963:, railroads had been important to economic development and exerting political control over more remote areas. Fighting during the Revolution damaged railways, so rebuilding had been ongoing since the end of the military phase. Calles privatized the railways and a line was built to connect Sonora, Calles's home state, and Mexico City. Even more important, during his presidency, Calles began what became a major infrastructure project to build a road network in Mexico that linked major cities and small villages to the network. He established the National Road Commission as a government agency, envisioning it as a way to increase economic activity by getting crops to market more efficiently, but also as a means to increase the presence of the state in remote communities. Unlike the nineteenth-century railway network, funded by foreign capital and foreign firms, Mexican road construction depended on federal government support and had limited dependence on foreign technology. Mexicans formed road-building companies, most prominently in northern Mexico with revolutionary general
1543:("Aco"), (1901–1976), governor of Nuevo León 1929; Berndardina (died in infancy); Natalia (1904–1998); Hortensia ("Tencha") (1905–1996); Ernestina ("Tinina") (1906–1984); Elodia (1908), died in infancy; María Josefina (1910), died in infancy; Alicia (1911–1988); Alfredo (1913–1988); Artemisa (1915–1998); and Gustavo (1918–1990). After his first wife's death in 1927, he married a young woman from Yucatan, Leonor Llorente, who died of a brain tumor in 1932 at age 29. Calles's own health was not good over his lifetime, and in his later years deteriorated. His problems date from the winter of 1915 when he came down with a rheumatic ailment, likely from extended periods outdoors in sub-freezing temperatures. He also experienced stomach problems and insomnia. The death of his wife Natalia in 1927 was a severe blow personally. Although he remarried in 1930, his second wife Leonor died soon afterwards.
713:, the leader of the Constitutionalist faction that had won the Mexican Revolution. Calles's position put him in charge of the Mexican economy, which had been devastated by the fighting during the civil war. The two main sources of production, mining, and agriculture, had been severely affected by the fighting. The key infrastructure of Mexican railways, which had linked many cities and production sites in Mexico to the national market and to the United States, had been damaged. The national currency in Mexico had been replaced by paper money issued by revolutionary factions without backing by specie. In response to this, many people used the more stable U.S. paper dollars. The lack of currency meant that in agriculture there was no incentive to produce for the market, which led to food shortages. In addition, malnourished populations are more vulnerable to disease, and Mexico suffered from the
991:. Calles was able to devote more government funding to rural education and added two thousand schools to the thousand that his predecessor had established. A key aim of rural education was to integrate Mexico's indigenous population into the nation-state, so Spanish-language instruction was an integral aspect of public education. Along with turning rural indigenous into Spanish speakers, education aimed to create a loyal and patriotic citizenry. Secretary of Education José Manuel Puig Cassauranc developed education materials lauding the accomplishments of Sonorans Obregón and Calles as heirs to the Revolution. The Secretariat of Public Education, based in the capital and controlled by urban intellectuals, could not command rural residents and public school teachers to adhere to the program, so on-site, there was a kind of negotiation about how education was shaped.
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1591:, joining other major figures, Madero, along with Carranza, Villa, and Cárdenas who in life were his political opponents. For many years, the presidency of Cárdenas was touted as the revival of the ideals of the Revolution, but increasingly the importance of Calles as the founder of the party that brought political stability to Mexico has been recognized. When the son of Lázaro Cárdenas broke with the PRI in 1988, the party leadership began to acknowledge Calles' contributions and leadership as the party's founder. In 1990, a monument to Calles was erected that commemorated his September 1928 speech declaring the end of the age of
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progress that they encompass." He was, however, an enemy of "the political priest, the scheming priest, the priest as exploiter." This position of lauding religion while inveighing against earthly ecclesiastic machinations was central...to the justification of the anticlerical campaign in general. As president, Calles expressed determination to enforce the laws of the 1917 constitution that mandated secular education, banned foreign priests as well as confessional political parties and newspapers, nationalized all church properties, and granted local governments the authority to limit the number of priests.
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Article 27 threatened the oil possession of U.S. and European oil companies, especially if the article was applied retroactively. A Mexican Supreme Court decision had ruled that foreign-owned fields could not be seized as long as they were already in operation before the constitution went into effect. The Bucareli Agreements stated that Mexico would agree to respect the Mexican Supreme Court decision in exchange for official recognition from Washington of the presidency of Álvaro Obregón.
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family of school teachers but was himself a small-scale dealer in groceries and alcoholic beverages. Plutarco's uncle was an atheist, and he instilled in his nephew a strong commitment to secular education and an attitude of disdain toward the Roman
Catholic Church, which was separated from the state during this time. This was later reflected in his social agenda, which included the expansion of public education and the removal of church influence from education, politics, and unions.
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prominence by creating a cabinet-level position of public health. The ministry was in charge of promoting vaccination against communicable diseases, improving potable water access, sewage and drainage systems, and inspecting restaurants, markets, and other food providers. A new 1926 sanitary code ordered mandatory vaccination and empowered the government to implement other measures for sanitation and hygiene. Also part of the program was the mandatory registration of prostitutes.
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who would return power to the caudillo upon the conclusion of his term." Calles sought to build his own power base. He launched a reform program that was modeled on the one in Sonora. Its intent was to promote economic development, professionalize the army, and promote social and educational welfare. He relied on worker and peasant organizations to support his consolidation of power, particularly
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967:, in 1920s charge of the military in Nuevo León, forming the Anáhuac Construction Company, making him a wealthy man. This extensive infrastructure project "connected the country, increasingly linking people from different regions and towns to national political, economic, and cultural life." Work began on the Mexican section of the
1381:. Calles mentored Treviño and supported him to be the party's nominee at the time, teaching his experiences and policies, but soon yielded to pressure from party officials and agreed to support Cárdenas—a former revolutionary general, governor of Michoacán, and popular land reformer—as the PNR's presidential candidate in the
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Obregón ran unopposed in the 1928 presidential election. He was able to stand as a candidate despite having served as president before. Under Calles's administration in 1926, a constitutional change was passed that allowed for a non-consecutive re-election, and in 1928 Obregón was elected as Calles's
1212:. Where there had been 4,500 priests in Mexico before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion, execution, and assassination. By 1935, seventeen states had no priests at all.
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Almost 100,000 people on both sides died in the war. A truce was negotiated with the assistance of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow in which the
Cristeros agreed to lay down their arms. Particularly offensive to Catholics after the truce was Calles's insistence on a complete state monopoly on education,
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and the labor movement, and he drew comparisons to Mexico. His international travel gave him a perspective beyond the
Mexican context. He particularly admired the infrastructure and industry in Germany, as well as the strides that a strong organized labor movement had made. He also observed the power
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actions included outlawing religious orders, preventing corruption from the Church. However, Catholic antipathy towards Calles was enhanced because of his vociferous anti-Catholicism. In response to the government's enforcement of anticlerical laws, the
Catholic Church called for a clerical strike,
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Calles had implemented a number of reforms in the first two years of his presidency (1924–26) benefiting workers and peasants. In this he followed in the pattern of his predecessor, Obregón. However, in the second two years of his presidency and into his post-presidency, Calles precipitated a major
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Another important legal innovation in Calles's presidency was the Law of
Electrical Communications (1926), which asserted the radio airwaves as being under government regulation. Radio stations had to comply with government regulations, which included constraints on religious or political messages,
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The military continued to be very top-heavy with revolutionary generals and the army allocated a third of the national budget. Generals had participated in the De la Huerta rebellion in 1923, which cleared the way for Calles's candidacy. Obregón awarded loyalists following that revolt. The military
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Although Calles was president, he remained in the shadow of Obregón, who had powerful allies in the military and among state governors and the
Congress. The contrast between Calles and Obregón was in personality and level of power. "To many, Calles appeared Obregón's creation, a caretaker president
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Morones was appointed to a cabinet position as
Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor at the same time that he retained leadership in the CROM. In that position, Morones was able to advance his organization at the expense of rivals. Some independent unions and more radical were forced into the
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Calles became governor of his home state of Sonora in 1915, building a pragmatic reformist political record, which was to promote the rapid growth of the
Mexican national economy, the infrastructure of which he helped to establish. In particular, he attempted to make Sonora a dry state (a state in
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Wedding of
Fernando Torreblanca y Hortensia Elías Calles, daughter of Plutarco Elías Calles. on August 7, 1922, the civil ceremony took place in the Hacienda de La Hormiga and the religious ceremony took place in Church and former convent of Santa Brígida located in Mexico City in the footage
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Cárdenas had been associated with Calles for over two decades; he had joined Calles's army in Sonora in 1915. For that reason, Calles and his allies trusted Cárdenas, and Calles believed he could work with Cárdenas as he had with his predecessors. Cárdenas soon asserted himself as an independent.
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The debate on the new oil law occurred in 1925, with U.S. interests opposing all initiatives. By 1926, the new law was enacted. In January 1927 the Mexican government canceled the permits of oil companies that would not comply with the law. Talks of war circulated by the U.S. president and in the
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Against claims that revolutionaries sought to destroy the church, officials insisted that they pursued the rule of law. During his presidential campaign, Calles clarified that he was not an "enemy of religion"; he approved of "all religious beliefs because consider them beneficial for the moral
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After the Revolution, public health in Mexico was not in a good state, but it had not been particularly good even during the Porfiriato. The Calles administration sought to improve health and hygiene since the health of citizens was considered important to economic development. He gave the issue
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Scholars review that his hardships in his upbringing; like his social status as a natural or "illegitimate" child, being an orphan, and financial and familial troubles; have all influenced his path, and made him hardworking and determined to overcome such challenges as the eldest to care for his
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was president, and began drafting a new oil law that would strictly enforce article 27 of the Mexican constitution. The oil problem stemmed from Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, which re-stated a law of Spanish origin that made everything under the soil property of the state. The
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in charge of implementing major changes. Many generals had achieved their status as battlefield promotions. The Calles administration called for a change in the law regulating the military, mandating that officers must have professional training to rise in rank. The administration also aimed at
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of his bureaucrat father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, and his mother, María Jesús Campuzano Noriega. He adopted the Calles surname from his mother's sister's husband, Juan Bautista Calles, as he and his wife, María Josefa Campuzano, raised Plutarco after the death of his mother. His uncle was from a
1255:. Stimson replied that the government would take any steps necessary to guarantee Calles's diplomatic protections, including armed force; Calles was escorted across the border back into Mexico by US marines without incident, though Valls promised that "the day of reckoning was only postponed."
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and one-time Minister of Agriculture, were charged with conspiring to blow up a railroad and placed under arrest under the order of President Cárdenas. These were false accusations, framing Calles to exile him. Calles was deported to the United States on 9 April 1936 along with the three last
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Elías Calles is a controversial figure in Mexican history. Supporters have praised his reforms in areas such as health, infrastructure, and public education, as well as his attempts to separate church and state, and for preventing political instability in the wake of Obregón's assassination.
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in Nicaragua, strikes were no longer tolerated, and the government ceased re-distributing lands to poorer peasants. Calles was the candidate of the workers and all for helping those in need of work, campaigning against competing labor organizers, but still opposed and suppressed Communism.
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and had to broadcast government announcements without cost. Although in the 1920s, there were relatively few people owning radios, the regulations were an important assertion of state power. During the Lázaro Cárdenas presidency (1934–40), state control over broadcasts expanded further.
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decreasing corruption by severely penalizing it. Further control was a mandatory retirement age for officers. The most powerful generals were not reined in by such provisions, but Amaro managed to get some cooperation with their enforcement of regulations on subordinates. The
903:, a loyalist of Obregón and served in his cabinet. Pani's classical liberal policies of a balanced budget and stable currency helped restore foreign investors' confidence in Mexico. Pani advised the founding of several banks in support of campesinos, but more importantly, the
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issued a threat against Mexico on 12 June 1925. Calles never considered himself a communist; he considered revolution a way of governing rather than an ideological position. Public opinion in the United States turned particularly anti-Mexican when the first embassy of the
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taking away focus from the Catholic education and introducing secular education in its place, saying: "We must enter and take possession of the consciences of the children, of the consciences of the young, because they do belong, and should belong to the revolution."
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sent naval ships to blockade the Gulf Coast to both prevent the rebels from obtaining arms and deliver arms to Obregón's government. Obregón went to war once again and won a decisive victory against his former comrades-in-arms, 14 of whom were summarily executed.
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family. "To society at large, Plutarco Elías Calles was illegitimate because his parents never married, but he was even more so in the eyes of religion. Denying the authority of religion would at least in part be an attempt to negate his own illegitimacy."
813:, a moderate craft union organization. In 1916 Gompers and Morones put pressure on the Mexican and U.S. governments, which were heading toward war. In Mexico, Morones was credited with aiding the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Mexico sent by U.S. President
500:, and democratic governance. He won the election, and expanded education, implemented infrastructure projects, and improved public health. After this populist phase (1924–1926) he was committed to separating church from state (1926–1928), passing several
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Detractors have criticized the escalation of the Cristero War, his crackdowns on labor unions, and for continuing to hold onto power after his presidency. The party he founded, including its two subsequent incarnations, established what Peruvian writer
1155:, which was characterized by reprisals and counter-reprisals. The Mexican government violently persecuted the clergy, massacring suspected Cristeros and their supporters. The conflict ended in 1929 with the mediation of the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico,
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in any country was opened in Mexico. On that occasion, the Soviet ambassador remarked that "no other two countries show more similarities than the Soviet Union and Mexico." After this, some in the United States government, considering Calles's regime
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to give natural (illegitimate) children the same rights as those born of married parents, partly as a reaction against the problems he himself often had encountered being a child of unmarried parents. According to false rumors, his parents had been
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continued to be a potential interventionist force in Mexican politics, with generals presuming that they could rise to the presidency. Calles sought to professionalize the army and decrease its share of the national budget, putting
852:. Workers from the CROM, headed by Luis Morones and the Laborist Party of Mexico displayed banners. The release of balloons and doves figured in the spectacle. The De la Huerta rebellion had thinned the ranks of the military.
741:, the Mexican ambassador to the U.S. as his successor. Carranza was forced out of power and died escaping, leaving De la Huerta as interim president. De la Huerta then named Calles to the important post of Minister of War.
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Conflicts between Calles and Cárdenas arose not long after Cárdenas was sworn in. Calles opposed Cárdenas's support for labor unions, especially his tolerance and support for strikes, while Cárdenas opposed Calles's view.
3212:(US) co-presented by Latino Public Broadcasting; 20 July 2010. Filmmaker Natalia Almada works from audio recordings made by her grandmother about Calles, Almada's great-grandfather, relating history to present in Mexico.
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The serious military conflict was resolved in favor of Obregón when the U.S. threw its support to him. Obregón's government had acceded to concessions to U.S. business interests, particularly oil, in the August 1923
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In protest of this treatment, the Mexican consulate in Laredo was closed, restricting the flow of tourists and merchandise during the holiday season. The consulate was reopened in January after pressure from
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for president, but Cárdenas exiled him and many of his allies to implement more socialist reforms. Elías Calles was allowed to return to Mexico in 1941, where he died in 1945. His remains are buried in the
1116:, as the United States supported the conservatives. This conflict ended when both countries signed a treaty in which they allowed each other to support the side they considered to be the most democratic.
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as puppets of Calles. Officially, after 1929, Calles served as minister of war as he continued to suppress corruption. Still, a few months later, after the intervention of the United States ambassador
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would describe as "the perfect dictatorship" and ruled Mexico without democratic opposition much of the twentieth century through a combination of corruption, repression, and electoral fraud.
1597:. His speech was made in the aftermath of Obregón's assassination and as the political solution to violence at presidential successions was being resolved by the party he brought into being.
891:, embedding labor rights. The number of labor strikes decreased precipitously during the Calles administration. When railway workers struck in 1926, Morones sent scabs to break the strike.
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Calles's inauguration was a great state occasion, with some 50,000 spectators. His predecessor, Obregón, was present for the first peaceful transfer of presidential power since 1884 when
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successor; this amendment was later repealed in 1934. In addition, Mexico passed an amendment to the constitution in 1927 that expanded a presidential term from four years to six years.
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Calles's candidacy was supported by labor and peasant unions. The Laborist Party which supported his government in reality functioned as the political-electoral branch of the powerful
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717:. Calles gained political experience in his months serving in Carranza's government, and his attempt to settle a labor dispute in Orizaba gained him the support of workers there.
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Calles's legacy remains controversial today, but within the PRI it has undergone a re-appraisal. His remains were moved from their original resting place to be interred in the
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The reaction of the U.S. government to Calles's intention to enforce Article 27 was swift. The American ambassador to Mexico branded Calles a communist, and Secretary of State
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José Valenzuela, Georgette E. "El viaje de Plutarco Elías Calles como president electo por Europa y Estados Unidos." Revista Mexicana de Sociología 57, no. 3 (1995): 191–210.
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Upon his death, on 19 October 1945, the mortal remains of Calles were deposited in the crypt of his godmother with his wife's Natalia Chacón. In 1969, by order of President
628:, leaving his widow with eight children, of which Plutarco was the oldest. The family's fortunes declined precipitously; it lost or sold much of its land, some of it to the
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Ed. FCE, Miguel Ángel Porrúa, Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca, LXI Legislatura Cámara de Diputados, 2010.
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which alcohol is heavily regulated), promoted education, legislation giving social security and collective bargaining to workers; organized an economic ground for Mexico.
817:. CROM's support for Calles was important for his election. Although the labor movement in Mexico was factionalized, CROM was a staunch supporter of Obregón and Calles.
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624:. Plutarco Elías Calles's father, Plutarco Elías Lucero, lost his own father, José Juan Elías Pérez, in 1865 to battle wounds sustained during the resistance to the
1297:, founded by Plutarco Elías Calles in 1929. The logo has the colors and arrangement of the Mexican flag, with the party's acronym replacing the symbol of the eagle.
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The period that Obregón had been elected to serve, between 1928 and 1934, was when Calles was requested to come in as an advisor but was instead considered the
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which entailed ceasing to celebrate Mass, baptize children, sanctify marriage, and perform rituals for the dead. The clerical strike went on for three years.
1097:. Mexico managed to avoid war through a series of diplomatic maneuvers. Soon afterward, a direct telephone link was established between Calles and President
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The effects of Calles's policy on the Church were between 1926 and 1934. At least 4,000 priests were killed or expelled; one of the most famous was the
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1313:, a Catholic militant, before he could assume power. Calles was ineligible to return to the presidency, but he took steps to avoid a political vacuum.
1109:. Morrow won the Calles government over to the United States position and helped negotiate an agreement between the government and the oil companies.
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umbrella of the moderate CROM. Wage increases and betterment of working conditions were evidence that Calles sought to implement Article 123 of the
1493:(1940–1946) allowed Calles to return to Mexico under the reconciliation policy of Cárdenas's successor in 1941. He spent his last years quietly in
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The conflict weakened Calles politically, and that weakness paved the way for Alvaro Obregón to return to the presidency in the 1928 election.
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As a young man, Calles worked in many different jobs, from bartender to schoolteacher, and always had an affinity for political opportunities.
1385:. By this time, the PNR had become so entrenched that Cárdenas' victory was a foregone conclusion; he won with almost 98 percent of the vote.
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On 14 June 1926, President Calles enacted anticlerical legislation known formally as The Law Reforming the Penal Code and unofficially as the
1358:, the Mexican government and the Cristeros signed a peace treaty. During the Maximato, Calles served as Minister of Industry and Commerce.
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In 1919, Calles travelled to Mexico City to take up the post of Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor in the government of President
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Young, Julia G. (July 2013). "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926–1929".
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of Mexican politics, with only Rodríguez able to assert much true influence. During this period, Elías Calles became more ideologically
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Obregón won the 1928 election, but was assassinated as president-elect. Elías Calles prevented political instability by founding the
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1512:, attending weekly sessions at the Mexican Circle of Metapsychic Investigations, and coming to profess belief "in a Supreme Being".
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in Mexico—Morones, Luis León (leader of the Radical Civic Union in Mexico), and General Rafael Melchor Ortega (one-time Governor of
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Elías Calles on the cover of Time magazine in 1924. He was the first Mexican president to be featured on the cover of Time magazine.
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Keith A. Haynes, "Order and Progress: The Revolutionary Ideology of Alberto J. Pani." PhD. Diss. Northern Illinois University 1981.
1041:. In order not to draw too much attention to his unhappy childhood, Calles chose to ignore those rumors rather than to fight them.
1340:, the "maximum chief," and the power behind the presidency; and was a title he never used for himself. The period is known as the
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Back in Mexico, Calles's political position became more moderate; in 1942, he supported Mexico's declaration of war upon the
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Young, Julia G. "The Calles Government and Catholic Dissidents: Mexico's Transnational Projects of Repression, 1926-1929."
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2579:"STIMSON TO PREVENT ARREST OF CALLES. Armed Force Will Be Supplied if Necessary to Guard Him From Texas Murder Warrant"
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Due to Calles's strict enforcement of anti-clerical laws, people in strongly Catholic areas, especially the states of
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Khan, M. A. & Lara-Garcia, A., (2021) “A “Perfect Dictatorship”: The PRI, Corruption, and Autocracy in Mexico”,
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presidential campaign in Mexico's history, as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, further
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1628:) as being "unjust", for a "hateful" attitude and for the "ferocity" of the war which he waged against the Church.
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Buchenau, Jürgen, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. “Plutarco Elías Calles and Revolutionary-Era Populism in Mexico.” in
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Calles monument inaugurated in 1990, commemorating his speech of September 1928 declaring the end of the age of
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With the Institutional Revolutionary Party now firmly in control and in the spirit of national unity, President
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777:. Obregón pushed through ratification in the Mexican congress, and the U.S. then moved decisively. President
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2631:"PROSECUTOR DECIDES NOT TO ARREST CALLES. Laredo Official, Warned by Stimson, Says He Will Respect Immunity"
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Waters, Wendy. "Remapping Identities: Road Construction and Nation Building in Postrevolutionary Mexico" in
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Another source of conflict with the United States was Mexico's support for the liberals in the civil war in
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Weis, Robert. "The Revolution on Trial: Assassination, Christianity, and the Rule of Law in 1920s Mexico."
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672:) allowed him to move up the ranks quickly, allowing him to attain the rank of general by 1915. He led the
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Robert Weis, "The Revolution on Trial: Assassination, Christianity, and the Rule of Law in 1920s Mexico."
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1584:(PRI)—which governed Mexico until 2000 and returned to power for one term in the elections of 2012.
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Soto Laveaga, Gabriela and Claudia Agostoni, "Science and Public Health in the Century of Revolution" in
753:. During the Obregón presidency (1920–24), Calles aligned himself with organized labor, particularly the
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Buford, Nick. "A Biography of Luis N. Morones", PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University 1971, p. 20
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notifying the federal government of Valls's intent to arrest Calles on a warrant for the 1922 murder of
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3000:. W. Dirk Raat and William H. Beezley, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1986, pp. 146–58.
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Copper Company, whose labor practices resulted in a major strike at the turn of the twentieth century.
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1604:, Hermosillo, and his hometown of Guaymas. The official name of the municipality of Sonoyta is called
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By the summer of 1933, two of Calles's former wartime subordinates had risen to the top of the party:
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and Laredo city officials to offer assurances that Mexican citizens would not be unlawfully molested.
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Compromised Positions: Prostitution, Public Health, and Gender Politics in Revolutionary Mexico City
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as an institution, and Mexican Catholics. Calles did not recognize the freedom to join the church.
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During the Calles presidency, he relied on the financial acumen of his Secretary of the Treasury,
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3145:. Boletín 45. Mexico City: Archivo Fideicomiso Plutarco Elias Calles y Fernando Torreblanca 2004.
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of part of Mexico's foreign debt. After coming into conflict with Calles, Pani resigned in 1927.
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3371:
2342:
1563:
1490:
4796:
4522:
4499:
4407:
4357:
4063:
4058:
3441:
4635:
4610:
3913:
3625:
3019:
Populism in Twentieth Century Mexico: The Presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría,
2252:
2216:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, pp. 243–258
2126:
1559:
in Mexico City where the remains of Madero, Carranza, Villa, Cárdenas, and Calles are entombed
1194:, began to oppose him, and on 1 January 1927, a war cry went up from the faithful Catholics, "
964:
516:
to consolidate unions under the Laborist Party, and launched a failed attempted to cancel the
4877:
3547:
3479:
2356:
1022:
616:, where, as commander of the presidio of Terrenate, he played a role in the wars against the
520:. Obregón still held significant political sway and was Elías Calles's main base of support.
4786:
4735:
4725:
4145:
3670:
3630:
3421:
3058:
The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama
2472:
1402:
1351:
680:
from this point on. In 1915 his forces repelled the Conventionalist faction in Sonora under
536:
4857:
4852:
4540:
4530:
4412:
4183:
3908:
3620:
3605:
3361:
3091:. Boletín 9. Mexico: Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco ElíasCalles y Fernando Torreblanca 1992.
1620:
1580:
through the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR)—known today as the
1378:
1148:
979:
on the Mexico-Guatemala border. Road building was financed internally with a gasoline tax.
968:
888:
548:
4390:
3557:
3406:
2110:
Cultural Politics and the Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930–1940
2086:. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 224.
951:
405:; 25 September 1877 – 19 October 1945) was a Mexican soldier and politician who served as
8:
4806:
4665:
4655:
3979:
3878:
3868:
3848:
3704:
3645:
3592:
3577:
3572:
3552:
3532:
3249:
3242:
3114:, Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana, 1998.
3021:
edited by Amelia M. Kiddle and María L. O. Muñoz, (U of Arizona Press, 2010), pp. 38–57.
1446:
1347:
1066:
1061:
One of the major points of contention with the U.S. was oil. Calles quickly rejected the
734:
730:
726:
710:
673:
665:
661:
625:
597:
532:
485:
481:
473:
469:
426:
410:
406:
161:
108:
85:
4791:
3391:
3175:
1478:
988:
600:, most often recorded as Elías González. The first of this line to settle in Mexico was
4750:
4745:
4710:
3762:
3341:
2989:
Aguilar Camín, Héctor. "The Relevant Tradition: Sonoran Leaders in the Revolution." in
2403:
1920:
1663:
1577:
1289:
1102:
669:
561:
477:
450:
430:
386:
128:
4715:
3665:
3635:
3537:
3386:
3366:
904:
805:. Morones had a national reputation as a labor leader and had forged an alliance with
480:, which allowed him to rise in politics, joining the cabinets of Presidents Carranza,
4755:
4660:
4254:
3984:
3974:
3858:
3776:
3715:
3680:
3587:
3542:
3466:
3274:
3259:
3045:
3008:
2482:
2452:
2407:
2366:
2325:
2273:
1906:
1720:
1434:
1430:
1314:
1301:
1151:, which led to a violent and lengthy conflict known as the Cristero Rebellion or the
987:
Education had been an important part of Obregón's administration, particularly under
613:
528:
120:
3898:
3512:
3484:
3451:
2824:
2212:
Joy Elizabeth Hays, "National Imaginings on the Air: Radio in Mexico, 1920–1940" in
1515:
He died in Mexico City at 14:20 CST (20:20 GMT) on 19 October 1945, at age 68, of a
823:
Shortly before his inauguration, Calles had traveled to Germany and France to study
262:
4535:
4517:
4489:
4463:
3948:
3346:
2427:
2395:
1710:
1576:
Calles's main legacy was the pacification of Mexico, ending the violent era of the
1551:
1438:
1426:
1317:
was appointed temporary president, while Calles created a new political party, the
1260:
1147:
During his term as president, he moved to enforce the anticlerical articles of the
1074:
824:
738:
605:
501:
4605:
4576:
4562:
3893:
3843:
3517:
3497:
3396:
1366:
935:
845:
4690:
4670:
4078:
4010:
4005:
3873:
3655:
3291:
3218:
2765:
1900:
1764:
1535:
Calles married Natalia Chacón (1879–1927) and the marriage produced 12 children.
1454:
1098:
1062:
972:
900:
880:
865:
802:
778:
774:
758:
517:
513:
3918:
3461:
2787:"Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas / Anuario de Historia de América Latina"
744:
4640:
4435:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3888:
3436:
3037:
1093:
1026:
814:
806:
3356:
3213:
3193:
2858:. No. 3577. Victoria, Australia. 18 April 1936. p. 9 (FIRST EDITION)
2849:
2758:
2709:"REOPEN LAREDO CONSULATE. Mexicans and Local Business People Join in Ceremony"
943:
was reformed under Amaro and remained a hope for the improvement of officers.
69:
4846:
3969:
2214:
The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940
2084:
The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940
1724:
1645:
1355:
1248:
1244:
1167:
1156:
1106:
921:
Military history of Mexico § Calles presidency and the military, 1924-28
855:
3827:
999:
572:
4512:
4494:
4443:
4150:
4068:
3863:
3197:
3150:
Plutarco Elías Calles; Pensamiento Político y Social. Antología (1913-1936)
3119:
El relevo del caudillo: De cómo y por qué Calles fue candidato presidencial
2854:
1943:, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 195-96.
1612:
1611:
For his actions that portray him as anti-clerical, Calles was denounced by
1252:
1152:
1125:
1079:
685:
544:
505:
497:
458:
368:
40:
2399:
1191:
3660:
3022:
1505:
1494:
908:
714:
214:
3075:
1702:
876:
652:
596:
Plutarco's father's family was descended from a prominent family in the
4167:
4155:
3812:
3807:
3786:
3299:
2254:
Mexico: biography of power : a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996
1715:
1616:
1516:
1498:
1467:
1397:
1209:
1183:
1163:
1034:
1017:
960:
725:
In 1920, he aligned himself with fellow Sonoran revolutionary generals
454:
1873:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Tarrytown, New York, 2002. Page 124.
1449:
and finally Calles himself. Calles and head of the labor organization
785:
612:, Mexico in 1729. Eventually, Francisco Elías González moved north to
3731:
2759:
Calles, Plutarco Elias, Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05
1593:
1481:, the Mexican philosopher who had previously been a political enemy.
1474:
1264:
1179:
1113:
1084:
976:
647:
609:
540:
2605:"CALLES CROSSES BORDER. Marines Guard General's Train Through Texas"
1033:(The Turk). His detractors drew comparisons between Calles and the "
836:
4160:
4030:
3791:
3103:
Horn, James. "El embajador Sheffield contra el presidente Calles."
1569:
1473:
In exile in the United States, Calles was with family and lived in
1342:
1280:
1038:
493:
422:
418:
2321:
Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency
1270:
3189:
2394:. The Academy of American Franciscan History: 69 in pages 63–91.
2291:
Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
2240:
Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
2175:
Mexico: Biography of Power. A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
1902:
The Sonoran Dynasty in Mexico: Revolution, Reform, and Repression
1601:
1175:
629:
577:
193:
44:
2993:. D. A. Brading, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980.
1053:
925:
3204:
2335:
1421:
from political posts and exiling many of his political allies:
1206:
1187:
677:
621:
350:
197:
2293:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Pages 417–419.
1857:. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, 2002. Page 203.
492:'s candidate in the 1924 election. His campaign was the first
3796:
3032:
Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919–1936
2201:
Plutarco Elías Campuzano, mal conocido como presidente Calles
1417:
Cárdenas started to isolate Calles politically, removing the
749:
Obregón was elected president in 1920 and he named Calles as
745:
Obregón administration, De la Huerta revolt, election of 1924
617:
4213:
2314:
2312:
1865:
1863:
2515:
Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history
2203:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Pages 9–11.
1450:
955:
1933 map of the Mexican portion of the Pan-American Highway
3163:
Plutarco Elías Calles: Correspondencia Personal 1919-1945.
3096:
De la Buerta y Calles: Los límites politicos de la Amistad
2708:
2682:
2656:
2630:
2604:
2578:
2309:
2242:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Page 417.
2177:. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. New York, 1997. Page 412.
2013:, vol. 4, p. 286. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996.
1860:
1365:
was banned, Mexico stopped its support for the rebels of
704:
2448:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899
2421:
2419:
2417:
1819:
1817:
737:. Carranza had attempted to choose an unknown civilian,
1785:. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.2007,
1470:). His son Alfredo and his secretary were also exiled.
929:
General Joaquín Amaro, who implemented military reforms
907:, Mexico's national bank. Pani also managed to achieve
720:
2044:, vol. 2, pp. 1046–48. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
1842:
Vida y temperamento de Plutarco Elías Calles 1877–1920
1048:
3157:
Vida y Temperamento: Plutarco Elías Calles, 1877-1920
2478:
Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People
2414:
2112:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1998, pp. 3–30.
1814:
1243:
In December of 1929, District Attorney John Valls of
4873:
Candidates in the 1924 Mexican presidential election
2996:
Brown, Lyle C. "The Calles-Cárdenas Connection." in
1635:
1508:. Upon his return to Mexico he became interested in
1484:
1346:(1928–1934), with many regarding Emilio Portes Gil,
2065:
2063:
2786:
2011:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1037:", the anti-Christian leaders from the era of the
648:Participation in the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1917
2517:, Coerver, Don M. and Suzanne B. Pasztor, pg. 55.
2229:. Greenwood Press, Westport, 2000. Pages 157–158.
2164:. University Park: Penn State Press 2001, pp. 1–5
2151:, Ed. William H. Beezley. Blackwell, 2011, p. 567
1703:"Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta""
1087:, started to refer to Mexico as "Soviet Mexico".
4844:
3005:Plutarco Elias Calles and the Mexican Revolution
2701:
2675:
2649:
2623:
2597:
2571:
2348:
2060:
1783:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution
1388:
421:leader from 1929 to 1934, a period known as the
3219:Newspaper clippings about Plutarco Elías Calles
3131:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1987.
3129:Reformar desde el origen: Plutarco Elias Calles
3060:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.
2354:
51: and the second or maternal family name is
3112:La campaña presidencial de 1923–1924 en México
2991:Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution
409:from 1924 to 1928. After the assassination of
4883:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
4199:
3747:
3315:
2324:, p. 70 (2006 University Press of Kentucky),
2123:"Presidentes mexicanos en la portada de Time"
1939:John Womack, Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in
1159:with the Mexican government and the Vatican.
1140:conflict between the Mexican government, the
449:. During his presidency, he implemented many
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
1741:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, pp. 404–405.
1700:
1689:Arizona Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
1238:
425:. Previously, he served as a general in the
3089:Calles y el movimiento liberal en Nicaragua
2883:
2481:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 393.
2009:Roderic Ai Camp, "Alberto Pani Arteaga" in
1519:after surviving surgery earlier that week.
98:1 December 1924 – 30 November 1928
4206:
4192:
3754:
3740:
3322:
3308:
3007:(Denver: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
2866:– via National Library of Australia.
2810:Meyer, Michael C. and Sherman, William L.
2553:"Mexico - Reference Information - History"
2149:A Companion to Mexican History and Culture
1840:, p. 406, citing Macías Richard, Gerardo.
1626:On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico
1065:of 1923 between the U.S. and Mexico, when
580:José Juan Elías. His paternal grandfather.
68:
4115:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
3184:Plutarco Elías Calles can be seen in the
3034:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961.
2770:
2732:
2730:
2306:(May 2016), 96 #2, p319-353, at page 323.
1714:
1539:(1900–1965), governor of Sonora 1931–34;
1361:After a large demonstration in 1930, the
1247:sent a telegram to US Secretary of State
799:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers
755:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers
457:reforms, opposition to which sparked the
4215:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit
3329:
2425:
2031:Meyer, "Mexico in the 1920s" pp. 219–20.
1952:Womack, "The Mexican Revolution", p. 200
1898:
1701:Vargas Llosa, Mario (1 September 1990).
1562:
1550:
1531:Plutarco Elías Calles and Natalia Chacón
1526:
1457:, one of the last remaining influential
1396:
1309:President-elect Obregón was murdered by
1300:
1288:
1119:
1057:Dwight Morrow, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
1052:
998:
950:
924:
875:
854:
835:
831:
784:
651:
642:
571:
567:
3179:by Plutarco Elías Calles at archive.org
3159:. Instituto Sonorense de Cultura, 1995.
3136:Calles y su gobierno: Ensayo biográfico
2444:
1477:. During this time, he also befriended
828:of populist rhetoric to build support.
308: 1930; died 1932)
14:
4845:
3761:
3098:, Boletín 23. Mexico City: FAPEC 1996.
2727:
1905:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–20.
705:Service in the Carranza administration
417:and held unofficial power as Mexico's
278:
4187:
4110:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
3735:
3303:
3143:Plutarco Elias Calles desde su exilio
2683:"STIMSON AND MOODY CLASH OVER LAREDO"
2385:
1881:
1879:
1101:, and the U.S. ambassador to Mexico,
791:American Federation of Labor Building
695:
29:President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928
2471:
1777:
1775:
1582:Partido Revolucionario Institucional
1331:Partido Revolucionario Institucional
721:Revolt of the Sonoran generals, 1920
527:in 1929. During the presidencies of
441:. During the Maximato, he served as
229:Monument to the Revolution Spanish:
32:For the municipality in Sonora, see
4933:Mexican secretaries of the interior
4888:Laborist Party (Mexico) politicians
4021:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
3152:. Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1988.
3065:Hispanic American Historical Review
2657:"HOOVER DISCUSSES TANGLE AT LAREDO"
2304:Hispanic American Historical Review
1325:, PNR), the predecessor of today's
1130:According to historian Robert Weis:
1049:Petroleum and U.S.-Mexico relations
820:In 1924, Calles won the election.
282:
24:
2983:
2904:"Gen. Calles Dies In Mexico At 68"
2434:. Eternal Word Television Network.
1876:
1606:Plutarco Elías Calles Municipality
1405:, his remains were transferred to
1383:1934 Mexican Presidential election
1233:
586:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano
547:. In 1934, Elías Calles supported
403:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano
181:Francisco Plutarco Elías Campuzano
34:Plutarco Elías Calles Municipality
25:
4969:
4908:Mexican people of Spanish descent
4868:20th-century presidents of Mexico
4104:Institutional Revolutionary Party
3188:National Film Archives of México
3169:
3121:. Mexico City: El Caballito 1982.
2814:(5th E. Oxford Univ. Press 1995).
2343:"THE CRISTERO REBELLION – PART 1"
2040:Cristina Puga, "Alberto Pani" in
1855:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940
1772:
1766:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940
1485:Return from exile and final years
1327:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1305:Mexican flag during Calles's term
946:
525:Institutional Revolutionary Party
415:Institutional Revolutionary Party
4953:People of the Mexican Revolution
4923:Mexican secretaries of education
4863:20th-century Mexican politicians
4619:
4173:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
3690:
3044:. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
2738:"MEXICO: Solution Without Blood"
1669:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
1654:List of heads of state of Mexico
1638:
1522:
1263:and the Chamber of Commerce led
1218:
994:
733:to overthrow Carranza under the
604:(1707–1790), who emigrated from
361:
343:
2967:
2954:
2948:
2943:Leonor Llorente de Elías Calles
2935:
2922:
2896:
2870:
2842:
2817:
2804:
2752:
2744:. 20 April 1936. Archived from
2545:
2520:
2508:
2495:
2465:
2438:
2379:
2296:
2283:
2260:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2047:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1933:
1892:
1847:
1323:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
1295:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
1285:Partido Nacional Revolucionario
1142:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico
443:Secretariat of Public Education
305:
274:
4928:Mexican Secretaries of Finance
4918:Mexican Secretaries of Economy
4913:Mexican secretaries of defense
3141:Loyo Camacho, Martha Beatriz.
3117:José Valenzuela, Georgette E.
3110:José Valenzuela, Georgette E.
2257:, p. 418, Harper Collins 1998.
1830:
1788:
1769:, p. 203-204, UNM Press, 2002.
1757:
1744:
1731:
1694:
1681:
1659:History of democracy in Mexico
1600:He is honored with statues in
1198:", long live Christ the King!
668:(the political winners of the
488:. Obregón selected him as the
445:, Secretary of War again, and
13:
1:
3818:French Intervention in Mexico
3107:20, no. 2 (oct 1970): 265–84.
3081:
3067:(May 2016), 96#2, pp.319-353.
2812:The Course of Mexican History
1925:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1674:
1271:Founding a new party and the
1225:1928 Mexican general election
975:at the U.S.-Mexico border to
789:Plutarco Elías Calles at the
539:, Elías Calles served as the
464:Born on 25 September 1877 in
326:María Jesús Campuzano Noriega
4136:Liberation Army of the South
4064:Mexican Constitution of 1917
4016:Convention of Aguascalientes
2269:Revolutions in World History
1871:Mexico and the United States
1802:. U.S. National Park Service
1541:Plutarco Elías Calles Chacón
1319:National Revolutionary Party
1011:
982:
811:American Federation of Labor
241:National Revolutionary Party
43:, the first or paternal
7:
3676:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
3402:Francisco Javier Echeverría
3382:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3223:20th Century Press Archives
2445:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
2272:, p. 30 (2004, Routledge),
1631:
914:
413:, Elías Calles founded the
10:
4974:
4099:Monument to the Revolution
3924:Francisco León de la Barra
3782:Economic History of Mexico
3528:Francisco León de la Barra
3042:Mexico: Biography of Power
2941:Quirós Martínez, Roberto.
2891:Mexico: Biography of Power
2188:Mexico: Biography of Power
1838:Mexico: Biography of Power
1796:"Francisco Elías Gonzalez"
1739:Mexico: Biography of Power
1589:Monument to the Revolution
1557:Monument to the Revolution
1443:Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco
1278:
1222:
1123:
1029:, giving him the nickname
918:
894:
660:Calles was a supporter of
554:Monument to the Revolution
504:laws that resulted in the
38:
31:
4774:
4628:
4617:
4221:
4123:
4051:
4036:United States involvement
3993:
3957:
3836:
3769:
3699:
3688:
3651:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
3503:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
3337:
3288:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3247:
3239:
3234:
2451:. Brassey's. p. 33.
1941:Mexico Since Independence
1899:Buchenau, Jürgen (2023).
1844:. Mexico 1995, pp. 71–72.
1546:
1407:Monumento a la Revolución
1239:Attempted arrest in Texas
751:Secretary of the Interior
468:, Elías Calles fought in
439:Secretary of the Interior
392:
382:
374:
356:
338:
333:
316:
251:
236:
231:Monumento a la Revolución
225:
204:
176:
171:
167:
155:
145:
134:
126:
114:
102:
91:
83:
79:
67:
60:
4251:González Pérez de Angulo
3864:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
3598:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
3267:Awards and achievements
3155:Richard, Macías Carlos.
3094:Castro Martínez, Pedro.
2998:Twentieth-Century Mexico
2426:Van Hove, Brian (1994).
2363:Lynne Rienner Publishers
2355:Shirk, David A. (2005).
2199:Medina-Navascues, Tere.
1016:Calles changed Mexico's
871:
602:Francisco Elías González
447:Secretary of the Economy
263:Natalia Chacón Amarillas
4958:Politicians from Sonora
4893:Mexican anti-communists
4026:Pancho Villa Expedition
4001:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
3965:Plan of San Luis Potosí
3568:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
3447:Manuel María Lombardini
3412:José Joaquín de Herrera
3177:Mexico Before the World
2428:"Blood-Drenched Altars"
2345:, Mexico Connect, 1996.
1363:Mexican Communist Party
1091:editorial pages of the
4362:Fernández del Castillo
4059:Emigration from Mexico
3994:Political developments
3854:José María Pino Suárez
3523:Manuel González Flores
3442:Juan Bautista Ceballos
3282:Cover of Time Magazine
2042:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1615:(r. 1922–1939) in the
1573:
1560:
1532:
1410:
1330:
1322:
1306:
1298:
1137:
1058:
1004:
956:
930:
883:
860:
841:
794:
769:, radical agrarians.
657:
581:
4938:Mexican spiritualists
4084:1968 student protests
3904:Plutarco Elías Calles
3583:Plutarco Elías Calles
3548:Francisco S. Carvajal
3480:Manuel Robles Pezuela
3377:Valentín Gómez Farías
3056:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent.
2962:Plutarco Elías Calles
2930:Plutarco Elías Calles
2503:Plutarco Elías Calles
2400:10.1353/tam.2013.0058
2358:Mexico's New Politics
2318:Joes, Anthony James.
2266:Richards, Michael D.
2227:The history of Mexico
2097:Plutarco Elías Calles
2071:Plutarco Elías Calles
2055:Plutarco Elías Calles
1998:Plutarco Elías Calles
1985:Plutarco Elías Calles
1972:Plutarco Elías Calles
1887:Plutarco Elías Calles
1853:Gonzales, Michael J.
1763:Gonzales, Michael J.
1566:
1554:
1530:
1423:Tomás Garrido Canabal
1400:
1304:
1292:
1132:
1120:Church-state conflict
1056:
1002:
954:
928:
879:
858:
840:Plutarco Elías Calles
839:
832:Presidency, 1924–1928
788:
690:Battle of Agua Prieta
676:in his home state of
656:Plutarco Elías Calles
655:
643:Before the presidency
575:
568:Early life and career
399:Plutarco Elías Calles
375:Years of service
323:Plutarco Elías Lucero
62:Plutarco Elías Calles
18:Plutarco Elias Calles
4423:Arrangoiz y Berzábal
3884:Ricardo Flores Magón
3803:Constitution of 1857
3621:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
3616:Miguel Alemán Valdés
3611:Manuel Ávila Camacho
3563:Roque González Garza
3462:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
3427:Pedro María de Anaya
3372:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
3362:Anastasio Bustamante
3352:José María Bocanegra
3331:Presidents of Mexico
3074:70.1 (2013): 63-91.
2974:Iniquis afflictisque
2825:"Falleció Luís León"
2748:on 25 November 2011.
2528:"Mexico – President"
1621:Iniquis afflictisque
1537:Rodolfo Elías Calles
1491:Manuel Ávila Camacho
1375:Manuel Pérez Treviño
1265:Texas governor Moody
1149:Constitution of 1917
1105:, was replaced with
969:Pan-American Highway
889:Mexican Constitution
715:Spanish flu pandemic
682:José María Maytorena
588:, he was one of two
281:; died
151:José María Maytorena
4943:People from Guaymas
4584:García de la Cadena
4551:González Echeverría
4328:Gómez de la Cortina
3980:Plan of Agua Prieta
3914:José Yves Limantour
3869:Venustiano Carranza
3849:Francisco I. Madero
3705:President of Mexico
3646:Miguel de la Madrid
3641:José López Portillo
3626:Adolfo López Mateos
3593:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
3573:Adolfo de la Huerta
3553:Venustiano Carranza
3533:Francisco I. Madero
3508:José María Iglesias
3475:Félix María Zuloaga
3250:President of Mexico
3138:. Mexico City 1931.
2764:16 May 2008 at the
2473:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo
2160:Bliss, Katherine E.
2127:El Siglo de Torreón
2108:Vaughan, Mary Kay.
1462:highly-influential
1447:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
1348:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
1063:Bucareli Agreements
965:Juan Andreu Almazán
735:Plan of Agua Prieta
727:Adolfo de la Huerta
711:Venustiano Carranza
674:Constitutional Army
666:Venustiano Carranza
662:Francisco I. Madero
626:French Intervention
598:Provincias Internas
533:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
482:Adolfo de la Huerta
474:Constitutional Army
470:Venustiano Carranza
427:Constitutional Army
407:President of Mexico
162:Adolfo de la Huerta
86:President of Mexico
4948:People from Sonora
4146:División del Norte
4141:Constitutionalists
3929:Félix Díaz Velasco
3763:Mexican Revolution
3671:Enrique Peña Nieto
3631:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
3490:José Ignacio Pavón
3422:José Mariano Salas
3342:Guadalupe Victoria
3235:Political offices
3087:Buchenau, Jürgen.
3030:Dulles, John W.F.
3003:Buchenau, Jürgen.
2945:. Mexico City 1933
2908:The New York Times
2713:The New York Times
2689:. 20 December 1929
2687:The New York Times
2661:The New York Times
2637:. 16 December 1929
2635:The New York Times
2611:. 17 December 1929
2609:The New York Times
2585:. 14 December 1929
2583:The New York Times
2532:Globalsecurity.org
2432:Faith & Reason
2225:Kirkwood, Burton.
2129:. 13 February 2014
1781:Buchanau, Jürgen,
1716:10.4000/alhim.8256
1664:Mexican Revolution
1578:Mexican Revolution
1574:
1561:
1533:
1411:
1403:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
1352:Abelardo Rodríguez
1311:José de León Toral
1307:
1299:
1103:James R. Sheffield
1059:
1005:
957:
931:
884:
861:
842:
795:
757:(CROM), headed by
696:Governor of Sonora
670:Mexican Revolution
658:
582:
562:Mario Vargas Llosa
537:Abelardo Rodríguez
478:Mexican Revolution
451:left-wing populist
431:Governor of Sonora
387:Mexican Revolution
129:Governor of Sonora
4840:
4839:
4471:De Haro y Tamariz
4448:Esteva y González
4384:De Haro y Tamariz
4351:De Haro y Tamariz
4181:
4180:
4094:Historical Museum
3985:Plan of San Diego
3975:Plan of Guadalupe
3859:Victoriano Huerta
3777:History of Mexico
3729:
3728:
3716:Emperor of Mexico
3683:(President-elect)
3681:Claudia Sheinbaum
3588:Emilio Portes Gil
3558:Eulalio Gutiérrez
3543:Victoriano Huerta
3467:Ignacio Comonfort
3432:Manuel de la Peña
3407:Valentín Canalizo
3298:
3297:
3289:Succeeded by
3275:Chauncey M. Depew
3260:Emilio Portes Gil
3257:Succeeded by
3186:Cineteca Nacional
3127:Krauze, Enrique.
3105:Historia Mexicana
3013:978-0-7425-3749-1
2910:. 20 October 1945
2889:Krauze, Enrique.
2715:. 18 January 1930
2663:. 12 January 1930
2289:Krauze, Enrique.
2251:Krauze, Enrique.
2238:Krauze, Enrique.
2173:Krauze, Enrique.
1912:978-1-4962-3613-5
1737:Krauze, Enrique.
1435:Saturnino Cedillo
1431:Emilio Portes Gil
1315:Emilio Portes Gil
1196:¡Viva Cristo Rey!
529:Emilio Portes Gil
396:
395:
191:25 September 1877
121:Emilio Portes Gil
16:(Redirected from
4965:
4903:Mexican generals
4898:Mexican atheists
4623:
4590:De Landero y Cos
4573:De Landero y Cos
4451:Aguirre González
4429:Iturbe y Anciola
4373:Iturbe y Anciola
4208:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4184:
3949:Genovevo de la O
3837:Important people
3756:
3749:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3694:
3693:
3392:José Justo Corro
3347:Vicente Guerrero
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3286:8 December 1924
3272:Preceded by
3240:Preceded by
3232:
3231:
3148:Macías, Carlos.
3134:Kubli, Luciano.
2977:
2976:, 12, 15, 19–20.
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2768:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2559:on 13 March 2013
2555:. Archived from
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1479:José Vasconcelos
1261:President Hoover
1075:Frank B. Kellogg
989:José Vasconcelos
825:social democracy
739:Ignacio Bonillas
590:natural children
556:in Mexico City.
435:Secretary of War
367:
365:
364:
349:
347:
346:
334:Military service
309:
307:
286:
284:
280:
276:
211:
190:
188:
172:Personal details
158:
148:
139:
117:
105:
96:
72:
58:
57:
21:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4770:
4726:Beteta Monsalve
4701:Beteta Quintana
4624:
4615:
4593:Fuentes y Muñiz
4523:Lerdo de Tejada
4500:Lerdo de Tejada
4217:
4212:
4182:
4177:
4119:
4089:Popular culture
4079:Mexican miracle
4047:
4011:Morelos Commune
3989:
3953:
3909:Lázaro Cárdenas
3874:Emiliano Zapata
3832:
3765:
3760:
3730:
3725:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3666:Felipe Calderón
3656:Ernesto Zedillo
3636:Luis Echeverría
3606:Lázaro Cárdenas
3602:
3538:Pedro Lascuráin
3494:
3471:
3417:Mariano Paredes
3387:Miguel Barragán
3367:Melchor Múzquiz
3333:
3328:
3294:
3292:Dwight F. Davis
3285:
3277:
3262:
3253:
3245:
3172:
3084:
3038:Krauze, Enrique
2986:
2984:Further reading
2981:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2771:
2766:Wayback Machine
2757:
2753:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2424:
2415:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2265:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1549:
1525:
1487:
1455:Luis N. Morones
1395:
1379:Lázaro Cárdenas
1287:
1279:Main articles:
1277:
1241:
1236:
1234:Post-presidency
1227:
1221:
1128:
1122:
1099:Calvin Coolidge
1051:
1014:
997:
985:
949:
941:Colegio Militar
923:
917:
905:Banco de México
901:Alberto J. Pani
897:
881:Luis N. Morones
874:
866:Luis N. Morones
850:Manuel González
834:
803:Luis N. Morones
801:(CROM), led by
779:Calvin Coolidge
775:Bucareli Treaty
759:Luis N. Morones
747:
723:
707:
698:
650:
645:
570:
549:Lázaro Cárdenas
518:Bucareli Treaty
514:Luis N. Morones
362:
360:
344:
342:
329:
312:
311:
303:
299:
296:
295:Leonor Llorente
288:
272:
268:
265:
243:
237:Political party
213:
209:
208:19 October 1945
192:
186:
184:
183:
182:
156:
146:
140:
135:
115:
103:
97:
92:
75:
74:Calles in 1924.
63:
56:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:González Anaya
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4761:Ortiz Martínez
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:López Portillo
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:Mejía Escalada
4565:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4474:Sierra y Rosso
4472:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4398:Suárez Iriarte
4396:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4247:García Salinas
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4234:García Illueca
4232:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Decena trágica
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:Manuel Palafox
3941:
3939:Eufemio Zapata
3936:
3934:Bernardo Reyes
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Aquiles Serdán
3896:
3891:
3889:Pascual Orozco
3886:
3881:
3879:Álvaro Obregón
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3710:Vice president
3700:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:Álvaro Obregón
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Juan N. Méndez
3510:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:Miguel Miramón
3482:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Martín Carrera
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Mariano Arista
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
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3243:Álvaro Obregón
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3170:External links
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2850:"MEXICAN COUP"
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2140:
2125:(in Spanish).
2114:
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2075:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1911:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1846:
1829:
1813:
1787:
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1756:
1754:, p. 405.
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1608:in his honor.
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1486:
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1232:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1124:Main article:
1121:
1118:
1094:New York Times
1067:Álvaro Obregón
1050:
1047:
1013:
1010:
996:
993:
984:
981:
948:
947:Infrastructure
945:
916:
913:
896:
893:
873:
870:
859:Calles in 1925
833:
830:
815:Woodrow Wilson
809:, head of the
807:Samuel Gompers
763:Laborist Party
746:
743:
731:Álvaro Obregón
722:
719:
706:
703:
697:
694:
649:
646:
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641:
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490:Laborist Party
486:Álvaro Obregón
411:Álvaro Obregón
394:
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390:
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384:
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357:Branch/service
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259:
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245:Laborist Party
238:
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227:
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212:(aged 68)
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4676:Montes de Oca
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4457:Piña y Cuevas
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4420:Piña y Cuevas
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3970:Plan of Ayala
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3844:Porfirio Díaz
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3397:Nicolás Bravo
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3086:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:0-06-016325-9
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
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2999:
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2523:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2488:0-393-31066-3
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2458:1-57488-452-2
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
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2389:
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2374:
2372:1-58826-270-7
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2330:0-8131-9170-X
2327:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2278:0-415-22497-7
2275:
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2256:
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2222:
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2209:
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2196:
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2176:
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2163:
2157:
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2144:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2000:, pp. 115–16.
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
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1680:
1670:
1667:
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1647:
1646:Mexico portal
1636:
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1618:
1614:
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1598:
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1583:
1579:
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1553:
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1529:
1523:Personal life
1520:
1518:
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1507:
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1500:
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1399:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1367:César Sandino
1364:
1359:
1357:
1356:Dwight Morrow
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:Henry Stimson
1246:
1245:Laredo, Texas
1231:
1226:
1219:1928 election
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:anti-Catholic
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:Dwight Morrow
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:Dwight Morrow
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1001:
995:Public health
992:
990:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
953:
944:
942:
937:
936:Joaquín Amaro
927:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
882:
878:
869:
868:of the CROM.
867:
857:
853:
851:
847:
846:Porfirio Díaz
838:
829:
826:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
787:
783:
780:
776:
770:
768:
765:, as well as
764:
760:
756:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
718:
716:
712:
702:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
654:
640:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
587:
579:
574:
565:
563:
557:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
508:. He allowed
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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460:
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452:
448:
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337:
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319:
315:
290:
289:
264:
257:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
226:Resting place
224:
220:
216:
207:
203:
199:
195:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:
160:
154:
150:
144:
138:
133:
130:
125:
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119:
113:
110:
107:
101:
95:
90:
87:
82:
78:
71:
66:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
27:
19:
4878:Cristero War
4775:21st century
4741:Silva-Herzog
4681:Elías Calles
4680:
4666:De la Huerta
4629:20th century
4602:Gómez Farías
4504:De la Fuente
4432:De Elorriaga
4413:Riva Palacio
4380:Gómez Farías
4369:De Gorostiza
4344:De Gorostiza
4321:De Gorostiza
4291:Gómez Valdés
4274:Gómez Farías
4237:De Arrillaga
4222:19th century
4074:Land Reforms
4069:Cristero War
3919:Ramón Corral
3903:
3703:
3582:
3280:
3248:
3203:
3198:
3185:
3176:
3162:
3156:
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3088:
3072:The Americas
3071:
3064:
3057:
3041:
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3018:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2973:
2969:
2964:, pp. 201–02
2961:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2907:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2855:Weekly Times
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2829:Diario26.com
2828:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2754:
2746:the original
2741:
2717:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
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2510:
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2497:
2477:
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2388:The Americas
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2131:. Retrieved
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2083:
2078:
2070:
2057:, pp. 120–21
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1870:
1869:Stacy, Lee.
1854:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
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1613:Pope Pius XI
1610:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1575:
1568:
1534:
1514:
1510:spiritualism
1503:
1488:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1427:Fauto Topete
1418:
1416:
1412:
1390:
1372:
1360:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1308:
1294:
1293:Logo of the
1272:
1257:
1253:Lucio Blanco
1242:
1228:
1214:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1173:
1161:
1153:Cristero War
1146:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1126:Cristero War
1111:
1092:
1089:
1080:Soviet Union
1072:
1060:
1043:
1030:
1015:
1006:
986:
973:Nuevo Laredo
958:
932:
898:
885:
862:
843:
822:
819:
796:
771:
766:
748:
724:
708:
699:
686:Pancho Villa
659:
638:
634:
608:, Spain, to
595:
585:
583:
558:
545:conservative
522:
506:Cristero War
502:anticlerical
498:labor rights
463:
459:Cristero War
402:
398:
397:
383:Battles/wars
369:Mexican Army
247:(until 1929)
210:(1945-10-19)
157:Succeeded by
136:
116:Succeeded by
93:
52:
48:
41:Spanish name
26:
4858:1945 deaths
4853:1877 births
3828:Científicos
3787:Encomiendas
3661:Vicente Fox
3457:Rómulo Díaz
3357:Pedro Vélez
2341:Tuck, Jim.
1800:www.nps.gov
1506:Axis powers
1495:Mexico City
1439:Aarón Sáenz
1389:End of the
1338:Jefe Máximo
1166:. Calles's
476:during the
215:Mexico City
147:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
4847:Categories
4746:Petricioli
4711:Ortiz Mena
4651:Gorostieta
4596:De la Peña
4480:Olasagarre
4408:De la Rosa
4358:De la Rosa
4354:Echeverría
4334:Echeverría
4325:Echeverría
4284:Echeverría
4168:Soldaderas
4161:Magonistas
4156:Felicistas
4041:formations
3823:Porfiriato
3813:La Reforma
3808:Reform War
3770:Background
3254:1924–1928
3202:, film on
3199:El General
3082:In Spanish
2960:Buchenau,
2928:Buchenau,
2862:9 December
2719:16 January
2693:16 January
2667:16 January
2641:16 January
2615:16 January
2589:16 January
2501:Buchenau,
2095:Buchenau,
2069:Buchenau,
2053:Buchenau,
1996:Buchenau,
1983:Buchenau,
1970:Buchenau,
1885:Buchenau,
1675:References
1617:encyclical
1517:hemorrhage
1499:Cuernavaca
1468:Guanajuato
1329:(Spanish:
1321:(Spanish:
1210:Miguel Pro
1184:Guanajuato
1164:Calles Law
1035:Grand Turk
1018:civil code
971:, linking
961:Porfiriato
959:Since the
919:See also:
848:succeeded
767:agraristas
455:secularist
339:Allegiance
187:1877-09-25
4807:Videgaray
4636:Limantour
4611:Limantour
4440:Gutiérrez
4426:Gutiérrez
4348:Trigueros
4340:Trigueros
4313:Bocanegra
4279:Bocanegra
4260:Bocanegra
4231:De Medina
4228:Maldonado
4151:Federales
3792:Haciendas
3192:channel
2914:26 August
2880:, p. 436.
2834:5 January
2796:5 January
2563:6 January
2537:5 January
2505:, p. 207.
2408:143629257
2190:, p. 413.
2133:27 August
2073:, p. 121.
1921:cite book
1827:, p. 404.
1725:1628-6731
1691:7, 26-45.
1594:caudillos
1570:caudillos
1475:San Diego
1464:callistas
1459:callistas
1419:callistas
1393:and exile
1275:1929–1934
1192:Michoacán
1180:Zacatecas
1114:Nicaragua
1085:Bolshevik
1012:Civil law
983:Education
977:Tapachula
614:Chihuahua
610:Zacatecas
541:kingmaker
378:1914–1920
141:1915–1919
137:In office
94:In office
84:47th
4792:Carstens
4706:Carrillo
4661:Alvarado
4646:Esquivel
4558:Iglesias
4545:Castaños
4508:Iglesias
4404:Lombardo
4391:Canalizo
4387:Villamil
4331:Lombardo
4131:Factions
4031:Maximato
2876:Krauze,
2762:Archived
2475:(1993).
2186:Krauze,
2099:, p. 123
1987:, p. 115
1974:, 112–13
1836:Krauze,
1823:Krauze,
1750:Krauze,
1632:See also
1391:Maximato
1343:Maximato
1333:, PRI).
1281:Maximato
1273:Maximato
1039:Crusades
1031:El Turco
915:Military
761:and the
606:La Rioja
494:populist
423:Maximato
419:de facto
221:, Mexico
200:, Mexico
39:In this
4832:Ramírez
4827:Herrera
4797:Cordero
4716:Margáin
4691:Bassols
4656:Cabrera
4581:Ramírez
4570:Benítez
4486:Canseco
4468:Urquidi
4460:Esparza
4401:Rondero
4395:Zubieta
4337:Canseco
4309:Lebrija
4303:Mangino
4300:Vallejo
4288:Lebrija
4267:Mangino
4243:Salgado
3225:of the
3221:in the
3214:trailer
3190:Youtube
2932:, p. 94
2893:p. 436.
2791:Jbla.de
1707:El Pais
1602:Sonoyta
1176:Jalisco
1023:Syrians
895:Finance
688:in the
630:Cananea
578:colonel
317:Parents
310:
302:
298:
287:
271:
267:
252:Spouses
194:Guaymas
45:surname
4782:Gurría
4766:Gurría
4736:Ibarra
4696:Suárez
4641:Madero
4606:Romero
4599:Dublán
4577:Romero
4563:Romero
4536:Prieto
4518:Prieto
4490:Prieto
4483:Parrés
4477:Parrés
4464:Prieto
4436:Ocampo
4365:Parrés
4297:Segura
4294:Blasco
4264:Maniau
4255:Zavala
4240:Esteva
4052:Legacy
3720:Regent
3205:P.O.V.
3076:online
3048:
3023:online
3011:
2878:Mexico
2485:
2455:
2406:
2369:
2328:
2276:
1909:
1825:Mexico
1752:Mexico
1723:
1709:(38).
1547:Legacy
1350:, and
1207:Jesuit
1188:Colima
909:relief
793:, 1924
678:Sonora
622:Apache
535:, and
484:, and
466:Sonora
437:, and
401:(born
366:
351:Mexico
348:
277:
198:Sonora
53:Calles
4822:Urzúa
4812:Meade
4802:Meade
4756:Serra
4686:Gómez
4554:Núñez
4548:Núñez
4513:Payno
4495:Payno
4454:Yáñez
4444:Payno
4417:Icaza
4376:Garay
4317:Garay
4124:Other
4106:(PRI)
3958:Plans
3797:Casta
2404:S2CID
1806:3 May
1027:Turks
872:Labor
618:Yaqui
584:Born
429:, as
304:(
300:
285:)
273:(
269:
49:Elías
4751:Aspe
4671:Pani
4587:Toro
4541:Mata
4531:Mata
4306:Alas
4270:Alas
3046:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2916:2023
2864:2020
2836:2019
2798:2019
2742:Time
2721:2022
2695:2022
2669:2022
2643:2022
2617:2022
2591:2022
2565:2019
2539:2019
2483:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2135:2023
1927:link
1907:ISBN
1808:2024
1721:ISSN
1555:The
1497:and
1451:CROM
1377:and
1283:and
1190:and
729:and
684:and
620:and
576:The
510:CROM
453:and
283:1927
279:1899
219:D.F.
205:Died
177:Born
127:2nd
4787:Gil
3227:ZBW
3210:PBS
3208:on
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