428:
514:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 70 μg/day. AI for pregnancy is 70 μg/day; for lactation, 85 μg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 15 to 55 μg/day. These AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs. The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 300 μg/day, which is lower than the U.S. value.
877:, may have been lacking in some terrestrial mineral-deficient areas. Marine organisms retained and sometimes expanded their seleno-proteomes, whereas the seleno-proteomes of some terrestrial organisms were reduced or completely lost. These findings suggest that aquatic life supports selenium utilization, whereas terrestrial habitats lead to reduced use of this trace element. Marine fishes and vertebrate thyroid glands have the highest concentration of selenium and iodine. From about 500 Mya, freshwater and terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of "new" endogenous antioxidants such as
827:
age of deaths in this study was 89 years old; in contrast, survivors' median age was 69 years old, and the study stated that the causality remains unknown. On the other hand, another study revealed that the mean selenium plasma level was within the normal range among all included COVID-19 patients; however, the mean selenium plasma level was elevated among severe cases of COVID-19. This study concluded that there was a significant elevation of selenium serum level among severe cases compared to non-severe cases of COVID-19, and could be correlated with the disease severity.
666:"Although an inverse association between selenium exposure and the risk of some types of cancer was found in some observational studies, this cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relation, and these results should be interpreted with caution... Conflicting results including inverse, null and direct associations have been reported for some cancer types... RCTs assessing the effects of selenium supplementation on cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results... To date, no convincing evidence suggests that selenium supplements can prevent cancer in humans."
733:
22:
908:
605:
922:
499:(AI) is used instead. The current EAR for selenium for people ages 14 and up is 45 μg/day. The RDA is 55 μg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher-than-average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 60 μg/day. RDA for lactation is 70 μg/day. For children ages 1–13 years, the RDA increases with age from 20 to 40 μg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets
2160:
360:) Tolerable Upper Intake Level is based primarily on a 1986 study of five Chinese patients who exhibited overt signs of selenosis and a follow-up study on the same five people in 1992. The 1992 study actually found the maximum safe dietary Se intake to be approximately 800 micrograms per day (15 micrograms per kilogram body weight), but suggested 400 micrograms per day to not only avoid
340:
distinguishing organic from inorganic forms of the element. Both organic and inorganic forms of selenium are largely converted to monosaccharide conjugates (selenosugars) in the body prior to being eliminated in the urine. Cancer patients receiving daily oral doses of selenothionine may achieve very high plasma and urine selenium concentrations.
1507:
844:
Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes as selenocysteine, where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage. Selenoprotein families of GSH-Px and the deiodinases of eukaryotic cells
826:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies attempted to establish a correlation between selenium plasma level and severity of COVID-19 cases. One study done on 33 patients concluded that low plasma selenium levels were correlated with a high mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. However, the median
517:
In the United States, selenium deficiency is not common. A federal survey of food consumption determined that for women and men over the age of 19, average consumption from foods and beverages was 89 and 125 μg/day, respectively. For women and men of all ages fewer than 3% consumed less than the EAR.
436:
In fish and other wildlife, low levels of selenium cause deficiency while high levels cause toxicity. For example, in salmon, the optimal concentration of selenium in the fish tissue (whole body) is about 1 microgram selenium per gram of tissue (dry weight). At levels much below that concentration,
526:
For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For selenium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 70 μg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 55 μg. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at
466:
Selenium deficiency as defined by low (<60% of normal) selenoenzyme activity levels in brain and endocrine tissues only occurs when a low selenium status is linked with an additional stress, such as high exposures to mercury or as a result of increased oxidant stress due to vitamin E deficiency.
781:
AIDS appears to involve a slow and progressive decline in levels of selenium in the body. Whether this decline in selenium levels is a direct result of the replication of HIV or related more generally to the overall malabsorption of nutrients by AIDS patients remains debated. Observational studies
431:
Relationship between survival of juvenile salmon and concentration of selenium in their tissues after 90 days (Chinook salmon: Hamilton et al. 1990) or 45 days (Atlantic salmon: Poston et al. 1976) exposure to dietary selenium. The 10% lethality level (LC10=1.84 μg/g) was derived by applying the
423:
of water systems may result whenever new agricultural runoff courses through normally dry, undeveloped lands. This process leaches natural soluble selenium compounds (such as selenates) into the water, which may then be concentrated in new "wetlands" as the water evaporates. High selenium levels
1508:
a report of the Panel on
Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Leves of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board,
339:
Selenium may be measured in blood, plasma, serum or urine to monitor excessive environmental or occupational exposure, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in a forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdosage. Some analytical techniques are capable of
835:
Selenium has a protective effect towards mercury toxicity. Mercury binds to selenium with high affinity, so this metal can inhibit selenium-dependent enzymes. However, increased selenium intake can preserve the enzyme activities, reducing the adverse effects caused by mercury exposure.
663:. In cancer, studies have been conducted mostly on the benefits of selenium intake in reducing the risk of cancer incidence at the nutritional level; however, fewer studies have explored the effects of supra-nutritional or pharmacological doses of selenium on cancer.
889:, etc. A few of these appeared more recently, in the last 50–200 million years, in fruits and flowers of angiosperm plants. In fact, the angiosperms (the dominant type of plant today) and most of their antioxidant pigments evolved during the late
1176:
Mazokopakis EE, Papadakis JA, Papadomanolaki MG, Batistakis AG, Giannakopoulos TG, Protopapadakis EE, et al. (2007). "Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in
Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis".
494:
The US Institute of
Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for selenium in 2000. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated
563:
are the richest ordinary dietary source and could cause selenium toxicity if consumed regularly – though the actual concentration of selenium (as with any plant-based food sources, such as another selenium-accumulating "paradise nut"
782:
have found an association between decreased selenium levels and poorer outcomes in patients with HIV, though these studies were mostly done prior to the currently effective treatments with highly active antiretroviral therapy (
1298:
Brandt W, Wessjohann LA (2005-02-04). "The
Functional Role of Selenocysteine (Sec) in the Catalysis Mechanism of Large Thioredoxin Reductases: Proposition of a Swapping Catalytic Triad Including a Sec-His-Glu State".
330:
Several clinical trials have assessed the use of selenium supplements in critically ill adults; however, the effectiveness and potential benefits of selenium supplementation in this context is not well understood.
432:
biphasic model of Brain and
Cousens (1989) to only the Chinook salmon data. The Chinook salmon data comprise two series of dietary treatments, combined here because the effects on survival are indistinguishable.
371:
Symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability, and neurological damage. Extreme cases of selenosis can result in
364:, but also to avoid creating an imbalance of nutrients in the diet and to account for data from other countries. In China, people who ingested corn grown in extremely selenium-rich stony coal (carbonaceous
849:
origin. The selenocysteine-containing form occurs in species as diverse as green algae, diatoms, sea urchin, fish and chicken. Selenium enzymes are involved in utilization of the small reducing molecules
396:
are very toxic, having an oxidant mode of action similar to that of arsenic trioxide. The chronic toxic dose of selenite for humans is about 2400 to 3000 micrograms of selenium per day for a long time.
206:, an auto-immune disease in which the body's own thyroid cells are attacked by the immune system. A reduction of 21% on TPO antibodies was reported with the dietary intake of 0.2 mg of selenium.
2984:
Wilting R, Schorling S, Persson BC, Böck A (1997). "Selenoprotein synthesis in archaea: identification of an mRNA element of
Methanococcus jannaschii probably directing selenocysteine insertion".
2166:
1577:
Yang GQ, Xia, Yi-Ming (1995). "Studies on Human
Dietary Requirements and Safe Range of Dietary Intakes of Selenium in China and Their Application in the Prevention of Related Endemic Diseases".
4719:
269:
Certain species of plants are considered indicators of high selenium content of the soil, since they require high levels of selenium to thrive. The main selenium indicator plants are
1733:
Poston HA, Combs, G. F., Leibovitz, L. (1976). "Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical signs".
1211:
H Frederik
Nijhout, et al, In silico experimentation with a model of hepatic mitochondrial folate metabolism, Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling, 2006, 3:40, link
482:
of many deficiency diseases in animals, and pure selenium deficiency is rare. The effect of selenium deficiency on health remains uncertain, particularly in relation to
2063:
503:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of selenium, the UL is 400 μg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as
368:) have suffered from selenium toxicity. This coal was shown to have selenium content as high as 9.1%, the highest concentration in coal ever recorded in literature.
5146:
936:
4493:
810:
A meta-analysis of four RCTs concluded that there is no support for selenium supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in
Caucasians.
2462:
Mao S, Zhang A, Huang S (2014). "Selenium supplementation and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
3120:
1795:
1536:
1284:
1768:
Hamilton SJ, K. J. Buhl, N. L. Faerber, R. H. Wiedmeyer, and F. A. Bullard (1990). "Toxicity of organic selenium in the diet to chinook salmon".
1034:
Kurokawa S, Berry MJ (2013). "Selenium. Role of the Essential Metalloid in Health". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
786:). Currently there is inadequate evidence to recommend routine selenium supplementation for HIV patients, and further research is recommended.
4726:
218:. Formate is produced in large amounts in the hepatic (liver cells) mitochondria of embryonic cells and in cancer cells by the folate cycle.
2786:"Evolutionary dynamics of eukaryotic selenoproteomes: large selenoproteomes may associate with aquatic life and small with terrestrial life"
572:) is soil-dependent and may vary significantly by geographic location. In descending order of concentration, high levels are also found in
1085:
Bhabak Krishna P., Mugesh Govindasamy, Mugesh (2010). "Functional Mimics of Glutathione Peroxidase: Bioinspired Synthetic Antioxidants".
818:
Abnormally high or low levels of dietary selenium can have an adverse effect on sperm quality, with a consequent lowering of fertility.
2026:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
175:) generates reduced thioredoxin, a dithiol that serves as an electron source for peroxidases and also the important reducing enzyme
1550:
Yang G, Zhou, R. (1994). "Further Observations on the Human Maximum Safe Dietary Selenium Intake in a Seleniferous Area of China".
802:
As with other types of supplementation, there is no good evidence selenium supplementation helps in the treatment of tuberculosis.
459:, and in those of advanced age (over 90). Also, people dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil are at risk. Although
2888:"Reconsidering the evolution of eukaryotic selenoproteins: a novel nonmammalian family with scattered phylogenetic distribution"
1351:
4685:
4423:
2042:
2060:
3113:
2001:
1920:
1717:
1520:
1051:
1038:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 499–534 Selenium. Role of the Essential Metalloid in Health.
2097:
168:
is a drug used to supplement the action of GSH-Px. It functions as a catalyst for the destruction of hydrogen peroxide.
4680:
1811:"Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged >=90 y1"
427:
2025:
4690:
1021:
651:, supporting cell survival and growth; while, at supra-nutritional higher pharmacological doses, selenium acts as a
3106:
2081:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
1016:
S. J. Lippard, J. M. Berg "Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994.
4917:
4650:
2356:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"
4812:
511:
5090:
202:. These enzymes activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. It may inhibit
639:
has bimodal biological action depending on the concentration. At low nutritional doses, selenium acts as an
401:
is an extremely toxic, corrosive gas. Selenium also occurs in organic compounds, such as dimethyl selenide,
4712:
500:
83:
3088:
2180:
5141:
4675:
2248:
Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, et al. (January 29, 2018).
1876:
Ralston N, Raymond, L.J. (2010). "Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity".
1938:"Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy"
313:) is the active ingredient in some anti-dandruff shampoos. The selenium compound kills the scalp fungus
102:
in mammals, but is also recognized as toxic in excess. Selenium exerts its biological functions through
5115:
4416:
456:
424:
produced in this fashion have been found to have caused certain congenital disorders in wetland birds.
203:
3073:
5156:
4970:
1767:
674:
To date, many studies have been conducted on the benefits of selenium intake in reducing the risk of
319:, which causes shedding of dry skin fragments. The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat
4631:
4626:
504:
353:
176:
47:
for animals, though it is toxic in large doses. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as
2601:"Correlation between Micronutrient plasma concentration and disease severity in COVID-19 patients"
4636:
2080:
741:
656:
648:
192:
162:
71:
4982:
1809:
Ravaglia, Forti P, Maioli F, Bastagli L, Facchini A, Mariani E, et al. (1 February 2000).
687:
528:
126:
75:
1705:
1510:
861:
Trace elements involved in GSH-Px and superoxide dismutase enzymes activities, i.e. selenium,
5136:
4922:
4797:
4409:
1977:
1789:
1278:
726:
621:
437:
young salmon die from selenium deficiency; much above that level they die from toxic excess.
246:
222:
215:
172:
79:
3083:
2127:
Barclay MN, Allan MacPherson, James Dixon (1995). "Selenium content of a range of UK food".
1936:
Moreno-Reyes R, Mathieu J, Vanderpas M, Begaux F, Suetens C, Rivera MT, et al. (2003).
1224:
82:. Selenium-containing proteins are produced from inorganic selenium via the intermediacy of
5095:
4807:
4767:
4757:
4752:
3149:
1238:
1155:
977:
965:
410:
2548:
Moghaddam A, Heller RA, Sun Q, Seelig J, Cherkezov A, Seibert L, et al. (July 2020).
8:
5151:
4965:
4932:
4892:
711:
483:
446:
1242:
1133:
974: – Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
5161:
5100:
5059:
4884:
4762:
4645:
4446:
3078:
3047:
3020:
2961:
2936:
2912:
2887:
2863:
2836:
2812:
2785:
2724:
2669:
2576:
2549:
2511:
2487:
2439:
2414:
2390:
2355:
2331:
2306:
2282:
2249:
1686:
1530:
1451:
1418:
1332:
1261:
1226:
1062:
971:
953:
703:
691:
463:
has low levels of selenium in its soil, adverse health effects have not been detected.
420:
306:
271:
3093:
2525:
2506:
2354:
Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (2012). Bjelakovic G (ed.).
1851:
5166:
5069:
5039:
5007:
5002:
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4960:
4907:
4897:
4802:
4782:
4777:
4747:
4540:
4000:
3052:
3001:
2966:
2917:
2868:
2817:
2766:
2746:
2716:
2708:
2689:"Rethinking mercury: the role of selenium in the pathophysiology of mercury toxicity"
2661:
2653:
2599:
Alkattan A, Alabdulkareem K, Kamel A, Abdelseed H, Almutairi Y, Alsalameen E (2021).
2581:
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2395:
2336:
2322:
2287:
2269:
2230:
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2007:
1997:
1959:
1916:
1893:
1832:
1750:
1713:
1645:
1586:
1559:
1516:
1456:
1438:
1324:
1316:
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1227:"Reversible interconversion of carbon dioxide and formate by an electroactive enzyme"
1194:
1137:
1102:
1067:
1047:
1017:
989:
959:
683:
591:
The human body's content of selenium is believed to be in the 13–20 milligram range.
398:
287:
130:
2673:
2491:
1690:
1604:
1375:
1336:
732:
5034:
4992:
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3265:
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3201:
3196:
3191:
3042:
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2993:
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2728:
2700:
2645:
2612:
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2561:
2520:
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2434:
2430:
2426:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2326:
2318:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2212:
2154:
2136:
2105:
1989:
1949:
1885:
1822:
1777:
1742:
1676:
1637:
1487:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1308:
1256:
1246:
1186:
1129:
1094:
1057:
1039:
947:
927:
715:
695:
679:
675:
402:
320:
281:
157:
The two H atoms are donated by thiols in a process that begins with oxidation of a
63:
2704:
2617:
2600:
745:
5105:
4997:
4937:
4902:
4787:
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4659:
4451:
3186:
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3171:
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3156:
2067:
1212:
1043:
496:
414:
385:
377:
349:
258:
196:
67:
2688:
1396:
5049:
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5029:
5017:
4531:
4503:
3129:
2784:
Lobanov AV, Fomenko DE, Zhang Y, Sengupta A, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN (2007).
2217:
2200:
983:
913:
406:
393:
110:
59:
25:
3094:
Elementymology & Elements Multidict – Selenium page by Peter van der Krogt
2649:
2475:
1889:
1681:
1664:
1641:
896:
About 200 Mya, new selenoproteins were developed as mammalian GSH-Px enzymes.
5130:
5110:
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5022:
5012:
4223:
2952:
2903:
2802:
2712:
2657:
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1986:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
1512:
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
1477:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1416–1420.
1442:
1320:
878:
846:
753:
644:
617:
569:
134:
103:
99:
44:
21:
5054:
3037:
2633:
1954:
1937:
1827:
1810:
1251:
1175:
4927:
4604:
4277:
4106:
3811:
3211:
3144:
3056:
2997:
2970:
2921:
2872:
2837:"The selenium content of SEPP1 versus selenium requirements in vertebrates"
2821:
2770:
2720:
2665:
2585:
2534:
2483:
2448:
2399:
2340:
2291:
2234:
2140:
2011:
1963:
1897:
1836:
1781:
1746:
1460:
1328:
1312:
1270:
1225:
Reda T., Plugge C. M., Abram N. J., Hirst J., Plugge, Abram, Hirst (2008).
1198:
1106:
1084:
1071:
114:
3005:
2415:"Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis"
2201:"Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research"
1981:
1649:
1590:
1563:
1190:
1141:
678:
at the nutritional level, indicating that likely selenium functions as an
4975:
4912:
4589:
4564:
4549:
4498:
4461:
4432:
4331:
4295:
4286:
4196:
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1754:
941:
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749:
737:
652:
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254:
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3390:
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2762:
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2098:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
886:
882:
839:
765:
707:
699:
660:
560:
556:
315:
199:
107:
56:
4704:
1098:
986: – Selenium-enriched yeast extract sold as animal fodder additive
4610:
4593:
4583:
4521:
4508:
4488:
4477:
4467:
4349:
4322:
4313:
4160:
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4133:
4124:
3910:
3820:
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3741:
3687:
3669:
3633:
3613:
3552:
3489:
3433:
3372:
3361:
3280:
3231:
3221:
3216:
2550:"Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19"
866:
548:
475:
452:
373:
357:
356:
of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis. This 400 microgram (
250:
451:
Selenium deficiency can occur in patients with severely compromised
171:
A related selenium-containing enzyme in some plants and in animals (
4947:
4855:
4839:
4574:
4483:
4304:
4205:
4088:
4070:
4045:
4036:
4009:
3982:
3946:
3937:
3919:
3847:
3838:
3732:
3604:
3570:
3480:
3471:
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3453:
3408:
3327:
3309:
3244:
2598:
2199:
Razaghi A, Poorebrahim M, Sarhan D, Björnstedt M (September 2021).
907:
890:
862:
769:
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636:
604:
565:
479:
389:
381:
361:
293:
276:
52:
40:
29:
2247:
2198:
2126:
1993:
1988:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 284–324.
1935:
761:
4955:
4599:
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4232:
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4027:
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3705:
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3642:
3624:
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3226:
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585:
540:
188:
165:
158:
2353:
1552:
Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease
1158:. Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. 2014-04-23
722:
4871:
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4401:
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3802:
3784:
3750:
3714:
3696:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3399:
3352:
3318:
3300:
3255:
2412:
1732:
944: – Compound that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
870:
757:
629:
573:
471:
48:
33:
1490:. National Institutes of Health; Office of Dietary Supplements
1036:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
300:
4365:
4054:
3759:
3417:
3291:
995:
794:
Selenium supplementation has no effect on overall mortality.
783:
624:
against cancer. In contrast, supra-nutritional levels act as
365:
129:
family of enzymes (abbreviated GSH-Px) catalyze reduction of
2886:
Castellano S, Novoselov SV, Kryukov GV, et al. (2004).
1858:. New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority
921:
257:. The selenocysteine is arranged in an unusual Sec-His-Glu
4018:
3991:
3534:
3498:
3336:
2983:
2783:
1808:
874:
581:
577:
552:
544:
2885:
3723:
3138:
2547:
2167:
public domain material from this U.S government document
2413:
Grobler L, Nagpal S, Sudarsanam TD, Sinclair D (2016).
2044:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
998: – Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2834:
2634:"Mercury Toxicity and the Mitigating Role of Selenium"
2305:
Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW (November 2010).
3018:
2505:
Ahsan U, Kamran Z, Raza I, et al. (April 2014).
2155:
The Office of Dietary Supplements Selenium Fact Sheet
1976:
187:
Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the
2304:
1875:
1419:"Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults"
903:
840:
Evolution in biology and biosynthetic considerations
608:
Selenium at nutritional levels is required for cell
384:
have relatively low toxicities because of their low
1665:"Selenium Toxicity in Animals with Emphasis on Man"
669:
3021:"The microbial selenoproteome of the Sargasso Sea"
2507:"Role of selenium in male reproduction - a review"
1849:
1712:. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. pp. 466–491.
1610:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1416:
380:, and death. Elemental selenium and most metallic
249:uses a cysteine-selenocysteine pair to reduce the
2744:
950: – Neuron communication by electric impulses
470:Selenium interacts with other nutrients, such as
334:
5128:
2934:
1576:
1297:
352:, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the
113:. Twenty-five selenoproteins are encoded in the
2747:"Selenocysteine-containing proteins in mammals"
2504:
1475:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
179:that makes DNA precursors from RNA precursors.
2153:A list of selenium-rich foods can be found on
1349:
1213:http://www.tbiomed.com/content/3/1/40/abstract
5147:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
4720:
4417:
3114:
2461:
1033:
937:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
221:Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme
93:
2631:
1910:
1794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1628:Wilber CG (1980). "Toxicology of selenium".
1549:
1535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
813:
2254:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2179:The most popular web reference for this is
1662:
1515:. Institute of Medicine. pp. 314–315.
1423:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1119:
323:due to infection by a different species of
301:Medical use of synthetic selenium compounds
4727:
4713:
4424:
4410:
3121:
3107:
3089:ATSDR – Toxicological Profile for Selenium
3019:Zhang Y, Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN (2005).
1509:Institute of Medicine. (August 15, 2000).
489:
3046:
3036:
2960:
2911:
2862:
2852:
2835:Penglase S, Hamre K, Ellingsen S (2015).
2811:
2801:
2616:
2575:
2565:
2524:
2438:
2389:
2379:
2330:
2281:
2216:
1953:
1915:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1826:
1703:
1680:
1605:"Public Health Statement: Health Effects"
1488:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium"
1450:
1260:
1250:
1061:
760:relocating to the nucleus and activating
120:
2740:
2738:
2129:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
2102:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
2061:What We Eat In America, NHANES 2001–2002
1761:
731:
603:
426:
241:
214:Some microorganisms utilize selenium in
209:
20:
4734:
4221:
3079:NIH – Selenium Fact Sheet for Consumers
2686:
2360:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1970:
1726:
1597:
1417:Allingstrup M, Afshari A (2015-07-27).
1113:
28:is the main organic molecule involving
5129:
4275:
4104:
3809:
2073:
2050:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
1942:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1815:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1627:
1120:Stadtman TC (1996). "Selenocysteine".
4708:
4405:
4329:
4293:
4284:
4194:
4176:
4167:
3102:
2735:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1579:Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
980: – Use of Potassium by organisms
968: – Use of Magnesium by organisms
764:, resulting in further activation of
599:
478:. The interaction is observed in the
4338:
4266:
4239:
4212:
3872:
3854:
3827:
3658:
3649:
3084:Assay – Supra-Regional Assay Service
830:
4825: (Core six elements)
4347:
4320:
4311:
4158:
4140:
4131:
4122:
3908:
3818:
3791:
3739:
3685:
3667:
3631:
3611:
3550:
3487:
3388:
3370:
3359:
3278:
2632:Berry MJ, Ralston NV (2008-12-01).
2307:"Role of selenium in HIV infection"
1669:International Journal of Toxicology
1134:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000503
956: – Use of calcium by organisms
264:
13:
4302:
4203:
4086:
4068:
4043:
4034:
4007:
3980:
3935:
3917:
3845:
3836:
3730:
3602:
3568:
3478:
3460:
3451:
3431:
3406:
3128:
2745:Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL (1999).
2185:
992: – Use of sodium by organisms
962: – Use of Iodine by organisms
539:Dietary selenium comes from nuts,
348:Although selenium is an essential
14:
5178:
4257:
4248:
4230:
4185:
4095:
4025:
3998:
3971:
3953:
3944:
3926:
3899:
3881:
3863:
3773:
3703:
3676:
3640:
3586:
3577:
3559:
3541:
3469:
3440:
3379:
3325:
3307:
3269:
3242:
3067:
2935:Kryukov GV, Gladyshev VN (2004).
2526:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.01.009
1291:
309:(with the approximate formula SeS
55:. Selenium is a component of the
4431:
4149:
4113:
4077:
3962:
3890:
3800:
3782:
3712:
3694:
3622:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3350:
3253:
2937:"The prokaryotic selenoproteome"
2323:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00337.x
2250:"Selenium for preventing cancer"
2158:
920:
906:
670:Selenium in anti-tumour immunity
4052:
3757:
3748:
3415:
3397:
3316:
3298:
3012:
2977:
2928:
2879:
2828:
2777:
2680:
2625:
2592:
2541:
2498:
2455:
2406:
2347:
2298:
2241:
2173:
2147:
2120:
2090:
2054:
2035:
2018:
1929:
1904:
1869:
1843:
1802:
1697:
1656:
1621:
1570:
1543:
1501:
1480:
1467:
1410:
1389:
1368:
1343:
797:
594:
568:, belonging to the same family
534:
4813:Biological aspects of fluorine
4016:
3989:
3532:
3496:
3334:
3289:
2605:Alexandria Journal of Medicine
2431:10.1002/14651858.CD006086.pub4
2372:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2
2266:10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4
1435:10.1002/14651858.CD003703.pub3
1218:
1205:
1169:
1148:
1078:
1027:
1010:
512:European Food Safety Authority
417:and are toxic in large doses.
335:Detection in biological fluids
182:
1:
5091:Composition of the human body
3721:
2751:Journal of Biomedical Science
2705:10.1080/15563650.2017.1400555
2618:10.1080/20905068.2020.1870788
1913:Essentials of Human Nutrition
1122:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1003:
501:Tolerable upper intake levels
440:
305:The substance loosely called
191:gland. It participates as a
2986:Journal of Molecular Biology
1911:Mann J, Truswell AS (2002).
1044:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_16
789:
354:Tolerable Upper Intake Level
291:sp.), and false goldenweed (
16:Use of Selenium by organisms
7:
5101:Mineral (Essential element)
1706:"Ecotoxicology of selenium"
899:
821:
805:
776:
736:Selenium can either play a
521:
455:function, those undergoing
343:
161:side chain in GSH-Px. The
70:nutrient that functions as
66:. In humans, selenium is a
10:
5183:
5116:Uranium in the environment
3620:
3449:
3368:
3287:
3251:
3153:
2419:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2218:10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.013
2205:European Journal of Cancer
2165:This article incorporates
1856:Prescriber Update Articles
457:total parenteral nutrition
444:
94:Se-containing biomolecules
5083:
4971:Acute beryllium poisoning
4946:
4883:
4821:
4740:
4668:
4619:
4439:
4363:
4063:
3768:
3597:
3426:
3345:
3264:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
2687:Spiller HA (2018-05-04).
2650:10.1007/s10393-008-0204-y
2476:10.1007/s12020-014-0298-7
1890:10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.004
1710:Handbook of ecotoxicology
1682:10.3109/10915818609140736
1642:10.3109/15563658008985076
845:seem to have a bacterial
814:Human reproductive system
706:, the elevated number of
505:Dietary Reference Intakes
413:, all of which have high
98:Selenium is an essential
4632:Butylated hydroxytoluene
4627:Butylated hydroxyanisole
2953:10.1038/sj.embor.7400126
2904:10.1038/sj.embor.7400036
2803:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r198
2753:(Submitted manuscript).
2362:(Submitted manuscript).
1850:MedSafe Editorial Team.
885:(including flavonoids),
710:and activated cytotoxic
275:species (including some
177:ribonucleotide reductase
3038:10.1186/gb-2005-6-4-r37
1350:Zane Davis, T. (2008).
1252:10.1073/pnas.0801290105
688:tumour microenvironment
612:, playing a role as an
490:Dietary recommendations
261:, which tunes its pKa.
163:organoselenium compound
76:glutathione peroxidases
4983:Chlorine gas poisoning
3074:WebElements – Selenium
2998:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0812
2141:10.1006/jfca.1995.1025
2070:. Table A15: Selenium.
1782:10.1002/etc.5620090310
1770:Environ. Toxicol. Chem
1376:"Selenium(IV)_sulfide"
1313:10.1002/cbic.200400276
773:
633:
529:Reference Daily Intake
433:
127:glutathione peroxidase
121:Glutathione peroxidase
37:
4956:Argyria (Silver)
4798:Molybdenum in biology
1978:Institute of Medicine
1955:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.137
1828:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.590
1704:Ohlendorf HM (2003).
1191:10.1089/thy.2007.0040
768:and pro-inflammatory
735:
682:, i.e. reversing the
607:
430:
247:Thioredoxin reductase
242:Thioredoxin reductase
223:formate dehydrogenase
216:formate dehydrogenase
210:Formate dehydrogenase
173:thioredoxin reductase
80:thioredoxin reductase
78:and certain forms of
24:
5096:Lithium (medication)
4808:Arsenic biochemistry
4768:Manganese in biology
4758:Potassium in biology
4753:Magnesium in biology
1747:10.1093/jn/106.7.892
1735:Journal of Nutrition
1663:Olson, O.E. (1986).
1352:"Selenium in Plants"
978:Potassium in biology
966:Magnesium in biology
411:methylselenocysteine
285:sp.), woody asters (
106:, which contain the
4966:Beryllium poisoning
4793:Selenium in biology
4735:Elements in biology
2693:Clinical Toxicology
1630:Clinical Toxicology
1243:2008PNAS..10510654R
1237:(31): 10654–10658.
690:towards antitumour
484:Kashin-Beck disease
447:Selenium deficiency
279:), prince's plume (
204:Hashimoto's disease
5142:Biological systems
5060:Thallium poisoning
4763:Calcium in biology
4646:1,2-Diaminopropane
4447:6-Hydroxymelatonin
2854:10.7717/peerj.1244
2763:10.1007/BF02255899
2567:10.3390/nu12072098
2512:Anim. Reprod. Sci.
2066:2015-01-06 at the
1397:"Selenium sulfide"
972:Membrane potential
954:Calcium in biology
774:
756:synthesis such as
704:CD8+ T-lymphocytes
634:
600:Selenium in cancer
434:
421:Selenium poisoning
38:
5124:
5123:
5070:Toxic heavy metal
5055:Selenium toxicity
5040:Mercury poisoning
5008:Fluoride toxicity
5003:Cadmium poisoning
4988:Chromium toxicity
4961:Arsenic poisoning
4803:Iodine in biology
4783:Copper in biology
4778:Cobalt in biology
4748:Sodium in biology
4699:
4698:
4620:Fuel antioxidants
4511:
4462:Alpha-lipoic acid
4455:
4440:Food antioxidants
4399:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4358:
4357:
2003:978-0-309-06935-9
1922:978-0-19-262756-8
1719:978-1-56670-546-2
1522:978-0-309-06949-6
1099:10.1021/ar100059g
1093:(11): 1408–1419.
1053:978-94-007-7499-5
990:Sodium in biology
960:Iodine in biology
831:Mercury poisoning
746:Akt–NF–кB pathway
744:, activating the
684:immunosuppression
399:Hydrogen selenide
131:hydrogen peroxide
5174:
5157:Dietary minerals
5035:Lithium toxicity
4993:Cobalt poisoning
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4544:-Acetylserotonin
4509:
4453:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4368:
4367:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4082:
4075:
4073:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3897:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3870:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3139:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:. Archived from
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1558:(3–4): 159–165.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:. Pharmacy Codes
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1031:
1025:
1014:
948:Action potential
930:
928:Nutrition portal
925:
924:
916:
911:
910:
716:pro-inflammatory
714:) and releasing
680:immunostimulator
676:cancer incidence
622:chemo-preventive
403:selenomethionine
321:Tinea versicolor
307:selenium sulfide
265:Indicator plants
149:→ GSSG + 2 H
64:selenomethionine
43:is an essential
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5106:Oxygen toxicity
5079:
4998:Copper toxicity
4942:
4879:
4817:
4788:Zinc in biology
4773:Iron in biology
4736:
4733:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4664:
4660:Ethylenediamine
4651:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
4615:
4535:-Acetylcysteine
4435:
4430:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4359:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4080:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3760:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3418:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3132:
3127:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3017:
3013:
2982:
2978:
2933:
2929:
2884:
2880:
2833:
2829:
2782:
2778:
2743:
2736:
2685:
2681:
2630:
2626:
2597:
2593:
2546:
2542:
2503:
2499:
2460:
2456:
2425:(6): CD006086.
2411:
2407:
2366:(3): CD007176.
2352:
2348:
2303:
2299:
2260:(2): CD005195.
2246:
2242:
2197:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2108:on 7 April 2020
2096:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2068:Wayback Machine
2059:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2004:
1975:
1971:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1909:
1905:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1762:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1702:
1698:
1661:
1657:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1575:
1571:
1548:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1429:(7): CD003703.
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1118:
1114:
1083:
1079:
1054:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
926:
919:
912:
905:
902:
842:
833:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
779:
672:
602:
597:
537:
524:
497:Adequate Intake
492:
449:
443:
415:bioavailability
388:. By contrast,
386:bioavailability
378:pulmonary edema
346:
337:
312:
303:
267:
259:catalytic triad
244:
236:
232:
212:
197:thyroid hormone
185:
152:
148:
144:
123:
96:
89:
84:selenophosphate
17:
12:
11:
5:
5180:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Nickel allergy
5047:
5045:Metal toxicity
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Lead poisoning
5027:
5026:
5025:
5018:Iron poisoning
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4648:
4643:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4504:Hydroxytyrosol
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:Periodic table
3126:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3068:External links
3066:
3063:
3062:
3025:Genome Biology
3011:
2976:
2927:
2878:
2827:
2790:Genome Biology
2776:
2734:
2699:(5): 313–326.
2679:
2644:(4): 456–459.
2624:
2591:
2540:
2519:(1–2): 55–62.
2497:
2454:
2405:
2346:
2317:(11): 671–81.
2297:
2240:
2184:
2172:
2146:
2135:(4): 307–318.
2119:
2089:
2072:
2053:
2034:
2017:
2002:
1969:
1948:(1): 137–144.
1928:
1921:
1903:
1884:(1): 112–123.
1868:
1842:
1821:(2): 590–598.
1801:
1776:(3): 347–358.
1760:
1741:(7): 892–904.
1725:
1718:
1696:
1655:
1636:(2): 171–230.
1620:
1596:
1585:(3): 187–201.
1569:
1542:
1521:
1500:
1479:
1466:
1409:
1388:
1367:
1342:
1307:(2): 386–394.
1290:
1217:
1204:
1168:
1147:
1112:
1087:Acc. Chem. Res
1077:
1052:
1026:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
984:Selenium yeast
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
932:
931:
917:
914:Biology portal
901:
898:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
815:
812:
807:
804:
799:
796:
791:
788:
778:
775:
740:role inducing
700:M1 macrophages
694:by activating
671:
668:
645:selenoproteins
618:selenoproteins
601:
598:
596:
593:
536:
533:
523:
520:
491:
488:
445:Main article:
442:
439:
407:selenocysteine
376:of the liver,
345:
342:
336:
333:
310:
302:
299:
266:
263:
243:
240:
239:
238:
234:
230:
211:
208:
195:for the three
184:
181:
155:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:hydroperoxides
122:
119:
111:selenocysteine
104:selenoproteins
95:
92:
87:
60:selenocysteine
26:Selenocysteine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5179:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Soil salinity
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5075:Zinc toxicity
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Tin poisoning
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5023:Iron overload
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Halotolerance
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4468:Ascorbic acid
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3617:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3446:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3365:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:(4): 637–41.
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:(5): 538–43.
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:(3): 151–60.
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:(3): 758–63.
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1994:10.17226/9810
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1879:
1872:
1857:
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1200:
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1192:
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1184:
1180:
1172:
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1100:
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1022:0-935702-73-3
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935:
934:
929:
923:
918:
915:
909:
904:
897:
894:
892:
888:
884:
881:(Vitamin C),
880:
879:ascorbic acid
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
837:
828:
819:
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803:
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787:
785:
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767:
763:
759:
755:
754:selenoprotein
752:role through
751:
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739:
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724:
720:
717:
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701:
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667:
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659:and inducing
658:
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650:
647:, scavenging
646:
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627:
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619:
615:
611:
606:
592:
589:
587:
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575:
571:
570:Lecythidaceae
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
519:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
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404:
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379:
375:
369:
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363:
359:
355:
351:
350:trace element
341:
332:
328:
326:
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318:
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308:
298:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
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160:
140:
139:
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132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:micronutrient
91:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:trace element
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:micronutrient
42:
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31:
27:
23:
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5137:Antioxidants
4885:Deficiencies
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4792:
4701:
4676:Folin method
4669:Measurements
4655:-butylphenol
4652:
4641:-butylphenol
4638:
4607:(coenzyme Q)
4590:Tocotrienols
4541:
4532:
4433:Antioxidants
3028:
3024:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2944:
2941:EMBO Reports
2940:
2930:
2895:
2892:EMBO Reports
2891:
2881:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2641:
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2500:
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2463:
2457:
2422:
2418:
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2381:10138/136201
2363:
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2300:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2208:
2204:
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2164:
2149:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2101:
2092:
2075:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2020:
1985:
1972:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1845:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1790:cite journal
1773:
1769:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1709:
1699:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1599:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1545:
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1503:
1492:. Retrieved
1482:
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1469:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1399:. DermNet NZ
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1345:
1304:
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1293:
1279:cite journal
1234:
1230:
1220:
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1178:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1150:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1035:
1029:
1012:
895:
860:
847:phylogenetic
843:
834:
825:
817:
809:
801:
798:Tuberculosis
793:
780:
696:immune cells
673:
665:
635:
620:, thus, act
614:anti-oxidant
595:Human health
590:
538:
535:Food sources
525:
516:
509:
493:
469:
465:
450:
435:
419:
370:
347:
338:
329:
324:
314:
304:
292:
286:
280:
270:
268:
245:
237:+ H + 2 e
220:
213:
186:
170:
156:
133:and organic
124:
115:human genome
97:
39:
18:
4976:Berylliosis
4580:Tocopherols
4565:Resveratrol
4550:Oleocanthal
4499:Glutathione
4494:Polyphenols
4474:Carotenoids
4470:(vitamin C)
2898:(1): 71–7.
2796:(9): R198.
2560:(7): 2098.
2211:: 256–267.
1473:R. Baselt,
1357:. p. 8
1301:ChemBioChem
942:Antioxidant
887:tocopherols
883:polyphenols
856:thioredoxin
852:glutathione
750:antioxidant
748:or play an
738:pro-oxidant
708:neutrophils
655:generating
653:pro-oxidant
641:antioxidant
626:pro-oxidant
610:homeostasis
561:Brazil nuts
461:New Zealand
255:thioredoxin
200:deiodinases
183:Deiodinases
57:amino acids
5152:Chalcogens
5131:Categories
4923:Molybdenum
4605:Ubiquinone
4570:Selegiline
4560:Rasagiline
4555:Oleuropein
4527:Mofegiline
4517:Ladostigil
4512:-carnitine
4456:-carnitine
3031:(4): R37.
2515:(Review).
1982:"Selenium"
1878:Toxicology
1862:2009-07-13
1852:"Selenium"
1614:2009-01-05
1494:2009-01-05
1403:2009-01-06
1382:2009-01-06
1361:2008-12-05
1162:2009-01-05
1156:"Selenium"
1128:: 83–100.
1004:References
766:leukocytes
661:cell death
453:intestinal
441:Deficiency
325:Malassezia
316:Malassezia
272:Astragalus
108:amino acid
5162:Nutrition
4918:Manganese
4913:Potassium
4867:hosphorus
4611:Uric acid
4594:vitamin E
4584:vitamin E
4522:Melatonin
4489:Edaravone
4478:vitamin A
2847:: e1244.
2713:1556-3650
2658:1612-9210
2638:EcoHealth
2611:: 21–27.
2554:Nutrients
2464:Endocrine
2311:Nutr. Rev
2274:1469-493X
2227:0959-8049
1531:cite book
1443:1469-493X
1321:1439-7633
867:magnesium
790:Mortality
719:cytokines
628:toxic in
549:mushrooms
476:vitamin E
394:selenites
390:selenates
382:selenides
374:cirrhosis
288:Xylorhiza
277:locoweeds
251:disulfide
5167:Selenium
4948:Toxicity
4933:Selenium
4893:Chromium
4741:Elements
4575:Selenium
4484:Curcumin
3057:15833124
2971:15105824
2922:14710190
2873:26734501
2822:17880704
2771:10343164
2721:29124976
2674:29418315
2666:19198945
2586:32708526
2535:24613013
2492:22669723
2484:24858736
2449:27355911
2400:22419320
2341:20961297
2292:29376219
2235:34392068
2064:Archived
2012:25077263
1980:(2000).
1964:12816783
1898:20561558
1837:10648276
1691:74619246
1461:26214143
1337:25575160
1329:15651042
1271:18667702
1199:17696828
1107:20690615
1072:24470102
900:See also
893:period.
891:Jurassic
863:vanadium
822:COVID-19
806:Diabetes
777:HIV/AIDS
772:genes.
770:cytokine
721:such as
712:NK cells
692:immunity
643:through
637:Selenium
616:through
566:Lecythis
522:Labeling
507:(DRIs).
480:etiology
362:toxicity
344:Toxicity
327:fungus.
294:Oonopsis
282:Stanleya
193:cofactor
141:2GSH + H
72:cofactor
53:locoweed
41:Selenium
30:selenium
5084:Related
4859:itrogen
4843:ydrogen
4637:2,6-Di-
4600:Tyrosol
4458:(ALCAR)
4452:Acetyl-
4387:p-block
4382:d-block
4377:f-block
4372:s-block
3048:1088965
3006:9102456
2962:1299047
2913:1298953
2864:4699779
2813:2375036
2729:4295652
2577:7400921
2440:4981643
2391:8407395
2332:3066516
2283:6491296
2031:. 2017.
1650:6998645
1591:8561918
1564:7599506
1452:6517228
1262:2491486
1239:Bibcode
1179:Thyroid
1142:8811175
1063:4339817
586:lobster
541:cereals
189:thyroid
166:ebselen
159:selenol
51:, e.g.
4928:Sodium
4908:Iodine
4898:Copper
4823:CHONPS
3055:
3045:
3004:
2969:
2959:
2920:
2910:
2871:
2861:
2820:
2810:
2769:
2727:
2719:
2711:
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2664:
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2233:
2225:
2163:
2112:16 May
2010:
2000:
1962:
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1070:
1060:
1050:
1020:
873:, and
871:copper
698:(e.g.
632:cells.
630:tumour
584:, and
574:kidney
555:, and
472:iodide
233:→ CO
49:forage
34:humans
4875:ulfur
4851:xygen
4835:arbon
4546:(NAS)
4537:(NAC)
4464:(ALA)
2841:PeerJ
2725:S2CID
2670:S2CID
2488:S2CID
2084:(PDF)
2048:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
1687:S2CID
1608:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1333:S2CID
996:SEPP1
784:HAART
762:NF-кB
758:TXNRD
366:shale
297:sp.)
86:(PSeO
4938:Zinc
4903:Iron
4691:FRAP
4686:TEAC
4681:ORAC
4653:tert
4639:tert
3053:PMID
3002:PMID
2967:PMID
2918:PMID
2869:PMID
2818:PMID
2767:PMID
2717:PMID
2709:ISSN
2662:PMID
2654:ISSN
2582:PMID
2531:PMID
2480:PMID
2445:PMID
2423:2016
2396:PMID
2364:2012
2337:PMID
2288:PMID
2270:ISSN
2231:PMID
2223:ISSN
2114:2020
2008:PMID
1998:ISBN
1960:PMID
1917:ISBN
1894:PMID
1833:PMID
1796:link
1751:PMID
1714:ISBN
1646:PMID
1587:PMID
1560:PMID
1537:link
1517:ISBN
1457:PMID
1439:ISSN
1427:2018
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1285:link
1267:PMID
1231:PNAS
1195:PMID
1138:PMID
1103:PMID
1068:PMID
1048:ISBN
1018:ISBN
875:zinc
854:and
727:TNFα
725:and
723:IFNγ
702:and
582:crab
578:tuna
557:eggs
553:fish
545:meat
510:The
474:and
409:and
392:and
125:The
74:for
62:and
3043:PMC
3033:doi
2994:doi
2990:266
2957:PMC
2949:doi
2908:PMC
2900:doi
2859:PMC
2849:doi
2808:PMC
2798:doi
2759:doi
2701:doi
2646:doi
2613:doi
2572:PMC
2562:doi
2521:doi
2517:146
2472:doi
2435:PMC
2427:doi
2386:PMC
2376:hdl
2368:doi
2327:PMC
2319:doi
2278:PMC
2262:doi
2213:doi
2209:155
2137:doi
1990:doi
1950:doi
1886:doi
1882:278
1823:doi
1778:doi
1743:doi
1739:106
1677:doi
1638:doi
1447:PMC
1431:doi
1309:doi
1257:PMC
1247:doi
1235:105
1187:doi
1130:doi
1095:doi
1058:PMC
1040:doi
742:ROS
729:.
686:in
657:ROS
649:ROS
253:in
229:HCO
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4270:Mt
4261:Hs
4252:Bh
4243:Sg
4234:Db
4225:Rf
4216:Lr
4207:No
4198:Md
4189:Fm
4180:Es
4171:Cf
4162:Bk
4153:Cm
4144:Am
4135:Pu
4126:Np
4108:Pa
4099:Th
4090:Ac
4081:Ra
4072:Fr
4056:Rn
4047:At
4038:Po
4029:Bi
4020:Pb
4011:Tl
4002:Hg
3993:Au
3984:Pt
3975:Ir
3966:Os
3957:Re
3939:Ta
3930:Hf
3921:Lu
3912:Yb
3903:Tm
3894:Er
3885:Ho
3876:Dy
3867:Tb
3858:Gd
3849:Eu
3840:Sm
3831:Pm
3822:Nd
3813:Pr
3804:Ce
3795:La
3786:Ba
3777:Cs
3761:Xe
3743:Te
3734:Sb
3725:Sn
3716:In
3707:Cd
3698:Ag
3689:Pd
3680:Rh
3671:Ru
3662:Tc
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3644:Nb
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3354:Na
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