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A good object-oriented design involves an early focus on behaviors to realize the capabilities meeting the stated requirements and a late binding of implementation details to the requirements. This approach especially helps to decentralize control and distribute system behavior which can help manage
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and exchange information by adhering to it. The client can only make the requests specified in the contract and the server must answer these requests. Thus, responsibility-driven design tries to avoid dealing with details, such as the way in which requests are carried out, by instead only specifying
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A delegated control style lies in between a centralized and dispersed control style. It passes some of the decision making and much of the action to objects surrounding a control center. Each neighboring object has a significant role to play. It can also be called as event driven model, where the
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This control style is a variation of the centralized control style wherein control is factored among a group of objects whose actions are coordinated. The main difference between a clustered and delegated control style is that in a clustered control style, the decision making objects are located
342:
Object role refers to an exterior view of what general service is offered by the object. It is a set of related responsibilities. It can be implemented as a class or an interface. Interface, however, is the preferred implementation as it increases flexibility by hiding the concrete class which
218:
modelling technique is used to generate these behavioral abstractions. The rest of the object structure including data attributes are assigned later, as and when required. This makes the design follow type hierarchy for inheritance which improves encapsulation and makes it easier to identify
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After extensive results of experiments conducted, only the senior management has the necessary skills to make use of delegated control style and centralized control style benefits programmers. There is no context mentioned about the mid-level employees.
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To further the encapsulation of the server, Wirfs-Brock and
Wilkerson call for language features that limit outside influence to the behavior of a class. They demand that the visibility of members and functions should be finely grained, such as in
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Information
Provider: A slight variation of an information holder is the information provider, which takes a more active role in managing and maintaining information. This distinction can be used if a designer needs to get more
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An important part in the responsibility-driven design process is the distribution of control responsibilities that results in developing a control style. A control style is concerned about the control flow between
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A dispersed control style does not contain any control centers. The logic is spread across the entire population of objects, keeping each object small and building in as few dependencies among them as possible.
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Control Style
Variations : A control style comes in three distinct variations. These are not precise definitions though since a control style can be said to be more centralized or delegated than another.
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Objects are described as things that have machine-like behaviors that can be plugged together to work in concert. These objects play well-defined roles and encapsulate scripted responses and information.
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Content of unlined side: On this side the candidate's name, its purpose in the application, stereotype roles and anything worthwhile such as the names of roles in patterns it participates in are recorded.
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Control
Centers : An important aspect of developing a control style is the invention of so-called control centers. These are places where objects charged with controlling and coordinating reside.
1022:. In Conference Proceedings on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, October 2–06, 1989). OOPSLA '89. ACM Press, New York, NY, 71-75.
427:
Manager model : The control of the objects in the application is in with only one object. Generally, it is implemented in concurrent models. It can also be implemented in sequential model using
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CRC Cards: CRC stands for
Candidates, Responsibilities, Collaborators. They are index cards used in early design for recording candidates. These cards are split up into an unlined and a lined side.
158:
Responsibility-driven design is in direct contrast with data-driven design, which promotes defining the behavior of a class along with the data that it holds. Data-driven design is not the same as
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External
Interfacer: External interfacer communicates with other applications rather than its own. It is mainly used for encapsulating non-object-oriented APIs and does not collaborate a lot.
282:
Hot Spot Cards: Hot Spot Cards are used for recording variations with just enough detail so you can discriminate important difference. Similar to CRC cards, these are also created from
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Subresponsibilities: Sometimes, a large or complicated responsibility is split up into smaller ones called subresponsibilities. They are further categorized based on what they do.
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This control style inflicts a procedural paradigm on the structure of the application and places major-decision making responsibilities in only a few objects or a single object.
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Candidates: Candidates or candidate objects are key concepts in the form of objects described on CRC cards. They serve as initial inventions in the process of object design.
424:
Call-return model : The control of the objects in the application is in hierarchical way. Control starts at root and moves downwards. It is used in a sequential model.
933:
Eric, Arisholm; Dag I.K., Sjoberg (2004). "Evaluating the effect of a delegated versus centralized control style on the maintainability of object-oriented software".
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Responsibilities: A responsibility is an obligation to perform a task or know information. These are further categorized according to their usage scenario.
928:
926:
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Public
Responsibilities: Public responsibilities are the responsibilities an object offers as services to others and the information it provides to others.
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User
Interfacer: User interfacer communicates with users by responding to events generated in the UI and then passing them on to more appropriate objects.
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Interfacer: This role transforms information and requests between distinct parts of an application. It is further divided into more specific roles.
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Though there is an external coordinator, Objects can be made smarter to know what they are supposed to do and can be reused in other applications.
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Broadcast model : An event is broadcast to all objects in the application. The object which can handle the event can acquire the control.
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Role
Stereotypes: Role stereotypes are simplified roles that come with predefined responsibilities. There are several categories.
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Private
Responsibilities: Private responsibilities are the actions an object takes in support of public responsibilities.
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When you want to find out how something works, you must trace the sequence of requests for services across many objects
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of classes. At any particular time, either the client or the server represents an object. Both the parties commit to a
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Hot Spots: Hot Spots are points in the application where variations occur. They are recorded using Hot Spot Cards.
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Content of lined side: On this side the candidate's name, its responsibilities and its collaborators are recorded.
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Sequencing Responsibilities: These refer to the sequencing of the execution of subordinate responsibilities.
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Controller: Object implementing this role makes decisions and closely directs the action of other objects.
93:
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Internal Interfacer: Also called intersystem interfacer. It act as a bridge between object neighborhoods.
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136:
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Structurer: This role maintains relationships between objects and information about those relationships.
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223:. It can also group the classes together based on their clients which is considered a unique ability.
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programming language. Even finer control of the visibility of even classes is available in the
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Object Neighborhoods: Another term for subsystem. It is a logical grouping of collaborators.
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Collaborations: A collaboration is defined as an interaction of objects or roles (or both).
8:
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Too much distribution of responsibility can lead to weak objects and weak collaborations
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within a control center whereas in a delegated control style they are mostly outside.
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Subordinate Responsibilities: These include the major steps in each subresponsibility.
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Delegating coordinators tend to know about fewer objects than dominating controllers.
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Concept of Control : The responsibilities and collaborations among the classes.
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Application: A software application is referred to as a set of interacting objects.
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is responsible for and the information that the object shares. It was proposed by
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648:"Design Patterns as Litmus Paper to Test the Strength of Object-Oriented Methods"
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Objects can become coupled indirectly through the actions of their controller
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handler to process the interrupt and passes to some object to process it.
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When decisions to be made are few, simple, and related to a single task.
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Service Provider: This role performs work and offers computing services.
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control is delegated to the object requesting it to process the event.
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Information Holder: Information holder knows and provides information.
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When one wants to delegate work to objects that are more specialized.
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Coordinator: This role reacts to events by delegating tasks to others.
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695:"Responsibility-Driven Explanation Engineering for Cognitive Models"
35:
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Controllers can become dependent on information holders' contents
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It is easy to change as changes typically affect fewer objects.
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Steven R. Haynes; Isaac G. Councill; Frank E. Ritter (2004).
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Not very reusable because no single object contributes much
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Object Design: Roles, Responsibilities, and Collaborations
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Object Design: Roles, Responsibilities, and Collaborations
615:"Object-Oriented Design: A Responsibility-Driven Approach"
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the intent of a certain request. The benefit is increased
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Anthony J. H. Simons; Monique Snoeck; Kitty Hung (1998).
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At least two specific examples where the variation occurs
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Object Design: Roles, Responsibilities and Collaborations
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Object-oriented design: a responsibility-driven approach
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which are characterized by their responsibilities. The
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Responsibility-driven design focuses on the objects as
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It is easier to divide design work among team members.
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27:Design technique in object-oriented programming
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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56:Please improve this article by adding
712:. Indianapolis, IN: Addison-Wesley.
451:Control logic can get overly complex
292:General description of the variation
147:by considering the actions that the
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58:secondary or tertiary sources
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133:Responsibility-driven design
18:Responsibility-Driven Design
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343:ultimately does the work.
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286:. These cards consist of:
513:Dialogs are higher-level.
504:It is easy to understand.
411:Centralized control style
135:is a design technique in
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591:Preferred control style
551:Dispersed control style
542:Clustered control style
473:Delegated control style
241:knowledge-based systems
212:behavioral abstractions
160:data-driven programming
202:programming language.
45:relies excessively on
155:and Brian Wilkerson.
654:. pp. 129–147.
166:, not class design.
143:. It focuses on the
947:10.1109/TSE.2004.43
632:10.1145/74878.74885
619:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
229:distributed systems
171:client–server model
153:Rebecca Wirfs-Brock
141:client–server model
237:intelligent agents
1041:978-0-201-37943-3
679:978-1-85233-046-0
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110:December 2012
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583:When to use
534:When to use
465:When to use
284:index cards
1053:Categories
625:(10): 74.
600:References
560:Advantages
499:Advantages
436:Advantages
394:subsystems
80:newspapers
47:references
656:CiteSeerX
492:interrupt
360:specific.
179:instances
216:CRC-card
206:Overview
200:Newspeak
183:contract
145:contract
955:6396127
652:Oois'98
587:Never.
302:Objects
175:classes
169:In the
94:scholar
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196:Eiffel
149:object
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338:Roles
101:JSTOR
87:books
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565:None
73:news
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