681:
913:, while the Higgs arises from a 10 dimensional vector representation. In order to make an SO(10) invariant coupling, one must have an even number of spinor fields (i.e. there is a spinor parity). After GUT symmetry breaking, this spinor parity descends into R-parity so long as no spinor fields were used to break the GUT symmetry. Explicit examples of such SO(10) theories have been constructed.
730:
Because proton decay involves violating both lepton and baryon number simultaneously, no single renormalizable R-parity violating coupling leads to proton decay. This has motivated the study of R-parity violation where only one set of the R-parity violating couplings are non-zero which is sometimes
726:
is assumed the proton lifetime can be extended to 1 year. Since the proton lifetime is observed to be greater than 10 to 10 years (depending on the exact decay channel), this would highly disfavour the model. R-parity sets all of the renormalizable baryon and lepton number violating
42:
couplings in the theory. Since baryon number and lepton number conservation have been tested very precisely, these couplings need to be very small in order not to be in conflict with experimental data. R-parity is a
416:
593:
491:
849:(the supersymmetric partner of neutrino), which is odd under R-parity, develops a vacuum expectation value. It can be shown, on phenomenological grounds, that this cannot happen in any theory where
655:
229:
145:
727:
couplings to zero and the proton is stable at the renormalizable level and the lifetime of the proton is increased to 10 years and is nearly consistent with current observational data.
719:
70:
1667:
889:
835:
785:
723:
529:
269:) cannot decay. This lightest particle (if it exists) may therefore account for the observed missing mass of the universe that is generally called
845:, then there exist an exactly conserved discrete remnant subgroup which has the desired properties. The crucial issue is to determine whether the
1412:
Farrar, G.R.; Fayet, P. (1978). "Phenomenology of the production, decay, and detection of new hadronic states associated with supersymmetry".
1338:
Farrar, G.R.; Weinberg, S. (1983). "Supersymmetry at ordinary energies. II. R invariance, Goldstone bosons, and gauge-fermion masses".
1698:
603:
The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is the violation universality of Fermi constant in leptonic charged current decays.
346:
909:. This natural occurrence of R-parity is possible because in SO(10) the Standard Model fermions arise from the 16 dimensional
1676:
72:
symmetry acting on the
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) fields that forbids these couplings and can be defined as
537:
435:
1671:
972:
253:
Note that there are different forms of parity with different effects and principles, one should not confuse this parity with
250:
is lepton number. All
Standard Model particles have R-parity of +1 while supersymmetric particles have R-parity of −1.
27:
668:
While the constraints on single couplings are reasonably strong, if multiple couplings are combined together, they lead to
1559:
Aulakh, C.S.; Bajc, B.; Melfo, A.; SenjanoviÄ, G.; Vissani, F. (2004). "The minimal supersymmetric grand unified theory".
1264:
Fayet, P. (1975). "Supergauge invariant extension of the Higgs mechanism and a model for the electron and its neutrino".
302:
609:
156:
78:
745:
continuous gauge symmetry which is spontaneously broken at a scale inaccessible to current experiments. A continuous
1504:
Aulakh, C.S.; Bajc, B.; Melfo, A.; RaĆĄin, A.; SenjanoviÄ, G. (2001). "SO(10) theory of R-parity and neutrino mass".
1375:
Fayet, P. (1977). "Spontaneously broken supersymmetric theories of weak, electromagnetic and strong interactions".
266:
837:
is only broken by scalar vacuum expectation values (or other order parameters) that carry even integer values of
1449:
Aulakh, C.S.; Melfo, A.; RaĆĄin, A.; SenjanoviÄ, G. (1998). "Supersymmetry and large scale left-right symmetry".
672:. Thus there are further maximal bounds on values of the couplings from maximal bounds on proton decay rate.
722:
couplings for the R-parity violating couplings, the proton can decay in approximately 10 seconds or if
1049:
Mohapatra, R.N. (1986). "New contributions to neutrinoless double-beta decay in supersymmetric theories".
1656:
691:
46:
1693:
665:
The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is that it leads to a large neutrino mass.
1201:
Martin, S.P. (1996). "Implications of supersymmetric models with natural R-parity conservation".
502:
852:
798:
748:
910:
1636:
1580:
1525:
1470:
1423:
1386:
1349:
1312:
1275:
1222:
1159:
1112:
1060:
1015:
906:
507:
8:
1640:
1584:
1529:
1474:
1427:
1390:
1353:
1316:
1279:
1226:
1163:
1116:
1095:
1064:
1019:
501:
The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is the violation universality of
1626:
1596:
1570:
1541:
1515:
1486:
1460:
1246:
1212:
1183:
1149:
1031:
1005:
978:
950:
1537:
426:
The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is from the non-observation of
1600:
1561:
1545:
1506:
1451:
1435:
1414:
1398:
1377:
1340:
1324:
1303:
1287:
1266:
1238:
1203:
1175:
1140:
1124:
1103:
1076:
1051:
1035:
1027:
982:
968:
1490:
1187:
1644:
1592:
1588:
1533:
1478:
1431:
1394:
1357:
1320:
1283:
1250:
1230:
1167:
1120:
1068:
1023:
960:
896:
294:
254:
23:
1648:
1301:
Salam, A.; Strathdee, J. (1975). "Supersymmetry and fermion-number conservation".
39:
996:
Jungman, G.; Kamionkowski, M.; Griest, K. (1996). "Supersymmetric dark matter".
308:
Typically the dark matter candidate of the MSSM is a mixture of the electroweak
286:
276:
1482:
964:
688:
273:. In order to fit observations, it is assumed that this particle has a mass of
239:
1171:
1687:
1361:
1234:
1072:
899:. As a consequence, in such theories R-parity remains exact at all energies.
35:
31:
1242:
1179:
680:
669:
1080:
892:
427:
329:
298:
270:
1631:
1575:
1520:
1465:
1217:
1154:
1010:
955:
922:
317:
1138:
Martin, S.P. (1992). "Some simple criteria for gauged R parity".
1617:
Barbier, R.; et al. (2005). "R-parity violating supersymmetry".
846:
325:
321:
265:
With R-parity being preserved, the lightest supersymmetric particle (
313:
309:
411:{\displaystyle \int d^{2}\theta \;\lambda _{1}\;U^{c}D^{c}D^{c}}
340:
The renormalizable R-parity violating couplings of the MSSM are
903:
687:
Without baryon and lepton number being conserved and taking
335:
1448:
1096:"Does proton stability imply the existence of an extra Z?"
1558:
995:
324:
be the dark matter candidate. Another possibility is the
588:{\displaystyle \int d^{2}\theta \;\lambda _{3}\;LE^{c}L}
486:{\displaystyle \int d^{2}\theta \;\lambda _{2}\;QD^{c}L}
895:
one. This is true in any theory based on a large-scale
941:
Martin, S. P. (6 Sep 2011). "A Supersymmetry Primer".
902:
This phenomenon can arise as an automatic symmetry in
855:
801:
751:
739:
A very attractive way to motivate R-parity is with a
694:
612:
540:
510:
438:
349:
320:. In extensions to the MSSM it is possible to have a
159:
81:
49:
1503:
943:
Advanced Series on
Directions in High Energy Physics
883:
829:
779:
713:
650:{\displaystyle \int d^{2}\theta \;\kappa \;LH_{u}}
649:
587:
523:
485:
410:
224:{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {R} }=(-1)^{3(B-L)+2s},}
223:
139:
64:
16:Discrete symmetry in certain supersymmetric models
1093:
731:called the single coupling dominance hypothesis.
1685:
140:{\displaystyle P_{\mathrm {R} }=(-1)^{3B+L+2s},}
734:
1337:
1300:
531:in quark and leptonic charged current decays.
1094:Font, A.; Ibåñez, L.E.; Quevedo, F. (1989).
1411:
787:forbids renormalizable terms which violate
633:
629:
568:
557:
466:
455:
377:
366:
1630:
1574:
1519:
1464:
1216:
1153:
1048:
1009:
954:
52:
679:
336:R-parity violating couplings of the MSSM
293:, is neutral and only interacts through
260:
1616:
1686:
1200:
1137:
940:
332:and does not require strict R-parity.
38:are no longer conserved by all of the
1374:
1263:
28:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
891:is broken at a scale much above the
1699:Supersymmetric quantum field theory
303:weakly interacting massive particle
13:
697:
166:
88:
14:
1710:
1610:
714:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(1)}
428:neutronâantineutron oscillations.
65:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}
1552:
1497:
1442:
1405:
1368:
675:
1593:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.03.031
1331:
1294:
1257:
1194:
1131:
1087:
1042:
989:
934:
866:
859:
812:
805:
762:
755:
708:
702:
204:
192:
185:
175:
107:
97:
1:
1649:10.1016/j.physrep.2005.08.006
1538:10.1016/S0550-3213(00)00721-5
928:
1436:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90858-4
1399:10.1016/0370-2693(77)90852-8
1325:10.1016/0550-3213(75)90253-9
1288:10.1016/0550-3213(75)90636-7
1125:10.1016/0370-2693(89)90529-7
1028:10.1016/0370-1573(95)00058-5
735:Possible origins of R-parity
7:
916:
328:, which only interacts via
10:
1715:
1483:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.115007
965:10.1142/9789812839657_0001
884:{\displaystyle U(1)_{B-L}}
830:{\displaystyle U(1)_{B-L}}
780:{\displaystyle U(1)_{B-L}}
330:gravitational interactions
299:gravitational interactions
1172:10.1103/PhysRevD.46.R2769
1668:"R-parity violating ..."
1657:"R-parity violating ..."
1362:10.1103/PhysRevD.27.2732
1235:10.1103/PhysRevD.54.2340
1073:10.1103/PhysRevD.34.3457
724:minimal flavor violation
301:. It is often called a
907:grand unified theories
885:
831:
781:
715:
684:
651:
589:
525:
487:
412:
246:is baryon number, and
225:
141:
66:
911:spinor representation
886:
832:
782:
716:
683:
652:
590:
526:
524:{\displaystyle G_{F}}
488:
413:
261:Dark matter candidate
226:
150:or, equivalently, as
142:
67:
1660:xstructure.inr.ac.ru
853:
799:
749:
692:
610:
538:
508:
436:
347:
157:
79:
47:
1641:2005PhR...420....1B
1585:2004PhLB..588..196A
1530:2001NuPhB.597...89A
1475:1998PhRvD..58k5007A
1428:1978PhLB...76..575F
1391:1977PhLB...69..489F
1354:1983PhRvD..27.2732F
1317:1975NuPhB..87...85S
1280:1975NuPhB..90..104F
1227:1996PhRvD..54.2340M
1164:1992PhRvD..46.2769M
1117:1989PhLB..228...79F
1065:1986PhRvD..34.3457M
1020:1996PhR...267..195J
1148:(7): R2769âR2772.
881:
827:
777:
711:
685:
647:
585:
521:
483:
408:
221:
137:
62:
1562:Physics Letters B
1507:Nuclear Physics B
1452:Physical Review D
1415:Physics Letters B
1378:Physics Letters B
1341:Physical Review D
1304:Nuclear Physics B
1267:Nuclear Physics B
1204:Physical Review D
1141:Physical Review D
1104:Physics Letters B
1059:(11): 3457â3461.
1052:Physical Review D
974:978-981-02-3553-6
295:weak interactions
1706:
1694:Particle physics
1680:
1675:. Archived from
1663:
1652:
1634:
1605:
1604:
1578:
1569:(3â4): 196â202.
1556:
1550:
1549:
1523:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1468:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1220:
1211:(3): 2340â2348.
1198:
1192:
1191:
1157:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1013:
1004:(5â6): 195â373.
993:
987:
986:
958:
938:
897:seesaw mechanism
890:
888:
887:
882:
880:
879:
844:
842:
836:
834:
833:
828:
826:
825:
794:
790:
786:
784:
783:
778:
776:
775:
744:
743:
720:
718:
717:
712:
701:
700:
660:
656:
654:
653:
648:
646:
645:
625:
624:
598:
594:
592:
591:
586:
581:
580:
567:
566:
553:
552:
530:
528:
527:
522:
520:
519:
496:
492:
490:
489:
484:
479:
478:
465:
464:
451:
450:
421:
417:
415:
414:
409:
407:
406:
397:
396:
387:
386:
376:
375:
362:
361:
316:and is called a
292:
282:
255:any other parity
249:
245:
237:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
216:
171:
170:
169:
146:
144:
143:
138:
133:
132:
93:
92:
91:
71:
69:
68:
63:
61:
60:
55:
24:particle physics
22:is a concept in
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1684:
1683:
1666:
1655:
1619:Physics Reports
1613:
1608:
1557:
1553:
1514:(1â3): 89â109.
1502:
1498:
1447:
1443:
1410:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1336:
1332:
1299:
1295:
1262:
1258:
1199:
1195:
1136:
1132:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1047:
1043:
998:Physics Reports
994:
990:
975:
939:
935:
931:
919:
869:
865:
854:
851:
850:
840:
838:
815:
811:
800:
797:
796:
792:
788:
765:
761:
750:
747:
746:
741:
740:
737:
696:
695:
693:
690:
689:
678:
658:
641:
637:
620:
616:
611:
608:
607:
596:
576:
572:
562:
558:
548:
544:
539:
536:
535:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
494:
474:
470:
460:
456:
446:
442:
437:
434:
433:
419:
402:
398:
392:
388:
382:
378:
371:
367:
357:
353:
348:
345:
344:
338:
284:
274:
263:
247:
243:
235:
188:
184:
165:
164:
160:
158:
155:
154:
110:
106:
87:
86:
82:
80:
77:
76:
56:
51:
50:
48:
45:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1682:
1681:
1679:on 2010-05-28.
1664:
1653:
1632:hep-ph/0406039
1625:(1â6): 1â195.
1612:
1611:External links
1609:
1607:
1606:
1576:hep-ph/0306242
1551:
1521:hep-ph/0004031
1496:
1466:hep-ph/9712551
1459:(11): 115007.
1441:
1404:
1385:(4): 489â494.
1367:
1330:
1293:
1256:
1218:hep-ph/9602349
1193:
1155:hep-ph/9207218
1130:
1086:
1041:
1011:hep-ph/9506380
988:
973:
956:hep-ph/9709356
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
918:
915:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
858:
824:
821:
818:
814:
810:
807:
804:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
754:
736:
733:
710:
707:
704:
699:
677:
674:
663:
662:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
601:
600:
584:
579:
575:
571:
565:
561:
556:
551:
547:
543:
518:
514:
503:Fermi constant
499:
498:
482:
477:
473:
469:
463:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
424:
423:
405:
401:
395:
391:
385:
381:
374:
370:
365:
360:
356:
352:
337:
334:
262:
259:
232:
231:
220:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
174:
168:
163:
148:
147:
136:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
96:
90:
85:
59:
54:
40:renormalizable
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
970:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
937:
933:
924:
921:
920:
914:
912:
908:
905:
900:
898:
894:
876:
873:
870:
862:
856:
848:
822:
819:
816:
808:
802:
772:
769:
766:
758:
752:
732:
728:
725:
721:
705:
682:
673:
671:
666:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
617:
613:
606:
605:
604:
582:
577:
573:
569:
563:
559:
554:
549:
545:
541:
534:
533:
532:
516:
512:
504:
480:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
452:
447:
443:
439:
432:
431:
430:
429:
403:
399:
393:
389:
383:
379:
372:
368:
363:
358:
354:
350:
343:
342:
341:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
290:
281:
280:
272:
268:
258:
256:
251:
241:
218:
213:
210:
207:
201:
198:
195:
189:
181:
178:
172:
161:
153:
152:
151:
134:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
103:
100:
94:
83:
75:
74:
73:
57:
41:
37:
36:lepton number
33:
32:baryon number
29:
25:
21:
1677:the original
1670:
1659:
1622:
1618:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1348:(11): 2732.
1345:
1339:
1333:
1311:(1): 85â92.
1308:
1302:
1296:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1111:(1): 79â88.
1108:
1102:
1089:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1001:
997:
991:
946:
942:
936:
901:
738:
729:
686:
676:Proton decay
670:proton decay
667:
664:
602:
500:
425:
339:
307:
288:
278:
264:
252:
233:
149:
19:
18:
1274:: 104â124.
893:electroweak
271:dark matter
1688:Categories
1422:(5): 575.
929:References
923:R-symmetry
318:neutralino
1601:119401374
1546:119100803
1036:119067698
983:118973381
874:−
847:sneutrino
820:−
770:−
661:by 1 unit
657:violates
631:κ
627:θ
614:∫
599:by 1 unit
595:violates
560:λ
555:θ
542:∫
497:by 1 unit
493:violates
458:λ
453:θ
440:∫
422:by 1 unit
418:violates
369:λ
364:θ
351:∫
326:gravitino
322:sneutrino
314:Higgsinos
305:or WIMP.
275:100
199:−
179:−
101:−
26:. In the
1491:43296921
1243:10020912
1188:14821065
1180:10015267
949:: 1â98.
917:See also
310:gauginos
20:R-parity
1637:Bibcode
1581:Bibcode
1526:Bibcode
1471:Bibcode
1424:Bibcode
1387:Bibcode
1350:Bibcode
1313:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
1251:5751474
1223:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
1113:Bibcode
1081:9957083
1061:Bibcode
1016:Bibcode
285:1
1599:
1544:
1489:
1249:
1241:
1186:
1178:
1079:
1034:
981:
971:
904:SO(10)
234:where
1627:arXiv
1597:S2CID
1571:arXiv
1542:S2CID
1516:arXiv
1487:S2CID
1461:arXiv
1247:S2CID
1213:arXiv
1184:S2CID
1150:arXiv
1099:(PDF)
1032:S2CID
1006:arXiv
979:S2CID
951:arXiv
841:B â L
795:. If
742:B â L
1672:FNAL
1239:PMID
1176:PMID
1077:PMID
969:ISBN
791:and
312:and
297:and
287:TeV/
277:GeV/
240:spin
34:and
1645:doi
1623:420
1589:doi
1567:588
1534:doi
1512:597
1479:doi
1432:doi
1395:doi
1358:doi
1321:doi
1284:doi
1231:doi
1168:doi
1121:doi
1109:228
1069:doi
1024:doi
1002:267
961:doi
283:to
267:LSP
238:is
1690::
1643:.
1635:.
1621:.
1595:.
1587:.
1579:.
1565:.
1540:.
1532:.
1524:.
1510:.
1485:.
1477:.
1469:.
1457:58
1455:.
1430:.
1420:76
1418:.
1393:.
1383:69
1381:.
1356:.
1346:27
1344:.
1319:.
1309:87
1307:.
1282:.
1272:90
1270:.
1245:.
1237:.
1229:.
1221:.
1209:54
1207:.
1182:.
1174:.
1166:.
1158:.
1146:46
1144:.
1119:.
1107:.
1101:.
1075:.
1067:.
1057:34
1055:.
1030:.
1022:.
1014:.
1000:.
977:.
967:.
959:.
947:18
945:.
839:3(
257:.
242:,
30:,
1662:.
1651:.
1647::
1639::
1629::
1603:.
1591::
1583::
1573::
1548:.
1536::
1528::
1518::
1493:.
1481::
1473::
1463::
1438:.
1434::
1426::
1401:.
1397::
1389::
1364:.
1360::
1352::
1327:.
1323::
1315::
1290:.
1286::
1278::
1253:.
1233::
1225::
1215::
1190:.
1170::
1162::
1152::
1127:.
1123::
1115::
1083:.
1071::
1063::
1038:.
1026::
1018::
1008::
985:.
963::
953::
877:L
871:B
867:)
863:1
860:(
857:U
843:)
823:L
817:B
813:)
809:1
806:(
803:U
793:L
789:B
773:L
767:B
763:)
759:1
756:(
753:U
709:)
706:1
703:(
698:O
659:L
643:u
639:H
635:L
622:2
618:d
597:L
583:L
578:c
574:E
570:L
564:3
550:2
546:d
517:F
513:G
495:L
481:L
476:c
472:D
468:Q
462:2
448:2
444:d
420:B
404:c
400:D
394:c
390:D
384:c
380:U
373:1
359:2
355:d
289:c
279:c
248:L
244:B
236:s
219:,
214:s
211:2
208:+
205:)
202:L
196:B
193:(
190:3
186:)
182:1
176:(
173:=
167:R
162:P
135:,
130:s
127:2
124:+
121:L
118:+
115:B
112:3
108:)
104:1
98:(
95:=
89:R
84:P
58:2
53:Z
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
