188:– was dissatisfied with Swiss politics in the 1930s and, therefore, founded the Alliance of Independents with a group of like-minded people. According to its statute, it was not meant to be a political party but an association to help reconcile capitalists and workers. From the beginning, the LdU also served the interests of the Migros cooperative, successfully lobbying against legislation that impeded its business model by restricting networks of general stores or sales by trucks (one of Migros' marketing strategies).
223:) and won one seat in the National Council of Switzerland elections the following autumn. However, this breakaway did not last long. During the era of Duttweiler, the party always won around 5% of the vote. However, the party was never successful in Switzerland or central Switzerland's French or Italian-speaking regions (except in
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In the mid-1980s, the ecologist wing of the party became the most dominant. Already in 1982, members of the green and social liberal wings of the party had resigned. Since the most significant financial backer of the party, Migros had ideological problems with the ecological wing of the party, it
239:
to the
National Council of Switzerland, thus becoming the strongest opposition party. The LdU was mainly voted for by urban middle-class voters (blue-collar workers and civil servants). Several new local affiliates in different cantons were founded at this time. In the late 1970s, a conflict over
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and Green parties. In the 1990s, the party tried unsuccessfully to win back these voters by returning to its social liberal roots. Following numerous election losses and prominent politicians' defections to other parties, the LdU disbanded on
December 4, 1999.
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After the death of longtime chairman
Duttweiler in 1962, the party established itself as a social liberal alternative between the left and the right. It won 9.1% and 16 seats out of 200 in the
211:). Since the original plan to unite the best politicians of all parties in one group did not work, the Alliance of Independents was transformed into a political party on December 30, 1936.
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Duttweiler's authoritarian style of leadership, combined with his vague political positions, led to a breakaway of leading figures from the party in 1943. These ran as
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The political scientist D.L. Seiler has called it "a commercial enterprise continued by other means". The party won seven seats in the
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had to be converted into a weekly newspaper. The party lost its profile, and its voters switched to new parties and protest groups (
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massively reduced its donations to the party. Due to financial problems, the daily party newspaper
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wing of the party confronted the traditional opponents of the
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elections in 1935 (although the seats were won in only three
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The Age of
Catastrophe: A History of the West 1914–1945
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The party continued to lose more of its voters to the
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Unabhängig-freie Liste (Eng: Independent- Free List
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559:Die Entstehung und Entwicklung des LdU bis 1943.
573:Lexikon zur Geschichte der Parteien in Europa.
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486:. Cambridge University Press. p. 368.
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691:Political parties disestablished in 1999
646:Defunct political parties in Switzerland
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661:Green political parties in Switzerland
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686:Political parties established in 1936
681:1999 disestablishments in Switzerland
521:. Yale University Press. p. 320.
240:policy broke out in the party. A new
231:Social Liberal Phase after Duttweiler
616:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
552:Die Migros und die Politik. Der LdU.
164:that existed between 1936 and 1999.
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676:1936 establishments in Switzerland
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593:Landesring der Unabhängigen (LdU)
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139:Landesring der Unabhängigen (LdU)
575:Seiten 614/615. Stuttgart 1981.
517:Heinrich August Winkler (2015).
656:Centrist parties in Switzerland
631:Jahrbuch Schweizerische Politik
534:Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas
193:National Council of Switzerland
147:Alliance des Indépendants (AdI)
651:Liberal parties in Switzerland
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484:Liberal parties in Switzerland
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162:political party in Switzerland
27:Political party in Switzerland
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155:Anello degli Indipendenti
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43:Alliance des Indépendants
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536:, VS Verlag, p. 400
184:, a retail business and
123:Alliance of Independents
35:Alliance of Independents
448:. Longman. p. 656.
444:Francis Jacobs (1989).
278:Decline and Disbandment
101:Politics of Switzerland
671:Social liberal parties
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550:J. Meynaud/A. Korff:
419:. Routledge. p.
246:social market economy
482:D.L. Seiler (1988).
186:consumer cooperative
168:History of the party
127:Ring of Independents
18:Ring of Independents
411:Amir Abedi (2004).
379:Notable politicians
298:Gottlieb Duttweiler
252:Green Liberal Phase
178:Gottlieb Duttweiler
59:Gottlieb Duttweiler
358:Monika Weber (de)
284:Social Democratic
180:– the founder of
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564:E. Gruner:
554:ZĂĽrich 1967
545:Works cited
500:|work=
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446:Switzerland
343: [
333:Walter Biel
322: [
308: [
268:Green Party
640:Categories
568:Bern, 1977
398:References
363:1996–1998
356:1992–1996
338:1985–1992
331:1978–1985
317:1973–1978
303:1962–1973
296:1936–1962
264:(The Deed)
205:St. Gallen
627:1987–2003
502:ignored (
492:cite book
464:ignored (
454:cite book
272:Car Party
242:ecologist
173:Formation
111:Elections
73:Dissolved
623:Dossier
393:(ZĂĽrich)
387:(Aargau)
374:(ZĂĽrich)
360:(ZĂĽrich)
335:(ZĂĽrich)
300:(ZĂĽrich)
291:Chairmen
157:) was a
82:Ideology
610:Italian
367:(Berne)
314:(Basel)
260:Die Tat
225:Lucerne
197:cantons
151:Italian
65:Founded
55:Founder
604:French
598:German
579:
427:
201:ZĂĽrich
182:Migros
143:French
135:German
629:from
370:1999
351:]
326:]
312:]
129:, or
607:and
595:in
577:ISBN
504:help
466:help
425:ISBN
209:Bern
207:and
121:The
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