1060:
which can bind the Fc region of intact antibodies, causing background staining in areas that do not contain the target antigen. Use of F(ab')2 or Fab fragments ensures that the antibodies are binding to the antigen and not Fc receptors. These fragments may also be desirable for staining cell preparations in the presence of plasma, because they are not able to bind complement, which could lyse the cells. F(ab')2, and to a greater extent Fab, fragments allow more exact localization of the target antigen, i.e., in staining tissue for electron microscopy. The divalency of the F(ab')2 fragment enables it to cross-link antigens, allowing use for precipitation assays, cellular aggregation via surface antigens, or rosetting assays.
1051:. For these applications, antibodies may be enzymatically digested to produce either an Fab or an F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody. To produce an F(ab')2 fragment, IgG is digested with pepsin, which cleaves the heavy chains near the hinge region. One or more of the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains in the hinge region are preserved, so the two Fab regions of the antibody remain joined together, yielding a divalent molecule (containing two antibody binding sites), hence the designation F(ab')2. The light chains remain intact and attached to the heavy chain. The Fc fragment is digested into small peptides. Fab fragments are generated by cleavage of IgG with
939:. The receptor by which pepsin is endocytosed is currently unknown. Upon cellular uptake, pepsin is stored in intracellular vesicles of low pH at which its enzymatic activity would be restored. Pepsin is retained within the cell for up to 24 hours. Such exposure to pepsin at neutral pH and endocyctosis of pepsin causes changes in gene expression associated with inflammation, which underlies signs and symptoms of reflux, and tumor progression. This and other research implicates pepsin in carcinogenesis attributed to gastric reflux.
1008:
1016:
4721:
931:. Pepsin remains in the larynx (pH 6.8) following a gastric reflux event. While enzymatically inactive in this environment, pepsin would remain stable and could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events. Exposure of laryngeal mucosa to enzymatically active pepsin, but not irreversibly inactivated pepsin or acid, results in reduced expression of protective proteins and thereby increases laryngeal susceptibility to damage.
31:
1032:
cereals, and to prepare animal and vegetable protein hydrolysates for use in flavoring foods and beverages. It is used in the leather industry to remove hair and residual tissue from hides and in the recovery of silver from discarded photographic films by digesting the gelatin layer that holds the silver. Pepsin was historically an additive of
942:
Pepsin in airway specimens is considered to be a sensitive and specific marker for laryngopharyngeal reflux. Research to develop new pepsin-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic tools for gastric reflux is ongoing. A rapid non-invasive pepsin diagnostic called
Peptest is now available which determines
2252:
Brodkorb A, Egger L, Alminger M, Alvito P, Assunção R, Ballance S, Bohn T, Bourlieu-Lacanal C, Boutrou R, Carrière F, Clemente A, Corredig M, Dupont D, Dufour C, Edwards C, Golding M, Karakaya S, Kirkhus B, Le
Feunteun S, Lesmes U, Macierzanka A, Mackie AR, Martins C, Marze S, McClements DJ, Ménard
1055:
instead of pepsin. Papain cleaves IgG above the hinge region containing the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains, but below the site of the disulfide bond between the light chain and heavy chain. This generates two separate monovalent (containing a single antibody binding site) Fab fragments
1059:
Fab and F(ab')2 antibody fragments are used in assay systems where the presence of the Fc region may cause problems. In tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, or in peripheral blood preparations, cells with Fc receptors (macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells) are present
934:
Pepsin may also cause mucosal damage during weakly acidic or non-acid gastric reflux. Weak or non-acid reflux is correlated with reflux symptoms and mucosal injury. Under non-acid conditions (neutral pH), pepsin is internalized by cells of the upper airways such as the larynx and hypopharynx by a
865:
Pepsin is inactive at pH 6.5 and above, however pepsin is not fully denatured or irreversibly inactivated until pH 8.0. Therefore, pepsin in solutions of up to pH 8.0 can be reactivated upon re-acidification. The stability of pepsin at high pH has significant implications on disease attributed to
1031:
used to curdle milk during the manufacture of cheese. Pepsin is used for a variety of applications in food manufacturing: to modify and provide whipping qualities to soy protein and gelatin, to modify vegetable proteins for use in nondairy snack items, to make precooked cereals into instant hot
849:
Pepsinogens are mainly grouped in 5 different groups based on their primary structure: pepsinogen A (also called pepsinogen I), pepsinogen B, progastricsin (also called pepsinogen II and pepsinogen C), prochymosin (also called prorennin) and pepsinogen F (also called pregnancy-associated
968:
for catalysis by pepsin and other acid proteases. Pepstatin does not covalently bind pepsin and inhibition of pepsin by pepstatin is therefore reversible. 1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane reversibly inactivates pepsin at pH 5, a reaction which is accelerated by the presence of Cu(II).
873:
Pepsin exhibits a broad cleavage specificity. Pepsin will digest up to 20% of ingested amide bonds. Residues in the P1 and P1' positions are most important in determining cleavage probability. Generally, hydrophobic amino acids at P1 and P1' positions increase cleavage probability.
3404:
959:
is a low molecular weight compound and potently inhibitor specific for acid proteases with an inhibitory dissociation constant (Ki) of about 10 M for pepsin. The statyl residue of pepstatin is thought to be responsible for pepstatin inhibition of pepsin;
870:. Pepsin remains in the larynx following a gastric reflux event. At the mean pH of the laryngopharynx (pH = 6.8) pepsin would be inactive but could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events resulting in damage to local tissues.
2409:
Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Lively MO, Postma GN, Belafsky PC, Birchall M, Koufman JA (January 2006). "Effect of pepsin on laryngeal stress protein (Sep70, Sep53, and Hsp70) response: role in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease".
2677:
Oelschlager BK, Quiroga E, Isch JA, Cuenca-Abente F (January 2006). "Gastroesophageal and pharyngeal reflux detection using impedance and 24-hour pH monitoring in asymptomatic subjects: defining the normal environment".
2589:
Tamhankar AP, Peters JH, Portale G, Hsieh CC, Hagen JA, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR (November 2004). "Omeprazole does not reduce gastroesophageal reflux: new insights using multichannel intraluminal impedance technology".
3217:
Ng KK, Petersen JF, Cherney MM, Garen C, Zalatoris JJ, Rao-Naik C, Dunn BM, Martzen MR, Peanasky RJ, James MN (August 2000). "Structural basis for the inhibition of porcine pepsin by
Ascaris pepsin inhibitor-3".
2633:
Kawamura O, Aslam M, Rittmann T, Hofmann C, Shaker R (June 2004). "Physical and pH properties of gastroesophagopharyngeal refluxate: a 24-hour simultaneous ambulatory impedance and pH monitoring study".
842:
trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested. Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment, which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an
2361:
Johnston N, Knight J, Dettmar PW, Lively MO, Koufman J (December 2004). "Pepsin and carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme III as diagnostic markers for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease".
982:
binding. Amino acid residues 1 - 3 (Gln-Phe-Leu) of mature PI-3 bind to P1' - P3' positions of pepsin. The N-terminus of PI-3 in the PI-3:pepsin complex is positioned by
2723:"Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy: a multicentre study using combined ambulatory impedance-pH monitoring"
566:
383:
200:
3467:
Falkenburg WJ, van
Schaardenburg D, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Tsang-A-Sjoe MW, Bultink IE, Voskuyl AE, Bentlage AE, Vidarsson G, Wolbink G, Rispens T (January 2017).
3714:
703:
secreted by the small intestine). During the process of digestion, these enzymes, each of which is specialized in severing links between particular types of
2486:
Schechter I, Berger A (September 1968). "On the active site of proteases. 3. Mapping the active site of papain; specific peptide inhibitors of papain".
2484:
The P1 and P1' positions refer to the amino acid residues immediately next to the bond to be cleaved, on the carboxyl and amino side respectively. See
4280:
2942:
Adams J, Heintz P, Gross N, Andersen P, Everts E, Wax M, Cohen J (March 2000). "Acid/pepsin promotion of carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch".
1822:
Hamuro Y, Coales SJ, Molnar KS, Tuske SJ, Morrow JA (April 2008). "Specificity of immobilized porcine pepsin in H/D exchange compatible conditions".
1574:
1403:
1248:
1097:
2977:
Knight J, Lively MO, Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Koufman JA (August 2005). "Sensitive pepsin immunoassay for detection of laryngopharyngeal reflux".
858:
Pepsin is most active in acidic environments between pH 1.5 to 2.5. Accordingly, its primary site of synthesis and activity is in the stomach (
585:
402:
219:
2770:
Johnston N, Wells CW, Blumin JH, Toohill RJ, Merati AL (December 2007). "Receptor-mediated uptake of pepsin by laryngeal epithelial cells".
2562:
Lillemoe KD, Johnson LF, Harmon JW (August 1982). "Role of the components of the gastroduodenal contents in experimental acid esophagitis".
784:"to digest"). An acidic substance that was able to convert nitrogen-based foods into water-soluble material was determined to be pepsin.
4300:
3533:
3572:
3561:
3707:
3292:"The inhibition of pepsin-catalysed reactions by products and product analogues. Kinetic evidence for ordered release of products"
578:
395:
212:
2813:
Johnston N, Wells CW, Samuels TL, Blumin JH (August 2010). "Rationale for targeting pepsin in the treatment of reflux disease".
1253:
1102:
846:
fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form). Pepsin cleaves the 44 amino acids from pepsinogen to create more pepsin.
1579:
1408:
4741:
4273:
3131:
2469:
545:
362:
163:
3989:
3947:
4746:
3700:
3640:
1598:
1427:
1272:
1121:
707:, collaborate to break down dietary proteins into their components, i.e., peptides and amino acids, which can be readily
1945:
1937:
2253:
O, Minekus M, Portmann R, Santos CN, Souchon I, Singh RP, Vegarud GE, Wickham MS, Weitschies W, Recio I (April 2019).
1056:
and an intact Fc fragment. The fragments can be purified by gel filtration, ion exchange, or affinity chromatography.
4440:
3517:
3383:
1901:
1796:
4266:
1586:
1415:
1260:
1109:
3826:
539:
356:
157:
3984:
521:
338:
139:
898:
at the P1' position result in the highest cleavage probability. Cleavage is disfavoured by positively charged
4596:
936:
526:
343:
144:
2856:
Samuels TL, Johnston N (November 2009). "Pepsin as a causal agent of inflammation during nonacidic reflux".
3732:
3583:
3402:, Billings HJ, "Fortified Cereal", published 1938, assigned to Cream of Wheat Corporation
999:, a drug used to treat stomach ulcers and other pepsin-related conditions, also inhibits pepsin activity.
2313:(June 2007). "Activity/stability of human pepsin: implications for reflux attributed laryngeal disease".
2213:"Bacterial killing in gastric juice--effect of pH and pepsin on Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori"
1962:
1923:
1591:
1420:
1265:
1114:
590:
407:
224:
514:
331:
132:
4711:
4150:
3883:
1957:
1047:
from antibodies. In some assays, it is preferable to use only the antigen-binding (Fab) portion of the
3399:
2183:
4697:
4684:
4671:
4658:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4581:
4225:
4189:
4081:
449:
266:
67:
3632:
4591:
4545:
4488:
4330:
4297:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3596:
1639:
1468:
1313:
1162:
928:
922:
867:
542:
432:
359:
249:
160:
50:
466:
283:
84:
4493:
4155:
4086:
3724:
972:
Porcine pepsin is inhibited by pepsin inhibitor-3 (PI-3) produced by the large roundworm of pig (
788:
2136:"pH stability and activity curves of pepsin with special reference to their clinical importance"
2076:"Pepsinogens, progastricsins, and prochymosins: structure, function, evolution, and development"
4110:
3263:
680:
1027:
Commercial pepsin is extracted from the glandular layer of hog stomachs. It is a component of
4514:
4433:
4258:
4239:
4024:
1485:
1330:
1179:
979:
3692:
978:). PI-3 occupies the active site of pepsin using its N-terminal residues and thereby blocks
862:
1.5 to 2). In humans the concentration of pepsin in the stomach reaches 0.5 – 1 mg/mL.
708:
679:
It is one of three principal endopeptidases (enzymes cutting proteins in the middle) in the
4586:
4019:
3922:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3272:
3168:
2040:
1831:
1656:
1644:
1473:
1318:
1167:
792:
502:
319:
120:
1680:
1660:
1509:
1489:
1354:
1334:
1203:
1183:
8:
4550:
3971:
1044:
478:
444:
295:
261:
96:
62:
3622:
3612:
3466:
3276:
3172:
2100:
2075:
2044:
1835:
437:
254:
55:
4756:
4751:
4483:
4293:
4161:
3756:
3602:
3444:
3419:
3316:
3291:
3243:
3091:
3064:
3045:
3002:
2990:
2924:
2881:
2838:
2795:
2747:
2722:
2703:
2659:
2615:
2458:
2435:
2386:
2374:
2338:
2160:
2135:
2113:
2013:
1997:
1759:
1734:
735:
3191:
3156:
2912:
2899:
Balkwill F, Mantovani A (February 2001). "Inflammation and cancer: back to
Virchow?".
2539:
2522:
657:
175:
3681:
3672:
3660:
3651:
3513:
3490:
3449:
3379:
3356:
3352:
3321:
3235:
3196:
3137:
3127:
3096:
3037:
3020:
Samuels TL, Johnston N (March 2010). "Pepsin as a marker of extraesophageal reflux".
2994:
2959:
2916:
2873:
2830:
2787:
2752:
2695:
2651:
2647:
2607:
2571:
2544:
2503:
2499:
2465:
2427:
2378:
2330:
2286:
2234:
2165:
2105:
2056:
2005:
1897:
1874:
1847:
1764:
1723:
827:
826:
In the stomach, gastric chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by
816:
739:
669:
533:
350:
151:
3592:
3261:
Northrop HJ (1932). "The story of the isolation of crystalline pepsin and trypsin".
3247:
3049:
2885:
2842:
2799:
2707:
2439:
2390:
2342:
2017:
1615:
1289:
1138:
4761:
4529:
4524:
4498:
4426:
4345:
4340:
4247:
4209:
4123:
4118:
4065:
3918:
3778:
3480:
3469:"Anti-Hinge Antibodies Recognize IgG Subclass- and Protease-Restricted Neoepitopes"
3439:
3431:
3348:
3339:
Samloff IM, O'Dell C (August 1985). "Inhibition of peptic activity by sucralfate".
3311:
3303:
3227:
3186:
3176:
3119:
3086:
3076:
3029:
3006:
2986:
2951:
2928:
2908:
2865:
2822:
2779:
2742:
2734:
2721:
Mainie I, Tutuian R, Shay S, Vela M, Zhang X, Sifrim D, Castell DO (October 2006).
2687:
2663:
2643:
2619:
2599:
2534:
2495:
2419:
2370:
2322:
2310:
2276:
2266:
2224:
2155:
2147:
2117:
2095:
2087:
2048:
1989:
1839:
1754:
1746:
1651:
1480:
1325:
1174:
965:
696:
653:
607:
4576:
4560:
4473:
3942:
3644:
3587:
3576:
3565:
3123:
3118:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 95. pp. 199–210.
2869:
2691:
2603:
2326:
2176:
1967:
1444:
1033:
1007:
804:
755:
2052:
1690:
1519:
1364:
1213:
1015:
179:
4725:
4614:
4555:
4368:
4091:
3937:
3748:
3637:
3161:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3033:
2955:
2826:
2783:
2423:
700:
561:
378:
195:
2271:
2254:
2091:
4735:
4519:
4478:
3785:
3768:
3485:
3468:
3114:
Marciniszyn J, Hartsuck JA, Tang J (1977). "Pepstatin
Inhibition Mechanism".
1953:
983:
887:
875:
843:
831:
759:
720:
637:
170:
3181:
2738:
4468:
3890:
3857:
3847:
3773:
3494:
3453:
3239:
3100:
3041:
2998:
2963:
2920:
2877:
2834:
2791:
2756:
2699:
2655:
2611:
2431:
2382:
2334:
2290:
2238:
2109:
2060:
2009:
1878:
1851:
1750:
1020:
974:
743:
692:
684:
3512:. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. A2926.
3360:
3325:
3200:
3081:
2575:
2548:
2521:
Goldberg HI, Dodds WJ, Gee S, Montgomery C, Zboralske FF (February 1969).
2507:
2229:
2212:
2169:
1768:
4692:
4627:
4463:
4407:
4402:
4384:
4146:
4045:
3790:
3141:
1918:
1627:
1456:
1301:
1150:
1037:
839:
673:
3435:
2255:"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion"
2151:
1733:
Fujinaga M, Chernaia MM, Tarasova NI, Mosimann SC, James MN (May 1995).
490:
307:
108:
4363:
4171:
4096:
3895:
3816:
2001:
1785:
1622:
1567:
1550:
1451:
1296:
1145:
1068:
The following three genes encode identical human pepsinogen A enzymes:
996:
987:
899:
891:
883:
820:
724:
712:
704:
649:
3307:
2281:
1727:
4666:
4640:
4394:
4166:
4029:
3878:
3420:"Gelatinase and the Gates-Gilman-Cowgill Method of Pepsin Estimation"
1843:
956:
902:
772:
661:
36:
4720:
4320:
4289:
3975:
3954:
3821:
2676:
1993:
1539:
A fourth human gene encodes gastricsin also known as pepsinogen C:
1048:
910:
895:
716:
3231:
1980:
Fruton JS (June 2002). "A history of pepsin and related enzymes".
1735:"Crystal structure of human pepsin and its complex with pepstatin"
990:, where three strands are contributed by pepsin and five by PI-3.
3866:
3686:
3676:
3665:
3655:
961:
879:
835:
808:
731:
688:
645:
641:
509:
326:
127:
3378:(2nd ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.
2308:
1732:
1603:
1432:
1277:
1126:
993:
A product of protein digestion by pepsin inhibits the reaction.
4679:
4449:
4001:
3959:
3871:
3842:
3554:
2188:
1790:
1610:
1439:
1284:
1133:
1052:
1028:
906:
573:
485:
473:
461:
390:
302:
290:
278:
207:
103:
91:
79:
4288:
3557:
online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: Pepsin A
695:
which remove individual amino acids at both ends of proteins (
4653:
4325:
3996:
3798:
3722:
1946:
1938:
927:
Pepsin is one of the primary causes of mucosal damage during
776:
763:
3671:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
3650:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
2632:
4204:
2976:
2588:
2523:"Role of acid and pepsin in acute experimental esophagitis"
2408:
2360:
2251:
1396:
1381:
665:
616:
497:
314:
115:
4418:
3526:
2812:
2769:
2520:
795:
crystallized it using dialysis, filtration, and cooling.
754:
Pepsin was one of the first enzymes to be discovered, by
625:
2941:
711:. The cleavage specificity of pepsin is broad, but some
3113:
1821:
1023:
Gum, marketed "For relief of indigestion and dyspepsia"
859:
30:
3216:
3062:
2211:
Zhu H, Hart CA, Sales D, Roberts NB (September 2006).
4709:
3289:
2720:
2561:
628:
622:
3376:
3154:
619:
613:
3155:Husain SS, Ferguson JB, Fruton JS (November 1971).
2488:
2451:
2449:
2210:
610:
2944:Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
2457:
2455:
2309:Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Bishwokarma B, Lively MO,
787:In 1928, it became one of the first enzymes to be
3501:
3367:
3338:
3022:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
2898:
2815:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
2772:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
2412:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
660:of humans and many other animals, where it helps
4733:
3116:Acid Proteases: Structure, Function, and Biology
3065:"Reflux revisited: advancing the role of pepsin"
2446:
1885:
3019:
2855:
2485:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2304:
2302:
2300:
1896:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 95.
3290:Greenwell P, Knowles JR, Sharp H (June 1969).
2031:Northrop JH (May 1929). "Crystalline pepsin".
1043:Pepsin is commonly used in the preparation of
916:
738:in the stomach wall, and upon mixing with the
4434:
4274:
3708:
3254:
2129:
2127:
1817:
1815:
1813:
3460:
3411:
3013:
2970:
2935:
2892:
2849:
2806:
2763:
2714:
2626:
2582:
2397:
2349:
2297:
734:(proenzyme), pepsinogen, is released by the
3647:, by David Goodsell, RCSB Protein Data Bank
3398:
3392:
3283:
3148:
3063:Bardhan KD, Strugala V, Dettmar PW (2012).
2555:
2514:
2464:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. p. 96.
2133:
2024:
1973:
1858:
952:
4441:
4427:
4281:
4267:
3715:
3701:
3507:
3212:
3210:
3107:
2124:
1810:
1716:
943:the presence of pepsin in saliva samples.
758:in 1836. Schwann coined its name from the
29:
3625:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3615:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3605:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3595:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3484:
3443:
3315:
3190:
3180:
3090:
3080:
2746:
2538:
2280:
2270:
2228:
2159:
2099:
1824:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
1758:
853:
746:, pepsinogen activates to become pepsin.
4139:
3260:
2636:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2073:
2030:
1780:
1778:
1014:
1006:
951:Pepsin may be inhibited by high pH (see
3207:
3069:International Journal of Otolaryngology
2456:Cox M, Nelson DR, Lehninger AL (2008).
2184:"Information on EC 3.4.23.1 - pepsin A"
1864:
4734:
1979:
1891:
727:increase the probability of cleavage.
4422:
4262:
3696:
3417:
1775:
672:, using a catalytic aspartate in its
2858:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
2460:Lehninger principles of biochemistry
2134:Piper DW, Fenton BH (October 1965).
2080:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1542:
1382:pepsinogen 5, group I (pepsinogen A)
1230:pepsinogen 4, group I (pepsinogen A)
1079:pepsinogen 3, group I (pepsinogen A)
1071:
3373:
3157:"Bifunctional inhibitors of pepsin"
2680:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
2592:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
834:in the stomach lining. The hormone
13:
2991:10.1097/01.mlg.0000172043.51871.d9
2375:10.1097/01.mlg.0000149445.07146.03
1916:
14:
4773:
3547:
3424:The Journal of General Physiology
4719:
3341:The American Journal of Medicine
2648:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30349.x
606:
3510:Antibodies: a laboratory manual
3332:
3056:
2670:
2478:
2245:
2217:Journal of Medical Microbiology
2204:
2067:
1982:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1002:
823:compared to the active enzyme.
709:absorbed by the small intestine
2598:(7): 890–7, discussion 897–8.
1931:
1910:
1793:Bioinformatics Resource Portal
830:(HCl), which is released from
1:
3931:Bile and pancreatic secretion
3638:Pepsin: Molecule of the Month
2913:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0
2540:10.1016/S0016-5085(69)80121-6
1710:
986:which form an eight-stranded
964:is a potential analog of the
955:) or by inhibitor compounds.
946:
937:receptor-mediated endocytosis
699:produced by the pancreas and
4742:Genes on human chromosome 11
3353:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90566-2
3124:10.1007/978-1-4757-0719-9_12
2870:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.08.022
2692:10.1016/j.gassur.2005.09.005
2604:10.1016/j.gassur.2004.08.001
2500:10.1016/0006-291X(68)90326-4
2327:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31804154c3
2074:Kageyama T (February 2002).
1865:Florkin M (March 1957). "".
798:
7:
4747:Genes on human chromosome 6
4448:
3418:Smith ER (September 1933).
2053:10.1126/science.69.1796.580
1924:Online Etymology Dictionary
917:In laryngopharyngeal reflux
10:
4778:
4151:Interstitial cell of Cajal
3664:(Human Gastricsin) at the
3508:Lane DS, Harlow E (1988).
3034:10.1177/000348941011900310
2956:10.1001/archotol.126.3.405
2827:10.1177/000348941011900808
2784:10.1177/000348940711601211
2424:10.1177/000348940611500108
1947:
1939:
1894:A short history of biology
920:
777:
764:
749:
4605:
4597:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4569:
4538:
4507:
4456:
4393:
4377:
4356:
4308:
4238:
4226:Enterohepatic circulation
4218:
4197:
4188:
4132:
4109:
4082:Segmentation contractions
4074:
4058:
4038:
4012:
3970:
3930:
3917:
3910:
3856:
3835:
3809:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3220:Nature Structural Biology
2272:10.1038/s41596-018-0119-1
2092:10.1007/s00018-002-8423-9
1686:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1650:
1638:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1479:
1467:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1312:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1173:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1078:
584:
572:
560:
555:
551:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
455:
443:
431:
426:
421:
401:
389:
377:
372:
368:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
272:
260:
248:
243:
238:
218:
206:
194:
189:
185:
169:
150:
138:
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
73:
61:
49:
44:
28:
23:
4489:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4331:Signal peptide peptidase
3627:Medical Subject Headings
3617:Medical Subject Headings
3607:Medical Subject Headings
3597:Medical Subject Headings
3579:, Pepsin C (Gastricsin)
3486:10.4049/jimmunol.1601096
1063:
1040:by Dr. Edwin E. Beeman.
929:laryngopharyngeal reflux
923:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
886:at the P1 position, and
868:laryngopharyngeal reflux
652:. It is one of the main
4156:Basal electrical rhythm
4087:Migrating motor complex
3725:gastrointestinal system
3296:The Biochemical Journal
3182:10.1073/pnas.68.11.2765
2739:10.1136/gut.2005.087668
1963:A Greek–English Lexicon
1867:Revue Médicale de Liège
1786:"Enzyme entry 3.4.23.1"
35:Pepsin in complex with
4111:Enteric nervous system
3264:The Scientific Monthly
1751:10.1002/pro.5560040516
1024:
1012:
953:Activity and stability
854:Activity and stability
683:, the other two being
681:human digestive system
4582:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4515:Allosteric regulation
4025:Enterochromaffin cell
4020:Enteroendocrine cells
3473:Journal of Immunology
3400:US patent 2259543
2230:10.1099/jmm.0.46611-0
1954:Liddell, Henry George
1018:
1010:
819:has an additional 44
422:pepsin C (gastricsin)
4592:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4013:Endocrine cell types
3685:(Pepsin A-4) at the
913:at the P1 position.
4294:aspartate proteases
4039:Exocrine cell types
3972:Glucose homeostasis
3436:10.1085/jgp.17.1.35
3277:1932SciMo..35..333N
3173:1971PNAS...68.2765H
3082:10.1155/2012/646901
2223:(Pt 9): 1265–1270.
2152:10.1136/gut.6.5.506
2045:1929Sci....69..580N
1836:2008RCMS...22.1041H
1011:Beeman's Pepsin Gum
736:gastric chief cells
4551:Enzyme superfamily
4484:Enzyme promiscuity
4162:Gastrocolic reflex
3723:Physiology of the
3643:2015-11-30 at the
3586:2020-06-02 at the
3575:2007-12-21 at the
3564:2008-03-20 at the
1025:
1013:
4707:
4706:
4416:
4415:
4256:
4255:
4234:
4233:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4119:Submucous plexus
4105:
4104:
4054:
4053:
3906:
3905:
3308:10.1042/bj1130363
3133:978-1-4757-0721-2
2471:978-0-7167-7108-1
1892:Asimov I (1980).
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1045:F(ab')2 fragments
935:process known as
828:hydrochloric acid
817:primary structure
740:hydrochloric acid
697:carboxypeptidases
691:. There are also
670:aspartic protease
658:digestive systems
654:digestive enzymes
640:that breaks down
600:
599:
596:
595:
515:metabolic pathway
417:
416:
413:
412:
332:metabolic pathway
234:
233:
230:
229:
133:metabolic pathway
4769:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4587:Hanes–Woolf plot
4530:Enzyme activator
4525:Enzyme inhibitor
4499:Enzyme catalysis
4443:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4248:Peritoneal fluid
4210:Pancreatic juice
4195:
4194:
4137:
4136:
4124:Myenteric plexus
4066:Intestinal juice
3928:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3827:Gastric emptying
3779:Intrinsic factor
3745:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2979:The Laryngoscope
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2907:(9255): 539–45.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2733:(10): 1398–402.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2527:Gastroenterology
2518:
2512:
2511:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2363:The Laryngoscope
2358:
2347:
2346:
2315:The Laryngoscope
2306:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2259:Nature Protocols
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2103:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1977:
1971:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1844:10.1002/rcm.3467
1819:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1730:
1720:
1669:
1668:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1498:
1497:
1378:
1377:
1343:
1342:
1227:
1226:
1192:
1191:
1076:
1075:
1072:
966:transition state
793:John H. Northrop
780:
779:
767:
766:
664:the proteins in
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
553:
552:
419:
418:
370:
369:
236:
235:
187:
186:
33:
21:
20:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4718:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4615:Oxidoreductases
4601:
4577:Enzyme kinetics
4565:
4561:List of enzymes
4534:
4503:
4474:Catalytic triad
4452:
4447:
4417:
4412:
4389:
4373:
4352:
4304:
4287:
4257:
4252:
4230:
4214:
4176:
4128:
4101:
4070:
4050:
4034:
4008:
3966:
3943:Cholecystokinin
3902:
3852:
3831:
3805:
3794:
3727:
3721:
3645:Wayback Machine
3588:Wayback Machine
3577:Wayback Machine
3566:Wayback Machine
3550:
3545:
3538:Enzyme Explorer
3532:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3506:
3502:
3465:
3461:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3374:Kun LY (2006).
3372:
3368:
3337:
3333:
3288:
3284:
3259:
3255:
3215:
3208:
3153:
3149:
3134:
3112:
3108:
3061:
3057:
3018:
3014:
2975:
2971:
2940:
2936:
2897:
2893:
2854:
2850:
2811:
2807:
2768:
2764:
2719:
2715:
2675:
2671:
2631:
2627:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2556:
2519:
2515:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2454:
2447:
2407:
2398:
2369:(12): 2129–34.
2359:
2350:
2307:
2298:
2265:(4): 991–1014.
2250:
2246:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2132:
2125:
2072:
2068:
2029:
2025:
1978:
1974:
1968:Perseus Project
1936:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1739:Protein Science
1722:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1552:
1537:
1066:
1005:
949:
925:
919:
856:
850:glycoprotein).
801:
756:Theodor Schwann
752:
701:aminopeptidases
668:. Pepsin is an
609:
605:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4729:
4728:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4688:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4539:Classification
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4369:HIV-1 protease
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4336:Beta secretase
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4240:Abdominopelvic
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3981:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3938:Enterogastrone
3934:
3932:
3925:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3861:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3786:Foveolar cells
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3769:Parietal cells
3766:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3669:
3648:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3549:
3548:External links
3546:
3544:
3543:
3525:
3518:
3500:
3459:
3410:
3391:
3384:
3366:
3331:
3282:
3271:(4): 333–340.
3253:
3206:
3167:(11): 2765–8.
3147:
3132:
3106:
3055:
3012:
2969:
2934:
2891:
2848:
2805:
2762:
2713:
2669:
2642:(6): 1000–10.
2625:
2581:
2554:
2513:
2494:(5): 898–902.
2477:
2470:
2445:
2396:
2348:
2296:
2244:
2203:
2175:
2123:
2086:(2): 288–306.
2066:
2023:
1994:10.1086/340729
1972:
1930:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1857:
1809:
1774:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:(pepsinogen C)
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1004:
1001:
984:hydrogen bonds
948:
945:
921:Main article:
918:
915:
855:
852:
832:parietal cells
800:
797:
751:
748:
598:
597:
594:
593:
588:
582:
581:
576:
570:
569:
564:
558:
557:
549:
548:
537:
530:
529:
524:
518:
517:
512:
506:
505:
500:
494:
493:
488:
482:
481:
476:
470:
469:
464:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
441:
440:
435:
429:
428:
424:
423:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
399:
398:
393:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
366:
365:
354:
347:
346:
341:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
305:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
155:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Enzyme family
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Cooperativity
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Oxyanion hole
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3540:. Merck KGaA.
3539:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3519:0-87969-314-2
3515:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3385:981-256-677-5
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:10.1038/77950
3229:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:(8): 1473–8.
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:(5): 559–63.
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:(8): 547–58.
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:(12): 934–8.
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2570:(2): 276–84.
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2533:(2): 223–30.
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:(6): 1036–9.
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:(1796): 580.
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:(2): 127–47.
1987:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1958:Scott, Robert
1955:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1903:9780313225833
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1873:(5): 139–44.
1872:
1869:(in French).
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(7): 1041–6.
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:(5): 960–72.
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1551:progastricsin
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1019:Adams Pepsin
1017:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:
970:
967:
963:
958:
954:
944:
940:
938:
932:
930:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:phenylalanine
885:
881:
877:
876:Phenylalanine
871:
869:
863:
861:
851:
847:
845:
844:autocatalytic
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
785:
783:
774:
770:
761:
757:
747:
745:
744:gastric juice
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:phenylalanine
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:exopeptidases
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:into smaller
643:
639:
638:endopeptidase
633:
604:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
577:
575:
571:
568:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
523:
519:
516:
513:
511:
507:
504:
501:
499:
495:
492:
491:NiceZyme view
489:
487:
483:
480:
477:
475:
471:
468:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
448:
446:
442:
439:
436:
434:
430:
425:
420:
409:
406:
404:
400:
397:
394:
392:
388:
385:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:
340:
336:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
318:
316:
312:
309:
308:NiceZyme view
306:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
280:
276:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
242:
237:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
171:Gene Ontology
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
109:NiceZyme view
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4693:Translocases
4690:
4677:
4664:
4651:
4638:
4628:Transferases
4625:
4612:
4469:Binding site
4335:
4315:
4046:Goblet cells
3891:Somatostatin
3858:Gastric acid
3848:Gastric acid
3774:Gastric acid
3761:
3680:
3659:
3623:Pepsinogen+C
3613:Pepsinogen+A
3537:
3528:
3509:
3503:
3479:(1): 82–93.
3476:
3472:
3462:
3430:(1): 35–40.
3427:
3423:
3413:
3394:
3375:
3369:
3347:(2C): 15–8.
3344:
3340:
3334:
3302:(2): 363–8.
3299:
3295:
3285:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3226:(8): 653–7.
3223:
3219:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3115:
3109:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3028:(3): 203–8.
3025:
3021:
3015:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2950:(3): 405–9.
2947:
2943:
2937:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2686:(1): 54–62.
2683:
2679:
2672:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2459:
2418:(1): 47–58.
2415:
2411:
2366:
2362:
2318:
2314:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2146:(5): 506–8.
2143:
2139:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2036:
2032:
2026:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1961:
1933:
1922:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1800:. Retrieved
1789:
1742:
1738:
1718:
1701:
1659:
1616:NM_001166424
1538:
1530:
1488:
1333:
1290:NM_001079808
1182:
1139:NM_001079807
1067:
1058:
1042:
1034:Beeman's gum
1026:
1021:Tutti Frutti
1003:Applications
995:
992:
975:Ascaris suum
973:
971:
950:
941:
933:
926:
872:
864:
857:
848:
825:
812:
802:
789:crystallized
786:
781:
768:
753:
729:
685:chymotrypsin
678:
602:
601:
479:BRENDA entry
296:BRENDA entry
97:BRENDA entry
18:
4464:Active site
4385:Nepenthesin
4147:Peristalsis
4133:Either/both
4092:Borborygmus
3757:Chief cells
3633:Beemans Gum
3603:Pepsinogens
3568:, Pepsin B
1681:Swiss-model
1559:Identifiers
1510:Swiss-model
1388:Identifiers
1355:Swiss-model
1235:Identifiers
1204:Swiss-model
1084:Identifiers
1038:chewing gum
900:amino acids
840:vagus nerve
821:amino acids
771:, meaning "
713:amino acids
705:amino acids
674:active site
650:amino acids
467:IntEnz view
427:Identifiers
284:IntEnz view
244:Identifiers
85:IntEnz view
45:Identifiers
4736:Categories
4667:Isomerases
4641:Hydrolases
4508:Regulation
4364:Plasmepsin
4357:Pathogenic
4309:Vertebrate
4172:Enterocyte
4097:Defecation
3817:Swallowing
3762:Pepsinogen
3075:: 646901.
2311:Koufman JA
2282:11019/1671
1917:Harper D.
1711:References
1677:Structures
1672:Search for
1661:pter-p21.1
1634:Other data
1506:Structures
1501:Search for
1463:Other data
1351:Structures
1346:Search for
1308:Other data
1200:Structures
1195:Search for
1157:Other data
997:Sucralfate
947:Inhibitors
892:tryptophan
884:methionine
813:pepsinogen
803:Pepsin is
725:tryptophan
536:structures
503:KEGG entry
450:9012-71-9
353:structures
320:KEGG entry
267:9025-48-3
154:structures
121:KEGG entry
68:9001-75-6
4757:Proteases
4752:EC 3.4.23
4546:EC number
4395:Cathepsin
4290:Proteases
4219:Processes
4190:Accessory
4167:Digestion
4140:Processes
4075:Processes
4030:APUD cell
3976:incretins
3923:paracrine
3919:Endocrine
3884:ECL cells
3879:Histamine
3860:secretion
3810:Processes
1731:;
1640:EC number
1575:NCBI gene
1469:EC number
1445:NM_014224
1404:NCBI gene
1314:EC number
1249:NCBI gene
1163:EC number
1098:NCBI gene
980:substrate
957:Pepstatin
903:histidine
805:expressed
799:Precursor
773:digestion
730:Pepsin's
456:Databases
273:Databases
74:Databases
37:pepstatin
4570:Kinetics
4494:Cofactor
4457:Activity
4321:Chymosin
3955:Secretin
3822:Vomiting
3749:Exocrine
3733:GI tract
3641:Archived
3593:Pepsin+A
3584:Archived
3573:Archived
3562:Archived
3534:"Pepsin"
3495:27864476
3454:19872760
3248:39440342
3240:10932249
3101:22242022
3050:29266257
3042:20392035
2999:16094128
2964:10722017
2921:11229684
2886:23855277
2878:19861190
2843:44531943
2835:20860281
2800:32026624
2792:18217514
2757:16556669
2708:41176354
2700:16368491
2656:15180717
2612:15531244
2440:29939465
2432:16466100
2391:23773155
2383:15564833
2343:22124366
2335:17417109
2291:30886367
2239:16914658
2191:-enzymes
2110:11915945
2101:11146132
2061:17758437
2018:24979344
2010:12089768
1919:"Pepsin"
1879:13432398
1852:18327892
1691:InterPro
1645:3.4.23.3
1520:InterPro
1474:3.4.23.1
1365:InterPro
1319:3.4.23.1
1214:InterPro
1168:3.4.23.1
1049:antibody
911:arginine
896:tyrosine
838:and the
815:, whose
775:" (from
717:tyrosine
646:peptides
642:proteins
591:proteins
579:articles
567:articles
540:RCSB PDB
438:3.4.23.3
408:proteins
396:articles
384:articles
357:RCSB PDB
255:3.4.23.2
239:pepsin B
225:proteins
213:articles
201:articles
158:RCSB PDB
56:3.4.23.1
4762:Stomach
4726:Biology
4680:Ligases
4450:Enzymes
4002:L cells
3990:K cells
3960:S cells
3948:I cells
3896:D cells
3872:G cells
3867:Gastrin
3687:PDBe-KB
3677:UniProt
3666:PDBe-KB
3656:UniProt
3581:A01.003
3570:A01.002
3559:A01.001
3445:2141270
3361:3929601
3326:4897199
3317:1184643
3273:Bibcode
3201:4941985
3169:Bibcode
3092:3216344
3007:2196018
2929:1730949
2748:1856433
2664:8530885
2620:6574429
2576:6808683
2564:Surgery
2549:4884956
2508:5682314
2170:4158734
2161:1552331
2118:8907522
2041:Bibcode
2033:Science
2002:3071644
1966:at the
1948:πέπτειν
1832:Bibcode
1769:7663352
1760:2143119
1687:Domains
1623:UniProt
1516:Domains
1486:Chr. 11
1452:UniProt
1361:Domains
1331:Chr. 11
1297:UniProt
1210:Domains
1180:Chr. 11
1146:UniProt
988:β-sheet
962:statine
880:leucine
836:gastrin
811:called
809:zymogen
782:peptein
778:πέπτειν
750:History
742:of the
732:zymogen
689:trypsin
656:in the
527:profile
510:MetaCyc
445:CAS no.
344:profile
327:MetaCyc
262:CAS no.
180:QuickGO
145:profile
128:MetaCyc
63:CAS no.
4712:Portal
4654:Lyases
4316:Pepsin
4301:3.4.23
4198:Fluids
4059:Fluids
3843:Saliva
3836:Fluids
3682:P0DJD7
3661:P20142
3629:(MeSH)
3619:(MeSH)
3609:(MeSH)
3599:(MeSH)
3555:MEROPS
3516:
3493:
3452:
3442:
3406:
3382:
3359:
3324:
3314:
3246:
3238:
3199:
3192:389520
3189:
3142:339690
3140:
3130:
3099:
3089:
3048:
3040:
3005:
2997:
2962:
2927:
2919:
2901:Lancet
2884:
2876:
2841:
2833:
2798:
2790:
2755:
2745:
2706:
2698:
2662:
2654:
2618:
2610:
2574:
2547:
2506:
2468:
2438:
2430:
2389:
2381:
2341:
2333:
2289:
2237:
2196:14 Dec
2189:BRENDA
2168:
2158:
2116:
2108:
2098:
2059:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1900:
1877:
1850:
1802:14 Dec
1791:ExPASy
1767:
1757:
1702:
1657:Chr. 6
1628:P20142
1611:RefSeq
1604:169740
1564:Symbol
1531:
1457:P00790
1440:RefSeq
1433:169730
1393:Symbol
1302:P00790
1285:RefSeq
1278:169720
1254:643847
1240:Symbol
1151:P00790
1134:RefSeq
1127:169710
1103:643834
1089:Symbol
1053:papain
1036:brand
1029:rennet
907:lysine
769:pepsis
662:digest
636:is an
603:Pepsin
574:PubMed
556:Search
546:PDBsum
486:ExPASy
474:BRENDA
462:IntEnz
433:EC no.
391:PubMed
373:Search
363:PDBsum
303:ExPASy
291:BRENDA
279:IntEnz
250:EC no.
208:PubMed
190:Search
176:AmiGO
164:PDBsum
104:ExPASy
92:BRENDA
80:IntEnz
51:EC no.
24:Pepsin
16:Enzyme
4606:Types
4378:Plant
4326:Renin
3997:GLP-1
3911:Lower
3799:Mucus
3741:Upper
3244:S2CID
3046:S2CID
3003:S2CID
2925:S2CID
2882:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2660:S2CID
2616:S2CID
2436:S2CID
2387:S2CID
2339:S2CID
2114:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1998:JSTOR
1940:πέψις
1652:Locus
1481:Locus
1326:Locus
1175:Locus
1064:Genes
807:as a
791:when
765:πέψις
762:word
760:Greek
715:like
522:PRIAM
339:PRIAM
140:PRIAM
4698:list
4691:EC7
4685:list
4678:EC6
4672:list
4665:EC5
4659:list
4652:EC4
4646:list
4639:EC3
4633:list
4626:EC2
4620:list
4613:EC1
4205:Bile
3675:for
3654:for
3553:The
3514:ISBN
3491:PMID
3450:PMID
3380:ISBN
3357:PMID
3322:PMID
3236:PMID
3197:PMID
3138:PMID
3128:ISBN
3097:PMID
3073:2012
3038:PMID
2995:PMID
2960:PMID
2917:PMID
2874:PMID
2831:PMID
2788:PMID
2753:PMID
2696:PMID
2652:PMID
2608:PMID
2572:PMID
2545:PMID
2504:PMID
2466:ISBN
2428:PMID
2379:PMID
2331:PMID
2287:PMID
2235:PMID
2198:2008
2166:PMID
2106:PMID
2057:PMID
2006:PMID
1898:ISBN
1875:PMID
1848:PMID
1804:2008
1765:PMID
1728:1PSO
1599:OMIM
1592:8890
1587:HGNC
1580:5225
1428:OMIM
1421:8887
1416:HGNC
1409:5222
1397:PGA5
1273:OMIM
1266:8886
1261:HGNC
1243:PGA4
1122:OMIM
1115:8885
1110:HGNC
1092:PGA3
909:and
894:and
882:and
723:and
687:and
666:food
648:and
586:NCBI
543:PDBe
498:KEGG
403:NCBI
360:PDBe
315:KEGG
220:NCBI
161:PDBe
116:KEGG
3985:GIP
3791:HCO
3673:PDB
3652:PDB
3481:doi
3477:198
3440:PMC
3432:doi
3349:doi
3312:PMC
3304:doi
3300:113
3228:doi
3187:PMC
3177:doi
3120:doi
3087:PMC
3077:doi
3030:doi
3026:119
2987:doi
2983:115
2952:doi
2948:126
2909:doi
2905:357
2866:doi
2862:141
2823:doi
2819:119
2780:doi
2776:116
2743:PMC
2735:doi
2727:Gut
2688:doi
2644:doi
2600:doi
2535:doi
2496:doi
2420:doi
2416:115
2371:doi
2367:114
2323:doi
2319:117
2277:hdl
2267:doi
2225:doi
2156:PMC
2148:doi
2140:Gut
2096:PMC
2088:doi
2049:doi
1990:doi
1840:doi
1797:SIB
1755:PMC
1747:doi
1724:PDB
1568:PGC
1490:q13
1335:q13
1184:q13
562:PMC
534:PDB
379:PMC
351:PDB
196:PMC
152:PDB
4738::
4298:EC
4292::
3679::
3658::
3536:.
3489:.
3475:.
3471:.
3448:.
3438:.
3428:17
3426:.
3422:.
3355:.
3345:79
3343:.
3320:.
3310:.
3298:.
3294:.
3269:35
3267:.
3242:.
3234:.
3222:.
3209:^
3195:.
3185:.
3175:.
3165:68
3163:.
3159:.
3136:.
3126:.
3095:.
3085:.
3071:.
3067:.
3044:.
3036:.
3024:.
3001:.
2993:.
2981:.
2958:.
2946:.
2923:.
2915:.
2903:.
2880:.
2872:.
2860:.
2837:.
2829:.
2817:.
2794:.
2786:.
2774:.
2751:.
2741:.
2731:55
2729:.
2725:.
2702:.
2694:.
2684:10
2682:.
2658:.
2650:.
2640:99
2638:.
2614:.
2606:.
2594:.
2568:92
2566:.
2543:.
2531:56
2529:.
2525:.
2502:.
2492:32
2490:.
2448:^
2434:.
2426:.
2414:.
2399:^
2385:.
2377:.
2365:.
2351:^
2337:.
2329:.
2317:.
2299:^
2285:.
2275:.
2263:14
2261:.
2257:.
2233:.
2221:55
2219:.
2215:.
2186:.
2164:.
2154:.
2142:.
2138:.
2126:^
2112:.
2104:.
2094:.
2084:59
2082:.
2078:.
2055:.
2047:.
2037:69
2035:.
2012:.
2004:.
1996:.
1986:77
1984:.
1960:;
1956:;
1952:.
1944:,
1921:.
1871:12
1846:.
1838:.
1828:22
1826:.
1812:^
1795:.
1788:.
1777:^
1763:.
1753:.
1741:.
1737:.
1726::
905:,
890:,
878:,
860:pH
719:,
676:.
178:/
4714::
4700:)
4696:(
4687:)
4683:(
4674:)
4670:(
4661:)
4657:(
4648:)
4644:(
4635:)
4631:(
4622:)
4618:(
4442:e
4435:t
4428:v
4408:E
4403:D
4346:2
4341:1
4303:)
4296:(
4282:e
4275:t
4268:v
4158:)
4149:(
3978:)
3974:(
3921:/
3793:3
3716:e
3709:t
3702:v
3689:.
3668:.
3522:.
3497:.
3483::
3456:.
3434::
3388:.
3363:.
3351::
3328:.
3306::
3279:.
3275::
3250:.
3230::
3224:7
3203:.
3179::
3171::
3144:.
3122::
3103:.
3079::
3052:.
3032::
3009:.
2989::
2966:.
2954::
2931:.
2911::
2888:.
2868::
2845:.
2825::
2802:.
2782::
2759:.
2737::
2710:.
2690::
2666:.
2646::
2622:.
2602::
2596:8
2578:.
2551:.
2537::
2510:.
2498::
2474:.
2442:.
2422::
2393:.
2373::
2345:.
2325::
2293:.
2279::
2269::
2241:.
2227::
2200:.
2172:.
2150::
2144:6
2120:.
2090::
2063:.
2051::
2043::
2020:.
1992::
1970:.
1927:.
1906:.
1881:.
1854:.
1842::
1834::
1806:.
1771:.
1749::
1743:4
632:/
629:n
626:ɪ
623:s
620:p
617:ɛ
614:p
611:ˈ
608:/
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
