran 4733:Rami Yelda (2012). 4548:, (2008), pp. 93–94 4263:10.1017/irn.2024.10 4198:Ervand Abrahamian. 4069:"Mashallah Ajudani" 3958:Nationalism in Iran 3792:on 13 November 1999 2812:Ahmad Matin-Daftari 2775:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 2704:Gholam Reza Pahlavi 2692:Turan Amirsoleimani 2441:Creation of Iran's 2371:Iranian Gendarmerie 2369:Reestablishment of 1941:In August 1941 the 1707:William Knox D'Arcy 1600:mixing of the sexes 1211:, declared him the 1159:Military parade in 1104:coup d'état of 1921 1005:on the side of the 883:Mazandaran province 766:Reza Shah the Great 523:Prince Mahmoud Reza 436:Turan Amirsoleimani 252:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 200:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 7175:Exiled politicians 7022:Mohammad Reza Shah 7010:Mohammad Reza Shah 6547:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6487:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6461:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6446:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6348:Great Civilization 6233:Mohammad Reza Shah 6037:Political offices 5572:on 15 October 2009 5407:. 12 December 2010 5013:. Bloomsbury USA. 4079:on 22 October 2018 4037:Curtis, Glenn E.; 4018:. 13 November 2008 3851:"Shojaeddin Shafa" 3621:Cry of the Peacock 3319:Abrahamian, Ervand 3024:"همه مردان رضاشاه" 2877:(10 November 1934) 2785:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 2752:Hamid Reza Pahlavi 2731:Ahmad Reza Pahlavi 2724:Abdul Reza Pahlavi 2634: 2499:European countries 2403:Iran's first radio 2342: 2201:Iranian Revolution 2136: 2117: 2054: 2014:Hamid Hassan Mirza 1978: 1976:Reza Shah in exile 1959:declaration of war 1939: 1889: 1857: 1744: 1726:British government 1703:Lufthansa Airlines 1666: 1629:Iranian Azerbaijan 1596: 1573:Mohammad Reza Shah 1447: 1379: 1308: 1289: 1249: 1165: 1153: 1069:seized the capital 1057: 995:Russian Revolution 991: 911:Russo-Persian Wars 897:(then part of the 842: 784:Iranian Revolution 759:Iranian Revolution 735:seized the capital 708:Mohammad Reza Shah 511:Prince Gholam Reza 499:Mohammad Reza Shah 128:Mohammad Reza Shah 7072: 7071: 6957:Mohammad Ali Shah 6897: 6896: 6456:Nezam as-Saltaneh 6374: 6373: 6318: 6178: 6177: 6169:Succeeded by 6139:Ghassem Khan Vali 6136:Succeeded by 6127:Commander of the 6108:Succeeded by 6086:Military offices 6059:Succeeded by 6027:Succeeded by 5937:Media related to 5891:978-87-7674-434-2 5757:Zürcher, Erik-Jan 5595:Townson, Duncan, 5277:World War in Iran 5257:Ervand Abrahamian 5247:, 16 August 1942. 5158:978-0-14-118804-1 5081:, pp. 19, 34–37, 4838:on 6 August 2020. 4761:"Persian Paradox" 4746:978-1-4772-0291-3 4616:Rajaee, Farhang, 4423:Yarshater, Ehsan 4105:. 22 January 2007 4054:978-0-8444-1187-3 3771:978-1-86064-629-4 3734:on 26 April 2021. 3579:978-1-86064-258-6 3544:978-1-84511-272-1 3514:978-0-300-11254-2 3400:978-0-520-25328-5 2870:(20 January 1937) 2820:Winston Churchill 2712:Esmat Dowlatshahi 2638:Maryam Savadkoohi 2454:Achaemenid Empire 2334: 2333: 2326: 2308: 2101:World War in Iran 2097:British Mauritius 1722:Arthur Millspaugh 1715:League of Nations 1690:, and Atatürk in 1515:Achaemenid Empire 1463:League of Nations 1417:Ali Asghar Hekmat 1253:Ervand Abrahamian 1231:, was proclaimed 1143:Reza Khan behind 1003:Russian Civil War 947:brigadier general 862:rendering support 676:Reza Shah Pahlavi 673: 672: 660:Brigadier general 560: 559: 531:Prince Hamid Reza 519:Prince Ahmad Reza 515:Prince Abdul Reza 465:Esmat Dowlatshahi 387:Maryam Savadkoohi 281: 280: 57:Reza Shah Pahlavi 16:(Redirected from 7212: 7205:Pahlavi monarchs 7033:Islamic Republic 6924: 6917: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6853: 6831: 6612: 6428: 6416: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6316: 6301:Crown Princesses 6213: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6160:Chairman of the 6151:Preceded by 6118:Preceded by 6094:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6091:Preceded by 6069:Preceded by 6042:Preceded by 6013:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6010:Preceded by 6000: 5993: 5992:15 March 1878 5984:House of Pahlavi 5975: 5974: 5948: 5936: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5837:Orlando Sentinel 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5799: 5781: 5775: 5753: 5747: 5725: 5719: 5697: 5691: 5673: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5593: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5568:. Archived from 5557: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5280: 5273:Skrine, Clarmont 5270: 5264: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5117:. Archived from 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5071: 5058: 5057: 5041: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5004: 4998: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4831:. 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Archived from 3982: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3896:(Longman, 2003: 3890: 3884: 3883:, vol. 3, p. 384 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3857:. Archived from 3847: 3841: 3840: 3814: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3788:. Archived from 3782: 3776: 3775: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3730:. Archived from 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3474: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3205: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2684:Ali Reza Pahlavi 2565:Persian calendar 2547:Mehrabad airport 2528:Creation of the 2436:Persian language 2408:Founding of the 2384:which connected 2329: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2266: 2242: 2234: 2181:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 2163:neighborhood of 2010:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1785:Persian language 1699:Imperial Airways 1617:Imam Reza Shrine 1583:to the clerics. 1579:, returning the 1487:Persian language 1465:to use the term 1239:Rule as the Shah 1145:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1112:General Ironside 1090: 923:Second Herat War 850: 849: 773: 772: 747:Ahmad Shah Qajar 619:Military service 610: 556: 538: 537: 527:Princess Fatemeh 477: 475: 455: 453: 449: 426: 424: 401: 399: 350:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 332: 311: 309: 272: 262: 236: 228:Ahmad Shah Qajar 217: 191: 179: 171:Ahmad Shah Qajar 160: 135: 134: 118:Ahmad Shah Qajar 83: 80: 75: 54: 53: 21: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7058: 7027: 6990: 6937: 6928: 6898: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6851: 6850: 6842: 6829: 6828: 6820: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6532:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6492:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6426: 6425: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6375: 6370: 6352: 6321: 6308:Fawzia of Egypt 6296: 6273: 6256:Fawzia of Egypt 6238: 6215: 6212:Pahlavi dynasty 6211: 6208: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6141: 6132: 6123: 6113: 6104: 6096: 6080: 6077:Minister of War 6072: 6064: 6055: 6047: 6032: 6023: 6015: 5999:26 July 1944 5994: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5782: 5778: 5754: 5750: 5726: 5722: 5698: 5694: 5679:, Gainesville: 5674: 5670: 5650: 5646: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5594: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5476:. 23 April 2018 5474:The Daily Sabah 5468: 5467: 5463: 5456:The Independent 5451:Wayback Machine 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5375:"Royal Jo'burg" 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5271: 5267: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5121:on 10 July 2013 5109: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5072: 5061: 5054: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5005: 5001: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4687:, (2008), p. 95 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4649:, (2008), p. 94 4644: 4640: 4626:Wayback Machine 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4592:, (2008), p. 94 4587: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4561:, (1996) p. 182 4556: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4530:, (1996) p. 184 4525: 4521: 4513:Mackey, Sandra 4512: 4508: 4497: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4436:Iranian Studies 4432:Wayback Machine 4422: 4418: 4409: 4405: 4393:, I.B. Tauris, 4389: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4346:on 17 July 2012 4334: 4333: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4254:Iranian Studies 4246: 4233: 4225:Mackey, Sandra 4224: 4220: 4216:, (1996) p. 179 4211: 4207: 4196: 4192: 4188:, 1982, p. 146. 4183: 4179: 4172:Wayback Machine 4162: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3939:Makki Hossein, 3938: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3892:Ansari, Ali M. 3891: 3887: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3861:on 18 July 2012 3849: 3848: 3844: 3829: 3815: 3806: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3728: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3529:Katouzian, Homa 3526: 3522: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3339: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3187:, (2008), p. 91 3182: 3178: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3103: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2975:iranchamber.com 2969: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2856: 2843: 2761: 2745:Fatemeh Pahlavi 2626: 2481:Keshavarzi Bank 2473:Bank Melli Iran 2426:Organizing the 2330: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2267: 2265: 2255: 2243: 2232: 2220:Sadeq Khalkhali 2195:in the town of 2145:Château Val Ory 2109: 2093:Clarmont Skrine 2077:trained by the 2070: 2051:1979 Revolution 2018:British subject 1931: 1925: 1912:Arbab Keikhosro 1895:. The death of 1885:Saadabad Palace 1869:Ali-Akbar Davar 1853:Saadabad Palace 1845: 1651: 1615:erupted in the 1540: 1523: 1503:Sasanian Empire 1491:ethnic Persians 1436: 1427:Replacement of 1395:Ali-Akbar Davar 1371: 1356:Cyrus the Great 1277: 1268:Ali-Akbar Davar 1241: 1221:Pahlavi dynasty 1137: 1077:Minister of War 983: 977: 972: 966: 879:Savadkuh County 871: 870: 869: 860:Without proper 851: 847: 831: 799:sedentarization 727:Qazvin province 684:minister of war 680:Pahlavi dynasty 630: 549: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 507:Prince Ali Reza 505: 503:Princess Ashraf 501: 497: 493: 480: 479: 476: 1923) 471: 467: 457: 454: 1923) 445: 441: 438: 428: 425: 1916) 420: 416: 413: 403: 395: 391: 388: 372: 359: 357: 347: 334: 330: 313: 307: 305: 270: 260: 254: 250: 246: 242: 234: 218: 213: 207:Minister of War 198: 189: 177: 161: 156: 140: 84: 81: 50: 39: 38:, his grandson. 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7218: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7170:Exiled royalty 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7055:(1989–present) 7050: 7044: 7037: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6972:Abolqasem Khan 6968: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6466:Sa'd al-Dowleh 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6404: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6381: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6250:Tadj ol-Molouk 6246: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6057: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6025: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6005:Regnal titles 6002: 6001: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5959: 5954: 5942: 5928: 5927:External links 5925: 5922: 5921: 5897: 5890: 5870: 5854: 5841: 5839:, 15 July 1992 5826: 5800: 5776: 5748: 5720: 5692: 5668: 5644: 5621: 5608: 5583: 5552: 5539: 5513: 5487: 5461: 5435: 5409: 5392: 5366: 5339: 5313: 5290: 5281: 5265: 5249: 5236: 5227: 5214: 5205: 5190: 5164: 5157: 5151:. p. 25. 5132: 5102: 5090: 5059: 5052: 5026: 5019: 4999: 4974: 4958: 4945: 4939:) and Cottam, 4937:0-14-00-5964-4 4920: 4908: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4866: 4841: 4816: 4802: 4787: 4785:, pp. 143–144. 4774: 4752: 4745: 4725: 4703: 4689: 4676: 4664: 4651: 4638: 4609: 4594: 4578: 4563: 4550: 4532: 4519: 4506: 4488: 4475: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4416: 4403: 4383: 4370: 4357: 4327: 4314: 4289: 4231: 4218: 4205: 4190: 4177: 4156: 4141: 4129: 4127:, 1982, p. 140 4116: 4090: 4060: 4053: 4039:Hooglund, Eric 4029: 4003: 3977: 3962: 3949: 3932: 3919: 3906: 3885: 3872: 3842: 3827: 3804: 3777: 3770: 3750: 3737: 3726: 3706: 3684: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3630: 3610: 3603: 3585: 3578: 3550: 3543: 3520: 3513: 3495: 3485: 3459: 3433:(4): 639–663. 3413: 3399: 3379: 3372: 3352: 3337: 3310: 3303: 3282: 3275: 3254: 3247: 3226: 3206: 3204:56/4: 673–677. 3189: 3176: 3153: 3138: 3117:(2): 175–193. 3097: 3081: 3064: 3040: 3014: 2987: 2962: 2955: 2937: 2934:. 29 May 2023. 2922: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2855: 2852: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2809: 2806:Princess Shams 2795: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2708: 2707: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2677:Ashraf Pahlavi 2673: 2665: 2654:Tadj ol-Molouk 2650: 2649: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2597: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2491: 2484: 2469: 2458:Ernst Herzfeld 2446: 2439: 2424: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2380:Foundation of 2378: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2332: 2331: 2314:September 2018 2246: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2108: 2105: 2069: 2066: 1982:Prime Minister 1947:United Kingdom 1927:Main article: 1924: 1921: 1844: 1841: 1819:Nuremberg Laws 1650: 1647: 1539: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1469:("Land of the 1435: 1425: 1370: 1367: 1325:Princess Shams 1276: 1273: 1240: 1237: 1223:. Reza Shah's 1136: 1133: 1007:White movement 979:Main article: 976: 973: 965: 962: 909:following the 899:Russian Empire 864:, you may see 852: 845: 844: 843: 830: 827: 823:Ottoman Empire 807:Persianization 688:prime minister 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 653: 652: 649: 645: 644: 639: 638:Branch/service 635: 634: 625: 621: 620: 616: 615: 612: 611: 604: 600: 599: 594: 590: 589: 586: 582: 581: 580:Abbas-Ali Khan 578: 574: 573: 568: 562: 561: 558: 557: 543: 542: 534: 533: 495:Princess Shams 488: 482: 481: 469: 463: 462: 461: 460: 443: 439: 434: 433: 432: 431: 418: 414: 409: 408: 407: 406: 393: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 380: 378: 374: 373: 348: 344: 340: 339: 333:(aged 66) 327: 323: 322: 303: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 237: 235:Prime Minister 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 210: 209: 203: 202: 192: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 153: 152: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 86: 85: 76: 68: 67: 59: 58: 34:, his son, or 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7217: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:Matin-Daftari 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537:Eyn-ed-Dowleh 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507:Eyn-ed-Dowleh 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Naser ol-Molk 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6285:Mohammad Reza 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278:Crown Princes 6276: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6071:Masoud Kayhan 6067: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6046: 6045:Hassan Pirnia 6040: 6035: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5835: 5830: 5815:. 2 June 1987 5814: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5797:9781845112721 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5773:9781860644269 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745:9780415302845 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5717:9780844411873 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5689:9780813021119 5686: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5665:9780521473408 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5631:(fall 1993). 5630: 5629:Hoodfar, Homa 5625: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5294: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5231: 5225:(2008), p. 96 5224: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149:Penguin Books 5146: 5145:Shah of Shahs 5142: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5087:9780815602668 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5053:9781403971937 5049: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5030: 5022: 5020:9781299584235 5016: 5012: 5011: 5003: 4996: 4995:0-300-02606-4 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4952:Barry Rubin, 4949: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927:Barry Rubin, 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4635:0-8191-3578-X 4632: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4453: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4401:, 2000 p. 403 4400: 4399:1-86064-629-8 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4340:Talash-online 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4202:. p. 51. 4201: 4194: 4187: 4181: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3904:), pp. 26–31. 3903: 3902:0-582-35685-7 3899: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3855:Talash-online 3852: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3727:9780674248199 3723: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3663:9789056130985 3659: 3655: 3648: 3633: 3631:0-7434-0337-1 3627: 3623: 3622: 3614: 3606: 3604:9789645925466 3600: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3486:9780520253285 3482: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3373:9780300231465 3369: 3365: 3364: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3338:9780691053424 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3304:9781780837628 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3248:9789644425974 3244: 3240: 3239:تاج های زنانه 3233: 3231: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173:964-6404-20-0 3170: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3053: 3052: 3048:لندن, کیهان, 3044: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2956:9781139495622 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2908: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822:on behalf of 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2802:Fereydoun Jam 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716:Marble Palace 2713: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696:Qajar dynasty 2693: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2662:Shams Pahlavi 2659: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2618: 2615:Abolition of 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Kashf-e hijab 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518:madreseh and 2517: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462:Erich Schmidt 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: – 2274: 2270: 2269:Find sources: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247:This section 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2209:Empress Farah 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2169:heart ailment 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2083:Ahmad Kasravi 2080: 2076: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2020:who spoke no 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:Allied powers 1935: 1930: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855:complex, 1941 1854: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1828:Führerprinzip 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638:Kashf-e hijab 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Maxime Siroux 1566: 1562: 1561:Esmail Meraat 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1518: 1516: 1513:name for the 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:Western world 1445: 1442:Reza Shah at 1440: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1281: 1275:Modernization 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 982: 971: 964:Rise to power 961: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:Imperial Army 935: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 867: 863: 859: 857: 840: 835: 826: 824: 820: 816: 815:Turkification 813:'s policy of 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 767: 762: 760: 756: 755:Qajar dynasty 752: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 668: 664: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 640: 636: 633: 629: 626: 622: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 598: 597:Twelver Shiʿa 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572: 569: 567: 563: 552: 548: 544: 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489: 487: 483: 466: 459: 458: 437: 430: 429: 412: 405: 404: 382: 381: 379: 375: 370: 366: 362: 355: 351: 345: 341: 337: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312:15 March 1878 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 277: 274: 268: 265:Masoud Kayhan 264: 258: 253: 249: 248:Hassan Pirnia 245: 241: 238: 232: 229: 226: 222: 216: 211: 208: 204: 201: 196: 193: 187: 184: 183:Hassan Pirnia 181: 175: 172: 169: 165: 159: 154: 151: 147: 143: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109:25 April 1926 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91: 87: 74: 69: 66: 65: 64:King of Kings 60: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7064: 7003: 6996:Pahlavi Iran 6984: 6970: 6964:Alireza Khan 6962: 6879: 6870:Mahdavi Kani 6852:(since 1979) 6806:Sharif-Emami 6776:Sharif-Emami 6607:Pahlavi Iran 6596: 6517:Farman Farma 6363: 6226: 6159: 6126: 6099: 6075: 6050: 6020:Shah of Iran 6018: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5953:at Wikiquote 5912:, retrieved 5906: 5900: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5864:(in Czech), 5857: 5844: 5836: 5829: 5817:. Retrieved 5812: 5803: 5784: 5779: 5760: 5751: 5728: 5723: 5700: 5695: 5676: 5671: 5652: 5647: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5615:Dilip Hiro, 5611: 5596: 5574:. Retrieved 5570:the original 5565: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5530:. Retrieved 5525: 5516: 5504:. Retrieved 5500: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5473: 5464: 5454: 5438: 5426:. Retrieved 5421: 5412: 5383:. Retrieved 5378: 5369: 5357:. Retrieved 5352: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5328:. 7 May 2018 5325: 5316: 5304:. Retrieved 5293: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5230: 5222: 5221:Abrahamian, 5217: 5208: 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5177: 5167: 5144: 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5119:the original 5114: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5074: 5037: 5029: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4983:Yann Richard 4977: 4969: 4956:, pp. 14–15. 4953: 4948: 4940: 4928: 4923: 4916:Saeed Nafisi 4911: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4853: 4844: 4833:the original 4819: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4769:the original 4764: 4755: 4735: 4728: 4715: 4706: 4692: 4684: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4641: 4617: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4588:Abrahamian, 4572: 4566: 4559:The Iranians 4558: 4553: 4545: 4544:Abrahamian, 4528:The Iranians 4527: 4522: 4514: 4509: 4500: 4483: 4482:Abrahamian, 4478: 4473:1982, p. 137 4470: 4469:Abrahamian, 4465: 4460:1982, p. 136 4457: 4456:Abrahamian, 4452: 4443: 4435: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4381:1982, p. 138 4378: 4377:Abrahamian, 4373: 4365: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4344:the original 4339: 4336:"Guel Kohan" 4330: 4322: 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4301: 4292: 4276: 4253: 4226: 4221: 4214:The Iranians 4213: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4132: 4124: 4123:Abrahamian, 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4102: 4093: 4081:. Retrieved 4077:the original 4072: 4063: 4043: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3980: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3909: 3893: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3859:the original 3854: 3845: 3818: 3794:. Retrieved 3790:the original 3780: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3732:the original 3716: 3709: 3697:. Retrieved 3687: 3678: 3672: 3653: 3647: 3635:. Retrieved 3620: 3613: 3594: 3588: 3560: 3553: 3533: 3523: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3470: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3430: 3426: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3389: 3382: 3362: 3355: 3322: 3313: 3294: 3266: 3238: 3201: 3192: 3184: 3183:Abrahamian, 3179: 3164: 3148: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3056:, retrieved 3054:(in Persian) 3050: 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3027: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 3003:(in Persian) 3000: 2990: 2978:. Retrieved 2974: 2965: 2946: 2940: 2926: 2899:رضاشاه پهلوی 2890: 2844: 2828:Nazi Germany 2824:Adolf Hitler 2791: 2778: 2768: 2754:(1932–1992). 2709: 2689: 2686:(1922–1954). 2667: 2651: 2635: 2581: 2571: 2495:scholarships 2401:Creation of 2390:Persian Gulf 2343: 2320: 2311: 2301: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2268: 2256:Please help 2251:verification 2248: 2224: 2213: 2204: 2174: 2165:Johannesburg 2144: 2139:children to 2137: 2100: 2091: 2071: 2055: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2026:Crown Prince 2002: 1993: 1979: 1967: 1951:Soviet Union 1940: 1905: 1901:World War II 1890: 1874: 1865:Farman Farma 1863:assisted by 1858: 1833: 1826: 1811:sine qua non 1810: 1807:World War II 1804: 1800:Soviet Union 1797: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1745: 1739:Adolf Hitler 1736: 1719: 1696: 1677: 1673:Soviet Union 1670: 1667: 1636: 1634: 1597: 1565:Andre Godard 1541: 1528: 1524: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1454: 1448: 1432: 1428: 1415: 1399: 1384: 1380: 1364: 1352:Iranian Jews 1341: 1329: 1320:André Godard 1309: 1290: 1257: 1250: 1233:crown prince 1206: 1195: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1166: 1117: 1101: 1081:Sardar Sepah 1080: 1058: 1042:Azerbaijanis 1023: 1011:Soviet Union 999:intervention 992: 955: 936: 872: 856:Persian text 853: 780: 774:) by Iran's 771:رضا شاه بزرگ 765: 763: 743: 720: 700:Pahlavi Iran 675: 674: 588:Noush-Afarin 547:Reza Pahlavi 546: 336:Johannesburg 331:(1944-07-26) 329:26 July 1944 271:Succeeded by 214: 190:Succeeded by 157: 90:Shah of Iran 62: 51: 7090:1944 deaths 7085:1878 births 6611:(1925–1979) 6427:(1907–1925) 6310:(1939–1941) 6293:(1967–1979) 6287:(1926–1941) 6270:(1959–1979) 6264:(1951–1958) 6258:(1941–1948) 6252:(1925–1941) 6235:(1941–1979) 6229:(1925–1941) 5789:I.B. Tauris 5765:I.B. Tauris 5526:BBC Persian 5355:(in French) 5302:. L'Express 5178:Iranian.com 4716:youtube.com 4302:Iran Online 3926:D. Wright, 2798:Mahmoud Jam 2747:(1928–1987) 2740:(1926–2001) 2733:(1925–1981) 2726:(1924–2004) 2706:(1923–2017) 2679:(1919–2016) 2672:(1919–1980) 2664:(1917–1996) 2648:(1903–1992) 2417:of Ferdowsi 2386:Caspian Sea 2273:"Reza Shah" 1916:technocrats 1908:Sardar Asad 1861:Teymourtash 1688:Azerbaijani 1609:Shia clergy 1316:Teymourtash 1108:British Raj 915:Mazanderani 803:Mazanderani 795:nationalism 749:, the last 712:Shia clergy 261:Preceded by 244:Ahmad Qavam 178:Preceded by 114:Predecessor 82: 1931 7079:Categories 6979:Ahmad Shah 6943:Qajar Iran 6567:Tabatabaee 6522:Tonekaboni 6482:Tonekaboni 6472:Tonekaboni 6423:Qajar Iran 6268:Farah Diba 6166:1931–1941 6133:1920–1921 5979:Reza Shah 5834:Hamid Reza 5819:4 November 5605:0140514902 5183:17 January 5115:fouman.com 4859:17 January 4350:17 January 4307:17 January 4109:4 February 4083:17 January 4022:17 January 3943:, Vol. 2, 3865:17 January 3828:1860646298 3802:para. 2, 3 3637:31 October 3452:2 November 3406:2 November 3276:9645925460 3001:رادیو فردا 2918:References 2903:pronounced 2834:Ali Mansur 2563:Restoring 2477:Bank Sepah 2450:Persepolis 2284:newspapers 2006:abdication 1985:Ali Mansur 1444:Persepolis 1225:coronation 1123:, and the 1093:Bolsheviks 1089:سردار سپاه 1019:Ahmad Shah 968:See also: 903:Qajar Iran 829:Early life 692:Qajar Iran 624:Allegiance 358:7 May 1950 308:1878-03-15 105:Coronation 7049:(1981–89) 7043:(1980–81) 7024:(1953–79) 7018:(1952–53) 7016:Mosaddegh 7012:(1941–52) 7006:(1925–41) 7004:Reza Shah 6985:Reza Khan 6981:(1914–25) 6975:(1910–14) 6967:(1909–10) 6959:(1907–09) 6953:(1906–07) 6801:Amouzegar 6791:H. Mansur 6756:Mosaddegh 6746:Mosaddegh 6725:A. Mansur 6650:A. Mansur 6597:Reza Khan 6317:(titular) 6227:Reza Shah 5951:Reza Shah 5939:Reza Shah 5914:6 January 5733:Routledge 5641:0707-8412 5385:4 October 5359:16 August 5353:L'express 5332:4 October 4854:Parstimes 4284:CC BY 4.0 4272:0021-0862 3447:159878744 3133:0020-7438 2743:Princess 2675:Princess 2660:Princess 2644:Princess 2590:headscarf 2582:Unveiling 2405:stations. 2375:Shahrbani 2141:Mauritius 1997:legations 1709:(and the 1613:rebellion 1339:in 1932. 1191:-i-Ashraf 1184:-i-Ashraf 1038:Armenians 975:1921 coup 651:1894–1921 603:Signature 555:رضا پهلوی 215:In office 158:In office 124:Successor 18:Shah Reza 7053:Khamenei 7047:Khomeini 7041:Banisadr 6838:Bazargan 6816:Bakhtiar 6655:Foroughi 6635:Foroughi 6625:Mostowfi 6619:Foroughi 6587:Mostowfi 6542:Mostowfi 6512:Mostowfi 6497:Mostowfi 6477:Mostowfi 6365:Hostages 5576:9 August 5506:24 April 5501:Newsweek 5480:24 April 5447:Archived 5428:8 August 5306:20 March 5275:(1962). 5143:(2006). 5099:The Shah 5097:Milani, 5038:The Shah 4720:Archived 4683:Ervand, 4645:Ervand, 4622:Archived 4557:Mackey, 4526:Mackey, 4486:, p. 92. 4428:Archived 4286:license. 4256:: 1–29. 4212:Mackey, 4168:Archived 4073:Ajoudani 3956:Cottam, 3837:47177045 3796:4 August 3699:10 April 3531:(2006). 3321:(1982). 3028:iichs.ir 2792:2nd Term 2779:6th Term 2769:1st Term 2432:Ferdowsi 2161:Parktown 2079:Tsarists 2058:abdicate 2016:, was a 1949:and the 1823:Eugenics 1815:Hitler's 1594:. 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