1534:, an estimate of normal kidney function, is usually normalized to body surface area (S). S and V differ markedly between small vs. large people and between men and women. A man and a woman of the same S will have similar levels of GFR, but their values for V may differ by 15-20%. Because standardized Kt/V incorporates residual renal function into the calculations, it makes the assumption that kidney function should scale by V. This may disadvantage women and smaller patients of either sex, in whom V is decreased to a greater extent than S.
1864:
1871:
One can create a plot to relate the three grouping (standardized Kt/V, Kt/V, treatment frequency per week), sufficient to define a dialysis schedule. The equations are strongly dependent on session length; the numbers will change substantially between two sessions given at the same schedule, but with
1543:
The various ways of computing standardized Kt/V by Gotch, Leypoldt, and the FHN trial network are all a bit different, as assumptions differ on equal spacing of treatments, use of a fixed or variable volume model, and whether or not urea rebound is taken into effect. One equation, proposed by
1155:
999:
1736:
865:
386:
1037:
754:
1294:
880:
1398:
148:
617:
539:
473:
1557:
1836:
1311:
are not the same. Kt/V is a ratio of the pre- and post-dialysis urea concentrations. Standardized Kt/V is an equivalent clearance defined by the initial urea concentration (compare equation
270:
1496:
Standardized Kt/V only models the clearance of urea and thus implicitly assumes the clearance of urea is comparable to other toxins. It ignores molecules that (relative to urea) have
773:
244:
1468:
655:
183:
1150:{\displaystyle {\mbox{std}}{\frac {K\cdot t}{V}}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}{\mbox{ const}}\cdot {\frac {\dot {m}}{V}}{\frac {1}{C_{o}}}\qquad (8)}
1501:
185:
is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time (equal to zero for foreign substances/drugs) or
2017:
Johnson WJ, Hagge WW, Wagoner RD, Dinapoli RP, Rosevear JW (January 1972). "Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure".
994:{\displaystyle {\mbox{std}}{\frac {K\cdot t}{V}}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\mbox{const}}\cdot {\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{o}\cdot V}}\qquad (7)}
682:
1186:
1855:
The regular "rate equation" also can be used to determine equilibrated Kt/V from the spKt/V, as long as session length is 120 min or longer.
59:
Standardized Kt/V is motivated by the steady state solution of the mass transfer equation often used to approximate kidney function (equation
1332:
1758:
is the equilibrated Kt/V, computed from the single-pool Kt/V (spKt/V) and session length (t) using, for example, the
Tattersall equation:
2283:
73:
1875:
For the present plot, a session length of 0.4 Kt/V units per hour was assumed, with a minimum dialysis session length of 2.0 hours.
2198:"Factors that affect postdialysis rebound in serum urea concentration, including the rate of dialysis: results from the HEMO Study"
484:
418:
1731:{\displaystyle stdKt/V={\frac {\frac {10080\cdot (1-e^{-eKt/V})}{t}}{{\frac {1-e^{-eKtV}}{spKt/V}}+{\frac {10080}{N\cdot t}}-1}}}
2330:
558:
1024:
Standardized Kt/V can be interpreted as a concentration normalized by the mass generation per unit volume of body water.
1763:
2044:
Leypoldt JK, Jaber BL, Zimmerman DL (2004). "Predicting treatment dose for novel therapies using urea standard Kt/V".
381:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}+\left(C_{o}-{\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}\right)e^{-{\frac {K\cdot t}{V}}}\qquad (2)}
860:{\displaystyle {\mbox{const}}\cdot {\frac {K'}{V}}={\mbox{const}}\cdot {\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{o}\cdot V}}\qquad (6)}
2376:
2674:
2276:
2593:
1545:
2652:
2361:
1413:
657:
is the mass generation rate of the substance - assumed to be a constant, i.e. not a function of time or
2601:
2456:
2381:
2371:
1531:
212:
2684:
2611:
2568:
2528:
2356:
2296:
2269:
2261:
402:
2573:
2409:
2320:
1858:
1848:
is a time constant, which is specific for type of access and type solute being removed. For urea,
2715:
2679:
2414:
1444:
631:
159:
192:
1403:
Since Kt/V and std Kt/V are defined differently, Kt/V and std Kt/V values cannot be compared.
2616:
2535:
1426:
Can be applied to patients with residual renal function; it is possible to demonstrate that C
2641:
2621:
2606:
1897:"The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities"
549:
258:
64:
2120:
Diaz-Buxo JA, Loredo JP (March 2006). "Standard Kt/V: comparison of calculation methods".
1538:
8:
2560:
2517:
2501:
2419:
2366:
1420:
44:
1523:
transport), which has been shown to be important for the clearance of molecules such as
2578:
2507:
2217:
2197:
2636:
2545:
2404:
2222:
2178:
2137:
2133:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2026:
1999:
1958:
1953:
1936:
1914:
406:
28:
2657:
2399:
2325:
2292:
2212:
2168:
2129:
2092:
2053:
1989:
1948:
1904:
250:
of concentration with respect to time, i.e. the change in concentration with time.
32:
2155:
Tattersall JE, DeTakats D, Chamney P, Greenwood RN, Farrington K (December 1996).
2335:
1512:
36:
1909:
1896:
1859:
Plot showing std Kt/V depending on regular Kt/V for different treatment regimens
2466:
2157:"The post-hemodialysis rebound: predicting and quantifying its effect on Kt/V"
2709:
2648:
2486:
2476:
1520:
1516:
1508:
2512:
2351:
2226:
2141:
2106:
2065:
1962:
48:
2182:
2097:
2080:
2030:
2003:
1978:"A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS)"
1918:
1437:
The model can be applied to substances other than urea, if the clearance,
749:{\displaystyle {\frac {K'}{V}}={\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{o}\cdot V}}\qquad (5)}
2689:
2554:
2540:
2451:
2446:
2243:
1852:
should be 35 minutes for arterial access and 22 min for a venous access.
1753:
section using a simplified equation or ideally, using urea modeling, and
1289:{\displaystyle \left^{-1}\propto {\frac {C_{o}}{{\dot {m}}/V}}\qquad (9)}
2249:
2173:
2156:
1994:
1977:
2492:
2471:
2391:
1867:
Plot relating standardized Kt/V, Kt/V and treatment frequency per week.
1539:
Calculating stdKt/V from treatment Kt/V and number of sessions per week
1393:{\displaystyle {\frac {K\cdot t}{V}}=\ln {\frac {C_{o}}{C}}\qquad (10)}
247:
196:
2291:
2550:
2081:"Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) randomized trials: study design"
1524:
1497:
2255:
1549:
1481:
2154:
2496:
264:
The solution of the above differential equation (equation 1) is
143:{\displaystyle V{\frac {dC}{dt}}=-K\cdot C+{\dot {m}}\qquad (1)}
2196:
Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Depner TA, et al. (January 2004).
1012:
1530:
The
Standardized Kt/V is based on body water volume (V). The
2694:
2461:
2305:
672:
is normalized by the volume of distribution to form equation
24:
534:{\displaystyle K={\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{\infty }}}\qquad (3b)}
468:{\displaystyle C_{\infty }={\frac {\dot {m}}{K}}\qquad (3a)}
2626:
2079:
Suri RS, Garg AX, Chertow GM, et al. (February 2007).
2016:
1750:
1490:
1323:
1304:
552:. It is the motivation for K' (the equivalent clearance):
40:
1863:
205:
C is the concentration or (in the United States often )
2244:
Standardized Kt/V , HDP(HemoDialysis
Product calculation
763:
is multiplied by an arbitrary constant to form equation
612:{\displaystyle {K'}={\frac {\dot {m}}{C_{o}}}\qquad (4)}
2043:
1474:
1094:
1042:
940:
885:
806:
778:
664:
is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis or
399:
is the concentration at the beginning of dialysis or
2195:
1766:
1560:
1544:
Leypoldt and modified by Depner that is cited in the
1447:
1416:
vs. daily hemodialysis vs. conventional hemodialysis)
1335:
1189:
1040:
883:
776:
685:
634:
561:
487:
421:
273:
215:
162:
76:
1890:
1888:
1487:
Many nephrologists have difficulty understanding it.
1412:Can be used to compare any dialysis schedule (i.e.
1831:{\displaystyle ekt/V=spKt/V\cdot {\frac {t}{t+C}}}
1830:
1749:is the single-pool Kt/V, computed as described in
1730:
1462:
1392:
1288:
1149:
993:
859:
748:
649:
611:
533:
467:
380:
238:
177:
142:
1885:
1480:It is complex and tedious to calculate, although
874:is then defined as standardized Kt/V (std Kt/V):
2707:
1934:
1930:
1928:
39:. Despite the name, it is quite different from
2119:
2078:
2250:Standardized Kt/V using formal 2-pool kinetics
1430:is a function of the residual kidney function
2277:
1935:Gotch FA, Sargent JA, Keen ML (August 2000).
1925:
1019:
1975:
35:and is used in the United States to measure
1546:KDOQI 2006 Hemodialysis Adequacy Guidelines
209:From the above definitions it follows that
2284:
2270:
2216:
2172:
2096:
1993:
1952:
1908:
1511:between body compartments and across the
1406:
1894:
1862:
1441:, and generation rate of the substance,
1976:Gotch FA, Sargent JA (September 1985).
1484:are available to do this fairly easily.
2708:
2265:
1299:
1160:If one takes the inverse of Equation
1031:can be written in the following way:
1011:is 7Ă—24Ă—60Ă—60 seconds, the number of
1844:is session duration in minutes, and
1434:the "cleaning" provided by dialysis.
1475:Criticism/disadvantages of std Kt/V
1322:Kt/V is defined as (see article on
626:K' is the equivalent clearance or
13:
2218:10.1097/01.ASN.0000103871.20736.0C
2128:(3): 178–85 Erratum in 30(6):490.
1085:
1082:
1079:
928:
925:
922:
511:
427:
14:
2727:
2237:
51:can be quantified with std Kt/V.
2134:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00204.x
2058:10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17212.x
1954:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07602.x
1493:is not associated with toxicity.
239:{\displaystyle {\frac {dC}{dt}}}
63:), which is also used to define
1380:
1276:
1137:
981:
847:
736:
599:
518:
452:
368:
130:
2675:Fractional excretion of sodium
2189:
2148:
2113:
2072:
2037:
2010:
1969:
1633:
1597:
1387:
1381:
1283:
1277:
1144:
1138:
988:
982:
854:
848:
743:
737:
606:
600:
528:
519:
462:
453:
375:
369:
137:
131:
1:
1878:
1548:and which is the basis for a
1172:(in the body) divided by the
548:is the equation that defines
412:The steady state solution is
54:
2256:Standardized Kt/V calculator
1903:. 13 Suppl 6 (90006): 10–4.
1164:it can be observed that the
257:is described in the article
7:
2653:Effective renal plasma flow
2497:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
1872:different session lengths.
1414:nocturnal home hemodialysis
1174:production of urea per time
10:
2732:
2602:Glomerular filtration rate
2594:Assessment and measurement
2457:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1550:web calculator for stdKt/V
1532:Glomerular filtration rate
1463:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
1020:Interpretation of std Kt/V
650:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
178:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}
2685:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2667:
2612:Augmented renal clearance
2592:
2569:Bicarbonate buffer system
2527:
2485:
2439:
2432:
2390:
2344:
2313:
2303:
2293:Physiology of the kidneys
1910:10.1093/ndt/13.suppl_6.10
1744:is the standardized Kt/V
1178:unit volume of body water
23:, is a way of measuring (
2574:Respiratory compensation
2331:Clearance of medications
2680:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2415:Countercurrent exchange
2019:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1901:Nephrol Dial Transplant
1168:is proportional to the
478:This can be written as
202:K is the clearance or
188:t is dialysis time or
31:. It was developed by
1868:
1832:
1732:
1500:transport - so called
1464:
1407:Advantages of std Kt/V
1394:
1290:
1151:
995:
861:
750:
651:
613:
535:
469:
382:
240:
193:volume of distribution
179:
144:
2617:Renal clearance ratio
2536:Darrow Yannet diagram
2098:10.1038/sj.ki.5002032
1937:"Whither goest Kt/V?"
1866:
1833:
1733:
1482:web-based calculators
1465:
1395:
1291:
1170:concentration of urea
1152:
996:
862:
751:
652:
614:
536:
470:
383:
241:
180:
145:
2642:Hemodialysis product
2622:Urea reduction ratio
2607:Creatinine clearance
2447:Antidiuretic hormone
2297:acid–base physiology
2046:Seminars in Dialysis
1764:
1558:
1445:
1333:
1187:
1038:
881:
774:
683:
632:
559:
485:
419:
271:
259:clearance (medicine)
253:Derivation equation
213:
160:
74:
2518:Transcellular fluid
2502:Extracellular fluid
2420:Filtration fraction
2174:10.1038/ki.1996.534
1995:10.1038/ki.1985.160
1421:peritoneal dialysis
1166:inverse of std Kt/V
405:is the base of the
45:peritoneal dialysis
43:. In theory, both
2579:Renal compensation
2508:Interstitial fluid
2252:- Ureakinetics.org
1869:
1828:
1728:
1460:
1390:
1300:Comparison to Kt/V
1286:
1147:
1098:
1046:
991:
944:
889:
857:
810:
782:
746:
647:
609:
531:
465:
378:
236:
175:
140:
2703:
2702:
2637:Dialysis adequacy
2632:Standardized Kt/V
2588:
2587:
2546:Davenport diagram
2529:Acid–base balance
2428:
2427:
2405:Renal plasma flow
2122:Artificial Organs
1941:Kidney Int. Suppl
1895:Gotch FA (1998).
1826:
1726:
1717:
1696:
1640:
1498:diffusion-limited
1457:
1378:
1352:
1326:for derivation):
1309:standardized Kt/V
1274:
1262:
1221:
1135:
1118:
1113:
1097:
1090:
1068:
1064:
1045:
979:
959:
943:
938:
933:
911:
907:
888:
845:
825:
809:
800:
781:
734:
714:
699:
644:
597:
585:
516:
504:
450:
445:
407:natural logarithm
364:
333:
328:
295:
290:
234:
172:
127:
98:
29:dialysis adequacy
17:Standardized Kt/V
2723:
2658:Extraction ratio
2561:Winters' formula
2437:
2436:
2400:Renal blood flow
2326:Pharmacokinetics
2311:
2310:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2205:J Am Soc Nephrol
2202:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1892:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1811:
1803:
1780:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1502:middle molecules
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1206:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
980:
978:
971:
970:
960:
952:
950:
945:
941:
936:
935:
934:
932:
931:
919:
914:
909:
908:
903:
892:
890:
886:
866:
864:
863:
858:
846:
844:
837:
836:
826:
818:
816:
811:
807:
801:
796:
788:
783:
779:
755:
753:
752:
747:
735:
733:
726:
725:
715:
707:
705:
700:
695:
687:
656:
654:
653:
648:
646:
645:
637:
618:
616:
615:
610:
598:
596:
595:
586:
578:
576:
571:
570:
540:
538:
537:
532:
517:
515:
514:
505:
497:
495:
474:
472:
471:
466:
451:
446:
438:
436:
431:
430:
387:
385:
384:
379:
367:
366:
365:
360:
349:
339:
335:
334:
329:
321:
319:
314:
313:
296:
291:
283:
281:
245:
243:
242:
237:
235:
233:
225:
217:
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
165:
149:
147:
146:
141:
129:
128:
120:
99:
97:
89:
81:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2663:
2584:
2523:
2481:
2433:Other functions
2424:
2410:Ultrafiltration
2386:
2340:
2336:Urine flow rate
2299:
2290:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2167:(6): 2094–102.
2153:
2149:
2118:
2114:
2077:
2073:
2042:
2038:
2015:
2011:
1974:
1970:
1933:
1926:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1861:
1815:
1810:
1799:
1776:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1706:
1701:
1687:
1674:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1623:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1587:
1576:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:is as follows:
1541:
1513:plasma membrane
1507:It ignores the
1477:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1429:
1409:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1302:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1105:
1103:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1022:
966:
962:
961:
951:
949:
939:
921:
920:
915:
913:
912:
893:
891:
884:
882:
879:
878:
832:
828:
827:
817:
815:
805:
789:
787:
777:
775:
772:
771:
721:
717:
716:
706:
704:
688:
686:
684:
681:
680:
663:
636:
635:
633:
630:
629:
591:
587:
577:
575:
563:
562:
560:
557:
556:
510:
506:
496:
494:
486:
483:
482:
437:
435:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
398:
350:
348:
344:
340:
320:
318:
309:
305:
304:
300:
282:
280:
272:
269:
268:
226:
218:
216:
214:
211:
210:
164:
163:
161:
158:
157:
119:
118:
90:
82:
80:
75:
72:
71:
57:
12:
11:
5:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2716:Renal dialysis
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2477:Prostaglandins
2474:
2469:
2467:Erythropoietin
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2429:
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2259:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2233:
2232:
2211:(1): 194–203.
2188:
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2009:
1968:
1924:
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1419:Applicable to
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1016:
1002:
1001:
990:
987:
984:
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930:
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117:
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111:
108:
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96:
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88:
85:
79:
56:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2728:
2717:
2714:
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2711:
2696:
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2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
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2666:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:PAH clearance
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
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2500:
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2498:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:Fluid balance
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2468:
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2377:Oligopeptides
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2199:
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2143:
2139:
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2099:
2094:
2091:(4): 349–59.
2090:
2086:
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2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
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2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1988:(3): 526–34.
1987:
1983:
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1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:extracellular
1518:
1517:intracellular
1514:
1510:
1509:mass transfer
1506:
1503:
1499:
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1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:and equation
1314:
1310:
1306:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1229:
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1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1073:
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1057:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
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1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
985:
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963:
956:
953:
946:
916:
904:
900:
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851:
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768:
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762:
740:
730:
727:
722:
718:
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708:
701:
696:
692:
689:
679:
678:
677:
675:
671:
659:
641:
638:
628:
625:
624:
623:
603:
592:
588:
582:
579:
572:
567:
564:
555:
554:
553:
551:
547:
525:
522:
507:
501:
498:
491:
488:
481:
480:
479:
459:
456:
447:
442:
439:
432:
423:
415:
414:
413:
408:
404:
401:
394:
393:
392:
372:
361:
357:
354:
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315:
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301:
297:
292:
287:
284:
277:
274:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
256:
251:
249:
246:is the first
230:
227:
222:
219:
204:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
169:
166:
156:
155:
154:
134:
124:
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115:
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109:
106:
103:
100:
94:
91:
86:
83:
77:
70:
69:
68:
66:
62:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2631:
2352:Solvent drag
2345:Reabsorption
2246:- hdtool.net
2208:
2204:
2191:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2052:(2): 142–5.
2049:
2045:
2039:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1944:
1940:
1900:
1874:
1870:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1554:
1542:
1470:, are known.
1438:
1431:
1402:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1008:
1003:
871:
869:
764:
760:
758:
673:
669:
667:
621:
545:
543:
477:
411:
390:
263:
254:
252:
208:
152:
60:
58:
49:hemodialysis
20:
16:
15:
2690:Natriuresis
2555:Delta ratio
2541:Base excess
2452:Aldosterone
2025:(1): 21–9.
1096: const
33:Frank Gotch
2565:Buffering
2493:Body water
2472:Calcitriol
2392:Filtration
2161:Kidney Int
2085:Kidney Int
1982:Kidney Int
1879:References
1015:in a week.
248:derivative
197:body water
55:Derivation
2551:Anion gap
2321:Clearance
2314:Secretion
2304:Creating
1947:: S3–18.
1808:⋅
1720:−
1711:⋅
1657:−
1649:−
1612:−
1604:−
1595:⋅
1525:phosphate
1455:˙
1361:
1343:⋅
1260:˙
1238:∝
1230:−
1212:⋅
1111:˙
1101:⋅
1055:⋅
1027:Equation
973:⋅
957:˙
947:⋅
898:⋅
870:Equation
839:⋅
823:˙
813:⋅
785:⋅
759:Equation
728:⋅
712:˙
668:Equation
642:˙
583:˙
550:clearance
544:Equation
512:∞
502:˙
443:˙
428:∞
355:⋅
346:−
326:˙
316:−
288:˙
191:V is the
170:˙
125:˙
110:⋅
104:−
65:clearance
2710:Category
2440:Hormones
2362:Chloride
2227:14694173
2142:16480392
2107:17164834
2066:15043617
1963:10936795
794:′
693:′
568:′
37:dialysis
21:std Kt/V
2382:Protein
2372:Glucose
2183:8943495
2031:5008253
2004:3934452
1919:9719197
1742:stdKt/V
1013:seconds
195:(total
19:, also
2513:Plasma
2357:Sodium
2258:- HDCN
2225:
2181:
2140:
2105:
2064:
2029:
2002:
1961:
1917:
1840:where
1747:spKt/V
1740:where
1515:(i.e.
1067:
1004:where
937:
910:
622:where
391:where
199:) or
153:where
2695:Urine
2668:Other
2462:Renin
2306:urine
2201:(PDF)
1756:eKt/V
1704:10080
1592:10080
1009:const
942:const
808:const
780:const
25:renal
2627:Kt/V
2367:Urea
2295:and
2223:PMID
2179:PMID
2138:PMID
2103:PMID
2062:PMID
2027:PMID
2000:PMID
1959:PMID
1915:PMID
1751:Kt/V
1491:Urea
1324:Kt/V
1307:and
1305:Kt/V
1176:per
47:and
41:Kt/V
2213:doi
2169:doi
2130:doi
2093:doi
2054:doi
1990:doi
1949:doi
1905:doi
1519:to
1432:and
1319:).
1044:std
887:std
2712::
2495::
2221:.
2209:15
2207:.
2203:.
2177:.
2165:50
2163:.
2159:.
2136:.
2126:30
2124:.
2101:.
2089:71
2087:.
2083:.
2060:.
2050:17
2048:.
2023:47
2021:.
1998:.
1986:28
1984:.
1980:.
1957:.
1945:76
1943:.
1939:.
1927:^
1913:.
1899:.
1887:^
1385:10
1358:ln
1317:10
1180:.
767::
676::
546:3b
261:.
67:.
27:)
2660:)
2651:(
2557:)
2553:(
2520:)
2506:(
2285:e
2278:t
2271:v
2229:.
2215::
2185:.
2171::
2144:.
2132::
2109:.
2095::
2068:.
2056::
2033:.
2006:.
1992::
1965:.
1951::
1921:.
1907::
1850:C
1846:C
1842:t
1823:C
1820:+
1817:t
1813:t
1805:V
1801:/
1797:t
1794:K
1791:p
1788:s
1785:=
1782:V
1778:/
1774:t
1771:k
1768:e
1723:1
1714:t
1708:N
1699:+
1693:V
1689:/
1685:t
1682:K
1679:p
1676:s
1669:V
1666:t
1663:K
1660:e
1653:e
1646:1
1638:t
1634:)
1629:V
1625:/
1621:t
1618:K
1615:e
1608:e
1601:1
1598:(
1585:=
1582:V
1578:/
1574:t
1571:K
1568:d
1565:t
1562:s
1527:.
1504:.
1452:m
1439:K
1428:o
1423:.
1388:)
1382:(
1376:C
1371:o
1367:C
1355:=
1350:V
1346:t
1340:K
1313:8
1284:)
1281:9
1278:(
1271:V
1267:/
1257:m
1248:o
1244:C
1233:1
1225:]
1219:V
1215:t
1209:K
1203:d
1200:t
1197:s
1193:[
1162:8
1145:)
1142:8
1139:(
1131:o
1127:C
1123:1
1116:V
1108:m
1086:f
1083:e
1080:d
1074:=
1062:V
1058:t
1052:K
1029:7
989:)
986:7
983:(
976:V
968:o
964:C
954:m
929:f
926:e
923:d
917:=
905:V
901:t
895:K
872:6
855:)
852:6
849:(
842:V
834:o
830:C
820:m
803:=
798:V
791:K
765:6
761:5
744:)
741:5
738:(
731:V
723:o
719:C
709:m
702:=
697:V
690:K
674:5
670:4
662:o
660:C
639:m
607:)
604:4
601:(
593:o
589:C
580:m
573:=
565:K
529:)
526:b
523:3
520:(
508:C
499:m
492:=
489:K
463:)
460:a
457:3
454:(
448:K
440:m
433:=
424:C
403:e
397:o
395:C
376:)
373:2
370:(
362:V
358:t
352:K
342:e
337:)
331:K
323:m
311:o
307:C
302:(
298:+
293:K
285:m
278:=
275:C
255:1
231:t
228:d
223:C
220:d
167:m
138:)
135:1
132:(
122:m
116:+
113:C
107:K
101:=
95:t
92:d
87:C
84:d
78:V
61:1
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