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explained as the result of cultural selection of mating partners on the basis of variables lacking evolutionary benefits, such as perceived attractiveness, facial symmetry, youth, specific body ratios, skin tone or hair, none of which play any role in any other animal species. This unintentional auto-domestication, coinciding with the introduction of imagery of female sexuality, occurred simultaneously in four continents then occupied by hominins. It led to rapid changes typical for domestication, such as in cranial morphology, skeletal architecture, reduction in brain volume, to playful and exploratory behavior, and the establishment of thousands of deleterious conditions, syndromes, disorders and illnesses presumed absent in robust humans.
20:
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654:, is that a number of differences between us and other great apes are not the result of halted brain development preserving juvenile characteristics into adulthood, but instead arise from accelerated and prolonged brain development - which could indicate other processes are needed to explain important evolutionary changes in humans. Wrangham argues self-domestication in the context of humans is applicable to the more recent evolution of modern humans from
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response to a threat—the human equivalent being "bar fights". Aligned with the behavior of self-domesticated bonobos, humans do not have a high propensity for reactive aggression. This lends further evidence to supporting the self-domestication hypothesis, of which reduced reactive aggression is a central trait.
271:"We believe this means that the genetic network of BAZ1B is an important reason why our face is different compared to other already extinct ancestors, like the Neanderthals . In broad terms, it gives us, for the first time, experimental validation of the autodomestication hypothesis based on the neural crest."
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possessed paedomorphic cranial base angulation, position of the foramen magnum as well as vocal tract dimensions. This was interpreted as not only evidence of a change in social behavior but also a potentially early emergence of hominid vocal capability. If this thesis is correct then not only human
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Proactive aggression, which is commonly observed in chimpanzees, is defined as an attack that was planned, motivated by achieving an end goal. Generally, humans demonstrate lower aggression within groups. Reactive aggression, much more closely associated with anger, is characterized as an immediate
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The most comprehensive case for human self-domestication has been proposed for the changes that account for the much later transition from robust humans such as
Neanderthals or Denisovans to anatomically modern humans. Occurring between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago, this rapid neotenization has been
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The population density hypothesis attempts to explain the decreased reactive aggression that is observed in modern humans. During periods of high population density, higher tolerance of associates may be favored due to an increased reliance upon social networks for reliable access to otherwise
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shares with bonobos reduced sexual dimorphism, and a more paedomorphic form relative to chimpanzees, suggests that the developmental and social adaptations evident in bonobos may be of assistance in future reconstructions of early hominin social and sexual psychology. In fact the trend towards
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further built upon this body of research, addressing how bonobos and chimpanzees could elucidate development of aggression in humans. Academics have raised concerns with inconsistencies with the self-domestication hypothesis, pointing out that it isn't logical that humans could potentially be
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Of course, these specific views are very clearly based on multi-regionalist perspectives of human evolution which claim modern human populations evolved from relevant archaics present in each world region, as demonstrated in robust skeletal fossils. Such views are largely disproven by genetic
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Zanella, Matteo; Vitriolo, Alessandro; Andirko, Alejandro; Martins, Pedro Tiago; Sturm, Stefanie; O’Rourke, Thomas; Laugsch, Magdalena; Malerba, Natascia; Skaros, Adrianos; Trattaro, Sebastiano; Germain, Pierre-Luc; Mihailovic, Marija; Merla, Giuseppe; Rada-Iglesias, Alvaro; Boeckx, Cedric
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and chimpanzees of various ages. It was found that
Ardipithecus clustered with the infant and juvenile species. The consequent lack of a pubertal growth spurt in males of the species and the consequent growth of aggressive canine armoury was taken as evidence that Ardipithecus evolved its
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to pre-sapiens ancestors, archaeologists observed many of the same telling phenotypic characteristics that emerge as a consequence of self-domestication in animals. These features include diminished sexual dimorphism, smaller tooth size, reduction of the cranium, and smaller body size.
602:. Enhanced linguistic ability would have allowed for greater suppression and control over a power-hungry member of early hunter-gatherer societies. Those who attempted to achieve dominance over others would be subject to capital punishment, which was facilitated by
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from others that was easily communicated through language. Language allowed subordinates to collaborate, coordinating plans to dampen the attempt at dominance by the instigator. Over time, this resulted in the selection against reactive aggression.
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began to exhibit this higher degree of social tolerance approximately 300,000 years ago, which—if this hypothesis upholds—would be associated with a higher population size. However, recent genetic data has currently put this hypothesis to rest, as
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domesticated given the profundity of violent acts for which they are responsible. Reconciling this paradox, Wrangham posited that self-domestication is the outcome of two different kinds of aggression: proactive and reactive aggression.
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which, according to psychiatrist Martin BrĂĽne in an article "On human self-domestication", developed from the idea that humans could "perfect" themselves biologically. The idea of self-domestication is also related to the concept of
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The language-based conspiracy provides a convincing argument—and is currently the best-supported theory—explaining why reactive aggression was selected against in modern humans, thereby resulting in self-domestication.
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around 1800. The author of the thesis "De generis humani varietate nativa" ('On the natural variations in the human lineage') consequently proposed the hypothesis that humans could have been domesticated.
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Based on the dating of the fossil record, archaeologists have concluded that self-domestication likely occurred during the
Pleistocene, over 300,000 years ago. Using the fossil record to compare
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Theofanopoulou, Constantina; Gastaldon, Simone; O’Rourke, Thomas; Samuels, Bridget D.; Messner, Angela; Martins, Pedro Tiago; Delogu, Francesco; Alamri, Saleh; Boeckx, Cedric (2017-10-18).
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with minor inter-breeding and genetic introgression. Despite this, however, human self-domestication entirely within Africa, say, during transition from earlier hominins, especially
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as they spread around the globe. This possibility suggests self-domestication played a role in the success of modern humans, and the extinction of other lineages.
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who translated these results to humans, asserting that humans have "domesticated" themselves through a process of self-selection (a proposal he would elaborate in "
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Wrangham, R. W. (2019). Hypotheses for the
Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1914.
50:, a preference for individuals with collaborative and social behaviors would have been shown to optimize the benefit of the entire group: docility, language, and
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84:
In general, domesticated animals possess common characteristics that differentiate them from their non-domesticated counterparts (for example, in the case of
761:"Dosage analysis of the 7q11.23 Williams region identifies BAZ1B as a major human gene patterning the modern human face and underlying self-domestication"
1136:
2655:
1402:
Steele, T. E., and Weaver, T. D. (2014). Comment on Cieri et al. Craniofacial feminization, social tolerance, and the origins of behavioral modernity.
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Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2017). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of language and singing: An early origin for hominin vocal capability".
2233:
1426:, "Survival of the Friendliest: Natural selection for hypersocial traits enabled Earth's apex species to best Neandertals and other competitors",
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remains an open possibility. This would mean archaics in each region (e.g., neanderthals, denisovans) were largely replaced by self-domesticated
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over the last 2 million years, and hence the differences between humans and other extant ape species do not disprove human self-domestication.
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social behavior but also language ability originally evolved through paedomorphic skull morphogenesis via the process of self-domestication.
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Wrangham, R. W. (2018). Two types of aggression in human evolution. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 115(2), 245-253.
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150:, simultaneous changes occurred in behavior (lower levels of adrenaline were observed) and in coat color (alterations in pigmentation):
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One of the first to scientifically observe that humans present similar traits was the naturalist, anthropologist, and physician
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in animals. Unable to explain the concept of human domestication from an exclusively scientific perspective (the question of
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differs significantly from bonobos, bonobos having retained a functional canine honing complex. However, the fact that
96:, among many other cases): they tend to be more docile and playful, exhibit less aggressive behavior, and show marked
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1022:"The "Domestication Syndrome" in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics"
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increased maternal care, female mate selection and self-domestication may have been stronger and more refined in
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are theorized to have developed an elegant propensity for language that surpassed its predecessors, including
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217:), and jaws simultaneously. The deficit of these cells would explain the common characteristics of all
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among members of the human species conducted by humans themselves. In this way, during the process of
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2129:
1079:"Epimutations in Developmental Genes Underlie the Onset of Domestication in Farmed European Sea Bass"
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acOZT240bTA&ab_channel=UniversityofCaliforniaTelevision%28UCTV%29
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skull arose through self-domestication. This assertion is based upon a comparison of the skull of
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1159:"The life history of Ardipithecus ramidus: A heterochronic model of sexual and social maturation"
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paedomorphic skull through self domestication. As the authors state, comparing the species with
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In July 2019, a team from the
Institute of Marine Sciences of Barcelona described, through the
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1259:"Targeted conspiratorial killing, human self-domestication and the evolution of groupishness"
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The
Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution
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fossils also demonstrated the flattening of brow-ridge projection and shortening of faces.
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Primera demostraciĂłn experimental de la hipĂłtesis de la autodomesticaciĂłn del ser humano
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Clark & Henneberg argue that during the earliest stages of human evolution a more
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Bednarik, Robert G. (2011). The Human
Condition. Springer, New York, pp. 127-141.
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Anastasiadi, Dafni; Piferrer, Francesc (2019-10-01). Wittkopp, Patricia (ed.).
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221:: tameness, cranial and mandibular reduction, and alterations in pigmentation.
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999:"Man's new best friend? A forgotten Russian experiment in fox domestication"
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984:"The Goodness Paradox" Review: The Benefits of Good Breeding (book review)"
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826:"Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics"
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Wilkins, Adam S; Wrangham, Richard W; Fitch, W Tecumseh (2014-07-01).
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gene controls the behavior of neural crest cells. Comparable with the
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in the 20th century were important for the proposal: research on the
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1230:(2008). "The Domestication of Humans". Anthropologie. 46 (1): 1-17.
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actually underwent a population decline about 200,000 years ago.
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cells were reduced. Subsequently, another research team from the
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Shilton, D; Breski, M; Dor, D; Jablonka, E (February 14, 2020).
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Of the three members of the research team, it was primatologist
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630: with: Broader overview of the criticisms. You can help by
205:(responsible for managing the fear and stress response through
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267:. Cedric Boeckx, one of the researchers in this study, states:
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893:"Human Social Evolution: Self-Domestication or Self-Control?"
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58:. The hypothesis is raised that this is what differentiated
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185:) proposed that the common origin of these changes lay in
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158:, a pathway that would be altered during the process of
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The
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
1326:"On human self-domestication, psychiatry, and eugenics"
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that migrate to different parts of the body during the
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genome, BAZ1B is also related to genes that have many
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665:
27:
to demonstrate the hypothesis of self-domestication.
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1945:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
344:The idea of self-domestication was used by early
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1432:, vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 58–63.
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263:not present in the homologous genes of our past
135:terms), he eventually dismissed the hypothesis.
54:would have been enhanced during this process of
1330:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
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119:, which already considered the process of
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650:A criticism of the theory as applied to
213:(responsible for producing skin or coat
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1406:55, 434–435. : doi: 10.1086/677209
1157:Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2015).
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165:In 2014, scientists Adam Wilkins (from
154:could share a biochemical pathway with
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2135:Evolutionary models of human drug use
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576:limited, scarce resources like food.
16:Scientific hypothesis in ethnobiology
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312:Further research has confirmed that
146:demonstrated that in the process of
2656:Domesticated animals of Austronesia
2639:Domestication of the Syrian hamster
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997:Goldman, Jason (6 September 2010).
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80:Origin and status of the hypothesis
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243:and genetic changes through which
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1083:Molecular Biology and Evolution
986:(Wall Street Journal ed.).
959:La invenciĂłn del bien y del mal
38:that suggests that, similar to
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309:than what we see in bonobos."
115:addressed the topic using the
42:, there has been a process of
1:
1257:Wrangham, Richard W. (2021).
944:Harvard Prof Richard Wrangham
741:
571:Population density hypothesis
239:of certain genes in DNA, the
90:compared to their relatives,
2677:List of domesticated animals
851:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306
610:
395:Flattened facial projection
23:Experiment conducted by the
7:
2393:Evolutionary biology Portal
1263:Evolutionary Human Sciences
1038:10.1534/genetics.114.165423
690:Evolutionary biology portal
661:
275:
105:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
10:
2736:
2661:Domestication of the sheep
2644:Domestication of the horse
1207:10.1016/j.jchb.2017.03.001
1137:"Universidad de Barcelona"
386:Reduced cranium and skull
127:could only be answered in
2699:Genomics of domestication
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2634:Domestication of the goat
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589:Language-based conspiracy
2629:Domestication of the dog
2617:Domestication of the cat
2436:Domestication of animals
910:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00134
327:Out of Africa hypothesis
325:evidence supporting the
138:However, the studies of
2565:Domesticated silver fox
2244:Origin of modern humans
897:Frontiers in Psychology
716:Evolutionary psychology
249:University of Barcelona
125:who domesticated humans
25:University of Barcelona
1343:10.1186/1747-5341-2-21
1324:BrĂĽne, Martin (2007).
1176:10.1515/anre-2015-0009
1163:Anthropological Review
785:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7908
273:
177:, Massachusetts), and
52:emotional intelligence
28:
2622:cats in ancient Egypt
2500:Domestic Muscovy duck
2252:Recent African origin
1490:Last common ancestors
1096:10.1093/molbev/msz153
1001:. Scientific American
957:Sauer, Hanno (2023).
726:Rewilding (anarchism)
604:shared intentionality
269:
201:, giving rise to the
67:Homo neanderthalensis
36:scientific hypothesis
22:
2720:Domesticated animals
2267:Behavioral modernity
2257:Multiregional origin
2037:archaic Homo sapiens
2032:Homo heidelbergensis
1977:Red Deer Cave people
982:Hawks, John (2019).
251:discovered that the
219:domesticated animals
183:University of Vienna
160:artificial selection
148:animal domestication
121:artificial selection
56:artificial selection
44:artificial selection
40:domesticated animals
1904:H. neanderthalensis
1824:H. e. tautavelensis
1429:Scientific American
1276:10.1017/ehs.2021.20
1228:Bednarik, Robert G.
842:2017PLoSO..1285306T
777:2019SciA....5.7908Z
600:H. neanderthalensis
555:Reactive aggression
383:Reduced aggression
167:Humboldt University
117:theory of evolution
111:A few years later,
2687:Self-domestication
2682:Selective breeding
2091:Self-domestication
1882:H. heidelbergensis
1831:H. e. yuanmouensis
1796:H. e. lantianensis
1523:Australopithecines
1143:. 5 December 2019.
331:H. heidelbergensis
175:Harvard University
32:Self-domestication
29:
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2343:Paleoanthropology
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2140:Stoned ape theory
2076:Endurance running
1993:
1992:
1989:
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1985:
1984:
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1803:H. e. nankinensis
1759:H. tsaichangensis
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1245:978-1-4419-9352-6
1089:(10): 2252–2264.
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189:cells, exclusive
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2277:Recent evolution
2272:Early migrations
2214:Thermoregulation
2115:Expensive tissue
2086:Sexual selection
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1810:H. e. pekinensis
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1629:A. bahrelghazali
1598:Australopithecus
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1498:Chimpanzee–human
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1404:Curr. Anthropol.
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836:(10): e0185306.
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771:(12). eaaw7908.
765:Science Advances
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673:
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615:
560:Richard Wrangham
378:
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362:Physical anatomy
346:Social Darwinism
226:Richard Wrangham
171:Richard Wrangham
140:Dimitri Beliayev
87:Canis familiaris
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2297:Human evolution
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2155:Cooperative eye
2100:Specific models
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2026:Homo antecessor
1981:
1917:
1911:H. rhodesiensis
1875:H. floresiensis
1836:
1817:H. e. soloensis
1789:H. e. georgicus
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1729:H. gautengensis
1704:
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1508:Orangutan–human
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1467:Human evolution
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1414:Further reading
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885:
822:
818:
756:
749:
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688:
681:
674:
667:
664:
644:
638:
635:
628:needs expansion
613:
591:
573:
557:
364:
359:
278:
199:embryonic phase
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2705:
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2670:Related topics
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2130:Drunken monkey
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2059:General models
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1751:H. rudolfensis
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1550:Sahelanthropus
1546:
1539:
1536:Nakalipithecus
1531:
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1220:
1201:(2): 101–121.
1182:
1169:(2): 109–132.
1146:
1128:
1069:
1032:(3): 795–808.
1012:
989:
974:
967:
946:
934:
883:
816:
759:(2019-12-06).
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676:Biology portal
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656:archaic humans
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389:White patches
387:
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203:adrenal glands
179:Tecumseh Fitch
113:Charles Darwin
81:
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15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2589:Invertebrates
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2570:Water buffalo
2568:
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2495:Domestic duck
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2166:
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2162:
2161:Life history
2160:
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2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:Homo ergaster
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
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1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:H. s. sapiens
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Modern humans
1920:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:H. luzonensis
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
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1855:H. antecessor
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1782:H. e. erectus
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1636:A. deyiremeda
1633:
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1557:Kenyanthropus
1554:
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1533:
1532:
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1503:Gorilla–human
1501:
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1424:Vanessa Woods
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968:9788449340963
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706:Domestication
704:
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701:domestication
700:
696:
695:
691:
685:
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677:
671:
666:
659:
657:
653:
642:
633:
629:
626:This section
624:
621:
617:
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601:
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586:
584:
579:
568:
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561:
547:
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408:
407:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
380:
379:
376:
374:
369:
357:Modern humans
354:
352:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
318:
315:
310:
308:
303:
299:
294:
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266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
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242:
238:
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231:
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222:
220:
216:
212:
209:production),
208:
204:
200:
196:
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188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
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157:
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136:
134:
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88:
77:
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74:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
2691:
2686:
2535:Domestic pig
2391:
2379:
2367:
2234:Gender roles
2229:Intelligence
2042:Homo sapiens
2040:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2020:Homo erectus
2018:
2012:
2008:Homo habilis
2006:
1967:Manot people
1956:H. s. idaltu
1954:
1950:Jebel Irhoud
1942:
1933:Homo sapiens
1931:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1853:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1772:Homo erectus
1770:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1717:Proto-humans
1706:
1703:proto-humans
1684:
1677:
1670:
1662:Paranthropus
1660:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1622:A. anamensis
1620:
1615:A. africanus
1613:
1608:A. afarensis
1606:
1596:
1584:
1577:
1569:Ardipithecus
1567:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1513:Gibbon–human
1427:
1403:
1398:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1235:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1166:
1162:
1140:
1131:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
992:
977:
958:
937:
900:
896:
886:
833:
829:
819:
768:
764:
731:Sociobiology
698:
649:
636:
632:adding to it
627:
599:
595:
592:
582:
577:
574:
565:
558:
404:Curly Tails
398:Small teeth
392:Floppy ears
372:
368:Homo sapiens
367:
365:
343:
338:
334:
330:
323:
319:
314:Ardipithecus
311:
306:
301:
297:
295:
286:Ardipithecus
282:paedomorphic
279:
270:
245:neural crest
234:
223:
187:neural crest
164:
137:
124:
110:
102:
91:
85:
83:
73:Homo erectus
71:
65:
61:Homo sapiens
59:
48:hominization
31:
30:
2540:Fancy mouse
2460:Bali cattle
2443:Vertebrates
2165:Grandmother
2120:Shore-based
2081:Aquatic ape
1972:Tam Pa Ling
1867:H. ergaster
1686:P. robustus
736:Synanthrope
401:Juvenility
296:"Of course
257:Neanderthal
237:methylation
211:melanocytes
195:vertebrates
169:, Berlin),
93:Canis lupus
2520:Guinea pig
2204:Skin color
2189:Bipedalism
2150:Killer ape
1962:Cro-Magnon
1861:Denisovans
1737:H. habilis
1701:Humans and
1586:A. ramidus
1579:A. kadabba
1420:Brian Hare
961:. PaidĂłs.
742:References
639:April 2024
596:H. sapiens
583:H. sapiens
578:H. sapiens
495:Marmosets
373:H. sapiens
339:H. sapiens
335:H. sapiens
307:A. ramidus
302:A. ramidus
298:A. ramidus
241:epigenetic
207:adrenaline
191:stem cells
181:(from the
152:adrenaline
144:silver fox
2596:Honey bee
2490:Dromedary
2323:Theorists
2290:Timelines
2170:Patriarch
2146:Behavior
2071:Gathering
1999:Ancestors
1744:H. naledi
1679:P. boisei
1650:A. sediba
1311:233029730
1285:2513-843X
1105:0737-4038
1046:1943-2631
860:1932-6203
793:2375-2548
611:Criticism
351:sociodicy
261:mutations
129:religious
2714:Category
2649:theories
2601:Silkworm
2555:Reindeer
2369:Category
2224:Language
2194:Skeleton
1889:H. longi
1643:A. garhi
1480:Hominins
1475:Taxonomy
1362:17919321
1303:37588548
1294:10427284
1215:28363458
1123:31289822
1064:25024034
1026:Genetics
929:32116937
878:29045412
830:PLOS ONE
811:31840056
721:Landrace
711:Ethology
662:See also
466:Bonobos
276:Hominids
265:hominini
133:theistic
2610:History
2545:Poultry
2475:Chicken
2381:Commons
2333:Fossils
2199:Muscles
2110:Cooking
2066:Hunting
1543:Orrorin
1353:2082022
1269:: e26.
1114:6759067
1055:4096361
920:7033472
903:: 134.
869:5646786
838:Bibcode
802:6892627
773:Bibcode
699:De novo
524:Humans
291:bonobos
215:melanin
156:melanin
98:neoteny
2505:Ferret
2485:Donkey
2470:Cattle
2450:Alpaca
2316:Others
2219:Speech
2181:Topics
2126:Drugs
2052:Models
1360:
1350:
1336:: 21.
1309:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1243:
1213:
1121:
1111:
1103:
1062:
1052:
1044:
1005:23 May
965:
927:
917:
876:
866:
858:
809:
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173:(from
2560:Sheep
2530:Llama
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2328:Books
2106:Diet
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437:Dogs
409:Cats
253:BAZ1B
64:from
34:is a
2580:Zebu
2515:Goat
2209:Hair
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915:PMC
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864:PMC
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548:NA
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