968:
533:
steelworks. Its upland site necessitated inter alia building large water mains up from the River Trent – steelworks use a huge amount of water. The design included modernistic features, such as the facility to burn gases from the blast furnace beneath the steel furnaces, but this was not proceeded with in practice. Upon completion, S. H. Meakin then managed the new
Normanby Park steelworks for a year. However his primary interest was new design, rather than production, so he resigned and moved to Sheffield where he took charge of the design offices of Firth-Brown. S. H. Meakin's hobby was studying and mounting diatoms, for which activity – paradoxically – he is far better known today. (See Google, S. H. Meakin : the preceding Normanby Park details are taken from an interview in 2020 with Harry Meakin's grandson, Christopher Meakin, citing known family history).
845:
Scunthorpe were planned under several phases for
Scunthorpe, under a scheme known as the "Anchor Project", which had its basis in an £80 million proposal made by the Appleby-Frodingham company in 1966 to the regulating Iron and Steel Board for LD converter conversion with a capacity of around 2 million tons pa, plus a 2 million ton pa slab mill and investment increasing light plate production to 1 million tons pa; foreign ore would also be used to increase productivity. When accepted by BSC in 1969 the expanded project had a cost of £130 million (rising to £230 million by 1971), and included three 300 ton LD converters, as well as a continuous plate mill later rejected, and other improvements. During the formulation of the plan the option of relocating the Scunthorpe-based steel production to a coastal site (i.e.
645:(5.2 m) in three; capacities of the four modern furnaces were two at 2,300 tons, one at 2,000 tons and one at 1,650 tons per week. Blast furnace gas was used at both sites to power electrical generators, and further energy recovery from the residual hot gas obtained from water tube boilers heated by the gas, or for heating in the steel works. Both works contained similar melting shops – the Appleby works had five tilting furnaces (open hearth) of 250- or 300-ton capacity. Employment over both sites was 6,500 in 1937. In the context of the wider United Steel group, rationalisation during the 1930s led the Appleby Frodingham works to be specialised in plates and heavy sections, whilst lighter section, bars, rod and wire were produced at the group's
4061:
631:
861:
666:
plant were constructed on former ironstone quarry land. The new 27 and 28.5 feet (8.2 and 8.7 m) furnaces were official opened in mid 1954, and older plant abandoned, with total capacity increased from 900,000 to 1,250,000 tons pa. The blast furnaces were named "Queen Anne" (No.3, 27 ft) and "Queen
Victoria" (No.4, 28.5 ft). In addition to the new plant new sinter equipment was constructed, allowing the works to operate on near 100% sinter use in the blast furnaces – part of the rationale for the sinter investment was the deterioration of the quality of the locally mined ore, resulting in increasing quantities of
912:
1113:
63:
529:
made even more efficient than was possible in
Wrexham, told him to do the drawings anyway then keep them where they were unlikely to be found, or even understood. In due course (in about 1907) Darby then won a contract from the Lysaght Brothers to build a brand new steelworks in Scunthorpe, which he confidently asserted would be more efficient than anything seen before. That was destined to become Normanby Park. He then told Harry Meakin "I want you to join me on the new project, but my contract precludes me from poaching staff from Brymbo. So you will have to get yourself dismissed."
781:
353:
837:(BSC) in 1967. Scunthorpe was chosen by the corporation as one of the five main production centres, formally within the Midland regional division of BSC, and designated as a general steel producers. Placing the three steel producers in the town under shared ownership gave opportunities for rationalisation and greater efficiency – excess liquid steel and sinter were transferred between the works by rail. Within the whole of BSC the 7 ft plate mill at Appleby-Frodingham (and at West Hartlepool) was closed and production transferred to
210:
3974:
712:
904:) contributed to large scale reduction in the BSC workforce overall, to under a third of the 180,000 employed in the UK industry as a whole in 1975; this in combination with loss of certain privileges and management requests for flexible working, reduction in manning, and wage cuts or wage freezes led to large scale conflict in the industry as a whole over several years. A national strike (led by the
583:. A second mine, Dragonby, was also opened in the post war period. Both mines were worked on the room and pillar system, with approximately 20 to 23 feet (6 to 7 m) height of extraction within the seams, leaving some ironstone for roof support (about 8 feet 2 inches (2.5 m) depth) and roadway. Drilling and blasting were used for extraction with much of the work mechanised.
934:. with all liquid steel production at the site ended by 1979. In 1982 works employment was 8,900. In 1967 ore production at Scunthorpe had been 4.7 million tons pa; from 1981 to 1987 local ore production had dropped to around 1 million tons and then to 120,000 tons with only one quarry (Yarborough) in operation. Underground mining ended in 1981.
525:, north of Scunthorpe, was made by the Chief Engineer, Samuel Henry 'Harry' Meakin. He was originally offered a site acquired by the Lysaght's at Flixborough on the River Trent, but pointed out that the geological strata were not strong enough to bear the weight of blast furnaces. He needed to build on hard ground, which of course hills always are.
841:, North Yorkshire in around 1970. Under the rationalisation scheme known as the 'Heritage Programme' closures corresponding to 1.59 and 0.81 million tons of ingot steel were announced for Appleby-Frodingham and Redbourn works to take effect in 1973/4 and 1972/3 respectively. The Dragonby and Santon mines were worked as a single unit from 1969.
321:
uniformity, and the general low value of the land on which it stood led to rapid development of open ore workings. The lime content of the ore rendered it self-fluxing, but its high lime content and basic nature were problematic and led to the practice of using it in combination with silica containing ores (for
528:
Key components of the
Normanby Park Works had in practice been designed in the drawing offices of Brymbo Steelworks in Wrexham, which S. H. Meakin had redesigned during 1905–1908. John Darby, the man in charge of that project, listened to Meakin's professional views on how a steelworks could be
470:
produced, and its basic nature, its corrosive effect on the refractories in the furnace, as well as the large amount of water content in the ore, and carbon dioxide release tending to damp the fire in the furnace. The primary solution to the basic ore was to co-fire with an imported silica containing
1128:
After closure the underground ironstone working caused serious subsidence in some areas due to washing out of clay causing delayed collapse. Parts of the surface ironstone workings were restored using company and governmental contributed funds during the late 20th century; some workings such as
1124:
exists primarily due to the development of the iron ore and steel industry in the area, changing the character of the area from almost entirely rural to one of a large heavy industrial enterprise and town in a rural setting. As a consequence most of the buildings in the town date to the late 19th or
1017:
In 2011 a billet caster and bloom mill were closed, replaced by a new £55 million casting machine, ordered in 2005. The Queen Bess furnace was relit in early 2014, to maintain production whilst the Queen Anne furnace was shut down and relined at a cost of around £30 million. The Queen Anne
844:
In the early 1970s the UK government announced £3 billion investment plan to modernise the companies main steel production sites (Scunthorpe, Lackenby, Llanwern, Ravenscraig, Port Talbot), increasing productivity by 50%, and reducing the total workforce by 50,000. Changes and modernisation at
824:
The
Redbourn works was originally supplied by two hand charged furnaces built 1875. Furnaces 3 and 4 were added in 1909 and 1919. In 1951/2 the 1875 furnaces were replaced by a single furnace. No.4 furnace was closed in 1977, and No.3 furnace was closed in 1979; the last furnace, No.2 was shut down
454:
in 1866, supported by
Lancashire capitalists; the business was supplied with ore from Winn's own mines. Over the next decade three more works were established: the Redbourn Hill Company, and the Lincolnshire Iron Smelting Company were supported by capital from Birmingham; the Appleby Iron works was
665:
In the early 1950s the company expanded two of its blast furnaces to 25 feet (7.6 m) diameter (named "Queen Mary", No.9; and "Queen Bess"), and in 1951 took the decision to start the construction of two further new furnaces to a similar diameter. The new furnaces together with addition sinter
513:
to the south most of the housing expansion associated with the growth of the industry took place around the former village of
Scunthorpe – by the beginning of the 20th century Scunthorpe had grown to town sized, and incorporated schools; churches; clubs; a cemetery; and a courthouse, bank and
1033:
as potential buyer; the acquisition process was ended mid 2015 by Klesch with no sale. In 2015 Tata announced the loss of 900 jobs at the
Scunthorpe site, with reductions including the closure/mothballing of the plate mill (350 persons), and closure of the Dawes Lane coke ovens (140 persons). The
644:
After merger the adjacent
Appleby and Frodingham works both produced pig iron, with the Frodingham works specialising in bars and sections, and the Appleby works plates and slabs. In 1937 each site had four blast furnaces, each with two relatively modern builds, with a maximum diameter of 17 feet
752:
of the 1930s the works was reconstructed at a cost of £400,000 to specialise outside general mass market steels – as a result capacity utilising was at 80% compared to an industry average of nearer 50%, though with very low profit margins. During this period the works was primary supplier to the
320:
nodules, much affected by water weathering; local variations within the ore bed included bands with iron content as high as 40%, down to 12%, with an average iron content of 25%, excluding spoil. The ironstone bed dipped slightly towards the east – the bed's proximity to the surface, its fair
564:
the three of the six works were converting all of their iron production to steel, whilst much of the remainder was supplied to associated steel companies. Total pig iron production in 1917 was nearly 520,000 tons. Immediately preceding the war (1916) plans had been made to increase UK steel
3347:
532:
According to Harry Meakin's son Frank: "My father – who was 32 years old at the time – then played ducks and drakes at Brymbo for six months until they were forced to sack him." Harry Meakin then moved to Scunthorpe and joined John Darby again, whereupon he took charge of designing the new
435:, transported there by water. In 1862 the Dawes began to build the first blast furnace in the area, which became operational in 1864, operating as the Trent Iron Company. The Frodingham Iron Company also opened in 1864, established by Joseph Cliff, a firebrick manufacturer from
817:
considered to establish a continuous strip mill at their Redbourn works, but under government pressure in the context of difficult economic conditions and unemployment in South Wales reversed their decision and instead place the development at the EbbVale ironworks sites.
315:
period), below which is the 'Frodingham Ironstone' once mined at Scunthorpe. At Frodingham the ironstone existed in a bed up to 35 feet (11 m) thick, covered by loose sand. The ore was found in the form of a calcareous hydrated oxide, with some
545:; the two firms were formally amalgamated into the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in 1934. In 1931/2 the former North Lincolnshire Ironworks became part of the group, followed by the Trent Ironworks in 1936. The Redbourn Iron Works became part of
565:
production by 2 million tons. In the Lincolnshire district 2 new blast furnaces and 6 steel furnaces were sanction in 1916; and 2 blast and 3 steel in 1917/18. By 1918 production of pig iron in the district had risen to around 650,000 tons.
490:(Rotherham). By 1875 several businesses were extracting iron ore in the area including Cliff and Sons (Frodingham); the Kiveton Park Company; W.H. and G. Dawes; Cliff and Sons (Leeds); the Park Gate Iron Company (Frodingham); and Charles Winn.
868:
The development of an ore terminal as part of the Anchor project was authorised; use of local or regionally imported ores ceased or was greatly reduced, as a consequence of increased importation of foreign ores of far greater iron content. The
653:
works in Yorkshire, with rails and ferroalloys at the Workington site. In 1945 the works was the largest in Britain, with a capacity of 700 million tons pa (5.5% national production), and occupied a 1,700 acres (690 ha) site.
586:
By the mid 20th century Scunthorpe was expanding into a large town, to the west, north and south of the original village, and its extent now included the former villages of Crosby and Frodingham, and had reached as far south as
982:
In 2004 the Heavy Section Mill (HSM) was closed with the loss of about 150 jobs, Manufacture of sheet piling cease at the HSM in July 2004 at Scunthorpe and the company sold the remnants of its sheet piling business (sales) to
661:
and sinter plant were constructed on a site south of the earlier Appleby works, the location of the former North Lincolnshire Iron works. Here future expansion of the plant was focused replacing plant at the Frodingham works.
895:
In the early 1970s BSC planning considered the 5 million ingot steel tons pa Anchor site as a core asset, and the 1.1 million tons pa former Lysaght's Normanby works as marginal. The economic downturn following the
926:
At the around the beginning of the 1980s BSC made significant cutbacks to operations at Scunthorpe: all the ore mines closed; and most of the Redbourn works was shut, use of the Lysaght's Normanby Park site ended
958:
the steelworks had been entirely converted from the open hearth to basic oxygen steel making process – the works employed 7,300 persons and had a production capacity of around 5 million tons pa of steel.
455:
established with capital from Scotland. All six iron works were located adjacent to the ore workings, with the low iron content of the ore favouring local working rather than transportation to external sites.
93:(1860s) gave rail access to the area, local iron production rapidly expanded using local ironstone and imported coal or coke. The local ore was relatively poor in iron (around 25% average) and high in lime (
1773:
Whittaker, B. N.; Smith, S. F. (1987), Szwilski, A. B.; Richards, M. J. (eds.), "Stability and Operational Aspects of Room and Pillar Mining in the U.K. Sedimentary Iron-Ore Deposits",
591:. The steelworks and ironworkings had expanded east and to the north. The population of Scunthorpe reached over 45 thousand in 1941, and was to increase to over 66 thousand by the beginning of the 1980s.
760:
Due to oversupply in the industry the blast furnaces were again temporarily shut down in 1938. In 1939 the company was notified by government official that the works work be required to supply steel for
509:, with the iron ore fields and irons works to the east, in an otherwise essentially rural landscape consisting of enclosed fields and coppices. With the exception of housing built at New Frodingham and
340:
Ironstone extraction was almost entirely east of a roughly north–south boundary passing through Scunthorpe between the town and steelworks – this boundary was itself east of the Lower Lias escarpment (
849:) had been considered but rejected. Work on the 1,000 acres (400 ha) former ore field site south and east of the older works began in early 1970. The new Anchor works including steelmaking,
3718:
3862:
483:
3766:
1082:
Jingye Group purchased British Steel in March 2020 and invested £330 million in capital projects during its first three years of ownership. British Steel now employs 4,300 in the UK.
799:
670:
in the ore. The expansion led to the closure of the iron works at Frodingham and the North Lincs works; the last blast furnace in operation at Frodingham, No.1, was shut down in May 1954.
3670:
1074:, expected to be around a third more efficient than that it replaces, was announced. Other investment were also foreseen on the rolling mills, to produce high-quality rolled products.
162:
modernisation. Primary iron production was at four blast furnaces first established or expanded in the 1950s, and known as the four Queens: named Queen Anne, Bess, Victoria, and Mary.
3814:
3622:
748:
the works was temporarily closed – iron and steel production was resumed in 1922 but the works operated at under capacity for the remainder of the decade. At the beginning of the
941:
was installed. Facilities at the works in 1983 included a 300t basic oxygen steelmaker; billet, bloom and slab continuous casters; and desulphurisation and degassing equipment.
1034:
plate mill ceased production in December 2015, and the Dawes Lane coke ovens ceased production in March 2016, with all coke production transferred to the Appleby coke ovens.
768:
During the post war period the works was planned to increase output to 500,000 ingot tons pa – by 1955 this figure had been exceeded with production at 600,000 tons pa. Two
424:. The line was fully opened by 1866, and enable rapid expansion of the iron business around Scunthorpe. A 0.25 miles (0.40 km) branch to further iron ore deposits near
2916:
3962:
249:
23:
2377:
474:
Iron ore production reached 248,329 tons, and iron production 31,000 tons by 1870, both rapid increases. In addition to local blast furnaces the ore was supplied to the
3940:
2863:
741:
on a lease of the iron ore containing land were made in 1905, and the decision was taken to establish a steelworks, with the estimated capital cost at under £350,000.
521:, built 1908–1915 when it then came on stream producing heavy steel products for the war effort, notably armour plate for warships. The choice of the uphill site at
729:
investigated opportunities to integrate backwards by producing steel for its rolling mills in South Wales. A number of schemes were considered including a works at
987:. In 2005 Corus announced an investment plan for its long products division: a £130 million investment at Scunthorpe into the medium section mill, focusing on
370:
is credited with (re-)discovering the iron ore in the area, and having it analysed and promoting its use. He suspected that the geology on his estate resembled the
734:
2082:
425:
152:(BSC), leading to a period of further consolidation – from the 1970s the use of local or regional ironstone diminished, being replaced by imported ore via the
4162:
572:
the three Scunthorpe works increase the share of UK steel production from 3 to 10%. In 1945 all steel produced in the Lincolnshire district was by the basic
218:
908:) took place from January to March 1980. In the wider business steel production ended at Shotton (1978), Consett (1980), Corby (1981) and Clydeside (1982).
2064:
967:
285:
3378:
Rhodes, Martin; Wright, Vincent (April 1988), "The European Steel Unions and the Steel Crisis, 1974–84: A Study in the Demise of Traditional Unionism",
2191:
579:
Experimental underground mining began in the 1930s, leading to the development of the Santon drift mine, with production beginning after the end of the
2995:
2836:
2817:
2724:
2762:
2694:
1159:
156:– much of the steelworks was re-established with equipment at or south and east of the Appleby-Frodingham works during the late 1960s as part of the
2675:
3955:
2938:
795:
506:
2538:
260:
series/period, it is a nearly horizontal bed, 10 to 25 feet (3.0 to 7.6 m) thick, averaging 12 feet (3.7 m), and consists of calcareous
4167:
1906:
1048:
In April 2016 the long products division including the Scunthorpe works as the only primary steel producer and main employer was sold by Tata to
522:
252:; iron deposits in Northern France and Southern Germany may also be from the same period and origin. The Lincolnshire ironstone is found in the
2888:
2583:
1060:
397:
1070:, a Chinese steelmaker, became the owner of the plant. Many investments were foreseen: for Scunthorpe site, the construction of a new 250 MW
667:
514:
hotel. By 1901 the local population was 11,167 increased from a combined rural population (Scunthorpe, Ashby, Brumby etc.) of 1,245 in 1851.
344:). Iron ore extraction was reduced in the later half of the 20th century, to be substituted by foreign imported ores of better quality.
2512:
4177:
510:
217:
It is thought that the iron deposits in Lincolnshire were worked sometime before the 19th and 20th century exploitations – forges at
3948:
2744:
595:
3970:
2789:
2602:
100:) requiring co-smelting with more acidic silicious iron ores. The growth of industry in the area led to the development of the town of
892:
system. At the Normanby Park site ore was supplied from the stockyards built for the Appleby-Frodingham Anchor project by a conveyor.
1970:
2118:
2922:
803:
919:
On 4 November 1975 four workers were killed at the Queen Victoria furnace, and others badly injured following an explosion in a
2386:
2278:
458:
By 1875 there were 13 blast furnaces in operation, with others under construction. Coke (or coal) was used, supplied from the
1092:
On 6 November 2023, British Steel announced the blast furnaces at Scunthorpe were to be decommissioned and replaced with two
2647:
2042:
1025:
sought to sell much of its European steel operations. In 2014 Scunthorpe works were offered as part of Tata Steel Europe's
382:
and onwards by canal. Iron ore began to be commercially exploited in the area from 1859. A narrow gauge railway was opened
2485:
905:
405:
90:
74:
was established in the mid 19th century, following the discovery and exploitation of middle Lias ironstone east of
3574:
923:
due to water ingress into the molten steel filled vessel. In total 11 persons eventually died due to their injuries.
466:. Initially the high lime content of the ore (up to 68%) caused production issues, through the amount and form of the
3444:
3426:
3369:
3337:
3319:
1445:
1418:
1141:
367:
1190:. The plant became known as the Lindsey or North Lindsey works after it was taken over by the Redbourn Hill Company.
4172:
2279:"'It was devastating': Steelworkers to remember tragic Scunthorpe explosion which killed 11 men 40 years ago today"
1734:
493:
Appleby Ironworks was established in 1875. By the 1880s the iron making district consisted of separate villages at
487:
4060:
2982:
1007:
2192:"British Steel Scunthorpe pictures of the past as Greybull plans to bring back historic name at Tata steelworks"
1014:
led to reduction in demand for steel and reduced profitability. The Queen Bess furnace was mothballed in 2008.
938:
431:
W. H. and G. Dawes (Elsecar) were the first to utilise the ore which was tested at blast furnaces at
173:
took place from the late 1960s onwards, with an intermediate oxygen utilising open hearth process known as the
3990:
378:). Initially ore was extracted and exported from leases on his estate, and transported by horse power to the
371:
330:
245:
107:
From the early 1910s to the 1930s the industry consolidated, with three main ownership concerns formed – the
3601:
3435:
Pocock, D. C. D. (1990), Ellis, S.; Crowther, D. R. (eds.), "The Development of Scunthorpe",
873:
became a key part of the overall infrastructure of the Scunthorpe steelworks as an importation point. The
630:
213:
Geology of northern Lincolnshire. Near surface iron ore formations in red (NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875)
3596:
821:
A single 100 ton oxygen based (Oberhausen rotor) steelmaking converter was installed at Redbourn in 1961.
2247:
1758:
Stace, R. (2015), Lu, Liming (ed.), "Iron Ore: Mineralogy, Processing and Environmental Sustainability",
814:
611:
554:
550:
142:
128:
3453:
995:, UK; other investment included a new bloom caster, reheat furnace and breakdown mill for the rod mill.
295:
The geological strata in Lincolnshire includes a number of iron bearing rocks including (downwards) the
546:
541:
In 1912 the Frodingham company absorbed the Appleby company, both of which in 1917 became part of the
124:
3591:
860:
396:
Winn then was instrumental in the promotion of a line to the ore fields, and with the support of the
1762:, no. 66, §7.2.2 Underground mining techniques in the North Lincolnshire mines, pp. 234–236
834:
745:
463:
417:
149:
2957:
2487:
Completed acquisition by Arcelor SA of Corus UK Limited's UK hot-rolled steel sheet piling business
603:
502:
451:
1525:
1319:
4035:
911:
874:
599:
401:
308:
153:
1112:
165:
Both the Normanby Park and the Redbourn works were closed by the early 1980s. Conversion to the
62:
4136:
4085:
4080:
4025:
2091:, Fig.14, "BSC Regional Divisions, 1967–70", p.152; Fig.15 "BSC Product Divisions, 1970", p155.
988:
945:
650:
646:
615:
607:
542:
518:
268:. The deposit is thought to have been originally created by the deposition by precipitation of
114:
3137:
3080:
1566:
1544:
2818:"TATA STEEL: Scunthorpe's plate mill will be mothballed and the Dawes Lane coke ovens closed"
1043:
976:
769:
693:
166:
2138:
1096:. Under the plans, one of the new furnaces would be located at Scunthorpe, and the other at
4121:
4020:
4010:
4000:
1093:
889:
780:
726:
692:. The AJAX furnaces functioned as a transition technology prior to the introduction of the
588:
494:
352:
132:
4040:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3196:
3177:
3158:
1660:
325:
formation). Iron produced from the bed including the fossiliferous lime contained over 1%
180:
Following privatisation in 1988, the company together with the rest of BSC became part of
8:
4126:
4106:
4050:
3995:
3924:
3127:
885:
681:
573:
170:
2435:
4141:
4131:
4045:
4005:
3914:
3538:
3525:
Daff, Trevor (November 1973), "The establishment of ironmaking at Scunthorpe 1858–77",
3496:
3403:
3395:
1133:
854:
850:
762:
738:
440:
300:
236:
period and forms part of a series of ironstones found in eastern England found in the
4116:
4111:
4090:
3586:
3440:
3422:
3407:
3365:
3333:
3315:
2564:
2461:
2410:
2230:
1441:
1414:
1137:
1003:
870:
846:
479:
443:
to establish the business. Both produced iron from their own local ironstone leases.
185:
94:
2889:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe closing down Dawes Lane coke ovens today – the end of an era"
2021:
Triumph of the South: A Regional Economic History of Early Twentieth Century Britain
4075:
3534:
3488:
3414:
3387:
1140:(Scunthorpe, Llanwern, Port Talbot, Redcar) was the biggest industrial polluter of
1049:
749:
580:
475:
459:
304:
296:
209:
193:
2918:
Tata Steel UK agrees sale and purchase agreement for long products Europe business
657:
In 1939 two 22 feet (6.7 m) diameter blast furnaces together with associated
3110:
2996:"British Steel proposes to close coking ovens in move that could cut 260 UK jobs"
2864:"END OF AN ERA: Scunthorpe plate mill ceases production at Tata Steel – pictures"
1065:
1011:
897:
561:
181:
86:
2958:"Britain finds a buyer for one Tata steel plant, saving a third of jobs at risk"
2725:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe production disrupted by ALL furnaces being out of action"
737:(Wiltshire); or a new works near Scunthorpe. Discussions and agreement with Sir
408:
was obtained in 1861. The new line connected with the SYR via a bridge over the
347:
177:
operated in the interim – conversion to LD operation was complete by the 1990s.
3973:
3028:
2620:
1101:
730:
447:
436:
257:
3391:
3349:
The explosion at the Appleby-Frodingham steelworks, Scunthorpe 4 November 1975
2065:"The death of ironmaking at Redbourn: Today marks anniversary of historic day"
1979:, pp.116–7; Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114.
4156:
3878:
3864:
3830:
3816:
3782:
3768:
3734:
3720:
3686:
3672:
3638:
3624:
1026:
920:
680:
onwards the Appleby-Frodingham works pioneered the use of a variation of the
404:(SYR) as equal third partners; an act of parliament for a new main line, the
375:
222:
189:
39:
25:
711:
594:
In 1951 much of the British steel industry was briefly nationalised, as the
225:, and archaeological evidence has been found of iron working at Scunthorpe.
2837:"900 jobs to go and plate mill to be mothballed at Scunthorpe's Tata Steel"
2296:
2127:, Table 12, "Major Closures Announced Under the Heritage Programme", p.172.
1991:
The Economic History of Steelmaking 1867–1939 : A study in competition
1931:
1030:
991:
production, with the a corresponding end to rail production at its site in
901:
689:
174:
79:
3479:
Kendall, O. D. (July 1938), "Iron and Steel Industry of Scunthorpe",
4030:
2790:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe sale: Queen Anne furnace relit after £30m rebuild"
2763:"Tata Steel creating 400 contracting jobs with £30m blastfurnace rebuild"
2036:
Ribbon of Fire. How Europe Adopted and Developed US Strip Mill Technology
1163:
1071:
915:
Queen Victoria Blast Furnace Disaster Memorial, North Lincolnshire Museum
809:
In 1933 a bar mill was transferred from the parent company's bar mill at
569:
409:
379:
341:
312:
241:
3507:
Pocock, D. C. D. (June 1963), "Iron and Steel at Scunthorpe",
3455:
The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection
3048:
1509:
The History of the Iron Industry in Scunthorpe – the Appleby Connection
1433:
1406:
1121:
1056:
1022:
999:
992:
498:
326:
237:
101:
75:
3500:
3399:
3328:
Heal, David W. (1974), "The Steel Industry in Post War Britain",
3129:
The iron and steel industry of the United Kingdom under war conditions
2379:
A new force in the metals industry – background to the proposed merger
1743:, p.40; Fig.6 Production of Ingot Steel By Process and District, p.41.
622:
re-acquired its former steel interests including those at Scunthorpe.
2006:
Business, Banking, and Politics: The Case of British Steel, 1918–1939
1618:
1616:
1614:
1156:, single industry towns, common under centrally planned soviet Russia
1052:
for a nominal sum of £1. The business was renamed British Steel Ltd.
806:) in 1907/8. Initially the works functioned as a source of pig iron.
754:
658:
334:
273:
261:
229:
3577:
2385:, British Steel / Koninklijke Hoogovens, 7 June 1999, archived from
2351:
Mitchell, Jonathan (May 1983), "Scunthorpe completes concast trio",
2051:, Table 6, "Oxygen Steelmaking Plants in the United Kingdom", p.114.
276:. Characteristic fossils found in the ironstone beds included large
3492:
3033:
3029:"British Steel set to cut up to 2,000 jobs in furnace closure plan"
1153:
1097:
838:
833:
Nationalisation of UK steel operations led to the formation of the
810:
432:
421:
374:
which had been discovered and exploited in northern Yorkshire (see
281:
277:
269:
265:
233:
3115:
Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers
1611:
3312:
Economic History of the British Iron and Steel Industry 1784–1879
3111:"Some Remarks on the Beds of Ironstone Occurring in Lincolnshire"
2695:"End of an era as Tata Steel works' Bloom and Billet Mill closes"
2676:"Bloom and billet mill on Tata Steel works will close in October"
1331:
984:
634:
Bucket excavator at Frodingham Iron and Steel Company's quarries
390:
289:
1804:
Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 18SE, 19NW, 19SW, 10SE 1948
864:
Immingham Bulk Terminal at the Port of Immingham est.1970 (2007)
3345:
2603:"Tata Steel in Talks to Sell European Business to Klesch Group"
2302:
2038:, Pendragon, Closure of the "Old Works" and The Brassert Report
1086:
828:
685:
413:
317:
3545:"Appleby-Frodingham Works as Reshaped by the Anchor Project",
3060:
2156:
1580:
1578:
1887:
1458:
1456:
1280:
517:
The last business to establish an iron works in the area was
348:
Establishment of iron ore extraction and smelting (1859–1912)
264:; near the surface the ores are converted to a hydrous form,
232:
in Lincolnshire is thought to have been laid down during the
104:
in a formerly sparsely populated entirely agricultural area.
1950:
Jones, Edgar (1990), "The Growth of a Business, 1918–1945",
1760:
Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering
1292:
1258:
1256:
772:
converters of 60 tons capacity each were installed in 1964.
3000:
2584:"Tata Steel Starts Debt Clean-Up After Corus Purchase Mess"
1875:
1575:
467:
322:
272:
containing waters, followed by oxidation via weathering to
2582:
Shanker, Abhishek; Singh, Rajesh Kumar (27 October 2014),
1863:
1473:
1471:
1453:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1089:
was announced in February 2023 with the loss of 260 jobs.
3417:; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas (1989), "Lincolnshire",
3138:"Iron-Depositing Bacteria and their Geological Relations"
2939:"Tata Selling U.K. Steel Plant in Scunthorpe to Greybull"
1377:
1375:
1268:
1253:
1162:, supplier of limestone to works from a nearby quarry in
619:
307:
period); the Lincoln ironstone; the Caythorpe ironstone (
2745:"Tata Steel Scunthorpe boosts output with third furnace"
2259:
2213:
2211:
1700:
1698:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
148:
In 1967 all three works became part of the nationalised
1513:
1468:
1360:
1343:
1834:
1571:, HMSO, 1874, List of Mines 1873 and 1874, pp.254–263
1372:
1309:
1307:
1241:
1129:
the Winterton quarry were utilised as landfill sites.
244:
that also includes ironstone formations making up the
196:
with Scunthorpe as the primary steel production site.
3273:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.II)"
3216:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952 (No.II)"
2937:
Biesheuvel, Thomas; Christie, Naomi (11 April 2006),
2358:
2208:
2094:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1812:
1810:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1628:
1483:
1387:
1229:
888:(NCB). Ore was to be supplied to the steelworks by a
553:). The Lysaght's Normanby Park works became part of
85:
Initially iron ore was exported to iron producers in
3437:
Humber Perspectives : A region through the ages
3254:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1953 (No.I)"
2921:(press release), Tata, 11 April 2016, archived from
2308:
813:
South Wales to the Redbourn site. Later in the 1930
706:
3413:
3054:
2332:
2320:
2235:
2168:
2106:
1907:"Progress led town's No 1 furnace to be cast aside"
1722:
1710:
1622:
1304:
1104:1.25bn and result in the loss of up to 2,000 jobs.
1037:
971:
Basic oxygen and continuous casting building (2006)
853:and rolling mills was officially opened in 1974 by
696:(basic oxygen) for steel production by the company
2956:Faulconbridge, Guy; Young, Sarah (11 April 2016),
2955:
2936:
2621:"Klesch abandons Tata Steel's Long Products talks"
2256:, Table 13, "BSC Plant Configuration 1980", p.179.
1958:
1846:
1822:
1807:
1678:
446:North Lincolnshire Iron Works, was established by
3151:Great Britain : Essays in Regional Geography
1545:"Progress of the Lincolnshire Ironstone District"
606:) and the nationalisation decision reversed. The
4154:
962:
625:
3022:
3020:
3018:
1772:
1599:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheets 18NE, 19NW 1885
398:Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway
3956:
3929:(special edition), Scunthorpe Telegraph, 2014
3292:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1954"
3271:
3252:
3214:
3197:"The British Iron and Steel Industry in 1952"
3176:
3027:Jack, Simon; Hooker, Lucy (6 November 2023).
2983:Jingye completes acquisition of British Steel
1993:, Cambridge University Press, p.338, footnote
1881:
1790:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe
1224:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe
1211:An Industrial Island: A History of Scunthorpe
794:The Redbourne Hill works shares were held by
4163:Metallurgical industry of the United Kingdom
3377:
3290:
3233:
3195:
3157:
3108:
3015:
2581:
2265:
2033:
1893:
1869:
1584:
1531:
1462:
1325:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
829:British Steel Corporation period (1967–1999)
536:
3755:, North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic)
2856:
2185:
2183:
2059:
2057:
596:Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain
549:of South Wales in 1917 (after 1948 part of
3963:
3949:
3153:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press
3026:
2881:
2493:, Office of Fair Trading, 9 September 2004
2136:
2034:Ranieri, Ruggero; Aylen, Jonathan (2012),
1021:As a consequence of reduced profitability
775:
725:At the beginning of the 20th century
614:was re-created with the separation of the
576:, with no Bessemer or electric arc plant.
192:division of Tata Steel Europe was sold to
2906:
2807:
2714:
2600:
2574:
2572:
2462:"Corus jobs pain grows with mill closure"
1800:
1798:
1776:Underground Mining Methods and Technology
1608:Ordnance Survey 1:10560 Sheet 18NE 1905-6
1595:
1593:
1559:
1107:
204:
3746:North Lincolnshire Iron Works (historic)
3554:"Developments at BSC Scunthorpe Works",
3346:The Health and Safety Executive (1976),
2993:
2350:
2180:
2054:
2003:
1436:(1962), "Dominion of Watkin 1864–1899",
1111:
966:
910:
859:
779:
710:
629:
351:
208:
61:
3899:, John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic)
3803:, Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic)
3478:
3148:
3078:
2994:Iordache, Ruxandra (22 February 2023).
1409:(1959), "The Progenitors (1813–1869)",
1235:
884:as a joint venture between BSC and the
715:Blast furnaces at John Lysaght's works
89:. Later, after the construction of the
4168:Buildings and structures in Scunthorpe
4155:
3710:
3506:
3434:
3135:
2640:
2569:
2520:(presentation), Corus, pp. 24, 28
2364:
2189:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1795:
1647:
1590:
1519:
1496:
1477:
1393:
1366:
1354:
1337:
1247:
1183:
798:(Warrington) in 1905, but sold to the
733:, South Wales; the acquisition of the
439:who used experienced iron makers from
16:Industrial complex in northern England
3944:
3926:150 Years of Ironmaking in Scunthorpe
3912:
3614:
3359:
3309:
3235:""Seraphim" Extensions at Scunthorpe"
3125:
3066:
2546:, Corus, 28 June 2005, pp. 9, 16
2510:
2411:"History of Britain's steel industry"
2338:
2314:
2137:Clay, Rob; Harman, Chris (May 1973),
2018:
1949:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1381:
1313:
937:In late 1982 a continuous caster for
72:Iron and Steel Industry in Scunthorpe
3890:John Lysaght's Iron Works (historic)
3524:
3380:British Journal of Political Science
3327:
3178:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.II)"
3149:Ogilvie, Alan G., ed. (1958) ,
3081:"Incinerator cancer threat revealed"
2742:
2326:
2303:The Health and Safety Executive 1976
2253:
2241:
2217:
2174:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2048:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1954:, vol. 2, pp. 31–33, 51–54
1857:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1740:
1689:
484:West Yorkshire Coal and Iron Company
4178:Ironworks and steelworks in England
3806:
3794:Redbourn Hill Iron Works (historic)
3758:
3159:"The Scunthorpe Steel Works (No.I)"
2782:
2601:MacDonald, Alex (15 October 2014),
2459:
2436:"Steel firm cuts 236 jobs at plant"
1936:
1534:, "Further discussion", pp.159–164.
1432:
1405:
1328:, "Further discussion", pp.157–158.
1018:furnace was relit in October 2014.
906:Iron and Steel Trades Confederation
800:Cwmfelin Steel and Tinplate Company
406:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway
91:Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway
13:
3978:Steel plants in the United Kingdom
3854:
3707:, Frodingham Iron Works (historic)
3662:
3539:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1973.tb00330.x
3471:
2665:
1746:
1568:Reports of the Inspectors of Mines
1413:, vol. 1, pp. 200, 246,
979:of the Netherlands to form Corus.
944:BSC was privatised in 1988 by the
428:was authorised and opened 1872/3.
416:to the west, giving access to the
14:
4189:
3906:
3144:, no. Professional Paper 113
3055:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989
2540:Investor Visit – Scunthorpe Works
1792:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983)
1623:Pevsner, Harris & Antram 1989
1226:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983)
1213:(Scunthorpe Borough Museum, 1983)
1186:refers to this enterprise as the
707:Normanby Park works, John Lysaght
420:; and to the MSLR in the east at
363:(NEIMME Transactions, v.24, 1875)
356:Ironstone working and production
4059:
3972:
3916:Industrial History of Scunthorpe
3698:Frodingham Iron Works (historic)
3564:
3072:
2987:
2976:
1116:Former ironstone workings (2009)
1038:British Steel period (2016–2020)
110:Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company
3851:, Appleby Iron Works (historic)
3659:, Trent Iron Works (historic)
3142:United States Geological Survey
3109:Daglish, J.; Howse, R. (1875),
2557:
2531:
2504:
2478:
2453:
2428:
2403:
2370:
2344:
2271:
2223:
2190:Fisher, Nigel (14 April 2016),
2027:
2012:
1997:
1982:
1924:
1899:
1782:
1766:
1653:
1602:
1537:
1502:
1440:, vol. 2, pp. 29–32,
1426:
1399:
1177:
1100:. The move is expected to cost
333:, as well as a few per cent of
3079:Boseley, Sarah (18 May 2000),
2743:Cole, Nick (13 January 2015),
1788:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.),
1222:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.),
1216:
1209:Armstrong M. Elizabeth (ed.),
1203:
169:(LD) of steel making from the
1:
3991:Barrow Hematite Steel Company
3842:Appleby Iron Works (historic)
3527:Bulletin of Economic Research
3136:Harder, Edmund Cecil (1919),
1197:
1055:In March 2020, following the
963:Corus/Tata period (1999–2016)
952:
928:
878:
785:
784:Extended Redbourn Hill works
716:
697:
674:
635:
626:Applebly Frodingham ironworks
383:
357:
3452:
2648:"Corus furnace to shut down"
2460:Gow, David (28 April 2004),
1661:"A Steel Works Amalgamation"
1508:
602:government was elected (see
66:Scunthorpe steelworks (2006)
7:
3650:Trent Iron Works (historic)
3602:GPX (secondary coordinates)
1989:Burn, Duncan Lyall (1961),
1147:
1008:Financial crisis of 2007–08
815:Richard Thomas and Baldwins
612:Richard Thomas and Baldwins
555:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds
551:Richard Thomas and Baldwins
329:, similar to that from the
250:Northamptonshire ironstones
143:Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds
129:Richard Thomas and Baldwins
10:
4194:
3362:Humberside in the Eighties
3360:Symes, David, ed. (1987),
3126:Hatch, F. H. (1919),
3101:
2165:, pp. 119–120, 174–6.
1077:
1041:
598:. However, in late 1951 a
547:Richard Thomas and Company
199:
125:Richard Thomas and Company
4099:
4068:
4057:
3983:
3597:GPX (primary coordinates)
3572:Map all coordinates using
3392:10.1017/s0007123400005056
3248:: 237–238, 13 August 1954
2139:"British Steel in Crisis"
2004:Tolliday, Steven (1987),
835:British Steel Corporation
537:Consolidation (1912–1966)
464:South Yorkshire coalfield
418:South Yorkshire coalfield
150:British Steel Corporation
3580:Download coordinates as:
3516:"Scunthorpe and After",
3509:East Midlands Geographer
3458:, Appleby Parish Council
3419:The Buildings of England
3314:, Taylor & Francis,
3305:: 53–54, 14 January 1955
3191:: 324–326, 19 March 1937
3172:: 311–312, 12 March 1937
3069:, pp. 33–34, 72–75.
2511:Varin, Philippe (2005),
2266:Rhodes & Wright 1988
1674:: 301, 28 September 1934
1532:Daglish & Howse 1875
1463:Daglish & Howse 1875
1326:Daglish & Howse 1875
1299:Daglish & Howse 1875
1287:Daglish & Howse 1875
1275:Daglish & Howse 1875
1263:Daglish & Howse 1875
1170:
975:In 1999 BSC merged with
673:During the decade after
604:Third Churchill ministry
560:At the beginning of the
486:(West Ardsley), and the
4173:Economy of Lincolnshire
4036:Skinningrove Steelworks
3286:: 66–68, 8 January 1954
3267:: 27–28, 1 January 1954
3229:: 65–68, 9 January 1953
3210:: 29–31, 2 January 1953
2143:International Socialism
1144:in the United Kingdom.
875:Immingham Bulk Terminal
776:Redbourn Hill Ironworks
402:South Yorkshire Railway
154:Immingham Bulk Terminal
4137:Port Talbot Steelworks
4086:Ravenscraig steelworks
4081:Clydebridge Steelworks
4026:Sheffield Forgemasters
3879:53.612722°N 0.658773°W
3831:53.595275°N 0.605050°W
3783:53.586635°N 0.613511°W
3735:53.586360°N 0.618064°W
3687:53.589787°N 0.632483°W
3639:53.593465°N 0.629560°W
1117:
1108:Legacy and environment
998:Corus was acquired by
972:
946:British Steel Act 1988
916:
865:
791:
727:John Lysaght & Co.
722:
647:Steel, Peech and Tozer
641:
616:Steel Company of Wales
608:United Steel Companies
543:United Steel Companies
488:Park Gate Iron Company
364:
214:
205:Background and Geology
127:of South Wales (later
115:United Steel Companies
67:
40:53.581944°N 0.607860°W
4016:Scunthorpe Steelworks
3592:GPX (all coordinates)
3332:, David and Charles,
3310:Birch, Alan (2006) ,
2019:Scott, Peter (2007),
1115:
1094:electric arc furnaces
1044:British Steel Limited
977:Koninklijke Hoogovens
970:
914:
863:
783:
770:Linz-Donawitz process
746:Depression of 1920–21
735:Westbury Iron Company
714:
694:Linz-Donawitz process
633:
355:
221:are mentioned in the
212:
167:Linz-Donawitz process
65:
51:Scunthorpe Steelworks
4122:Ebbw Vale Steelworks
4021:Sheerness Steelworks
4011:Round Oak Steelworks
3884:53.612722; -0.658773
3836:53.595275; -0.605050
3788:53.586635; -0.613511
3740:53.586360; -0.618064
3692:53.589787; -0.632483
3644:53.593465; -0.629560
3439:, pp. 332–344,
2893:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2868:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2822:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2794:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2767:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2749:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2729:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2699:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2680:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2652:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2283:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2196:Scunthorpe Telegraph
2069:Scunthorpe Telegraph
1911:Scunthorpe Telegraph
890:Merry-go-round train
246:Cleveland ironstones
188:(2007). In 2016 the
45:53.581944; -0.607860
4127:Llanwern steelworks
4107:Blaenavon Ironworks
4051:Teesside Steelworks
3996:Brown Bayley Steels
3913:Wells, Les (2012),
3874: /
3826: /
3778: /
3730: /
3682: /
3634: /
3057:, pp. 631–637.
1555:: 436, 21 June 1872
1125:20th century.
1085:The closure of the
1029:division, with the
886:National Coal Board
802:(owned by a son of
682:open hearth furnace
574:open hearth process
372:Cleveland ironstone
331:Cleveland ironstone
171:open hearth process
138:Normanby Park works
120:Redbourn Iron Works
35: /
4142:Trostre Steelworks
4132:Panteg Steel Works
4046:Teesside Beam Mill
4006:Firth Brown Steels
3481:Economic Geography
3330:Industrial Britain
2870:, 17 December 2015
1882:The Engineer 1954b
1843:, pp. 12, 29.
1778:, pp. 393–402
1340:, Fig.24.2, p.341.
1289:, pp. 24, 26.
1188:Lindsey Iron Works
1134:Environment Agency
1118:
1059:of British Steel,
973:
917:
866:
855:Queen Elizabeth II
851:continuous casting
792:
739:Berkeley Sheffield
723:
642:
441:Stockton-upon-Tees
365:
215:
68:
4150:
4149:
4117:Dowlais Ironworks
4112:Brymbo Steelworks
4091:Shotts Iron Works
3415:Pevsner, Nikolaus
2943:www.bloomberg.com
2843:, 20 October 2015
2841:Grimsby Telegraph
2824:, 20 October 2015
2796:, 16 October 2014
2701:, 20 October 2011
2654:, 24 October 2008
2565:Tata Steel Europe
2417:, 1 February 2001
2285:, 4 November 2015
2231:Port of Immingham
2220:, pp. 175–6.
2103:, pp. 163–4.
2071:, 12 October 2015
1896:, pp. 237–8.
1894:The Engineer 1954
1870:The Engineer 1953
1585:The Engineer 1937
1522:, pp. 334–5.
1480:, pp. 333–4.
1384:, pp. 347–8.
1369:, pp. 332–3.
1357:, pp. 336–7.
1301:, pp. 24–25.
1250:, pp. 54–57.
1138:British Steel plc
1132:According to the
1006:. Following the
1004:Tata Steel Europe
1002:in 2007, forming
871:Port of Immingham
847:Port of Immingham
825:in October 1979.
763:projectile Shells
480:Elsecar ironworks
186:Tata Steel Europe
4185:
4076:Clyde Iron Works
4063:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3920:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3618:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3521:
3520:, September 1969
3512:
3503:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3431:
3410:
3374:
3356:
3354:
3342:
3324:
3306:
3296:
3287:
3277:
3268:
3258:
3249:
3239:
3230:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3132:
3122:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2925:on 22 April 2016
2910:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2392:on 31 March 2016
2391:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:A History of GKN
1947:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1707:, pp. 26–7.
1702:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1181:
1069:
1050:Greybull Capital
957:
954:
933:
930:
883:
880:
877:was constructed
790:
787:
750:Great Depression
721:
718:
702:
699:
679:
676:
640:
637:
581:Second World War
482:(Barnsley), the
476:Milton ironworks
460:Durham coalfield
452:Hyde, Manchester
388:
385:
362:
359:
305:Lower Cretaceous
297:Claxby ironstone
194:Greybull Capital
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
52:
47:
46:
41:
36:
33:
32:
31:
28:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4095:
4064:
4055:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3567:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3515:
3511:, 3 part 3 (19)
3474:
3472:Further reading
3469:
3461:
3459:
3447:
3429:
3372:
3352:
3340:
3322:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3237:
3218:
3199:
3180:
3161:
3121:(1874–75): 23 –
3104:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3025:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2962:www.reuters.com
2947:
2945:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2628:
2627:, 4 August 2015
2619:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2442:, 27 April 2004
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1948:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1756:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1160:Singleton Birch
1150:
1110:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1040:
1012:Great Recession
965:
955:
931:
898:1973 oil crisis
881:
831:
788:
778:
719:
709:
700:
677:
638:
628:
610:was recreated;
562:First World War
539:
400:(MSLR) and the
386:
360:
350:
207:
202:
98:
87:South Yorkshire
50:
48:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
29:
26:
24:
22:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3921:
3908:
3907:External links
3905:
3902:
3901:
3853:
3805:
3757:
3709:
3661:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:(2): 104–121,
3522:
3513:
3504:
3493:10.2307/141344
3487:(3): 271–281,
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3450:
3445:
3432:
3427:
3421:(2 ed.),
3411:
3386:(2): 171–195,
3375:
3370:
3357:
3343:
3338:
3325:
3320:
3307:
3288:
3269:
3250:
3231:
3212:
3193:
3174:
3155:
3146:
3133:
3123:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3014:
2986:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2953:
2934:
2905:
2895:, 8 March 2016
2880:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2833:
2806:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2769:, 8 March 2014
2759:
2740:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2691:
2664:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2617:
2598:
2568:
2556:
2530:
2503:
2477:
2452:
2427:
2402:
2369:
2367:, p. 337.
2357:
2343:
2331:
2329:, p. 125.
2319:
2317:, p. 353.
2307:
2295:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2244:, p. 176.
2234:
2222:
2207:
2179:
2177:, p. 175.
2167:
2155:
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. 169.
2105:
2093:
2081:
2053:
2041:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1935:
1923:
1913:, 14 July 2011
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1806:
1794:
1781:
1765:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1694:
1677:
1652:
1650:, p. 336.
1627:
1625:, p. 631.
1610:
1601:
1589:
1587:, p. 311.
1574:
1558:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1501:
1499:, p. 334.
1482:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1425:
1419:
1398:
1396:, p. 333.
1386:
1371:
1359:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1316:, p. 348.
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 197.
1228:
1215:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1109:
1106:
1079:
1076:
1039:
1036:
964:
961:
830:
827:
804:Richard Thomas
796:Monks and Hall
777:
774:
708:
705:
627:
624:
538:
535:
507:New Frodingham
448:Daniel Adamson
437:Wortley, Leeds
349:
346:
258:Lower Jurassic
206:
203:
201:
198:
184:(1999), later
113:, part of the
96:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4190:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3896:
3857:
3848:
3809:
3800:
3761:
3752:
3713:
3704:
3665:
3656:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:OpenStreetMap
3573:
3565:Map locations
3557:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3446:0-85958-484-4
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3428:9780300096200
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3371:0-85958-119-5
3367:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:0-7153-6565-7
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3321:0-415-38248-3
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2731:, 16 May 2014
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2682:, 5 July 2011
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2516:
2515:
2514:Long Products
2507:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2341:, p. 33.
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2023:, p. 116
2022:
2015:
2008:, p. 133
2007:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1967:, p. 82.
1966:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1884:, p. 68.
1883:
1878:
1872:, p. 30.
1871:
1866:
1860:, p. 86.
1859:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1831:, p. 23.
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 76.
1818:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 41.
1730:
1725:
1719:, p. 38.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1692:, p. 36.
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1465:, p. 26.
1464:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1447:0-7110-1469-8
1443:
1439:
1438:Great Central
1435:
1429:
1422:
1420:0-7110-1468-X
1416:
1412:
1411:Great Central
1408:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 23.
1276:
1271:
1265:, p. 25.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:long products
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
969:
960:
949:
947:
942:
940:
935:
924:
922:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
882: 1970-2
876:
872:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
836:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
782:
773:
771:
766:
764:
758:
756:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
713:
704:
695:
691:
687:
683:
671:
669:
663:
660:
655:
652:
648:
632:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
566:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
534:
530:
526:
524:
523:Normanby Park
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
381:
377:
376:Middlesbrough
373:
369:
354:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
223:Domesday Book
220:
211:
197:
195:
191:
190:long products
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
160:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
105:
103:
99:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
64:
60:
57:
19:
4041:Stocksbridge
4015:
3931:, retrieved
3925:
3915:
3856:
3808:
3760:
3712:
3664:
3616:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3484:
3480:
3460:, retrieved
3454:
3436:
3418:
3383:
3379:
3361:
3348:
3329:
3311:
3302:
3299:The Engineer
3298:
3283:
3280:The Engineer
3279:
3264:
3261:The Engineer
3260:
3245:
3242:The Engineer
3241:
3226:
3223:The Engineer
3222:
3207:
3204:The Engineer
3203:
3188:
3185:The Engineer
3184:
3169:
3166:The Engineer
3165:
3150:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3114:
3089:, retrieved
3085:The Guardian
3084:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3032:
3005:. Retrieved
2999:
2989:
2978:
2965:, retrieved
2961:
2946:, retrieved
2942:
2927:, retrieved
2923:the original
2917:
2908:
2897:, retrieved
2892:
2883:
2872:, retrieved
2867:
2858:
2845:, retrieved
2840:
2826:, retrieved
2821:
2809:
2798:, retrieved
2793:
2784:
2771:, retrieved
2766:
2752:, retrieved
2748:
2733:, retrieved
2728:
2716:
2703:, retrieved
2698:
2684:, retrieved
2679:
2667:
2656:, retrieved
2651:
2642:
2629:, retrieved
2624:
2610:, retrieved
2606:
2591:, retrieved
2587:
2559:
2548:, retrieved
2539:
2533:
2522:, retrieved
2513:
2506:
2495:, retrieved
2486:
2480:
2469:, retrieved
2466:The Guardian
2465:
2455:
2444:, retrieved
2439:
2430:
2419:, retrieved
2415:The Guardian
2414:
2405:
2394:, retrieved
2387:the original
2378:
2372:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2287:, retrieved
2282:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2199:, retrieved
2195:
2170:
2158:
2147:, retrieved
2142:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2073:, retrieved
2068:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1932:AJAX furnace
1926:
1915:, retrieved
1910:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1836:
1824:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1671:
1668:The Engineer
1667:
1655:
1604:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1549:The Engineer
1548:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1504:
1437:
1428:
1410:
1401:
1389:
1362:
1333:
1321:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1236:Ogilvie 1958
1231:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1187:
1179:
1131:
1127:
1120:The town of
1119:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1061:Jingye Group
1054:
1047:
1031:Klesch Group
1020:
1016:
997:
981:
974:
950:
943:
936:
925:
918:
902:Steel crisis
894:
867:
843:
832:
823:
820:
808:
793:
767:
759:
757:in Newport.
743:
724:
690:AJAX furnace
672:
664:
656:
643:
600:Conservative
593:
585:
578:
567:
559:
540:
531:
527:
516:
492:
478:(Barnsley),
473:
457:
445:
430:
395:
366:
339:
294:
288:, and other
256:band in the
253:
227:
216:
179:
175:AJAX furnace
164:
158:
157:
147:
137:
136:
133:John Lysaght
119:
118:
109:
108:
106:
84:
82:, England.
80:Lincolnshire
71:
69:
20:
18:
4031:Shelton Bar
3882: /
3834: /
3786: /
3738: /
3690: /
3642: /
3558:, July 1984
3556:Steel Times
3549:, June 1975
3547:Steel Times
3518:Steel Times
2607:www.wsj.com
2365:Pocock 1990
2353:Steel Times
2145:(58): 15–16
1648:Pocock 1990
1520:Pocock 1990
1497:Pocock 1990
1478:Pocock 1990
1394:Pocock 1990
1367:Pocock 1990
1355:Pocock 1990
1338:Pocock 1990
1248:Harder 1919
1184:Pocock 1990
1164:Melton Ross
1072:power plant
1064: [
1010:the global
956: 1990
932: 1981
921:torpedo car
789: 1918
744:During the
720: 1911
701: 1966
678: 1957
639: 1918
570:interbellum
568:During the
410:River Trent
387: 1861
380:River Trent
368:Roland Winn
361: 1865
342:Trent Cliff
313:Middle Lias
242:rock strata
43: /
4157:Categories
3888: (
3866:53°36′46″N
3840: (
3818:53°35′43″N
3792: (
3770:53°35′12″N
3744: (
3722:53°35′11″N
3696: (
3674:53°35′23″N
3648: (
3626:53°35′36″N
3067:Symes 1987
2339:Symes 1987
2315:Symes 1987
2149:16 October
1729:Hatch 1919
1717:Hatch 1919
1705:Hatch 1919
1382:Birch 2006
1314:Birch 2006
1198:References
1122:Scunthorpe
1087:coke plant
1057:bankruptcy
1042:See also:
1023:Tata Group
1000:Tata Steel
993:Workington
753:company's
688:named the
684:utilising
659:coke ovens
651:Samuel Fox
511:New Brumby
503:Frodingham
499:Scunthorpe
327:phosphorus
254:Lower Lias
238:Lias Group
141:, part of
123:, part of
102:Scunthorpe
76:Scunthorpe
49: (
27:53°34′55″N
3869:0°39′32″W
3821:0°36′18″W
3773:0°36′49″W
3725:0°37′05″W
3677:0°37′57″W
3629:0°37′46″W
3408:154646067
2912:Sources:
2813:Sources:
2720:Sources:
2671:Sources:
2588:Bloomberg
2578:Sources:
2327:Heal 1974
2254:Heal 1974
2242:Heal 1974
2218:Heal 1974
2175:Heal 1974
2163:Heal 1974
2125:Heal 1974
2113:Heal 1974
2101:Heal 1974
2089:Heal 1974
2049:Heal 1974
1977:Heal 1974
1965:Heal 1974
1858:Heal 1974
1841:Heal 1974
1817:Heal 1974
1741:Heal 1974
1690:Heal 1974
755:Orb Works
557:in 1919.
519:Lysaght's
335:manganese
309:Caythorpe
292:species.
278:Ammonites
274:Iron(III)
262:haematite
230:ironstone
30:0°36′28″W
4069:Scotland
3933:20 April
3919:(essays)
3462:20 April
3087:, London
3040:19 March
3034:BBC News
3007:19 March
2967:19 April
2948:19 April
2929:19 April
2899:19 April
2874:19 April
2847:19 April
2828:19 April
2800:19 April
2773:19 April
2754:19 April
2735:19 April
2705:19 April
2686:19 April
2658:19 April
2631:19 April
2625:BBC News
2612:19 April
2593:19 April
2550:19 April
2524:19 April
2497:19 April
2471:19 April
2446:19 April
2440:BBC News
2421:19 April
2396:19 April
2289:19 April
2201:19 April
2075:19 April
1917:19 April
1829:Heal1974
1154:Monotown
1148:See also
1136:(2000),
1098:Teesside
839:Lackenby
811:Tredegar
433:Barnsley
422:Barnetby
286:Cardinia
282:Gryphaea
270:Iron(II)
266:limonite
234:Jurassic
3984:England
3102:Sources
3091:9 April
1434:Dow, G.
1407:Dow, G.
1142:dioxins
1078:Present
985:Arcelor
939:billets
731:Newport
462:or the
391:Gunness
318:oolitic
290:mollusc
200:History
131:); and
3501:141344
3499:
3443:
3425:
3406:
3400:193906
3398:
3368:
3355:, HMSO
3336:
3318:
1444:
1417:
686:oxygen
618:; and
589:Brumby
495:Crosby
426:Santon
414:Keadby
301:Claxby
280:, and
159:Anchor
117:; the
4100:Wales
4001:Corby
3497:JSTOR
3404:S2CID
3396:JSTOR
3353:(PDF)
3295:(PDF)
3276:(PDF)
3257:(PDF)
3238:(PDF)
3219:(PDF)
3200:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
3162:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2390:(PDF)
2383:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1171:Notes
1068:]
900:(see
668:fines
471:ore.
219:Stowe
182:Corus
3935:2016
3464:2016
3441:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3093:2010
3042:2024
3009:2024
3001:CNBC
2969:2016
2950:2016
2931:2016
2901:2016
2876:2016
2849:2016
2830:2016
2802:2016
2775:2016
2756:2016
2737:2016
2707:2016
2688:2016
2660:2016
2633:2016
2614:2016
2595:2016
2563:See
2552:2016
2526:2016
2499:2016
2473:2016
2448:2016
2423:2016
2398:2016
2291:2016
2229:See
2203:2016
2151:2016
2077:2016
1930:See
1919:2016
1442:ISBN
1415:ISBN
989:rail
649:and
505:and
468:slag
323:slag
248:and
228:The
95:CaCO
70:The
3587:KML
3535:doi
3489:doi
3388:doi
3303:199
3284:197
3265:197
3246:198
3227:195
3208:195
3189:163
3170:163
1672:158
951:By
620:GKN
450:of
412:at
389:to
240:of
135:'s
4159::
3531:25
3529:,
3495:,
3485:14
3483:,
3402:,
3394:,
3384:18
3382:,
3364:,
3301:,
3297:,
3282:,
3278:,
3263:,
3259:,
3244:,
3240:,
3225:,
3221:,
3206:,
3202:,
3187:,
3183:,
3168:,
3164:,
3140:,
3119:24
3117:,
3113:,
3083:,
3031:.
3017:^
2998:.
2960:,
2941:,
2891:,
2866:,
2839:,
2820:,
2792:,
2765:,
2747:,
2727:,
2697:,
2678:,
2650:,
2623:,
2605:,
2586:,
2571:^
2464:,
2438:,
2413:,
2281:,
2210:^
2194:,
2182:^
2141:,
2067:,
2056:^
1938:^
1909:,
1848:^
1809:^
1797:^
1748:^
1697:^
1680:^
1670:,
1666:,
1630:^
1613:^
1592:^
1577:^
1553:33
1551:,
1547:,
1485:^
1470:^
1455:^
1374:^
1345:^
1306:^
1255:^
1066:nl
953:c.
948:.
929:c.
879:c.
857:.
786:c.
765:.
717:c.
703:.
698:c.
675:c.
636:c.
501:,
497:,
393:.
384:c.
358:c.
337:.
311:,
303:,
284:,
145:.
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3964:e
3957:t
3950:v
3892:)
3844:)
3796:)
3748:)
3700:)
3652:)
3537::
3491::
3390::
3044:.
3011:.
2305:.
2268:.
1166:.
1102:£
299:(
97:3
53:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.