17:
96:
composed and had posted in
Florence in 1855 a plaque honoring Salvino degli Armati as the inventor of eyeglasses. (The plaque has since been removed.) Furthermore, between 1850 and 1900, a portrait head of Salvino degli Armati with a plaque containing his epitaph was mounted in the chapel of the
89:(Historical Treatise on Eyeglasses, Invented by Salvino Armati, Florentine Gentleman). However, critics pointed out that it was impossible to reconcile a "Salvino Armati" with the known genealogy of the Armati family of Florence around 1286, the period when eyeglasses were invented.
77:
peccata", and most importantly, (3) that the term "inventor" did not exist in the
Florentine vernacular during the 14th century. Del Lungo also found that a "Salvino degli Armati" had died in 1340, but he had been a humble artisan who had never dealt with eyeglasses.
68:
In 1920, the
Italian scholar Isidoro del Lungo (1841–1927) pointed out (1) that nowhere else had a "Salvino degli Armati" been credited with being the inventor of eyeglasses, (2) that in the 14th century, the epitaph would have read
65:
Del
Migliore never produced this burial register, and it has never been found. Del Migliore claimed that D'Armati's tomb and its epitaph was obliterated during the church's restoration.
38:
The earliest mention of
Salvino degli Armati as the inventor of eyeglasses occurred in 1684. Ferdinando Leopoldo del Migliore (1628–1696) of Florence published a book,
434:
429:
260:(Historical treatise on eyeglasses invented by Salvino Armati, Florentine gentleman), (Firenze (Florence), (Italy): Anton-Maria Albizzini, 1738). Chapter VII.
35:
in the 13th century, however it has been shown that this claim was a hoax, and that there was no member of the Armati family with that name at the time.
424:
62: : "Here lies Salvino, son of Armato degli Armati of Florence, inventor of eyeglasses. May God forgive his sins. A.D. 1317."
108:, an Italian physicist who specialized in optics, also published an article on the subject as did the American historian of science
56: : "Qui diace Salvino d'Armato degl'Armati di Fir., Inventor degl'occhiali. Dio gli perdoni la peccata. Anno D. MCCCXVII"
444:
100:
In the twentieth century, efforts were made to expose as a hoax the claim that
Salvino degli Armati invented eyeglasses: The
16:
47:
104:(1955), vol. 1, lists Salvino degli Armati together with an exposure of del Migliore's false claim. Furthermore,
419:
81:
Lack of evidence did not discourage the spreading of this claim about
Salvino degli Armati. In 1738,
399:
50:, which had recently been renovated. This register supposedly recorded Armati's epitaph as follows:
439:
341:
310:
304:
214:
404:
136:
82:
258:
Degli
Occhiali da Naso Inventati da Salvino Armati Gentiluomo Fiorentino Trattato Istorico
227:
152:
87:
Degli occhiali naso inventati da
Salvino Armati, gentiluomo fiorentino. Trattato istorico
8:
189:
181:
93:
318:
293:
265:
342:
Instituto e Museo di Storia della
Scienza: Photo of Armati's epitaph on plaque
413:
185:
112:
and the Italian professor of ophthalmology Giuseppe Albertotti (1851–1936).
369:
Ronchi, Vasco (1946) "Perche non si ritrova l'inventore degli occhiale?" ,
193:
109:
105:
46:). In this book, del Migliore claimed to own a burial register of the
32:
405:
Antique Spectacles: References and recommendations for further study
135:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007),
97:
Orlandini de Beccuto family of the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore.
28:
384:
Ulteriori ricerche e studi intorno alla storia degli occhiali
317:, vol. 3 (Florence, (Italy): S. Giuseppe Calasanzio, 1817),
155:" (The story of a scholarly fraud (Salvino degli Armati)),
85:(1690–1788) of Florence published a book on the subject:
153:
Le vicende d'un'impostura erudita (Salvino degli Armati)
303:… , vol. 5, (Florence, (Italy): Albizziniana, 1796),
174:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
172:
Rosen, Edward (1956). "The invention of eyeglasses".
92:Again, despite the lack of evidence, the historian
290:Discorso Accademico Sull'istoria Letteraria Pisana
435:14th-century people from the Republic of Florence
430:13th-century people from the Republic of Florence
315:Prose Varie di Stanislao Canovai delle Scuole Pie
411:
400:Antique Spectacles: Eyeglasses through the ages
264:(On the true and first inventor of eyeglasses),
133:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
386:(Rome, Italy: Tipografia delle scienze, 1925).
31:is sometimes credited with the invention of
147:
145:
262:Del vero, e primo Inventore degli Occhiali
205:
203:
180:(1): 13–46 (part 1) and 183–218 (part 2).
142:
127:
125:
15:
200:
167:
165:
412:
44:Florence, Most Noble City, illustrated
313:Domenicano" in: Stanislao Canovai,
213:(Florence, (Italy): Stella, 1684),
171:
122:
162:
211:Firenze città noblissima illustrata
40:Firenze città noblissima illustrata
13:
301:Saggi istorici d'antichità toscane
14:
456:
425:Nonexistent people used in hoaxes
393:
102:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano
247:Illardi (2007), p. 15, footnote.
228:"Church of Santa Maria Maggiore"
209:Fernando Leopoldo del Migliore,
376:
363:
346:
335:
326:
445:17th-century Italian inventors
279:
270:
250:
241:
220:
48:Church of Santa Maria Maggiore
1:
115:
25:Salvino D'Armato degli Armati
159:, LXXVIII, vol. I, pp. 5–53.
7:
10:
461:
151:Isidoro del Lungo (1920) "
332:Ilardi (2007), pp. 15–16.
157:Archivio Storico Italiano
292:(Pisa, (Italy): 1787),
371:Rivista di oftalmologia
373:, vol. 1, pp. 140–144.
311:Alessandro della Spina
256:Domenico Maria Manni,
21:
382:Giuseppe Albertotti,
355:Ilardi (2007), p. 16.
276:Ilardi (2007), p. 15.
186:10.1093/jhmas/XI.1.13
19:
83:Domenico Maria Manni
420:17th-century hoaxes
309:"Elogio storico di
288:Ranieri Tempesti,
22:
299:Lorenzo Cantini,
452:
387:
380:
374:
367:
361:
358:del Lungo (1920)
350:
344:
339:
333:
330:
324:
283:
277:
274:
268:
254:
248:
245:
239:
238:
236:
234:
224:
218:
207:
198:
197:
169:
160:
149:
140:
131:Vincent Ilardi,
129:
94:Pasquale Villari
20:Salvino D'Armati
460:
459:
455:
454:
453:
451:
450:
449:
440:Hoaxes in Italy
410:
409:
396:
391:
390:
381:
377:
368:
364:
351:
347:
340:
336:
331:
327:
284:
280:
275:
271:
255:
251:
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
225:
221:
208:
201:
170:
163:
150:
143:
130:
123:
118:
73:peccata", not "
12:
11:
5:
458:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
408:
407:
402:
395:
394:External links
392:
389:
388:
375:
362:
360:
359:
356:
345:
334:
325:
323:
322:
307:
305:pages 180–182.
297:
278:
269:
249:
240:
219:
199:
161:
141:
120:
119:
117:
114:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
457:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
415:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
385:
379:
372:
366:
357:
354:
353:
349:
343:
338:
329:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
286:
282:
273:
267:
263:
259:
253:
244:
233:September 17,
229:
223:
216:
212:
206:
204:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
168:
166:
158:
154:
148:
146:
138:
134:
128:
126:
121:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
66:
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
18:
383:
378:
370:
365:
348:
337:
328:
314:
300:
289:
281:
272:
261:
257:
252:
243:
231:. Retrieved
222:
210:
177:
173:
156:
132:
110:Edward Rosen
106:Vasco Ronchi
101:
99:
91:
86:
80:
74:
70:
67:
64:
59:
58:
53:
52:
43:
39:
37:
24:
23:
319:pages 34–35
294:pages 60–61
137:pages 13–18
60:Translation
414:Categories
266:pp. 64 ff.
116:References
33:eyeglasses
215:page 431
194:13295576
54:Original
29:Florence
192:
352:See:
285:See:
235:2010
190:PMID
182:doi
27:of
416::
202:^
188:.
178:11
176:.
164:^
144:^
124:^
75:la
71:le
321:.
296:.
237:.
217:.
196:.
184::
139:.
69:"
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
