124:
25:
256:
426:
An oversquare engine allows for more and larger valves in the head of the cylinder, higher possible rpm by lowering maximum piston speed, and lower crank stress due to the lower peak piston acceleration for the same engine (rotational) speed. Because these characteristics favor higher engine speeds,
619:
M54 engine was undersquare with a bore and stroke of 87 mm × 91 mm (3.4 in × 3.6 in)), offering a world record torque-per-litre figure (114 N⋅m/L, 1.38 lb⋅ft/cu in) for normally-aspirated production engines at the time; this record stood until
Ferrari
684:
features a bore and stroke of 90.1 mm × 105.8 mm (3.55 in × 4.17 in), which makes a bore/stroke ratio of 0.852:1. Since the stroke is significantly longer than the bore, the SOHC 16V (2-valve per cylinder) version of this engine is able to generate a peak torque of
655:, two-cylinder inline engine; this was partly for this tax advantage and partly because its proportions allowed flexing V-shaped connecting rods for the two pistons of each U-shaped cylinder, which was cheaper and simpler than two connecting rods joined with an additional bearing.
553:
At a given engine speed, a longer stroke increases engine friction and increases stress on the crankshaft due to the higher peak piston acceleration. The smaller bore also reduces the area available for valves in the cylinder head, requiring them to be smaller or fewer in number.
903:
Journalists and riders called it the king of motorcycles, and it gained a reputation as a super sport model all over the world. The Super Four boasted high performance and quality. This best-selling motorcycle won many prizes around the world within only six months of its
490:
VZ-R and VZ-R N1 is an oversquare engine with 86 millimetres (3.39 in) bore and 68.7 millimetres (2.70 in) stroke, giving it 175–200 horsepower (130–150 kW) but relatively small torque of 119–134 pound-feet (161–182 N⋅m; 16.5–18.5 kg⋅m)
570:
Many inline engines, particularly those mounted transversely in front-wheel-drive cars, utilize an undersquare design. The smaller bore allows for a shorter engine that increases room available for the front wheels to steer. Examples of this include many
498:
racing cars, where strict rules limit displacement, thereby necessitating that power be achieved through high engine speeds. Stroke ratios approaching 2.5:1 are allowed, enabling engine speeds of 18,000 rpm while remaining reliable for multiple races.
607:
cars. This engine has a bore and stroke of 71 mm × 84 mm (2.8 in × 3.3 in) stroke giving it a bore/stroke ratio of 0.845:1. Some rear-wheel-drive cars that borrow engines from front-wheel-drive cars (such as the
738:, used in all 6-cylinder Jaguars from 1949 to 1987 was undersquare. For example, the 4.2 litre engine had a bore and stroke of 92.08 mm × 106 mm (3.63 in × 4.17 in), providing a bore/stroke ratio of 0.869:1.
434:
compared to other engine geometries. The large size/width of the combustion chamber at ignition can cause increased inhomogeneity in the air/fuel mixture during combustion, resulting in higher emissions.
438:
The reduced stroke length allows for a shorter cylinder and sometimes a shorter connecting rod, generally making oversquare engines less tall but wider than undersquare engines of similar
710:
of 230 cu in (3.8 L) with a bore and stroke of 83 mm × 117 mm (3.3 in × 4.6 in), yielding a substantially undersquare bore/stroke ratio of 0.709:1.
389:
engine with a displacement of 2793 cubic centimeters is an example of a perfect square engine with an 84.0 mm × 84.0 mm (3.31 in × 3.31 in) bore and stroke.
355:
are square at 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke; example as C20XE C20NE C20LET X20A X20XEV X20XER Z20LET Z20LEH Z20LER A20NHT A20NFT.
802:
There is no actual restriction on bore:stroke ratio, but cylinder bores are limited to 98 millimetres or 3.86 inches and capacity to 2,400 cubic centimetres (150 cu in).
557:
Undersquare engines often exhibit peak torque at lower rpm than an oversquare engine due to their smaller valves and high piston speed limiting their potential to rev higher.
724:
The 292 Chevrolet I6 is also undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 98.4 mm × 104.8 mm (3.875 in × 4.125 in) in (bore/stroke ratio = 0.939:1).
430:
Due to the increased piston and head surface area, the heat loss increases as the bore/stroke ratio is increased. Thus an excessively high ratio can lead to a decreased
313:
1967 – FIAT 125, 124Sport engine 125A000, 125B000, 125BC000, 1608 ccm, DOHC, 80.0 mm × 80.0 mm (3.15 in × 3.15 in) bore and stroke.
942:
471:
typically feature oversquare designs since any increase in stroke length would result in twice the increase in overall engine width. This is particularly so in
696:
engines were undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 79.4 mm × 111.1 mm (3.13 in × 4.37 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.714:1).
1010:
1614:
721:, uses a bore and stroke of 92.21 mm × 99.31 mm (3.63 in × 3.91 in) stroke, which equates to a 0.929:1 bore-stroke ratio.
263:
This this section has too many examples. Notability of some exemplars needs to be established, and the list trimmed down substantially of its chaff.
1077:
916:
407:
V8 diesel engine is an example of a square engine – with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke.
1300:
677:
is undersquare, with a bore and stroke of 86 mm × 105 mm (3.4 in × 4.1 in) stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.819:1).
550:
if its cylinders have a smaller bore (width, diameter) than its stroke (length of piston travel) - giving a ratio value of less than 1:1.
992:
561:
Undersquare engines have become more common lately, as manufacturers push for more and more efficient engines and higher fuel economy.
270:
1607:
1462:
572:
1120:
2182:
759:
has a bore and stroke of 960 mm × 2,500 mm (37.8 in × 98.4 in), (bore/stroke ratio = 0.384:1).
742:
266:
89:
658:
Their French and German competitors at the time also used undersquare designs even in absence of the tax reasoning, e. g.
1600:
61:
2121:
1293:
1258:
348:
inline four-cylinder engine with a 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.4 in × 3.4 in) bore and stroke.
1528:
745:, Rolls-Royce Merlin (1650), Allison V-1710, and Hispano-Suiza 12Y-Z are only a few of more than a hundred examples.
108:
475:’s front-engine layout, where the steering angle of the front wheels is constrained by the width of the engine. The
68:
1014:
756:
423:
if its cylinders have a greater bore diameter than its stroke length, giving a bore/stroke ratio greater than 1:1.
731:
is an undersquare engine with a bore and stroke of 85 mm × 88 mm (3.3 in × 3.5 in).
1566:
365:
is a square engine, with an 86.0 mm × 86.0 mm (3.39 in × 3.39 in) bore and stroke.
372:
is a square engine, with a 90.0 mm × 90.0 mm (3.54 in × 3.54 in) bore and stroke.
1799:
741:
Virtually all piston engines used in military aircraft were long-stroke engines. The PW R-2800, Wright R-3350,
46:
2038:
75:
2096:
1286:
226:
The following terms describe the naming conventions for the configurations of the various bore/stroke ratio:
42:
1680:
1513:
379:
V8 OHC engine has a 90.2 mm × 90.0 mm (3.552 in × 3.543 in) bore and stroke.
631:
automobile companies used undersquare designs until the 1950s, largely because of a motor tax system that
534:
had a 92 millimetres (3.62 in) bore and a 65.6 millimetres (2.58 in) stroke for a 3.5 litre V8.
2281:
728:
714:
57:
327:
and KZ(Z)900 had a 66.0 mm × 66.0 mm (2.60 in × 2.60 in) bore and stroke.
2271:
1623:
1427:
1317:
1222:
1113:
659:
404:
158:
154:
1050:
2232:
2146:
2111:
2091:
2043:
1951:
1581:
1029:"2.0-liter Dynamic Force Engine, a New 2.0-liter Direct-injection, Inline 4-cylinder Gasoline Engine"
531:
362:
307:
681:
2227:
2068:
1777:
1342:
1180:
707:
509:
is extremely oversquare with a bore/stroke ratio of 1.84:1. It was given the name "SuperQuadro" by
338:
Rebel have a 53.0 mm × 53.0 mm (2.09 in × 2.09 in) bore and stroke.
2276:
2002:
1561:
1546:
1536:
1492:
718:
693:
674:
282:
35:
1824:
996:
689:
663:
576:
451:
393:
376:
856:
1941:
1782:
1407:
1367:
1106:
783:
584:
580:
320:
had a 101.6 mm × 101.6 mm (4.00 in × 4.00 in) bore and stroke.
199:
ratio is an obsolete expression dating to the early era of reciprocating engine development.
1936:
1708:
1551:
1175:
775:
150:
1028:
588:
483:
82:
8:
2086:
1984:
1714:
1556:
1457:
1309:
1269:
1195:
1170:
771:
704:
644:
636:
450:
Oversquare engines (a.k.a. "short stroke engines") are very common, as they allow higher
439:
331:
310:
with 68.0 mm × 68.0 mm (2.7 in × 2.7 in) bore and stroke.
2007:
1804:
1413:
1140:
779:
431:
427:
oversquare engines are often tuned to develop peak torque at a relatively high speed.
278:
1809:
1749:
1700:
1576:
1398:
763:
735:
700:
506:
317:
186:
303:
2101:
2058:
2017:
1966:
1931:
1852:
1839:
1518:
886:
476:
748:
All diesel-powered ships have massively undersquare marine engines, usually using
2212:
1923:
1772:
1729:
1541:
1217:
1145:
524:
458:
369:
215:
146:
2078:
2048:
1903:
1670:
1508:
1467:
1452:
1437:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1332:
1155:
834:
767:
632:
628:
482:
Nissan's RB, VQ, VK, VH and VR38DETT engines are all oversquare. Additionally,
345:
123:
2265:
2250:
2141:
2134:
1956:
1888:
1883:
1847:
1764:
1704:
1665:
1655:
1592:
1571:
1487:
1442:
1403:
1377:
1347:
1227:
1205:
1190:
826:
753:
487:
400:
359:
335:
208:
182:
139:
596:
1867:
1862:
1829:
1734:
1724:
1660:
1644:
1477:
1472:
1447:
1393:
1352:
1240:
1200:
648:
603:
amongst others is an example of a modern long-stroke engine widely used in
521:
162:
967:
2245:
2129:
1946:
1898:
1857:
1814:
1744:
1245:
1165:
1150:
1129:
600:
592:
503:
495:
468:
324:
616:
2217:
2177:
2156:
2151:
2053:
1961:
1893:
1819:
1759:
1690:
1482:
1278:
1185:
1160:
652:
621:
609:
517:
2172:
1913:
1908:
1695:
1675:
1210:
842:
749:
604:
774:
was made undersquare to minimise engine width, more recently, a new
24:
2195:
2191:
2063:
1794:
1719:
1685:
1051:"Global 700cc Engine for Next-Generation : Technical details"
157:, where the fuel is burned within the cylinders of the engine, or
2222:
2106:
727:
Mitsubishi's 4G63T engine found primarily in many generations of
462:
461:
V6 has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.33. The 1.6 litre version of the
386:
2033:
2012:
1789:
1739:
1098:
830:
640:
510:
472:
212:
143:
469:
Horizontally opposed, also known as "Boxer" or "flat", engines
457:
Examples include both
Chevrolet and Ford small-block V8s; the
396:
engine in 4.0-litre form has an 86.0 mm bore and stroke.
242:
stroke dimensions, giving a bore/stroke value of exactly 1:1.
670:
352:
342:
221:
2187:
838:
1634:
383:
454:(and thus more power), without excessive piston speed.
766:
are square or oversquare, some are undersquare. The
513:, roughly translated as "super-square" from Italian.
1078:"Reality Check From Honda, in Touch With Economics"
479:develops peak torque at speeds as low as 3200 rpm.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
465:gasoline engine has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.167.
2263:
1031:(Press release). Japan: Toyota. 26 February 2018
403:4.0-litre (3996 cc; 243.9 cu in)
177:The contemporary convention for describing the
893:. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc
891:240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology
165:, where the combustion of the fuel takes place
1622:
1011:"Mercedes Benz 350SL Technical Specifications"
825:is the more commonly used term, with usage in
565:
1608:
1294:
1114:
782:used an undersquare design to achieve better
445:
923:. American Honda Motor Co. 4 September 2012
1615:
1601:
1301:
1287:
1121:
1107:
222:Square, oversquare and undersquare engines
138:, is a term to describe the ratio between
1057:. Honda Motor Co. 8 March 2012. p. 5
245:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1681:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1308:
685:350 lb·ft as low as 2501 rpm.
494:Extreme oversquare engines are found in
281:by adding descriptive text and removing
122:
1463:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1075:
2264:
995:. Netherlands: D-Motor. Archived from
1596:
1282:
1102:
786:in order to reduce fuel consumption.
743:Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
169:the working cylinders of the engine.
1076:Garrett, Jerry (14 September 2012).
351:1987 – The Opel/Vauxhall 2.0 L
249:
202:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1259:Timeline of heat engine technology
527:has a bore/stroke ratio of 1.4:1.
153:. This can be used for either an
14:
2293:
917:"2013 Honda Rebel Specifications"
854:
633:taxed cars by their cylinder bore
1128:
254:
211:is divided by the length of the
134:, today universally defined as
23:
1783:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1069:
1043:
1021:
968:"Ducati 1199 Panigale - Ducati"
757:two-stroke marine diesel engine
34:needs additional citations for
1003:
985:
960:
943:"2011F1 Technical Regulations"
935:
909:
879:
848:
816:
796:
537:
172:
1:
855:Ingram, Edward (April 1916).
809:
669:The 225 cu in (3.7
612:) use an undersquare design.
410:
857:"As to the Matter of Stroke"
7:
1368:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
972:www.1199panigale.ducati.com
729:Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
717:engine from the Australian
566:Undersquare engine examples
151:reciprocating piston engine
10:
2300:
1624:Internal combustion engine
660:Renault Billancourt engine
542:An engine is described as
532:Mercedes-Benz M116 engines
446:Oversquare engine examples
415:An engine is described as
159:external combustion engine
155:internal combustion engine
2241:
2205:
2165:
2120:
2092:Diesel particulate filter
2077:
2044:Idle air control actuator
2026:
1993:
1985:Engine control unit (ECU)
1975:
1922:
1876:
1838:
1758:
1643:
1630:
1527:
1501:
1426:
1386:
1327:
1316:
1267:
1254:
1236:
1136:
887:"Kawasaki 900 Super Four"
229:
2157:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2069:Throttle position sensor
1778:Overhead camshaft layout
789:
708:Chrysler Flathead engine
1696:Core plug (freeze plug)
675:Chrysler Slant-6 engine
283:less pertinent examples
664:Opel straight-6 engine
246:Square engine examples
128:
127:Bore/Stroke comparison
16:Mechanical measurement
1201:Steam (reciprocating)
867:(6 & 7): 275, 325
784:combustion efficiency
647:used an undersquare,
635:. This includes the
126:
1937:Compression ignition
1552:Regenerative cooling
1430:combustion / thermal
1329:Without phase change
1320:combustion / thermal
1310:Thermodynamic cycles
921:Honda Media Newsroom
776:straight-twin engine
591:-engine used in the
353:GM Family II engines
207:The diameter of the
43:improve this article
2087:Catalytic converter
1270:Thermodynamic cycle
1181:Pistonless (Rotary)
1171:Photo-Carnot engine
772:straight-six engine
682:5.4L Modular Engine
637:BMC A-Series engine
477:Subaru EJ181 engine
440:engine displacement
332:Honda Nighthawk 250
279:improve the article
218:to give the ratio.
2282:Engineering ratios
2213:Knocking / pinging
1805:Combustion chamber
1017:on 31 August 2007.
780:Honda NC700 series
764:motorcycle engines
762:While most modern
432:thermal efficiency
304:Ferrari 250 Europa
129:
2272:Engine technology
2259:
2258:
2228:Stratified charge
1995:Electrical system
1977:Engine management
1810:Compression ratio
1750:Starter ring gear
1649:rotating assembly
1590:
1589:
1567:Vapor-compression
1493:Staged combustion
1422:
1421:
1387:With phase change
1276:
1275:
999:on 25 April 2012.
736:Jaguar XK6 engine
701:Dodge Power Wagon
688:The Willys Jeep
643:derivatives. The
507:motorcycle engine
300:
299:
203:Bore/stroke ratio
136:bore/stroke ratio
119:
118:
111:
93:
2289:
2102:Exhaust manifold
1967:Spark plug wires
1853:Boost controller
1840:Forced induction
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1562:Vapor absorption
1325:
1324:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:. Archived from
1007:
1001:
1000:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
947:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
913:
907:
906:
900:
898:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
852:
846:
820:
803:
800:
615:BMW's acclaimed
562:
486:engine found in
392:1996 – Jaguar's
295:
292:
286:
258:
257:
250:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2237:
2233:Top dead centre
2201:
2161:
2116:
2073:
2022:
1996:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1918:
1872:
1834:
1790:Tappet / lifter
1773:Flathead layout
1763:
1754:
1648:
1639:
1626:
1621:
1591:
1586:
1523:
1497:
1429:
1418:
1408:Organic Rankine
1382:
1336:
1333:hot air engines
1330:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1250:
1232:
1132:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1055:Honda Worldwide
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
940:
936:
926:
924:
915:
914:
910:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
853:
849:
821:
817:
812:
807:
806:
801:
797:
792:
568:
560:
540:
504:Ducati Panigale
448:
413:
296:
290:
287:
276:
259:
255:
248:
238:has equal bore
232:
224:
205:
175:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2277:Piston engines
2274:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2122:Cooling system
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2079:Exhaust system
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Inlet manifold
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Fuel injection
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Connecting rod
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
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1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1314:
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1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:Thermoacoustic
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1082:New York Times
1068:
1042:
1020:
1002:
984:
959:
934:
908:
878:
847:
835:United Kingdom
814:
813:
811:
808:
805:
804:
794:
793:
791:
788:
768:Kawasaki Z1300
715:Barra Inline 6
567:
564:
539:
536:
447:
444:
412:
409:
370:Saab B234/B235
298:
297:
262:
260:
253:
247:
244:
231:
228:
223:
220:
204:
201:
174:
171:
117:
116:
58:"Stroke ratio"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:Water cooling
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2112:Oxygen sensor
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:Intake system
2025:
2019:
2018:Starter motor
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Ignition coil
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Petrol engine
1887:
1885:
1884:Diesel engine
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Blowoff valve
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1765:Cylinder head
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Balance shaft
1654:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:Transcritical
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Hampson–Linde
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1529:Refrigeration
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Gas-generator
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Brayton/Joule
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Brayton/Joule
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:Manson engine
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:Steam turbine
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Carnot engine
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1006:
998:
994:
988:
973:
969:
963:
944:
938:
922:
918:
912:
905:
892:
888:
882:
866:
862:
861:Horseless Age
858:
851:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:North America
824:
819:
815:
799:
795:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
755:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
620:unveiled the
618:
613:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:engines. The
586:
582:
578:
574:
563:
558:
555:
551:
549:
545:
535:
533:
528:
526:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
505:
500:
497:
492:
489:
488:Nissan Pulsar
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
443:
441:
436:
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
401:Mercedes-Benz
397:
395:
390:
388:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
364:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
344:
339:
337:
336:Honda CMX250C
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
311:
309:
305:
294:
291:November 2023
284:
280:
274:
272:
268:
261:
252:
251:
243:
241:
237:
236:square engine
227:
219:
217:
214:
210:
209:cylinder bore
200:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:piston engine
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:diameter and
141:
140:cylinder bore
137:
133:
125:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2142:Electric fan
1942:Coil-on-plug
1868:Turbocharger
1863:Supercharger
1735:Main bearing
1725:Firing order
1715:Displacement
1661:Block heater
1645:Engine block
1633:Part of the
1632:
1414:Regenerative
1343:Bell Coleman
1241:Beale number
1196:Split-single
1130:Heat engines
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1023:
1015:the original
1005:
997:the original
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
937:
925:. Retrieved
920:
911:
902:
895:. Retrieved
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
864:
860:
850:
822:
818:
798:
761:
747:
740:
733:
726:
723:
713:The 4-litre
712:
705:straight-six
698:
687:
679:
668:
657:
649:split piston
626:
614:
569:
559:
556:
552:
547:
543:
541:
529:
522:D-Motor LF26
515:
501:
493:
481:
467:
456:
449:
437:
429:
425:
421:short-stroke
420:
416:
414:
398:
391:
381:
374:
367:
357:
350:
340:
329:
322:
316:1970 – Ford
315:
312:
308:Lampredi V12
301:
288:
277:Please help
265:may contain
264:
239:
235:
233:
225:
206:
196:
195:
190:
179:stroke ratio
178:
176:
166:
163:steam engine
161:, such as a
149:length in a
135:
132:Stroke ratio
131:
130:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2166:Lubrication
2130:Air cooling
1947:Distributor
1899:Fuel filter
1877:Fuel system
1858:Intercooler
1825:Timing belt
1815:Head gasket
1745:Piston ring
1582:Ionocaloric
1577:Vuilleumier
1399:Hygroscopic
1246:West number
1166:Minto wheel
1151:Gas turbine
871:12 November
823:Bore/stroke
719:Ford Falcon
639:, and many
601:Peugeot 107
593:Toyota Aygo
548:long-stroke
544:undersquare
538:Undersquare
525:aero-engine
496:Formula One
382:1995 – The
325:Kawasaki Z1
197:Stroke/bore
191:bore/stroke
173:Conventions
99:August 2009
2266:Categories
2218:Power band
2178:Oil filter
2152:Thermostat
2097:EGT sensor
2059:MAF sensor
2054:MAP sensor
2039:Air filter
2003:Alternator
1962:Spark plug
1894:Carburetor
1820:Rocker arm
1760:Valvetrain
1691:Crankshaft
1635:Automobile
1547:Pulse tube
1519:Mixed/dual
1186:Rijke tube
897:6 November
810:References
750:crossheads
653:two stroke
645:Trojan Car
622:458 Italia
610:Mazda MX-5
597:Citroën C1
573:Volkswagen
518:side-valve
417:oversquare
411:Oversquare
377:Ford's 4.6
368:1990–2010
271:irrelevant
69:newspapers
1952:Glow plug
1914:Fuel tank
1909:Fuel pump
1676:Crankcase
1542:Kleemenko
1428:Internal
1211:Aeolipile
843:Australia
680:The Ford
605:FF layout
267:excessive
187:cylinders
2251:Category
2196:Dry sump
2192:Wet sump
2183:Oil pump
2147:Radiator
2064:Throttle
1924:Ignition
1795:Camshaft
1720:Flywheel
1701:Cylinder
1686:Crankpin
1509:Combined
1468:Humphrey
1453:Expander
1438:Atkinson
1373:Stoddard
1363:Stirling
1358:Ericsson
1318:External
1218:Stirling
1146:Fluidyne
1087:25 March
1061:25 March
927:25 March
904:release.
778:for the
754:Wärtsilä
520:Belgian
360:Nissan's
273:examples
2223:Redline
2107:Muffler
2008:Battery
1932:Magneto
1572:Siemens
1488:Scuderi
1404:Rankine
1156:Hot air
1035:11 June
993:"Price"
977:9 April
952:21 July
703:used a
629:British
463:BMW N45
459:GMC 478
399:2000 –
375:1991 –
358:1989 –
346:FE 2.0L
341:1983 –
330:1982 -
323:1973 –
302:1953 –
193:ratio.
189:is its
167:outside
83:scholar
2246:Portal
2034:Airbox
2013:Dynamo
1740:Piston
1730:Stroke
1709:layout
1637:series
1478:Miller
1473:Lenoir
1448:Diesel
1394:Kalina
1378:Manson
1353:Carnot
1191:Rocket
1176:Piston
841:, and
831:Europe
641:Nissan
617:S54B32
589:1KR-FE
583:, and
577:Nissan
530:Early
511:Ducati
484:SR16VE
473:Subaru
363:SR20DE
230:Square
216:stroke
213:piston
147:stroke
144:piston
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2206:Other
1830:Valve
1800:Chest
1502:Mixed
948:. FIA
946:(PDF)
790:Notes
671:litre
627:Many
585:Mazda
581:Honda
405:OM628
394:AJ-V8
343:Mazda
181:of a
90:JSTOR
76:books
2188:Sump
1705:bank
1666:Bore
1514:HEHC
1483:Otto
1089:2014
1063:2014
1037:2018
979:2018
954:2011
929:2014
899:2013
873:2015
839:Asia
752:. A
734:The
699:The
694:F134
692:and
690:L134
662:and
599:and
516:The
502:The
334:and
306:had
62:news
2173:Oil
1762:and
1647:and
1161:Jet
770:'s
546:or
452:rpm
419:or
387:M52
384:BMW
318:400
269:or
240:and
185:‘s
45:by
2268::
2194:,
1707:,
1080:.
1053:.
970:.
919:.
901:.
889:.
865:37
863:.
859:.
837:,
833:,
829:,
673:)
666:.
651:,
624:.
595:,
579:,
575:,
442:.
234:A
2198:)
2190:(
1711:)
1703:(
1616:e
1609:t
1602:v
1410:)
1406:(
1335:)
1331:(
1302:e
1295:t
1288:v
1122:e
1115:t
1108:v
1091:.
1065:.
1039:.
981:.
956:.
931:.
875:.
845:.
293:)
289:(
285:.
275:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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