Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts

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Deval Patrick and legislative leaders included job offers and trading votes on other issues. Opponents of the amendment cast the vote as one of conscience and personal rather than political lobbying. The day before the convention, the state's four Roman Catholic bishops in a letter to legislators endorsed putting the issue to a popular vote: "he marriage debate should not be reserved only to lawyers and lawmakers. Every citizen has a stake in the outcome, because every citizen has a stake in the well-being of the family." Cardinal O'Malley called several legislators to lobby for their votes and Governor Patrick said he offered some help in their re-election campaigns. On June 14, 2007, the convention opened and proceeded immediately to a vote on the issue without debate. The measure failed to obtain the required 50 votes, as 45 voted in favor, 151 opposed the measure, and four were absent or abstained from the vote. Two new legislators who were thought to support the amendment voted against it, while nine who had supported it in January, seven Democrats and two Republicans, changed their votes to oppose it. VoteOnMarriage.Org announced it would attempt to unseat legislators who had switched sides to defeat the amendment.

1077:, an opponent of the amendment, called a joint meeting of the General Court as a constitutional convention for June 19, 2002, and immediately adjourned it for a month saying legislators needed for time to consider the agenda items. When the constitutional convention met again on July 17, the amendment's opponents knew that proponents had the 50 votes needed for passage. Birmingham, who was presiding, moved for adjournment without considering the amendment, and his motion passed 137 to 53. He called the amendment "wrong-hearted and wrong-headed" and defended the procedure: "Everybody recognizes a vote to adjourn was a vote up or down" on the amendment. "I did gavel the last constitutional convention to a recess because I felt the members needed more time to assess... Today we saw democracy in action. They may not like it, but they lost two to one." A representative of the Catholic Action League, which supported the amendment, said: "Everything that is wrong with Massachusetts state government was apparent today for all the world to see". One legislator who voted to adjourn said: "For those of us who believe in an open democratic process, this was not a comfortable vote". State Senator 1726:

constitutionality of the legislative action, or inaction, in this matter." VoteOnMarriage.org, which had gathered signatures on the proposal the legislators had failed to vote on, sued on December 13, asking a federal court to order them to vote or, in the absence of a vote, to order the amendment placed on the ballot. It also sought $ 500,000 from the 109 legislators who voted to adjourn, the cost of its signature-gathering campaign. Arline Isaacson, one of the leaders of the Massachusetts Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus, urged the General Court to adjourn without voting on the amendment. She said: "We know that if the Legislature votes on the amendment, we will lose this year and next year, and it will go to the ballot, where it will likely pass." Senator Brian Lees said he thought the General Court would not be swayed by the ruling and he stood by his opposition to taking a vote: "I will never vote to put a form of discrimination into the state constitution." Before the legislators met,

1428:, suggested he get the law repealed: "If he's so concerned about problems, he can file an emergency bill to repeal that law. Massachusetts has basically said discriminating against people of the same sex is unconstitutional. So why would we try so hard to uphold another state's discriminatory law?" She asked: "Under the governor's logic, if some state again started banning marriages between Catholics and Protestants, then would Massachusetts enforce that?" In an interview on April 23, Romney said: "Massachusetts should not become the Las Vegas of same-sex marriage. We do not intend to export our marriage confusion to the entire nation." His spokesman announced he was sending letters to the governors and attorneys general of the other states to explain his view that same-sex marriage was not legal in their state and asking "if we're wrong" about that. Denying license to all out-of-state couples became known as "the Romney plan". It also allowed visitors from 1606:, a Republican who co-sponsored the amendment in the previous convention, explained why he withdrew his support: "Gay marriage has begun, and life has not changed for the citizens of the commonwealth, with the exception of those who can now marry. This amendment which was an appropriate measure or compromise a year ago, is no longer, I feel, a compromise today." Opponents turned instead to an alternative method of amending the Constitution that they thought would allow them to present an uncompromising ban on same-sex marriage to the voters. This method would require the collection of thousands of signatures on petitions but would need the support of only a quarter of the legislators to become a referendum. The process of gathering signatures was already underway when the legislators voted to reject the 2004 compromise. Travis explained that the opponents' fervor came in reaction to the position taken by gay and lesbian activists: 1675:. The collectors told voters that they were signing a petition about a different issue or that the petitions were in favor of same-sex marriage. In a case led by attorney Jennifer Levi, GLAD challenged Reilly's certification of the petitions in court, claiming the effort contradicted a provision of the Massachusetts Constitution (Article 48, Section 2), which prohibits the use of such petitions for "reversal of a judicial decision." In July, the SJC ruled unanimously that the amendment did not constitute "reversal" of a judicial decision, given that the proposed amendment sought to define only those marriages performed after its passage. If passed, the amendment would have restricted future marriages to different-sex couples but would not have invalidated the approximately 8,000 same-sex marriage licenses already issued. 1279:. Both would have banned same-sex marriage, one would have made civil unions possible in the future and the other would have established civil unions. Finneran commented: "We are as divided as the nation on this. We are doing the best we can. We are human beings. We struggle. Sometimes we come up short." The convention met again the next day and defeated an amendment that defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman and disavowed any position on civil unions on a 103–94 vote that showed divisions in each party and Catholic legislators evenly divided. Ronald Crews of the Massachusetts Family Institute blamed Finneran's misreading of his own caucus for the failure of his own proposed language, a defeat in the convention's opening moments from which Crews found it impossible to recover. 1137:. On November 18, 2003, the SJC ruled 4 to 3 that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. The court said: "We declare that barring an individual from the protections, benefits, and obligations of civil marriage solely because that person would marry a person of the same sex violates the Massachusetts Constitution." It provided a definition of marriage that would meet the State Constitution's requirements: "We construe civil marriage to mean the voluntary union of two persons as spouses, to the exclusion of all others." The court stayed its ruling for 180 days (i.e. until May 17, 2004) to allow the General Court to "take such action as it may deem appropriate in light of this opinion." In a widely quoted passage from the majority ruling, Chief Justice 1008:, created a rule that foster children be placed in "traditional family settings". In December 1986, a commission that reviewed the foster care system recommended that sexual orientation could not be used to disqualify foster parents. As Dukakis delayed accepting that recommendation, advocates for gay and lesbian rights threatened protests against his presidential campaign. The ban on gay foster parents was enacted into law in the 1989 budget. After a lawsuit challenging the ban was settled out of court, the Dukakis administration withdrew the policy in April 1990. In the 1990s, court decisions further expanded the parenting rights of gays and lesbians. In September 1993, the state's highest court ruled that state law allowed for 1287:

as marriages for federal purposes. The language adopted had Romney's support. One report described the process: "Tenuous and shifting coalitions held together in the final vote, despite a series of parliamentary moves by liberal lawmakers to stop anything from moving forward. In the end, an amendment that was disliked by the political right and the political left was approved because it was the only measure that could draw the support of a majority of lawmakers." The proposed amendment, if approved by a second constitutional convention in 2005, would have been placed before the voters as a referendum in November 2006. Romney believed the vote justified asking the SJC to

1465: 1721:"The members of the joint session have a constitutional duty to vote, by the yeas and nays, on the merits of all pending initiative amendments before recessing on January 2, 2007. With respect to legislative action on proposals for constitutional amendments introduced ... by initiative petition, the language of art. 48 is not ambiguous. Today's discussion and holding on the meaning of the duty lays any doubt to rest... Those members who now seek to avoid their lawful obligations, by a vote to recess without a roll call vote by yeas and nays on the merits of the initiative amendment ... ultimately will have to answer to the people who elected them." 1730:, who was due to succeed Romney as governor on January 4, 2007, said: "I hope by whatever means appropriate, the constitutional convention today ends this debate. I think a vote on adjournment is a vote on the merits." The joint session of the General Court, promptly after coming to order and without debate, voted on the amendment on January 2, 2007, the last day of its 2005–2006 session. There were 62 votes in favor and 132 opposed, a sufficient number to require the amendment's consideration at another constitutional convention. Isaacson said that the SJC ruling "really tipped the scales against us." 1053:, proposed legislation to prevent Massachusetts from granting legal recognition to same-sex marriages established elsewhere: "a purported marriage contracted between persons of the same sex shall be neither valid nor recognized in the Commonwealth." In 1999, the Lesbian and Gay Political Alliance of Massachusetts called it a "hate bill" and a coalition of more than 150 religious leaders formed the Religious Coalition for the Freedom to Marry to oppose it. Other religious leaders organized in support of the measure. Rogers revised his proposal to define 1696:. Romney said: "The issue before us is not whether same-sex couples should marry. The issue before us today is whether 109 legislators will follow the constitution." He said he would ask a justice of the SJC to order the initiative placed on the ballot because the legislators were refusing to fulfill their constitutional obligations. The next day, he sent the 109 legislators a copy of the State Constitution with a letter underscoring the document's provision that the legislators sitting as a constitutional convention 1081:, an opponent of the amendment and a lesbian, said: "I'm proud to have done anything possible to defeat this hate-filled, discriminatory measure. I'll take a victory on this any way I can get it." Arlene Isaacson of the Massachusetts Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus later explained it was a critical moment because same-sex marriage had no chance of winning a popular vote at the time: "Not that we would lose by a little, because that wasn't an issue. Rather, it was that we were going to get massacred". 1336:

legislation giving him authority to request a stay. He said the implementation of the SJC ruling presented legal complications, citing both a 1913 law that invalidated the marriage of non-residents if the marriage was invalid in their home state and the possibility that a popular referendum on same-sex marriage might retroactively invalidate same-sex marriages. Conservative groups like the Coalition for Marriage praised Romney for continuing to search for a way to block same-sex marriages.

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Massachusetts Constitution ... because those rights might not be acknowledged elsewhere." The court also reiterated the need for the General Court to modify the state's marital laws. "The purpose of the stay was to afford the Legislature an opportunity to conform the existing statutes to the provisions of the Goodridge decision." It ended: "The answer to the question is 'No.'" Religious leaders responded with strong statements on both sides of the issue. Archbishop

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Chorus." Some 262 couples obtained licenses, starting with Marcia Hams and Susan Shepherd. The first to wed in Cambridge were Tanya McCloskey and Marcia Kadish at 9:15 a.m. Cambridge City Clerk Margaret Drury was the first city clerk in the U.S. to perform a legal same-sex marriage. Massachusetts has a three-day waiting period before issuing marriage licenses, but many couples obtained waivers of the waiting period in order to be wed as soon as possible.

8396: 830: 1145:"Civil marriage is at once a deeply personal commitment to another human being and a highly public celebration of the ideals of mutuality, companionship, intimacy, fidelity, and family. Because it fulfils yearnings for security, safe haven, and connection that express our common humanity, civil marriage is an esteemed institution, and the decision whether and whom to marry is among life's momentous acts of self-definition." 1351:, the Thomas More Law Center, Citizens for the Preservation of Constitutional Rights, and the American Family Association Center for Law and Policy, brought suit in federal court on behalf of the Vice President of the Catholic Action League, Robert Largess, and eleven members of the General Court to stop the May 17 marriages. It argued that the SJC's decision deprived the people of Massachusetts of their right to a 1796:

said its repeal would "open the floodgates for Massachusetts to become the Mecca for same-sex marriage. Their goal is to strike down the marriage restrictions in every state. Their launching pad will be Massachusetts." Isaacson said "no one is rushing" to take on that issue and that "In the short term, we want everyone to rest, breathe and appreciate the incredible victory that took place". Liberal columnist

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that law should be enforced, and Romney had used the state's authority to block the same-sex marriages of non-residents from being properly recorded. He told a news conference: "We certainly won't record on our public health records marriages that are on the face of them not consistent with the law". The clerks soon relented under orders from Attorney General Reilly. In June 2004, GLAD brought a lawsuit,

981:, said that Weld's "domestic partners" decision harms the common good "by making a special interest group equal to the family" and confuses "civil rights and family benefits". They asked: "Why should special recognition and assistance be given to friends who happen to share the same house?" Legislation to establish domestic partnerships that would carry spousal benefits was introduced annually in the 1899:

to all forms of discrimination. We raise our voices for justice. It's about basic freedoms for our friends, neighbors and families. Any effort to deny equal protections under the law is unfair, discriminatory, and unconstitutional – and that is just plain wrong. I am so proud to represent the state that has become a model across the country and the world on LGBT inclusion and acceptance."

1577:"defining and protecting marriage as a union of a man and a woman as husband and wife." It said: "The sacred institution of marriage should not be redefined by a few activist judges. All Americans have a right to be heard in this debate." On the same day, non-binding opinions by the attorneys general of two more neighboring states fueled debate about enforcing the 1913 law. On May 17, 1314:, a gay activist and first-time candidate, drew support from supporters of same-sex marriage, but ran largely on traditional issues like education, taxation, and health care, and narrowly defeated a 16-year veteran and same-sex marriage opponent in the Democratic primary on September 14. Later that month, Speaker of the House Finneran resigned from the General Court to be replaced by 1177:, there are some laws that are so unnatural that you have an obligation to openly defy them. The concept of stable, healthy gay relationships is largely a manufacturing of the gay propaganda machine." He called the decision "complete lunacy" and said: "It's beyond shocking. It's madness. It's four judges basically turning society inside out with no input from anybody else." 1701:

citizens on November 24, citing 5 occasions in 24 years in which the General Court failed to vote on valid initiatives. Other plaintiffs included Ray Flynn and officials of VoteOnMarriage.org and the Catholic Action League of Massachusetts. Named as defendants were the Massachusetts Secretary of State, who oversees the preparation of election ballots,

1268:. They had mobilized constituent telephone calls with increasing success in the weeks before the convention and emphasized the impact on children being raised by gay parents. The amendment's proponents drew support from Massachusetts Citizens for Life and larger donations than they had previously received, along with personal lobbying in localities. 1452:

they asked that of all couples, but needed only to have applicants swear that there were no legal impediments to their marrying in Massachusetts. The administration said that earlier reports had been premature. Some towns and clerks announced plans to knowingly issue licenses to out-of-staters, including Provincetown, Worcester, and

1403:'s Board of Selectmen decided their town clerk would approve marriage license applications from any couple that swore, as was customary, that their marriage was lawful. The town manager said: "We've never been the marriage police with heterosexual couples, and we're not about to start with same-sex couples". 1811:, in reply to an inquiry from Daniel O'Connell, Massachusetts Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, reported that it calculated that allowing non-resident same-sex couples to marry would add $ 37 million to the Massachusetts economy in each of the next three years and add 330 jobs for the same period. 1318:, who backed same-sex marriage. Some candidates who backed a constitutional amendment did not make same-sex marriage a campaign issue as anticipated, but it proved critical in a few races. All 50 incumbents who opposed a constitutional amendment and faced challengers won re-election. Four supporters of 1898:

said, "With this momentous ruling from the Supreme Court we end a chapter of discrimination in our country's history and start a new one that says all Americans have the right to pursue happiness by marrying the person they love. Today, we raise our voices for equality. We raise our voices for an end

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can marry in Massachusetts after finding "that same-sex marriage is ... not prohibited in Rhode Island". In May 2007, Judge Connolly declared valid the marriages of several same-sex couples, residents of New York, who married in Massachusetts before July 6, 2006, when a New York court issued a ruling

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marriages to white women. Though moribund for decades, it was used to prevent same-sex couples who were residents of other states from marrying in Massachusetts. As the date neared for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples, Governor Romney and some town clerks disputed how and whether

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called it "a major shift from the governor's earlier stance on enforcing limitations on licensing gay marriage." The new forms were gender-neutral, identifying the applicants as "Party A" and Party B" and asking each to check a box for either male or female. Clerks could require proof of residency if

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that denied a marriage license to a couple if their marriage would not be valid in their state of residence. The Massachusetts Town Clerks' Association raised the issue for the first time on February 24, reporting that some of them were receiving inquiries from out-of-state couples. New York Attorney

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Governor Mitt Romney said he disagreed with the SJC's decision, but "We obviously have to follow the law as provided by the Supreme Judicial Court, even if we don't agree with it". He said he would work with the General Court to draft a law "consistent" with the ruling. He also backed an amendment to

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as the union of a man and a woman when he offered it again in 2001, with the additional provision that "Any other relationship shall not be recognized as a marriage, or its legal equivalent, or receive the benefits exclusive to marriage in the Commonwealth." The chair of the Lesbian and Gay Political

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providing limited benefits to the same-sex partners of approximately 3,000 management-level state employees, covering only leave for family sickness and bereavement, far short of the health benefits LGBT activists were seeking, but probably the first state-level recognition of same-sex relationships.

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On June 15, 2007, following the defeat of the initiative to amend the State Constitution, Kris Mineau of the Massachusetts Family Institute warned that gay and lesbian activists would try to repeal the 1913 law next so that "This radical social experiment will be exported to the other 49 states". He

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The constitutional convention took up the compromise amendment approved in 2004. It failed on a vote of 157–39 on September 14, after many moderate legislators who had initially supported it refused to and most legislators opposed to same-sex marriage abandoned its compromise language. State Senator

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with white organza. Hundreds of applicants and supporters in celebratory dress–"glittery party hats and boutonnieres"–gathered in the street. City officials opened the building at 12:01 a.m. May 17 "for a rousing party, with wedding cake, sparkling cider and the music of the Cambridge Community

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Superior Court Judge Thomas E. Connolly ruled that the state marriage statute was not gender-neutral, no fundamental right to same-sex marriage existed, and that limiting marriage to male-female couples was rational because "procreation is marriage's central purpose". He concluded his legal analysis

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said, "For me, the issue of marriage equality is personal. I'm pleased the Commonwealth has already recognized same-sex marriages in our state, and with today's Supreme Court decision every American citizen across the nation will have equal protection under the law and the right to marry the person

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ordered an expedited hearing before the full SJC on December 20. At that hearing, both sides agreed that the SJC could not enforce an order against the General Court. An attorney for the plaintiffs said: "We're not asking you to tell the General Court how to do their business. We're only asking you

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found that half of the couples who applied for licenses on the first day had been partners for a decade or more. Two-thirds were women and 30% were raising children. Only the towns that had made an issue of issuing licenses to out-of-staters had appreciable numbers of them. In the first week, 2,468

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in which some legislators backed measures they would not ultimately support in order to prevent the adoption of an even stronger measure, the convention passed by a vote of 105–92 an amendment to ban same-sex marriage but allow civil unions. It also specified that civil unions should not be treated

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The Massachusetts General Court took up the repeal of the 1913 law the next month. On July 15, the Massachusetts Senate voted to repeal it on a unanimous voice vote. The House approved the legislation on July 29, 2008 on a 118 to 35 vote, and Governor Deval Patrick signed the bill into law on July

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When the General Court met as a constitutional convention in June 2007, observers anticipated a closer vote than the previous January because of retirements and some announced changes in position. Advocates of the amendment charged that the political pressure on legislators on the part of Governor

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addressed a crowd of same-sex couples that included several from New York gathered in front of Town Hall at 8 am.: "No matter who you are or where you come from, if you fill out the application, you will be given a license to marry. Those of you from out of state, welcome to Somerville." The seven

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made the question more urgent when he issued a non-binding opinion on March 3 that "New York common law requires recognizing as valid a marriage... validly executed in another state". On March 31, Romney took the position that no other states recognized same-sex marriage and therefore residents of

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said in a statement: "The tone and tenor of this answer clearly demonstrates the overly activist stance of the four-judge majority... Clearly, the justices who issued this opinion seem determined to blur the constitutional separation of powers and to usurp the rightful role of the Legislature." He

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justified the use of a different term, the court said: "Courts define what is constitutionally permissible, and the Massachusetts Constitution does not permit this kind of labeling... We do not abrogate the fullest measure of protection to which residents of the Commonwealth are entitled under the

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Massachusetts. The number of marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples in Massachusetts leveled off at about 1,500 a year in 2006 and 2007. They represented about 4% of all marriages in the state. A total of 22,406 same-sex marriages were performed in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2012, mostly in

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In the first year, more than 6,200 same-sex couples had married in Massachusetts. That number fell to only 1,900 marriages in the second year. Out of the total of more than 8,100 marriages, 64% involved lesbian couples. In comparison, more than 36,000 heterosexual couples are married each year in

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wrote: "Refusing to recognize a legal spousal relationship that granted rights equal to those acquired through marriage, in a State that did not allow same-sex couples to marry at the time, would only perpetuate the discrimination against same-sex couples" that led the court to tell the Senate in

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Attorney General Reilly certified the language and format of the petitions as valid on September 7, 2005. Advocates of same-sex marriage objected that the proposed amendment was clearly designed to reverse the SJC decision, a violation of the State Constitution's rule that amendments could not be

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and said: "We've broken down the barrier. I am so proud of these people. I am very proud to be mayor of this city today." The first to marry in Boston City Hall were Tom Weikle and Joe Rogers, who lined up for their license application at 5:30 a.m. and were wed about 11 a.m. by Boston's city

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individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males to be performed in some of these tribes. In the

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and the Senate), held during two successive two-year sessions, before going before the voters in a referendum during a normally scheduled November election. An amendment put forward by legislators needs a majority (101 out of 200) at two constitutional conventions and an amendment put forward by

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is a multi-year process that could not be accomplished before the date set by the SJC for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. In order to amend the State Constitution, it is necessary for an amendment first to receive sufficient support at two state constitutional conventions,

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itself was rarely mentioned or addressed directly during these years. The Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Civil Rights launched a campaign on behalf of marriage rights for same-sex couples in Massachusetts in 1991. Governor Bill Weld said he would be willing to meet with the group and said he was

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He explained that the court could take no action against the plaintiffs in the case: "here is no presently articulated judicial remedy for the Legislature's indifference to, or defiance of, its constitutional duties. We have no statutory authority to issue a declaratory judgment concerning the

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vote on initiatives: "Not 'may' vote ... not 'could' vote ... not 'perhaps' vote ... It's very clear." His reference was to the clause: "final legislative action in the joint session ... shall be taken only by call of the yeas and nays". He filed the lawsuit as one member of a group of private

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said: "I think this is one of those instances where the institution of gay marriage may be less divisive to society than the referendum campaign will be. The emotions that this kind of issue brings out can be very detrimental to society. It has been around for a year and any honest person can

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for same-sex couples to the SJC, asking if it satisfied the court's requirements. On February 4, 2004, the court replied that it was unacceptable to allow different-sex couples marriages but same-sex couples only civil unions, that the distinction between marriage and civil unions constituted

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with language similar to Rogers' legislation, called the "Protection of Marriage Amendment". Some signature gatherers complained that opponents of the amendment were harassing them and their opponents charged in turn that some signature gatherers were misrepresenting the petition's content. A

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On July 12, 2006, the General Court sitting as a constitutional convention voted 100 to 91 to postpone action on the initiative amendment until November 9, 2006, two days after the elections. Supporters of same-sex marriage sought the delay, which the amendment's backers denounced and Romney

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Despite Romney's urging, Attorney General Reilly refused to ask the SJC to stay its decision, saying that implementation was not problematic and that a popular vote on a constitutional amendment was the only way to resolve the issue. On April 16, 2004, Romney asked the General Court to pass

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31. It took effect immediately. Patrick said: "I think other states will make their own judgments, and I expect them to–that's their own business. All we can do is tend our own garden, and make sure that it's weeded, and I think we've weeded out a discriminatory law that we should have."

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VoteOnMarriage.org collected 170,000 signatures before the December 7, 2005 deadline, almost three times the number required. Paid signature collectors from Arno Political Consultants subsequently revealed that an unknown but large number of these signatures had been collected through

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A Massachusetts law enacted in 1913 invalidated the marriage of non-residents if the marriage was invalid in the state where they lived. Historians and legal scholars believe it originated in an upsurge of anti-miscegenation sentiment associated with the notoriety of champion boxer

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Alliance of Massachusetts said its prospects for passage were slim but it could serve as a countervailing proposal to efforts at establishing civil unions or providing benefits to same-sex partners of state and local government employees. Alongside these legislative maneuvers, the

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the State Constitution to define marriage as the union of a man and a woman while also providing by statute "basic civil rights and appropriate benefits to same-sex couples and other nontraditional relationships." Romney quickly joined legislators in attempting to satisfy the

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Governor Romney in a brief statement said: "All along, I have said an issue as fundamental to society as the definition of marriage should be decided by the people. Until then, I intend to follow the law and expect others to do the same." President

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Unlike amendments in other states, the amendment did not explicitly forbid other forms of legal relationships for same-sex couples, such as civil unions or domestic partnerships. It did not attempt to invalidate same-sex marriages licensed since

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in credit, public and private employment, union practices, housing, and public accommodation. In the decade that followed, political debate addressed same-sex relationships through two proxy issues: spousal benefits and parenting rights. The

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On July 10, 2008, the Supreme Judicial Court ruled unanimously that a surviving partner in a same-sex relationship, that was prevented from marrying before the same-sex marriage ban was declared unconstitutional, could not sue for loss of

1610:"We all want to give people the rights to have insurance and transfer property. No one is so rotten to the core that they wouldn't even consider that. That would be inappropriate. But we don't want to call it marriage. And remember, 1302:, following the enactment of civil unions legislation in 2000, a large group of its supporters had been defeated. One political action committee announced plans to target legislative candidates who supported same-sex marriage, eight 1003:

The state had no explicit regulations with respect to foster care and parenting by gays and lesbians, either singly or in relationships, until, on May 24, 1985, the state Department of Social Services, with the approval of Governor

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that called the latest SJC ruling "wrongly decided and deeply mistaken", backed a state constitutional amendment and urged other states to take similar action, but did not endorse the idea of a federal constitutional amendment.

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by priests, did not address the issue until late May, when they ordered pastors to read and publish a statement to mobilize their parishioners to contact their legislators to urge then to support the constitutional amendment.

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have jurisdiction over marriages and divorces performed under tribal law. As a result, it is unclear if same-sex marriage is legal on their reservations. While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a

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held out for marriage. Civil unions weren't acceptable to the gay community in Massachusetts. They didn't want a second-sister relationship like they have in Vermont. They wanted the full-blown description with the title of

1310:. Ronald Crews of the Massachusetts Family Institute estimated a possible shift of 10 to 15 seats against same-sex marriage. The elections resulted in shifts that consistently favored supporters of same-sex marriage rights. 1326:

retired and three of their successors were supporters of same-sex marriage. In special elections in the spring of 2005, three incumbents who supported a constitutional amendment lost to supporters of same-sex marriage.

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was considering allowing a vote to adjourn without acting on the measure. Instead, on November 9, 2006, the legislators in convention voted 109 to 87 to recess until January 2, the last day of the legislative session.

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Advocates of same-sex marriage, who had been far outnumbered as demonstrators two years earlier, were a large and constant presence in the House of Representatives throughout the 2004 convention, coordinated by

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to declare what their constitutional obligations are." The First Assistant Attorney General representing the General Court countered that the voters were free to replace the legislators at the next election.

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When recognizing marriages entered into after the adoption of this amendment by the people, the Commonwealth and its political subdivisions shall define marriage only as the union of one man and one woman.

7520: 5449: 5802: 5356: 5895: 1166:. Former Governor Weld took credit for laying the groundwork for the decision: "A lot of the stuff we did foreshadowed the opinion." He said: "It is a thunderbolt, but a thunderbolt correctly heard." 7284: 6208: 5578: 1713:

On December 27, 2006, the SJC ruled unanimously that Article 48 of the State Constitution requires legislators to take recorded votes on initiative amendments. The SJC's opinion authored by Justice

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other states could not marry in Massachusetts. Reilly took the position that 38 states expressly denied recognition to same-sex marriages and that residents of other states could obtain licenses.

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in state court until the attempt to amend the State Constitution was allowed to run its course. A single justice of the SJC dismissed the complaint on May 3. A few days later, shortly before the

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called for the General Court to act during its scheduled joint session to put a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage to a popular vote. Governor Mitt Romney authored an op-ed in

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counties. Subtracting the first year total, an average of 2,025 marriages were performed each subsequent year. Approximately 32,000 same-sex couples had married in Massachusetts by 2024.

7696: 4450: 1662:, Reilly's principal opponent for the Democratic nomination for governor, said "There was a strong argument that this should have gone a different way." Massachusetts Secretary of State 1413:

showed that since 1976 town clerks had been repeatedly instructed not to question applicants for marriage licenses about their eligibility. A spokesman for Governor Romney said that the

8511: 8400: 6605: 6174: 5737: 5706: 7721: 7380: 5161: 2854: 2827: 1788:

that same-sex marriage was not legal there, New York's first explicit prohibition on same-sex marriage. In July 2007, the Department of Public Health ruled that same-sex couples from

1417:

decision "changed the definition of marriage, it changed the way the new marriage forms look, and it changed the way city and town clerks will carry out the requirements of the law."

639: 7002: 6060: 5864: 5418: 5257: 4902: 7746: 7629: 4171: 2881: 7081: 4419: 1970:

showed that there were 20,913 married same-sex couple households (9,037 male couples and 11,876 female couples) and 12,539 unmarried same-sex couple households in Massachusetts.

6790: 6555: 5480: 4814: 1298:

As the constitutional convention concluded its work on the amendment, some politicians announced plans to make the November 2004 elections a referendum on same-sex marriage. In

6670: 5387: 2994: 1705:, and the President of the Massachusetts Senate who chairs joint sessions of the General Court, Senator Travaglini. After a 20-minute hearing on November 30, Associate Justice 7820: 6946:"Sandra Cote-Whitacre & others vs. Department of Public Health & others Memorandum of Decision on Whether Same-Sex Marriage is Prohibited in New York and Rhode Island" 6971: 6821: 5516: 5099: 4729: 7840: 7139: 6852: 1000:'s attempt to extend health care benefits to Boston city employees' domestic partners by executive order was successfully challenged by the Catholic Action League in court. 6759: 6728: 6636: 5929: 5555: 7856: 7578: 6101: 5288: 4845: 3676: 1684:

criticized it. As that date neared, Arline Isaacson, a lobbyist for the Gay and Lesbian Political Caucus, was not optimistic about her side's chances and Senate President

1271:

The General Court met in joint session as a constitutional convention on February 11, and after six hours of debate rejected two amendments, one proposed by House Speaker

712:

Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship" is available in 68 of Cambodia’s communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

4783: 6273: 4326: 4202: 993:

vetoed it because it applied to different-sex couples, which he thought undermined marriage, while he offered to sign legislation that applied to same-sex couples only.

671:

Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

6488: 6362: 8213: 6701: 6331: 6304: 5192: 1205:"a considered choice of language that reflects a demonstrable assigning of same-sex, largely homosexual, couples to second-class status." As for the argument that the 5675: 4264: 5223: 5130: 5042: 2773: 7201: 4357: 8654: 7916: 7315: 6250: 4580: 655: 5457: 4295: 3016: 1800:

wrote: "Las Vegas? Mecca? So far, little Rhode Island is the only state that allows gay residents to wed in Massachusetts. We are the Las Vegas of Rhode Island."

7934: 5810: 5364: 1836:

2004 that civil unions would not suffice as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples. The SJC took a comparable position on September 12 with respect to

613: 609: 446: 7944: 5073: 4958: 2944: 1229:

Without coming to agreement on how to proceed, legislative leaders considered several legal options, including passing statutes to delay the implementation of

985:

without success. Its supporters focused on equal benefits and fairness rather than same-sex relationships themselves. In 1998, when the General Court passed a

5903: 8465: 8300: 605: 570: 7292: 6216: 5586: 1360: 1012:

by a parent of the same sex as a biological parent. In July 1999, the same court awarded visitation rights to each of two mothers after their separation.

299: 5779: 4611: 7949: 7258: 2934: 7663: 7921: 7909: 7813: 2939: 6151: 5330: 4489: 8290: 7904: 6124: 5644: 4683: 7428: 7170: 3353: 3240: 8434: 6582: 5609: 4241: 4152: 4458: 1197:

unconstitutional discrimination, even if the rights and obligations attached to each were identical. It called the difference between the terms

8352: 7773: 6613: 6182: 5833: 5745: 5714: 535: 1831:

that Massachusetts recognizes a same-sex civil union established in another jurisdiction as the legal equivalent of a marriage. Chief Justice

8598: 8280: 7806: 7729: 5169: 3390: 1158:

for same-sex couples. His views were recognized as an attempt to establish his record on a controversial issue while planning to run for the

479: 1902:

In August 2023, Boston removed all mentions of sex on marriage licence forms "in the hopes of offering more dignified experiences for all".

7010: 6883: 6068: 6022: 5872: 5426: 5265: 4906: 1339:

In April, the Catholic Action League of Massachusetts and several conservative advocacy organizations tried to block the implementation of

335: 330: 149: 7637: 7231: 5963: 4388: 1641:, and Gilbert Thompson, president of the board of the Black Ministerial Alliance of Greater Boston. The language of their amendment was: 8649: 7761: 7502: 4179: 1169:

Opponents of gay and lesbian rights opposed any compromise with the SJC. Brian Camenker, head of the Parents Rights Coalition, said: "As

421: 404: 7089: 6559: 4427: 8372: 7872: 6798: 6433: 5488: 4822: 1827:

On July 26, 2012, in a case involving a same-sex couple who established a civil union in Vermont in 2003, the SJC ruled unanimously in

474: 393: 388: 224: 6678: 5395: 3002: 8573: 8323: 8003: 7882: 6945: 1927:

cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized

1549:

broadcast live coverage from outside Boston City Hall. The three major networks lead their evening news shows with wedding coverage.

1134: 1110: 858: 540: 469: 426: 304: 289: 284: 6979: 6829: 5107: 4737: 1761:

signing a bill repealing the 1913 statute that prevented out-of-state same-sex couples from marrying in Massachusetts, July 31, 2008

8519: 8249: 7147: 6860: 5524: 3943: 1456:. Bonauto said that GLAD's position was that applicants should never be less than honest, "let alone on a form signed under oath". 1292: 1242: 1104: 884: 530: 520: 464: 325: 314: 294: 255: 6767: 6736: 6644: 4121: 8239: 8188: 7877: 7604: 6914: 6522: 6109: 5296: 4853: 1126: 416: 411: 398: 353: 340: 309: 229: 6458: 4791: 3680: 8639: 8535: 8259: 8254: 8244: 8221: 7896: 6281: 4334: 1247: 1073:

The President of the Massachusetts Senate controls the calling of a constitutional convention and its agenda. Senate President

525: 234: 7678: 6496: 6475: 6370: 4210: 6705: 6339: 6308: 5200: 1924: 1808: 909: 5683: 8578: 7829: 7055: 5231: 5138: 5050: 4988: 4272: 4090: 4059: 4028: 3997: 3912: 3858: 3827: 3796: 3765: 3734: 3703: 3646: 3615: 3584: 3553: 3519: 3488: 3457: 3426: 3322: 3292: 3209: 3178: 3124: 3093: 3047: 1486: 1468: 1447:

On May 4, when the Romney Administration began training clerks to handle applications from same-sex couples, a report from

1059: 978: 897: 879: 174: 7582: 7209: 4365: 8603: 8427: 8275: 8153: 8118: 7323: 2800: 2584: 1819:

mounted a petition drive for a referendum to reinstate the law in October 2008, but failed to collect enough signatures.

973: 659: 575: 560: 457: 4303: 3024: 8347: 8231: 8193: 8098: 2915:

The margin of error for the national survey was ± 0.82 percentage points at the 95% level of confidence, including the

1880: 1364: 1089: 154: 4966: 8377: 8318: 8158: 8148: 8143: 8123: 7561: 1471:, where the first legal same-sex marriages in Massachusetts, and in the United States, were performed on May 17, 2004 721:

Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

199: 31: 1889:

ruling on June 26, 2015. Several state politicians from across the political spectrum welcomed the ruling. Governor

1555:

ran the tag "For better or for worse" above the headline "Same-sex weddings make history". It was the lead story in

8295: 8073: 7988: 1952: 1399:

Localities that supported the right of same-sex couples to marry resisted both those interpretations. On April 11,

1159: 1062:(GLAD) filed a lawsuit in state court challenging the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples in April 2001. 214: 179: 1792:, where whether the law prohibited same-sex marriage was disputed, can obtain marriage licenses in Massachusetts. 1543:. News coverage of the day's events in Massachusetts was extensive, though limited outside the United States. The 1088:, but took no action. The four Roman Catholic bishops of Massachusetts, long distracted by the revelations of the 8108: 8103: 7978: 1956: 1206: 159: 99: 1593:

only invalidated a marriage that violated public policy as in cases of "bigamy, incest or mental incompetence".

1031:, Weld said that Massachusetts would recognize the validity of same-sex marriages licensed there. He called the 958:

began providing health benefits to the same-sex partners of its employees the following year. In 1992, Governor

8634: 8629: 8420: 8367: 8198: 8163: 8068: 8043: 7262: 1692:

On November 19, 2006, Governor Romney led a rally against the General Court's delaying tactics in front of the

1303: 1163: 1050: 64: 59: 7113:"The Impact of Extending Marriage to Non-Resident Same-Sex Couples on the Massachusetts Budget, June 30, 2008" 1804: 1493:

Other cities and towns in Massachusetts began issuing applications during normal business hours. Boston Mayor

8357: 8183: 8133: 8113: 8088: 8078: 8063: 8053: 8038: 8018: 7993: 7983: 7973: 4932: 1960: 1118: 1066: 889: 851: 515: 194: 189: 94: 6423: 779:

Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

8551: 8483: 8475: 8362: 8203: 8178: 8083: 8023: 7998: 7968: 7958: 7464: 2929: 1717:

said the legislators' duties were "beyond serious debate", and described their constitutional obligations:

1433: 1291:

its ruling requiring the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples on May 17, but Attorney General

1019:

undecided on the question. When asked about "gay marriage" while running to represent Massachusetts in the

905: 901: 347: 239: 144: 134: 124: 119: 114: 109: 74: 69: 54: 7483: 8138: 8093: 8033: 8008: 7963: 7402: 3077:

Chafetz, Gary S. (September 15, 1992). "Cambridge Ordinance Extends Benefits to City Workers' Partners".

2949: 1915: 1528: 1400: 1174: 1028: 982: 913: 550: 219: 209: 184: 169: 139: 129: 84: 79: 7178: 3364: 2692: 2665: 2357: 1485:

described as having "a well-known taste for erudite rebelliousness", decorated the wooden staircases of

1215: 8644: 8168: 8048: 8013: 5617: 3251: 1574: 1520: 741: 700: 510: 505: 431: 204: 164: 89: 2746: 2719: 1464: 8460: 8285: 8173: 8128: 8028: 7450: 5652: 2638: 2611: 1967: 1693: 1503: 1453: 1133:

of GLAD argued the case for the plaintiffs. Assistant Attorney General Judith Yogman represented the

767: 696: 375: 104: 7788: 4387:

Marshall, Margaret H.; Greaney, John M.; Ireland, Roderick L.; Cowin, Judith A. (February 4, 2004).

6086: 1524: 1476: 1404: 1085: 955: 844: 3401: 8588: 6459:"C. Joseph Doyle & others vs. Secretary of the Commonwealth & another, December 27, 2006" 1911: 1551: 1545: 1516: 1378:

decision. Another bill targeted all four justices who signed the majority decision in that case.

1221: 1033: 5959: 5841: 4396: 8493: 7235: 5994: 5937: 5027: 4884: 4768: 4714: 4661: 4557: 3982: 3897: 3163: 1748: 1407:'s clerk took a similar position on April 16. Before the end of the month, an investigation by 1387: 1307: 1170: 1009: 545: 6132: 3276:

Witcher, Gregory (December 18, 1986). "Panel Recommends Change in Gay Foster Parents Policy".

730:

Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

8608: 1933: 1420:

When Romney suggested confusion over the 1913 law justified postponing the implementation of

1027:

said: "it is not appropriate at this time". In December 1996, considering the possibility of

6891: 8455: 6128: 1885: 1837: 1767: 1540: 1539:

same-sex couples applied for licenses, including at least 164 from 27 other states and the

1515:

lawsuit were all wed on May 17, beginning with Robert Compton and David Wilson at Boston's

1441: 1359:

denied their request for an injunction delaying implementation of the decision, as did the

1189: 1138: 1020: 626: 555: 22: 7346: 4515: 8: 8583: 6952: 2555: 2526: 2497: 2468: 2439: 2410: 2381: 2352: 1832: 1557: 947: 3951: 1633:

organized the petition drive. Its backers included Governor Romney, former Boston Mayor

7798: 7611: 7550: 6532: 6527: 5987: 5020: 4877: 4761: 4707: 4654: 4635: 4550: 4531: 4129: 3975: 3890: 3156: 1630: 1578: 1481: 1356: 1272: 942: 6922: 7557: 6462: 6428: 1702: 1685: 1663: 1288: 1276: 1078: 1015: 968: 871: 565: 44: 1581:

wrote in a letter to Romney that the status of an out-of-state same-sex marriage in

1065:

In July 2001, Massachusetts Citizens for Marriage announced a campaign to amend the

6246: 6105: 4392: 2998: 1868: 1776: 1586: 1507: 1409: 1315: 1234: 951: 691: 7465:"'Love Wins': Mass. Officials React To Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Decision" 7112: 6556:"Same-sex marriage ban advances: Lawmakers OK item for ballot, but hurdle remains" 8332:

Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry

1714: 1706: 1638: 1348: 1283: 1005: 994: 963: 4996: 3330: 3300: 3055: 1374:

filed legislation to impeach Chief Justice Margaret Marshall, the author of the

7373:"Massachusetts high court says it recognizes Vermont civil unions as marriages" 6915:"Will the State of Massachusetts Ever Permit Same-Sex Out-of-Staters to Marry?" 4098: 4067: 4036: 4005: 3920: 3866: 3835: 3804: 3773: 3742: 3711: 3654: 3623: 3592: 3561: 3527: 3496: 3465: 3434: 3217: 3186: 3132: 3101: 1816: 1570: 1437: 1311: 1074: 1046: 938: 7285:"Massachusetts Gov. Patrick Signs Bill Allowing Gay Marriage by Non-Residents" 1822: 937:

In 1989, passing legislation first proposed in 1973, Massachusetts prohibited

8623: 8527: 2916: 1920: 1890: 1797: 1758: 1727: 1659: 1502:

clerk. Rejecting the Romney's insistence that the 1913 statute be respected,

1494: 1392: 1371: 1251:

petition needs a 25% vote (50 out of 200) at two constitutional conventions.

997: 990: 875: 1867:

could not be applied retroactively. Previously, the lower court had granted

1264:, an umbrella organization formed to respond to the public backlash against 8593: 7425:"SJC: Massachusetts Recognizes California Registered Domestic Partnerships" 1784: 1590: 1444:

who could not in conscience officiate at a same-sex wedding should resign.

1322:

retired and successors with similar views replaced them. Five opponents of

1261: 1193: 1130: 893: 834: 753: 7032: 6238: 6044:

Nangle, Richard (October 19, 2005). "Signature fraud hearings get testy".

1573:

took note of these events in Massachusetts with a statement calling for a

1347:

decision was to take effect, four conservative public interest law firms,

7660:"How many same-sex marriages in the U.S.? At least 71,165, probably more" 7610:. National Center for Health Statistics. October 19, 2005. Archived from 1582: 1155: 1024: 892:

to allow only opposite-sex couples to marry. Massachusetts was the sixth

747: 699:

obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of

270: 8412: 7403:"Elia-Warnken v. Elia, 463 Mass. 29 – Mass: Supreme Judicial Court 2012" 1753: 7552:

Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures

2560: 2531: 2502: 2473: 2444: 2415: 2386: 1928: 1860: 1841: 1789: 1603: 1238: 917: 8544:

Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services

7171:"Massachusetts senate votes to repeal controversial 1913 marriage law" 6082: 1084:

In April 2003, a committee of the General Court held a hearing on the

7722:"On 14th anniversary, same-sex marriage seen as 'same-old, same-old'" 7451:"FindLaw's Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts case and opinions" 7234:. Seacoastonline.com. Associated Press. July 29, 2008. Archived from 4153:"Margaret Marshall and the judicial decision that changed the nation" 1895: 1634: 1246:

which is a joint meeting of the two houses of the General Court (the

986: 959: 7503:"Boston passes historic rule that lets people marry… without gender" 1386:

With respect to implementation, the principal dispute concerned the

8512:

Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston

7288: 6242: 1352: 1054: 921: 788:

Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

658:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and 7484:"Boston marriage licences no longer require gender identification" 757:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding. 703:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling. 1780: 1429: 1299: 1122:

by saying that the issue should be handled by the General Court.

5546:

Cooperman, Alan; Finer, Jonathan; Barbash, Fred (May 17, 2004).

5251: 5249: 3241:"New Policy on Foster Care Parenting By Gays All But Ruled Out" 7521:"2018-ORD-013 Amended and Restated Child and Family Ordinance" 1241:

on a constitutional amendment could be held in November 2006.

7841:

Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States

3400:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 3363:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 3250:. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived from 1672: 1619: 954:

for the same-sex partners of city employees in May 1991, and

616:

in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

7857:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

5246: 4573:"Two marriage amendments fail; lawmakers to reconvene today" 1070:

sufficient number of signatures were certified in December.

6397:"Vote on gay marriage is due but can't be forced, SJC says" 4386: 1823:

Recognition of legal relationships from other jurisdictions

1096: 989:

petition allowing Boston to create such a status, Governor

5803:"Rush of reporters worldwide attracts some limelight, too" 4957:

Kirkpatrick, David D.; Zezima, Katie (November 30, 2004).

6554:

Phillips, Frank & Wangsness, Lisa (January 3, 2007).

1840:

established in other jurisdictions in a case involving a

7917:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

7828: 6853:"Eight Diverse Gay Couples Join to Fight Massachusetts" 5517:"Massachusetts Arrives at Moment for Same-Sex Marriage" 3458:"Coalition Readies Bill to Recognize Same-Sex Marriage" 3125:"Catholic bishops denounce 'domestic partner' benefits" 1667:

conclude that it has not been detrimental to society."

1295:

said there was no legal basis for making that request.

7579:"8,100 gay, lesbian couples marry after 2004 decision" 7259:"Governor signs law allowing out-of-state gays to wed" 6760:"Governor Seeks to Invalidate Some Same-Sex Marriages" 5930:"Massachusetts Rejects Bill to Eliminate Gay Marriage" 5386:

Greenberger, Scott S.; Abraham, Yvonne (May 5, 2004).

3677:"Massachusetts bill targets domestic partner benefits" 3552:

Ribadeneira, Diego; Robertson, Tatsha (May 17, 1999).

2945:

Same-sex marriage status in the United States by state

2324:

Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Massachusetts

1879:

Eleven years after legalization in Massachusetts, the

7003:"Same-sex couples from N.M. allowed to marry in Mass" 5545: 5357:"About 2,500 Gay Couples Sought Licenses in 1st Week" 5289:"Romney Won't Let Gay Outsiders Wed In Massachusetts" 5256:

McElhenny, John; Levenson, Michael (April 26, 2004).

4571:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (February 12, 2004).

4201:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (November 20, 2003).

1282:

At the end of March, after extended debate, and some

896:

in the world to legalize same-sex marriage after the

7662:. Pew Research Center. June 26, 2013. Archived from 7605:"Marriage rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999–2004" 6015:"Reilly OK's 2008 initiative on ban of gay marriage" 4604:"Vote on Travis measure shows split on gay marriage" 4480:

Phillips, Frank; Lewis, Raphael (February 6, 2004).

3551: 3427:"Equal rights: When Heather's Mommies Share Custody" 1531:, while "explicit protests were scattered and few". 1497:

greeted three of the couples who were plaintiffs in

7630:"5 years later, views shift subtly on gay marriage" 6083:"CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS" 5896:"Hundreds of Same-Sex Couples Wed in Massachusetts" 5074:"Spitzer's Opinion Mixed on Status of Gay Marriage" 4959:"Supreme Court Turns Down A Same-Sex Marriage Case" 4903:"Romney seeks authority to delay same sex marriage" 2935:

Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

1424:, Mary Bonauto, the lawyer who successfully argued 1330: 1040: 604:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the 8466:Massachusetts Governor's Task Force on Hate Crimes 7922:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 7549: 7232:"Mass. House votes to let out-of-state gays marry" 6702:"Legislators vote to defeat same-sex marriage ban" 5986: 5863:Lewis, Raphael; Ebbert, Stephanie (May 18, 2004). 5674:Abraham, Yvonne; Paulson, Michael (May 18, 2004). 5385: 5019: 4876: 4760: 4706: 4653: 4634: 4549: 4530: 4170:Phillips, Frank; Klein, Rick (November 19, 2003). 3974: 3889: 3155: 2940:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 7930: 7905:History of same-sex marriage in the United States 7291:. Associated Press. July 31, 2008. Archived from 7111:Badgett, M. V. Lee; Sears, Brad (June 30, 2008). 6553: 6146:Estes, Andrea; Nichols, Russell (July 13, 2006). 5645:"Same-sex couples exchange vows in Massachusetts" 5417:Phillips, Frank; Abraham, Yvonne (May 12, 2004). 5316: 5314: 5255: 4956: 3679:. Unmarried America. May 18, 2001. Archived from 3520:"Weld: Mass. would honor out-of-state gay unions" 1733: 1678: 1596: 1254: 8621: 7679:"Mass. celebrates 20 years of same-sex marriage" 5450:"Municipalities Say Residency Won't be an Issue" 4482:"Finneran seeks to delay start of gay marriages" 1883:legalized same-sex marriage nationwide with its 8655:Same-sex marriage in the United States by state 7785:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 6884:"Massachusetts Court Limits Same-Sex Marriages" 5481:"Boston Adopts Stricter Stand on Gay Outsiders" 5416: 4815:"Gay-Marriage Vote Sparks Fight in State Races" 3585:"Group urges recognition of same-sex marriages" 3554:"Battle lines form over same-sex marriage bill" 1937: 1129:(SJC), which heard arguments on March 4, 2003. 6671:"Right of gays to marry set for years to come" 6148:"Lawmakers delay vote on gay marriage measure" 5673: 5311: 5128: 3323:"POLICY BARRING GAYS AS FOSTER PARENTS IS LAW" 1974:Massachusetts marriage statistics (2004–2016) 1209:'s refusal to recognize same-sex marriages as 536:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas 8599:Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition 8428: 7814: 6516: 6514: 5772:"Gay marriage story drew headlines worldwide" 5765: 5763: 4570: 4479: 4200: 4169: 3797:"Battle over Gay Marriage Petition Gets Ugly" 3048:"Scondras, O'Neil clash on insurance measure" 1742: 1355:. On May 13, 2004, U.S. District Court Judge 852: 7110: 6972:"Same-sex nuptials validated for NY couples" 6145: 5834:"Bush renews call for same-sex marriage ban" 5350: 5348: 4933:"Goodridge celebrates its paper anniversary" 4730:"A rift on gay unions fuels a coup at polls" 4680:"Vote ties civil unions to gay-marriage ban" 4641:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53ff. 4537:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47ff. 4234:"Image on the line, Romney treads carefully" 3291:Vennochi, Joan; Mohl, Bruce (May 25, 1987). 3290: 3017:"A Gay Rights Law Is Voted in Massachusetts" 1773:Cote-Whitacre v. Department of Public Health 8574:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 7547: 7131: 7035:. NBC News. Associated Press. July 26, 2007 7033:"Massachusetts now lets NM gay couples wed" 6751: 5923: 5921: 5862: 5735: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5323:"Romney: gay outsiders can't marry in Mass" 4602:Greenberger, Scott S. (February 13, 2004). 4601: 4451:"Romney Urges States to Define Institution" 4060:"Bishops Eye Pastors to Fight Gay Marriage" 3517: 3210:"SJC nullifies city domestic benefits plan" 2801:University of New Hampshire's Survey Center 1459: 1367:declined to hear the case without comment. 1113:(GLAD) initiated a lawsuit in state court, 1111:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 1060:Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders 273:or registered partnerships but not marriage 8503: 8435: 8421: 7873:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado 7821: 7807: 7056:"Next Battle Ready for Mass. Gay Marriage" 6944:Connolly, Thomas E. (September 29, 2006). 6729:"Gay-union foes vow to target legislators" 6637:"Bishops exhort lawmakers on gay marriage" 6575:"Gay marriage vote to test DiMasi's clout" 6523:"Massachusetts Considers Gay Marriage Ban" 6511: 6390: 6388: 5760: 5610:"A Carefully Considered Rush to the Altar" 5447: 4122:"SJC Peppers Lawyers on Same-Sex Marriage" 3616:"Rogers' Bill Would Rule Out Gay Marriage" 1905: 1874: 1620:Initiative to amend the State Constitution 1192:put forward legislative language creating 859: 845: 8442: 7883:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida 7199: 7137: 6726: 6664: 6662: 6453: 6451: 6239:"Romney seeks Mass. vote on gay marriage" 6209:"Romney seeks to force gay marriage vote" 6202: 6200: 6122: 6102:"Gay-marriage opponents get SJC go-ahead" 5769: 5354: 5345: 4989:"Motion to Remove Justice Marshall Filed" 4846:"Lavoie Tries to End Reign of Travaglini" 4417: 3547: 3545: 1180: 1135:Massachusetts Department of Public Health 541:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania 8520:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 7749:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 7581:. Springfield Republican. Archived from 7370: 7313: 7256: 6943: 6912: 6788: 6699: 6668: 6603: 6572: 6395:Saltzman, Jonathan (December 28, 2006). 6394: 6361:Saltzman, Jonathan (December 21, 2006). 6360: 6303:Saltzman, Jonathan (November 25, 2006). 6302: 6172: 5989:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 5918: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5503: 5022:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4926: 4924: 4896: 4894: 4879:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4763:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4709:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4656:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4637:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4552:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4533:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 4509: 4507: 4324: 4294:Saltzman, Jonathan (November 23, 2003). 4293: 4262: 4091:"Judge Dismisses Same-Sex Marriage Suit" 3977:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3892:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3859:"3 Proposals on Threshold of '02 Ballot" 3763: 3647:"Bill Targets Domestic Partner Benefits" 3455: 3351: 3207: 3158:America's Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage 3122: 2988: 2986: 2984: 1752: 1463: 1125:The plaintiffs appealed directly to the 1115:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 1105:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 1098:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 885:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 811: 809: 638:Neither performed nor recognized in six 531:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe 521:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa 8340: 7878:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas 7865: 7771: 7627: 7168: 7119:. University of California eScholarship 7079: 7053: 6881: 6850: 6819: 6757: 6606:"Tight vote looms on same-sex marriage" 6520: 6385: 6274:"Romney directs his ire at legislators" 6272:Radin, Charles A. (November 21, 2006). 6175:"Leaders seek to kill gay marriage ban" 6058: 5993:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5984: 5927: 5893: 5800: 5514: 5320: 5286: 5190: 5159: 5129:John McElhenny, John (April 12, 2004). 5071: 5026:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5017: 4930: 4874: 4843: 4767:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4758: 4704: 4673: 4671: 4660:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4651: 4632: 4556:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4547: 4528: 4418:Rodriguez, Matthew (February 6, 2004). 4057: 3972: 3941: 3910: 3887: 3828:"Accusations Swirl on Petition Tactics" 3795:Ebbert, Stephanie (November 21, 2001). 3701: 3644: 3489:"Kennedy, Romney battle for the middle" 3275: 3176: 3162:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3153: 3076: 1863:. The court ruled that its decision in 1243:Amending the Massachusetts Constitution 888:that it was unconstitutional under the 878:since May 17, 2004, as a result of the 8622: 8536:Gill v. Office of Personnel Management 7676: 7481: 7344: 6969: 6659: 6489:"Same-sex marriage foes sue lawmakers" 6448: 6363:"SJC role in gay marriage vote argued" 6253:from the original on February 14, 2016 6197: 6099: 6061:"Marriage backers, foes point fingers" 6043: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5966:from the original on February 14, 2016 5736:Greenberger, Scott S. (May 18, 2004). 5579:"Some Couples Avoid 3-Day Wait to Wed" 5576: 5355:MacDonald, Christine (June 17, 2004). 5193:"Marriage eligibility wasn't enforced" 5162:"Worcester clerk won't challenge gays" 4883:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4713:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4327:"Senate eyes civil union bill for SJC" 4150: 3998:"Bill to Ban Same-Sex Marriage Argues" 3981:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3913:"Birmingham Blocks a Vote on Marriage" 3896:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3825: 3794: 3582: 3542: 3486: 3389:Wong, Doris Sue (September 11, 1993). 3238: 3179:"Mayor sets order on partner benefits" 3123:Franklin, James L. (October 9, 1992). 3094:"Weld gives family leave to some gays" 3045: 1945: 1109:Seven same-sex couples represented by 971:bishops of Massachusetts, replying in 526:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 8416: 7802: 7541: 6486: 6421: 6332:"Same-sex marriage hearing expedited" 6305:"Marriage vote suit delivered to SJC" 6271: 6206: 6012: 5704: 5632: 5607: 5478: 5221: 5097: 5040: 4921: 4900: 4891: 4812: 4781: 4728:Lewis, Raphael (September 26, 2004). 4727: 4677: 4504: 4448: 4355: 4325:Phillips, Frank (December 11, 2003). 4263:Phillips, Frank (November 27, 2003). 4231: 4119: 4088: 4026: 3856: 3826:Ebbert, Stephanie (January 9, 2002). 3764:Phillips, Frank (September 6, 2001). 3735:"Ballot Effort Eyes Gay Marriage Ban" 3732: 3613: 3518:Villancourt, Meg (December 5, 1996). 3354:"Foster-Care Ban on Gays is Reversed" 2993:Burge, Kathleen (November 18, 2003). 2992: 2981: 2962: 2309: 2299: 2289: 2284: 1809:University of California, Los Angeles 1519:. There were sizable celebrations in 1370:On May 14, Democratic Representative 806: 665: 650: 648: 600: 598: 8579:Gay and Lesbian Athletics Foundation 7830:Same-sex unions in the United States 7758:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 7697:"PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type" 7628:Filipov, David (November 17, 2008). 7576: 7500: 7314:Levenson, Michael (August 1, 2008). 7000: 6634: 6329: 6173:Phillips, Frank (November 9, 2006). 6125:"'Marriage' amendment OK's for vote" 6013:Lewis, Raphael (September 8, 2005). 5952: 5831: 4931:Kiritsy, Laura (November 18, 2004). 4668: 3433:. September 12, 1999. Archived from 3388: 3091: 1851: 880:Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 685: 683: 681: 679: 677: 654:Neither performed nor recognized in 625:Neither performed nor recognized in 381: 277: 8604:Harvard Gender and Sexuality Caucus 7760:. November 18, 2003. Archived from 7257:Levenson, Michael (July 31, 2008). 6913:Grossman, Joanna (April 10, 2006). 6123:Wetzstein, Cheryl (July 11, 2006). 6059:LeBlanc, Steve (October 19, 2005). 6001: 5928:Belluck, Pam (September 15, 2005). 5865:"R.I., Conn. may grant recognition" 5224:"Romney cites gay-marriage tangles" 5160:Bennett, Jessica (April 17, 2004). 5131:"Gay-marriage license rules sought" 5043:"Clerks Ask Ruling on Marriage Law" 4813:Lewis, Raphael (October 24, 2004). 4782:Lewis, Raphael (November 3, 2004). 4449:Lewis, Raphael (February 6, 2004). 4420:"O'Malley Sharpens Attack on Court" 4356:Lewis, Raphael (January 13, 2004). 4265:"Weld supports gay marriage ruling" 4172:"Lawmakers are divided on response" 4029:"Panel Delays Vote on Gay Marriage" 3995: 3857:Usher, Nicole (December 21, 2001). 1029:Hawaii legalizing same-sex marriage 770:, but they are not legally binding. 576:LGBT rights by country or territory 13: 8650:Political history of Massachusetts 8489:Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts 7371:Finucane, Martin (July 26, 2012). 7345:Jacobs, Ethan (October 30, 2008). 7202:"A curb on gay marriage will fall" 6487:Tench, Megan (December 14, 2006). 6422:Barry, Ellen (December 28, 2006). 6207:Allen, Scott (November 20, 2006). 5448:Schweitzer, Sarah (May 17, 2004). 5419:"Defiance, Rebuke on Gay Marriage" 5321:Abraham, Yvonne (April 25, 2004). 5191:Abraham, Yvonne (April 28, 2004). 4844:Laidler, John (October 17, 2004). 4358:"Delay eyed on marriage amendment" 3702:Abraham, Yvonne (April 12, 2001). 3583:Lehigh, Scot (February 12, 1999). 3177:Sargent, Hilary (August 5, 1998). 3023:. November 1, 1989. Archived from 2556:Public Religion Research Institute 2527:Public Religion Research Institute 2498:Public Religion Research Institute 2469:Public Religion Research Institute 2440:Public Religion Research Institute 2411:Public Religion Research Institute 2382:Public Religion Research Institute 2353:Public Religion Research Institute 1585:was not "automatically void", and 1275:and the other by Senate President 766:Some cities and prefectures issue 645: 627:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands 595: 14: 8666: 7739: 7316:"Same-sex couples applaud repeal" 7200:Moskowitz, Eric (July 30, 2008). 7169:Gilmore, Andrew (July 16, 2008). 7140:"Senate votes to repeal 1913 law" 7138:Moskowitz, Eric (July 16, 2008). 6820:Bennett, Jessica (May 27, 2004). 6791:"Somerville Eyes Challenge to AG" 6727:Sacchetti, Mara (July 24, 2007). 6700:Phillips, Frank (June 14, 2007). 6669:Phillips, Frank (June 15, 2007). 6604:Phillips, Frank (June 14, 2007). 6573:Phillips, Frank (June 11, 2007). 6436:from the original on July 2, 2015 6330:Ryan, Andrew (December 1, 2006). 5960:"Same-Sex Marriage Win In Boston" 5222:Lewis, Raphael (April 16, 2004). 5098:Lewis, Raphael (March 31, 2004). 4901:Lewis, Raphael (April 16, 2004). 4232:Klein, Rick (November 20, 2003). 4120:Burge, Kathleen (March 5, 2003). 4058:Paulson, Michael (May 29, 2003). 3942:Abraham, Yvonne (July 18, 2002). 3911:Abraham, Yvonne (June 20, 2002). 3733:Gedan, Benjamin (July 25, 2001). 3487:Lehigh, Scot (October 10, 1994). 3391:"Lesbian couple allowed to adopt" 3092:Loci, Toni (September 24, 1992). 2995:"SJC: Gay marriage legal in Mass" 2318: 1434:same-sex marriage was legal there 1381: 1045:In December 1998, Representative 797:Spousal health insurance benefits 674: 8395: 8394: 7714: 7689: 7670: 7652: 7621: 7597: 7570: 7513: 7501:Owen, Greg (September 3, 2023). 7494: 7475: 7457: 7443: 7417: 7395: 7364: 7338: 7307: 7277: 7250: 7224: 7193: 7162: 7104: 7082:"The Vegas of same-sex marriage" 7080:Goodman, Ellen (June 22, 2007). 7073: 7047: 7025: 6994: 6963: 6937: 6906: 6875: 6844: 6813: 6789:Phillips, Frank (May 25, 2004). 6782: 6720: 6693: 6628: 6597: 6566: 6547: 6521:Belluck, Pam (January 2, 2007). 6480: 6415: 6354: 6323: 6296: 6265: 6231: 6166: 6139: 6116: 6093: 6075: 6052: 6046:Worcester Telegram & Gazette 6037: 5978: 5962:. CBS News. September 14, 2005. 5887: 5856: 5825: 5794: 5770:Jurkowitz, Mark (May 19, 2004). 5738:"Survey Finds Women in Majority" 5729: 5707:"It was a New Experience for Us" 5698: 5667: 5601: 5577:Murphy, Shelley (May 18, 2004). 5570: 5539: 5472: 5441: 5041:Lewis, Raphael (March 7, 2004). 4296:"Reaction split on gay marriage" 3645:Abraham, Yvonne (May 17, 2001). 3614:Klein, Rick (February 2, 2001). 3239:Cooper, Kenneth (May 25, 1985). 3208:Pfeiffer, Sacha (July 9, 1999). 2532:April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 1575:federal constitutional amendment 1436:. The governor's legal counsel, 1331:Attempts to delay implementation 1041:Protection of Marriage Amendment 927: 828: 7482:Condon, Ali (August 30, 2023). 6882:Belluck, Pam (March 30, 2006). 6822:"P-Town Follows Order, for now" 6100:Helman, Scott (July 11, 2006). 5801:Talcott, Sasha (May 18, 2004). 5410: 5379: 5287:Belluck, Pam (April 25, 2004). 5280: 5215: 5184: 5153: 5122: 5091: 5072:Santora, Marc (March 4, 2004). 5065: 5034: 5011: 4981: 4950: 4868: 4837: 4806: 4775: 4752: 4721: 4698: 4645: 4626: 4595: 4564: 4541: 4522: 4473: 4442: 4411: 4380: 4349: 4318: 4287: 4256: 4225: 4194: 4163: 4144: 4113: 4089:Burge, Kathleen (May 9, 2002). 4082: 4051: 4020: 3996:Roy, Cynthia (April 29, 2003). 3989: 3966: 3950:. Free Republic. Archived from 3935: 3904: 3881: 3850: 3819: 3788: 3766:"8 Ballot Initiatives Rejected" 3757: 3726: 3695: 3669: 3638: 3607: 3576: 3511: 3480: 3456:Longcope, Kay (June 12, 1991). 3449: 3419: 3382: 3352:Longcope, Kay (April 5, 1990). 3345: 3329:. July 29, 1988. Archived from 3315: 3293:"Gays Target Dukakis' Campaign" 3284: 3269: 3232: 3201: 3170: 3147: 3116: 3085: 3070: 3039: 3009: 2589:September 20 – October 1, 2014 2561:April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 2503:May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 1923:perspective being performed in 1237:of Harvard Law School, until a 1175:letter from the Birmingham jail 874:has been legally recognized in 791: 782: 773: 760: 733: 724: 7728:. May 17, 2018. Archived from 7261:. Boston Globe. Archived from 7054:Maguire, Ken (June 15, 2007). 6851:Belluck, Pam (June 18, 2004). 6704:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6635:Ryan, Andrew (June 13, 2007). 6558:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6399:. Boston Globe. Archived from 6150:. Boston Globe. Archived from 5705:Weiss, Joanna (May 18, 2004). 5651:. May 17, 2004. Archived from 5608:Jones, Tamara (May 18, 2004). 5548:"America's first gay marriage" 5479:Weiss, Joanna (May 13, 2004). 5258:"Marriage restriction debated" 4995:. May 26, 2004. Archived from 4905:. Boston Globe. Archived from 4682:. Boston Globe. Archived from 4678:Klein, Rick (March 30, 2004). 4151:Graham, Renée (May 14, 2024). 4027:Lewis, Raphael (May 1, 2003). 2585:New York Times/CBS News/YouGov 1734:Constitutional convention 2007 1679:Constitutional convention 2006 1597:Constitutional convention 2005 1511:couples who were party to the 1361:First Circuit Court of Appeals 1255:Constitutional convention 2004 715: 706: 632: 619: 1: 8640:LGBTQ rights in Massachusetts 7677:Deehan, Mike (May 17, 2024). 7556:. University of Texas Press. 7001:Abel, David (July 27, 2007). 6970:Mishra, Raja (May 17, 2007). 6758:Belluck, Pam (May 21, 2004). 5894:Belluck, Pam (May 18, 2004). 5515:Belluck, Pam (May 17, 2004). 2975: 2445:January 7 – December 20, 2020 1936:, the term for two-spirit is 1363:on June 29. In November, the 1067:Constitution of Massachusetts 932: 890:Constitution of Massachusetts 516:Timeline of same-sex marriage 8552:Barrett v. Fontbonne Academy 8484:LGBT rights in Massachusetts 6424:"Gay marriage vote unlikely" 5100:"AG sees gay marriage limit" 3046:Aucoin, Don (May 23, 1991). 2930:LGBT rights in Massachusetts 2387:March 11 – December 14, 2022 1624: 640:British Overseas Territories 7: 7701:United States Census Bureau 5985:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 5832:Bash, Dana (May 17, 2004). 5018:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4875:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4759:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4705:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4652:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4633:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4548:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4529:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 4513:Massachusetts Legislature: 3973:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 3944:"Gay Marriage Ban Thwarted" 3888:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 3154:Pinello, Daniel R. (2006). 2950:Divorce of same-sex couples 2923: 2882:KRC Communications Research 2855:KRC Communications Research 2828:KRC Communications Research 2474:April 5 – December 23, 2017 2304: 2294: 1916:Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head 983:Massachusetts General Court 551:Divorce of same-sex couples 10: 8671: 7577:Ring, Dan (May 17, 2006). 4784:"GOP Falls Short in State" 3704:"Gays Seek Right to Marry" 2416:March 8 – November 9, 2021 2358:March 9 – December 7, 2023 1746: 1743:Marriages of non-residents 1188:On December 11, 2003, the 1102: 511:Same-sex union court cases 506:Same-sex union legislation 8566: 8474: 8461:Combahee River Collective 8448: 8390: 8317: 8268: 8230: 8212: 7943: 7895: 7849: 7836: 7347:"1913 law petition fails" 5388:"Gay-Marriage Rule Eased" 1694:Massachusetts State House 1233:, a strategy outlined by 1037:(DOMA) unconstitutional. 697:European Court of Justice 8291:Northern Mariana Islands 6087:Massachusetts Government 4203:"Civil union law sought" 2955: 1460:First same-sex marriages 1248:House of Representatives 1086:constitutional amendment 768:partnership certificates 8589:Family Equality Council 7528:Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe 4519:, accessed July 5, 2013 2919:for the survey of 1.56. 1938: 1912:Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe 1906:Native American nations 1875:Subsequent developments 1658:used for that purpose. 1629:An organization called 1552:The Cincinnati Enquirer 1517:Arlington Street Church 1222:The Wall Street Journal 1034:Defense of Marriage Act 977:, the newspaper of the 739:Courts have recognised 612:. May be registered in 8494:Massachusetts 1913 law 7772:Bonauto, Mary (2005). 7726:Wicked Local Hull News 7427:. GLAD. Archived from 7117:The Williams Institute 6112:on September 19, 2015. 2781:600 registered voters 2724:September 16–18, 2011 2616:September 20–23, 2013 2347:Do not know / refused 1982:Heterosexual marriages 1894:they choose." Senator 1803:On June 30, 2008, the 1762: 1749:Massachusetts 1913 law 1723: 1647: 1617: 1472: 1171:Martin Luther King Jr. 1147: 1127:Supreme Judicial Court 1090:sexual abuse of minors 1010:second-parent adoption 546:Marriage privatization 8635:2004 in Massachusetts 8630:2004 in LGBTQ history 8443:LGBT in Massachusetts 8324:domestic partnerships 7666:on September 5, 2015. 7640:on September 15, 2013 6958:on November 30, 2006. 6249:. November 20, 2006. 5686:on September 22, 2004 5620:on September 21, 2018 5141:on September 10, 2015 5110:on September 26, 2015 4492:on September 21, 2015 4399:on September 10, 2015 4244:on September 27, 2013 4132:on September 12, 2015 2832:February 18–19, 2004 2747:Public Policy Polling 2720:Public Policy Polling 2693:Public Policy Polling 2666:Public Policy Polling 2639:Public Policy Polling 2612:Public Policy Polling 1994:% same-sex marriages 1934:Massachusett language 1838:domestic partnerships 1756: 1719: 1643: 1637:, former SJC Justice 1608: 1467: 1353:republican government 1216:Seán Patrick O'Malley 1154:decision by creating 1143: 924:to same-sex couples. 606:Caribbean Netherlands 8456:Secret Court of 1920 8281:District of Columbia 7548:Sabine Lang (1998). 7326:on December 30, 2008 7295:on February 14, 2016 7265:on September 6, 2008 7238:on February 14, 2016 7212:on December 24, 2008 6894:on February 14, 2016 6708:on February 17, 2012 6535:on February 14, 2016 6499:on December 30, 2006 6311:on December 30, 2006 6284:on November 30, 2006 6219:on February 14, 2016 6129:The Washington Times 5589:on February 14, 2016 5558:on December 15, 2018 5491:on September 6, 2004 4999:on February 14, 2016 4368:on November 23, 2004 4275:on February 13, 2016 4213:on February 13, 2016 4182:on February 13, 2016 4101:on February 13, 2016 4070:on February 13, 2016 4039:on February 13, 2016 4008:on February 13, 2016 3954:on February 13, 2016 3923:on February 13, 2016 3869:on February 13, 2016 3838:on February 13, 2016 3807:on February 13, 2016 3776:on February 13, 2016 3745:on February 13, 2016 3714:on February 13, 2016 3683:on February 13, 2016 3657:on February 13, 2016 3626:on February 13, 2016 3595:on February 13, 2016 3564:on February 13, 2016 3530:on February 13, 2016 3499:on February 16, 2016 3468:on February 13, 2016 3437:on February 13, 2016 3407:on February 13, 2016 3370:on February 13, 2016 3333:on February 13, 2016 3303:on February 13, 2016 3257:on February 13, 2016 3220:on February 13, 2016 3189:on February 13, 2016 3135:on February 13, 2016 3104:on February 13, 2016 3058:on February 13, 2016 3027:on November 20, 2015 3005:on January 28, 2016. 2592:2,389 likely voters 1886:Obergefell v. Hodges 1829:Elia-Warnken v. Elia 1541:District of Columbia 1442:justice of the peace 1190:Massachusetts Senate 556:Domestic partnership 8584:Knowthyneighbor.org 8301:U.S. Virgin Islands 7617:on October 9, 2005. 7181:on October 10, 2015 7150:on November 8, 2009 6925:on October 17, 2006 6135:on October 6, 2012. 5940:on October 23, 2015 5614:The Washington Post 5552:The Washington Post 5527:on October 25, 2018 4909:on February 3, 2016 4825:on October 26, 2004 2332:Dates administered 2325: 1975: 1946:Marriage statistics 1871:to the defendants. 1833:Roderick L. Ireland 1558:The Washington Post 1469:Cambridge City Hall 1173:pointed out in his 948:Boston City Council 916:. It was the first 656:some tribal nations 571:Listings by country 376:Minimal recognition 7794:on April 17, 2017. 6528:The New York Times 6403:on January 8, 2007 5900:The New York Times 5521:The New York Times 5460:on October 3, 2015 5398:on August 31, 2006 5333:on October 1, 2004 4583:on October 5, 2015 4461:on August 10, 2004 4389:"Majority opinion" 2697:March 16–18, 2012 2323: 1973: 1881:U.S. Supreme Court 1805:Williams Institute 1763: 1631:VoteOnMarriage.org 1579:Richard Blumenthal 1563:The New York Times 1482:The New York Times 1473: 1273:Thomas M. Finneran 1207:federal government 979:Boston Archdiocese 943:sexual orientation 815:Not yet in effect. 23:LGBT rights series 8645:Massachusetts law 8617: 8616: 8562: 8561: 8410: 8409: 8386: 8385: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 7891: 7890: 6562:on July 24, 2008. 6429:Los Angeles Times 6025:on March 20, 2006 5782:on March 14, 2005 5367:on April 21, 2005 5268:on March 18, 2005 5053:on March 13, 2005 4969:on April 11, 2015 4794:on April 18, 2005 2907: 2906: 2774:Decision Research 2670:June 22–24, 2012 2316: 2315: 1853:Charron v. Amaral 1703:William F. Galvin 1686:Robert Travaglini 1664:William F. Galvin 1475:On May 16, 2004, 1277:Robert Travaglini 1139:Margaret Marshall 1079:Cheryl A. Jacques 1016:Same-sex marriage 872:Same-sex marriage 869: 868: 610:Aruba and Curaçao 608:), as well as in 489: 488: 365: 364: 8662: 8501: 8500: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8414: 8413: 8398: 8397: 8338: 8337: 7941: 7940: 7928: 7927: 7863: 7862: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7787:. Archived from 7782: 7768: 7767:on May 15, 2024. 7766: 7755: 7734: 7733: 7732:on May 17, 2018. 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7636:. Archived from 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7585:on April 1, 2015 7574: 7568: 7567: 7555: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7525: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7471:. June 26, 2015. 7461: 7455: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7405:. Google Scholar 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7383:on April 4, 2015 7379:. Archived from 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7322:. Archived from 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7208:. Archived from 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7177:. Archived from 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7146:. Archived from 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7088:. Archived from 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7013:on July 26, 2008 7009:. Archived from 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6978:. Archived from 6967: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6951:. Archived from 6950: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6921:. Archived from 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6890:. Archived from 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6859:. Archived from 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6828:. Archived from 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6797:. Archived from 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6766:. Archived from 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6739:on April 3, 2015 6735:. Archived from 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6677:. Archived from 6666: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6643:. Archived from 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612:. Archived from 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6581:. Archived from 6570: 6564: 6563: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6531:. Archived from 6518: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6495:. Archived from 6484: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6465:on July 20, 2015 6461:. Archived from 6455: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6369:. Archived from 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6338:. Archived from 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307:. Archived from 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6280:. Archived from 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6247:Associated Press 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6215:. Archived from 6204: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6181:. Archived from 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6131:. Archived from 6120: 6114: 6113: 6108:. Archived from 6106:The Boston Globe 6097: 6091: 6090: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6071:on June 2, 2015. 6067:. Archived from 6056: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6021:. Archived from 6010: 5999: 5998: 5992: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5936:. Archived from 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5906:on June 26, 2015 5902:. Archived from 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871:. Archived from 5869:The Boston Globe 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5840:. Archived from 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5813:on June 30, 2004 5809:. Archived from 5807:The Boston Globe 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5778:. Archived from 5776:The Boston Globe 5767: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5744:. Archived from 5742:The Boston Globe 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5713:. Archived from 5711:The Boston Globe 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5682:. Archived from 5680:The Boston Globe 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5655:on June 27, 2015 5641: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5616:. Archived from 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5585:. Archived from 5583:The Boston Globe 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5554:. Archived from 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5523:. Archived from 5512: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487:. Archived from 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456:. Archived from 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5425:. Archived from 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5394:. Archived from 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5363:. 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Archived from 4725: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4686:on July 22, 2004 4675: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4610:. Archived from 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579:. Archived from 4568: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4488:. Archived from 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4457:. Archived from 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4426:. Archived from 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4395:. Archived from 4393:The Boston Globe 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4364:. Archived from 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4333:. Archived from 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4302:. Archived from 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4271:. Archived from 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4240:. Archived from 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209:. Archived from 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4178:. Archived from 4167: 4161: 4160: 4157:The Boston Globe 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4128:. Archived from 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4097:. Archived from 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4066:. Archived from 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4035:. Archived from 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4004:. Archived from 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3919:. Archived from 3908: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3865:. Archived from 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3834:. Archived from 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3803:. Archived from 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3772:. Archived from 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3741:. Archived from 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3710:. Archived from 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653:. Archived from 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3622:. Archived from 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3591:. Archived from 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560:. Archived from 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3526:. Archived from 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3495:. Archived from 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3464:. Archived from 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3299:. Archived from 3288: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3216:. Archived from 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3185:. Archived from 3174: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3131:. Archived from 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3100:. Archived from 3089: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3001:. Archived from 2999:The Boston Globe 2990: 2969: 2966: 2805:March 5–8, 2005 2338:Margin of error 2326: 2322: 1988:Female marriages 1976: 1972: 1968:2020 U.S. census 1941: 1869:summary judgment 1587:Patrick C. Lynch 1536:The Boston Globe 1508:Joseph Curtatone 1449:The Boston Globe 1440:, warned that a 1432:to marry, since 1410:The Boston Globe 1316:Salvatore DiMasi 1235:Mary Ann Glendon 952:health insurance 910:British Columbia 882:(SJC) ruling in 861: 854: 847: 835:LGBTQ portal 833: 832: 831: 816: 813: 798: 795: 789: 786: 780: 777: 771: 764: 758: 737: 731: 728: 722: 719: 713: 710: 704: 692:Coman v. Romania 687: 672: 669: 663: 652: 643: 636: 630: 623: 617: 602: 382: 278: 36: 18: 17: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8558: 8499: 8470: 8444: 8441: 8411: 8406: 8382: 8336: 8322: 8305: 8264: 8226: 8208: 7947: 7932: 7926: 7887: 7861: 7845: 7832: 7827: 7791: 7780: 7764: 7753: 7745: 7742: 7737: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7675: 7671: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7499: 7495: 7480: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7434: 7432: 7431:on May 12, 2013 7423: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7092:on June 2, 2015 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7060:Washington Post 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6982:on June 2, 2015 6968: 6964: 6955: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6863:on May 28, 2015 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6832:on June 3, 2004 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6801:on June 4, 2004 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6770:on May 28, 2015 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6681:on June 2, 2015 6667: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6647:on June 2, 2015 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6616:on June 2, 2015 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6585:on June 2, 2015 6571: 6567: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6519: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6468: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6393: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6373:on June 2, 2015 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6342:on May 12, 2011 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6205: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6185:on June 2, 2015 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6154:on June 2, 2015 6144: 6140: 6121: 6117: 6098: 6094: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6057: 6053: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6011: 6002: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5875:on June 5, 2004 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5844:on July 1, 2015 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5748:on June 3, 2004 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5717:on June 6, 2004 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5429:on June 6, 2004 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5299:on May 28, 2015 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5234:on June 2, 2015 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5203:on June 2, 2015 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5172:on June 2, 2015 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5035: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4899: 4892: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4856:on June 2, 2015 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4780: 4776: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4740:on June 2, 2015 4726: 4722: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4676: 4669: 4650: 4646: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4614:on June 2, 2015 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4546: 4542: 4527: 4523: 4512: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4430:on June 2, 2015 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4337:on June 2, 2015 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4306:on June 2, 2015 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4168: 4164: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3909: 3905: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3175: 3171: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3090: 3086: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2926: 2751:June 2–5, 2011 2321: 1991:Total marriages 1948: 1925:Native American 1908: 1877: 1856: 1825: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1715:John M. Greaney 1707:Judith A. Cowin 1681: 1627: 1622: 1599: 1462: 1384: 1349:Liberty Counsel 1333: 1284:tactical voting 1257: 1186: 1162:nomination for 1107: 1101: 1043: 1006:Michael Dukakis 964:executive order 935: 930: 865: 829: 827: 822: 821: 820: 819: 814: 807: 802: 801: 796: 792: 787: 783: 778: 774: 765: 761: 738: 734: 729: 725: 720: 716: 711: 707: 688: 675: 670: 666: 653: 646: 637: 633: 624: 620: 603: 596: 590: 582: 581: 580: 561:Military policy 500: 492: 491: 490: 484: 453:United States: 436: 378: 368: 367: 366: 360: 319: 274: 263: 262: 261: 260: 245: 244: 48: 37: 34:same-sex unions 33: 32:Legal status of 30: 12: 11: 5: 8668: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8532: 8524: 8516: 8507: 8505: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8486: 8480: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 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Rose 1824: 1821: 1817:MassResistance 1768:Jack Johnson's 1747:Main article: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1680: 1677: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1598: 1595: 1589:reported that 1571:George W. Bush 1534:A survey from 1461: 1458: 1438:Daniel Winslow 1383: 1382:Implementation 1380: 1332: 1329: 1312:Carl Sciortino 1256: 1253: 1185: 1179: 1119:Suffolk County 1103:Main article: 1100: 1095: 1075:Tom Birmingham 1047:John H. Rogers 1042: 1039: 969:Roman Catholic 939:discrimination 934: 931: 929: 926: 867: 866: 864: 863: 856: 849: 841: 838: 837: 824: 823: 818: 817: 804: 803: 800: 799: 790: 781: 772: 759: 732: 723: 714: 705: 695:ruling of the 673: 664: 660:American Samoa 644: 631: 618: 593: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 461: 460: 458:American Samoa 456: • 451: 450: 449: 445: • 439: 437: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 408: 407: 403: • 396: 391: 385: 380: 379: 374: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 354:Cayman Islands 352: • 350: 346: • 341:United Kingdom 338: 333: 328: 322: 320: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Czech Republic 297: 292: 287: 281: 276: 275: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 258: 252: 251: 243: 242: 237: 232: 230:United Kingdom 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 50: 49: 43: 42: 39: 38: 29: 26: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8667: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567:Organizations 8565: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528:Cook v. Gates 8525: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8438: 8433: 8431: 8426: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8403: 8402: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269:Other regions 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8222:Navajo Nation 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194:West Virginia 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:New Hampshire 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8059:Massachusetts 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7817: 7812: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7613: 7606: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7563:0-292-74701-2 7559: 7554: 7553: 7544: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7404: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7050: 7034: 7028: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6663: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6515: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5922: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5764: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676:"Wedding Day" 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5349: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5315: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5014: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4525: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4508: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3073: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2918: 2917:design effect 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646:1,539 voters 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2536:1,521 adults 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2507:1,952 adults 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2478:1,280 adults 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449:1,017 adults 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1940: 1939:nees manut8ak 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1891:Charlie Baker 1888: 1887: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1798:Ellen Goodman 1793: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1759:Deval Patrick 1755: 1750: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1728:Deval Patrick 1722: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1660:Deval Patrick 1655: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1495:Thomas Menino 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1393:Eliot Spitzer 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1372:Philip Travis 1368: 1366: 1365:Supreme Court 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1293:Thomas Reilly 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1181:Interpreting 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 998:Thomas Menino 996: 992: 991:Paul Cellucci 988: 984: 980: 976: 975: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 928:Legal history 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886: 881: 877: 876:Massachusetts 873: 862: 857: 855: 850: 848: 843: 842: 840: 839: 836: 826: 825: 812: 810: 805: 794: 785: 776: 769: 763: 756: 755: 750: 749: 744: 743: 736: 727: 718: 709: 702: 698: 694: 693: 686: 684: 682: 680: 678: 668: 661: 657: 651: 649: 641: 635: 628: 622: 615: 611: 607: 601: 599: 594: 586: 585: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 496: 495: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 459: 455: 454: 452: 448: 444: 443: 442:Netherlands: 441: 440: 438: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 406: 402: 401: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 377: 372: 371: 355: 351: 349: 345: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 321: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 280: 279: 272: 267: 266: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 241: 238: 236: 235:United States 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Liechtenstein 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 46: 41: 40: 35: 28: 27: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8594:MassEquality 8550: 8542: 8534: 8526: 8518: 8510: 8488: 8399: 8319:Civil unions 8159:South Dakota 8149:Rhode Island 8144:Pennsylvania 8124:North Dakota 8058: 7931:By territory 7789:the original 7784: 7775: 7762:the original 7757: 7748: 7730:the original 7725: 7716: 7706:December 11, 7704:. Retrieved 7700: 7691: 7682: 7672: 7664:the original 7654: 7642:. Retrieved 7638:the original 7634:Boston Globe 7633: 7623: 7612:the original 7599: 7587:. Retrieved 7583:the original 7572: 7551: 7543: 7531:. Retrieved 7527: 7515: 7507:LGBTQ Nation 7506: 7496: 7487: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7445: 7433:. Retrieved 7429:the original 7419: 7409:February 14, 7407:. Retrieved 7397: 7385:. Retrieved 7381:the original 7377:Boston Globe 7376: 7366: 7354:. Retrieved 7350: 7340: 7328:. Retrieved 7324:the original 7320:Boston Globe 7319: 7309: 7299:February 14, 7297:. Retrieved 7293:the original 7279: 7267:. Retrieved 7263:the original 7252: 7242:February 14, 7240:. Retrieved 7236:the original 7226: 7214:. Retrieved 7210:the original 7206:Boston Globe 7205: 7195: 7185:February 14, 7183:. Retrieved 7179:the original 7174: 7164: 7152:. Retrieved 7148:the original 7144:Boston Globe 7143: 7133: 7121:. Retrieved 7116: 7106: 7094:. Retrieved 7090:the original 7086:Boston Globe 7085: 7075: 7063:. 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