175:. The complexes typically consist of a spike (duration < 70 milliseconds) or a sharp wave (70–200 milliseconds), followed first by a positive deep trough, then a negative wave (350–400 milliseconds). Not every wave is preceded by a spike. Bursts increase and decrease without clear onset and offset. Slow spike waves may occur during seizures or between seizures, or may occur in absence of any observable clinical changes. This helps distinguish LGS from the pattern of extended 3-Hz spike-wave discharges.
291:. Because of high risk of irreversible brain damage in early stages of syndrome (particularly in infants and young children), early diagnosis is essential. Nobody is born with LGS, it evolves over time, so it may take 1–2 years after first initial seizure for all criteria for diagnosis to emerge, so LGS should be considered if there are suggestive signs and symptoms without presence of complete triad.
32:
72:(EEG), which are very abnormal. Typically, it presents in children aged 3–5 years and most of the time persists into adulthood with slight changes in the electroclinical phenotype. It has been associated with perinatal injuries, congenital infections, brain malformations, brain tumors, genetic disorders such as
186:
A lot is known about what causes early life seizures and everyone with LGS has it secondary to a seizure etiology. There are two types of LGS etiologies: idiopathic and secondary. The cause of the idiopathic subtype is unknown. The cause of the secondary subtype occurs when an identifiable underlying
376:
The treatments for LGS has evolved over the years. Various treatments have been shown to have some degree of efficacy. In 1997–1999, lamotrigine was found to be effective and approved by the Food and Drug
Administration and Health Canada. In 1999, topiramate trials showed that topiramate decreased
497:
in all cases. Since 2010, this assumption has been challenged. Two studies on LGS patients series who underwent curative surgery in Korea and China, showed very good results, up to seizure freedom for 80% of these patients below 5 years old, and 40% above 5 years old. Like all epilepsy curative
1570:
Alva-Moncayo, E; Ruiz-Ruiz, A (2003). "Utilidad del topiramato como terapia añadida a esquemas convencionales para el síndrome de Lennox–Gastaut" [The value of topiramate used with conventional schemes as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome].
1003:
Ohtahara S, Yamatogi Y, Ohtsukd Y, Oka E, lshida T. Prognosis of West syndrome with special reference to Lennox syndrome: a developmental study. In: Wada JA, Penry JK, eds. Advunces in epileptology: The Xth
Epilepsy International Symposium. New York: Raven Press, 1980:
695:
Specchio, Nicola; Wirrell, Elaine C.; Scheffer, Ingrid E.; Nabbout, Rima; Riney, Kate; Samia, Pauline; Guerreiro, Marilisa; Gwer, Sam; Zuberi, Sameer M.; Wilmshurst, Jo M.; Yozawitz, Elissa; Pressler, Ronit; Hirsch, Edouard; Wiebe, Samuel; Cross, Helen J. (June 2022).
1360:
Choi MH, Yang JO, Min JS, Lee JJ, Jun SY1, Lee YJ, Yoon JY, Jeon SJ, Byeon I, Kang JW, Kim NS (2019) A novel X-linked variant of IQSEC2 is associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and mild intellectual disability in three generations of a Korean Family. Genet Test Mol
187:
pathology is responsible and you can see this pathology on an MRI scan. The most common type of LGS (70–78%) is secondary. These patients tend to have a worse prognosis than those with idiopathic LGS. In up to one-third of cases no cause for seizures can be found.
572:
study showed 50% seizure reduction reported in almost half of children with LGS after 1 year of ketogenic diet. However, the strength of the study is challenged because it represents reports rather than scientific analysis of the clinical outcomes such as in a
593:
LGS is seen in approximately 4% of children with epilepsy, and is more common in males than in females. Usual onset is between the ages of three and five. Children can have no neurological problems prior diagnosis, or have other forms of epilepsy.
115:
The peak age of onset of seizures is in the first year of life and the seizures evolve into LGS typically between 3 and 5 years of age. The mainstay symptoms are seizures that are frequent – occurring daily and difficult to treat with
150:
occurs in about 50% of patients with LGS. The seizures can cause sudden falling often leading to injury. These "drop attacks" are typically the first manifestation of LGS. The attacks are characterized by a single, generalized
106:
The symptoms vary and progress with age and are characterized by a triad of seizures including tonic seizure, cognitive dysfunction, and EEG findings. The triad may not fully emerge until 1–2 years after first seizure episode.
567:
in the body. Adopting and maintaining rigid diet may be difficult for some families. Short-term ketogenic diet might be associated with nonsignificant decreases in frequency of parent-reported seizures in children with LGS. A
2333:"A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of soticlestat as adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ELEKTRA)"
134:
sleep (90% of the time). They initially last for a minute or less and are activated by sleep. The presentation can be subtle. They present often as tonic eyelid opening with some changes in breathing coupled with
2519:
2504:
1217:
LCapelli LP, Krepischi AC, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Mendes MF, Rodrigues T, Varela MC, Koiffmann CP, Rosenberg C (2012). "Deletion of the RMGA and CHD2 genes in a child with epilepsy and mental deficiency".
673:, is dedicated to improving the lives of those impacted by LGS through advancing research, awareness, education, and family support. The organization's slogan is: "The challenges are tough. So are we".
661:
is an investigational anticonvulsant that was well tolerated and reduced seizure frequency in a phase 2 clinical study for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and began phase 3 trials in 2022.
1310:
Lund, Caroline; Brodtkorb, Eylert; Røsby, Oddveig; Rødningen, Olaug
Kristin; Selmer, Kaja Kristine (2013-07-01). "Copy number variants in adult patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome features".
641:
was found by Feucht et al. to be an effective add-on in patients whose seizures were not satisfactorily controlled by valproate. Out of 20 children, only 1 experienced a serious side effect (
626:
metropolitan area were estimated to have LGS in 1997, which was defined as, "onset of multiple seizure types before age 11 years, with at least one seizure type resulting in falls, and an
1462:
328:
698:"International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions"
651:
showed promise in an overview of controlled and uncontrolled trials conducted in Japan. However, in a physician survey conducted
December 2004, only 28% of Lennox–Gastaut and
2436:
Pong AW, Ross J, Tyrlikova I, Giermek AJ, Kohli MP, Khan YA, Salgado RD, Klein P (March 2022). "Epilepsy: expert opinion on emerging drugs in phase 2/3 clinical trials".
1834:"Seizure-free days as a novel outcome in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Post hoc analysis of patients receiving cannabidiol in two randomized controlled trials"
84:). The prognosis for LGS is marked by a 5% mortality in childhood and persistent seizures into adulthood (at least 90% of adults with LGS still have seizures).
183:
The LGS disease pathophysiology is mostly unknown, but some evidence implicates cortical hyperexcitability occurring at critical periods of brain development.
498:
surgeries, seizures may recur in the years following surgery, but surgery allows the child to have better brain development during the seizure free period.
1014:
365:
The goals of treatment are to lower frequency and severity of seizures to greatest extent possible. There are no studies using only one medication.
3064:
2630:
1470:
68:
syndrome. It is characterized by multiple and concurrent seizure types including tonic seizure, cognitive dysfunction, and slow spike waves on
1633:"Efficacy of felbamate in childhood epileptic encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). The Felbamate Study Group in Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome"
305:
The diagnosis of LGS should also be considered in adults who have childhood-onset, intractable seizures, and intellectual disability.
287:
The diagnosis of LGS should be suspected in children less than 8 years old with seizures of multiple types that cannot be treated with
2998:
2915:
2206:
Feucht, M; Brantner-Inthaler, S (1994). "Gamma-vinyl-GABA (vigabatrin) in the therapy of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: an open study".
195:
Seizures that then evolve into LGS most often occur secondary to brain damage. The brain damage can occur from perinatal insults,
1606:
533:
1493:
335:
LGS is more easily distinguished from Doose syndrome by seizure type after the syndrome has progressed. Doose syndrome has more
346:
Pseudo-Lennox–Gastaut syndrome can be distinguished from LGS because pseudo-LGS has different spike-and-wave patterns on EEG.
257:. The Epi4K study consortium (2013) observed de novo mutations in at least 15% of a study cohort of 165 patients with LGS and
630:
demonstrating slow spike-wave complexes (<2.5 Hz)." The study concluded that LGS accounts for 4% of childhood epilepsies.
493:
In the past, LGS patients were not eligible for surgery, as the medical community thought it to involve the whole brain as a
2829:
340:
1136:"Pharmacological Management of Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome a Difficult to Treat Form of Childhood-Onset Epilepsy: An Overview"
3079:
2962:
2623:
219:
520:. Some studies have been shown it to have greater than 50% reduction in seizures reported in more than half of patients.
279:
While we know a lot about what causes early life seizures, we do not know why some children's seizures evolve into LGS.
2892:
1422:"Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal Lennox–Gastaut Study Group"
1721:
O'neil, MG; Perdun, CS; Wilson, MB; Mcgown, ST; Patel, S (1996). "Felbamate-associated fatal acute hepatic necrosis".
1032:
98:(Marseille, France), who independently described the condition. The international LGS Awareness Day is on November 1.
2977:
2849:
2801:
994:
Albert P. Aldenkamp, Fritz E. Dreifuss, W. Renier, T.P.B.M. Suurmeijer, Epilepsy in
Children and Adolescents. Pg. 51
585:
The mortality rate ranges 3–7% in a mean follow up period of 8.5 to 9.7 years. Death is often related to accidents.
2438:
3054:
2920:
2723:
1135:
936:
1775:"Expert Opinion on the Management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Treatment Algorithms and Practical Considerations"
2937:
2910:
2616:
216:
383:
is the treatment of last resort, and was found to be superior to placebo in controlling treatment resistant
2972:
2887:
131:
2942:
2596:
574:
2331:
Hahn CD, Jiang Y, Villanueva V, Zolnowska M, Arkilo D, Hsiao S, Asgharnejad M, Dlugos D (October 2022).
130:
seizures are the most common and present in nearly everyone with LGS. They occur most frequently during
2859:
317:
299:
3010:
1674:"Efficacy of felbamate monotherapy in patients undergoing presurgical evaluation of partial seizures"
1174:
Lund C, Brodtkorb E, Øye AM, Røsby O, Selmer KK (2014). "CHD2 mutations in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome".
1500:. United States Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Archived from
2806:
2534:
3074:
3069:
3059:
2771:
2736:
2382:
Hong W, Haviland I, Pestana-Knight E, Weisenberg JL, Demarest S, Marsh ED, Olson HE (June 2022).
505:
222:. Some of these cases once thought to be of unknown cause may have definitive etiology by modern
1773:
Cross, J. Helen; Auvin, Stéphane; Falip, Mercè; Striano, Pasquale; Arzimanoglou, Alexis (2017).
753:
Markand, Omkar N. (2003-12-01). "Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy)".
2786:
2766:
2706:
295:
172:
69:
2079:
Cross, J. Helen (May 2012). "The ketogenic diet in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome".
2844:
2791:
670:
262:
1672:
Devinsky, O; Faught, RE; Wilder, BJ; Kanner, AM; Kamin, M; Kramer, LD; Rosenberg, A (1995).
3027:
2821:
2811:
2731:
2682:
1080:"Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome among Atlanta children"
494:
413:
272:
gene have been associated with this syndrome. This gene is located on the short arm of the
140:
1931:
1524:
237:
sequencing is revealing that some individuals diagnosed with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome have
8:
3015:
2982:
2523:
2337:
1832:
Auvin, Stéphane; Nortvedt, Charlotte; Fuller, Douglas S.; Sahebkar, Farhad (2023-04-13).
804:
Archer, John S.; Warren, Aaron E. L.; Jackson, Graeme D.; Abbott, David F. (2014-01-01).
538:
2384:"CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder-Related Epilepsy: A Review of Current and Emerging Treatment"
905:
Dravet, C., & Roger, J. (1996). Henri
Gastaut 1915-1995. Epilepsia, 37(4), 410–415.
120:. An estimated 30% of patients with infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (formerly called
2902:
2879:
2410:
2383:
2359:
2332:
2231:
2219:
2188:
2175:
2158:
2112:
2061:
2005:
1978:
1959:
1871:
1809:
1774:
1746:
1703:
1552:
1397:
1372:
1343:
1287:
1254:
1199:
1109:
1096:
1079:
977:
888:
832:
805:
786:
735:
523:
373:
used as add-ons are very effective in reducing overall seizures, but do not stop them.
336:
212:
147:
127:
73:
39:
Generalized 2.5 Hz spike and wave discharges in a child with childhood absence epilepsy
2585:
2528:
1610:
614:, the annual incidence of Lennox–Gastaut was 2 in 100,000 (0.002%) from 1975 to 1985.
80:. Sometimes LGS is observed after infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (formerly called
2967:
2796:
2639:
2545:
2455:
2415:
2364:
2313:
2272:
2223:
2180:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2010:
1951:
1912:
1875:
1863:
1855:
1814:
1796:
1738:
1695:
1690:
1673:
1654:
1588:
1544:
1501:
1443:
1402:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1292:
1274:
1235:
1203:
1191:
1101:
969:
961:
906:
880:
872:
855:
Asadi-Pooya, Ali A. (March 2018). "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review".
837:
778:
770:
766:
739:
727:
719:
91:
44:
2574:
2235:
2192:
2116:
2065:
1750:
1707:
1630:
1556:
1498:
Lamictal
Tablets & Chewable Dispersible Tablets (Lamotrigine) Drug Approval Page
1420:
Motte, J; Trevathan, E; Arvidsson, JF; Barrera, MN; Mullens, EL; Manasco, P (1997).
1113:
981:
790:
3032:
3021:
2864:
2776:
2677:
2447:
2405:
2397:
2354:
2346:
2303:
2262:
2215:
2170:
2088:
2037:
2000:
1990:
1963:
1943:
1902:
1845:
1804:
1786:
1730:
1685:
1644:
1580:
1536:
1433:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1347:
1319:
1282:
1266:
1227:
1183:
1091:
951:
892:
864:
827:
817:
762:
709:
623:
530:. This procedure is considered in cases in which vagus nerve stimulation has failed
509:
409:
258:
238:
2451:
2308:
2291:
2267:
2250:
2028:
Freeman, John M. (February 2009). "Seizures, EEG events, and the ketogenic diet".
3004:
2869:
2834:
2672:
2667:
2539:
598:
is diagnosed in 20% of patients before it evolves into LGS at about 2 years old.
392:
384:
322:
223:
211:
Other identified causes of early life seizures include genetic disorders such as
1649:
1632:
1438:
1421:
1187:
313:
Certain diagnoses must be ruled out before diagnosing LGS. These diagnoses are:
2930:
2925:
2839:
2713:
2698:
2662:
2550:
2401:
1231:
556:
550:
527:
469:
388:
354:
There are several treatment options, including medications, surgery, and diet.
288:
168:
156:
117:
2513:
2131:
1057:
868:
3048:
2755:
2746:
2657:
2100:
2049:
1859:
1800:
1791:
1584:
1523:
Sachdeo, R. C.; Glauser, TA; Ritter, F; Reife, R; Lim, P; Pledger, G (1999).
1331:
1278:
965:
876:
822:
774:
723:
652:
595:
405:
121:
95:
81:
2459:
2419:
2368:
2317:
2276:
2108:
2057:
2014:
1955:
1947:
1916:
1867:
1818:
1592:
1548:
1525:"A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome"
1406:
1339:
1296:
1239:
1195:
973:
884:
841:
782:
731:
273:
196:
2227:
2184:
1995:
1742:
1734:
1699:
1658:
1540:
1447:
1105:
935:
Bourgeois, Blaise F. D.; Douglass, Laurie M.; Sankar, Raman (2014-09-01).
362:
In most patients with LGS, the treatment does not end seizure recurrence.
261:
using whole exome sequencing. A 2013 study found a high frequency of rare
937:"Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach to differential diagnosis"
806:"Conceptualizing Lennox–Gastaut syndrome as a secondary network epilepsy"
658:
569:
517:
426:
366:
152:
2608:
2496:
1270:
2580:
1979:"Surgical treatment of patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome phenotype"
1216:
648:
642:
638:
482:
477:
473:
443:
438:
370:
200:
2350:
1907:
1890:
1850:
1833:
1150:
956:
714:
697:
2569:
2388:
513:
451:
380:
343:. The Doose syndromes is less likely to have cognitive disabilities.
167:
Findings that strongly suggest LGS include abnormal, consistent slow
88:
49:
2381:
2251:"Overview of Japanese experience-controlled and uncontrolled trials"
2643:
2591:
607:
77:
65:
2472:
2129:
1932:"Resective pediatric epilepsy surgery in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome"
611:
560:
1522:
302:(MRI) are performed. MRI is used to detect focal brain lesions.
2508:
918:
606:
According to a 1997 community-based retrospective study in the
564:
269:
246:
230:
1419:
1077:
1033:"Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
694:
31:
1631:
The
Felbamate Study Group In Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome (1993).
1255:"De novo mutations in the classic epileptic encephalopathies"
1253:
Allen AS, Berkovic SF, Cossette P, et al. (2013-09-12).
512:-operated generator of intermittent electrical stimuli to an
254:
250:
234:
136:
2330:
1891:"Surgical options for patients with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome"
1720:
1463:"Lamotrigine Approved in Canada for Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome"
1831:
1309:
242:
1671:
1370:
803:
627:
2435:
2296:
Seizure: The
Journal of the British Epilepsy Association
2255:
Seizure: The
Journal of the British Epilepsy Association
1371:
Brigo F, Jones K, Eltze C, Matricardi S (7 April 2021).
265:(CNVs) in adult patients with LGS or LGS-like epilepsy.
2205:
1485:
934:
669:
The Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) Foundation, based in
501:
There are several procedures that have shown efficacy:
1772:
1373:"Anti-seizure medications for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome"
1569:
1252:
1173:
1078:
Trevathan, E; Murphy, CC; Yeargin-Allsopp, M (1997).
664:
2486:
1073:
1071:
1069:
563:, a state in which there is an increased amount of
2242:
2159:"Community-based study of Lennox–Gastaut syndrome"
1563:
1491:
907:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00580.x
1599:
1066:
64:) is a complex, rare, and severe childhood-onset
3046:
2283:
1460:
1454:
1246:
1143:International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
1133:
2431:
2429:
1055:
1015:"Epilepsy: Type of Seizures and Their Symptoms"
919:"LGS Foundation | Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome"
2289:
1714:
1134:Tyagi, Satyanand; et al. (Jul–Sep 2010).
2624:
308:
2426:
2375:
2324:
2130:Glauser, Tracy A.; Morita, Diego A. (2002).
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1413:
1377:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
854:
124:) have been reported to progress with LGS.
2631:
2617:
2199:
2081:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1665:
1516:
2638:
2409:
2358:
2307:
2266:
2174:
2004:
1994:
1906:
1849:
1808:
1790:
1689:
1648:
1624:
1437:
1396:
1286:
1120:
1095:
955:
831:
821:
713:
2999:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
2292:"Efficacy of zonisamide: our experience"
2156:
2123:
1888:
1354:
1059:Neonatal Seizures and Neonatal Syndromes
2150:
2027:
1364:
752:
534:transcranial direct current stimulation
526:, which has shown to be effective with
294:To confirm diagnosis, awake and asleep
3065:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
3047:
610:metropolitan area and the province of
391:. However, it has been known to cause
143:, increased heart rate, and flushing.
2612:
2078:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
377:seizure occurrence by more than 50%.
101:
16:Rare form of childhood-onset epilepsy
2916:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
2248:
930:
928:
690:
688:
686:
420:
206:
2963:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1976:
1929:
1637:The New England Journal of Medicine
1426:The New England Journal of Medicine
755:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
432:
398:
155:that precedes tonic contraction of
13:
2893:Complex partial status epilepticus
2473:Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Foundation
2302:(Suppl 1): S41–8, discussion S49.
2261:(Suppl 1): S11–5, discussion S16.
2220:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02544.x
2176:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01136.x
1757:
1097:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00065.x
665:Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Foundation
14:
3091:
2978:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
2850:Benign familial neonatal seizures
2802:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
2482:
925:
683:
655:patients improved on zonisamide.
508:, which involves implantation of
460:
241:in a variety of genes, including
203:, tumor, and brain malformation.
2439:Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs
2093:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04276.x
2042:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01757.x
1324:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.01.009
767:10.1097/00004691-200311000-00005
617:
329:atypical benign partial epilepsy
327:pseudo-Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (
30:
2466:
2290:Yamauchi, T; Aikawa, H (2004).
2072:
2021:
1970:
1923:
1882:
1825:
1494:"Final Printed Labeling—Part 1"
1303:
1210:
1167:
1056:Panayiotopoulos, C. P. (2005).
1049:
1025:
1007:
588:
190:
162:
2938:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
2911:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1389:10.1002/14651858.CD003277.pub4
997:
988:
911:
899:
848:
797:
746:
622:0.026% of all children in the
357:
1:
2452:10.1080/14728214.2022.2059464
2309:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.04.021
2268:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.04.018
676:
2888:Epilepsia partialis continua
1983:The Scientific World Journal
1691:10.1016/0920-1211(94)00084-A
1062:. Bladon Medical Publishing.
580:
349:
282:
215:and inherited deficiency of
7:
2943:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2921:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
1650:10.1056/NEJM199301073280105
1609:. p. 3. Archived from
1492:Glaxo Wellcome Inc (1998).
1439:10.1056/NEJM199712183372504
1188:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.02.005
633:
575:randomized controlled trial
110:
10:
3096:
3080:Disorders causing seizures
2860:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
2475:, accessed 5 December 2023
2402:10.1007/s40263-022-00921-5
1232:10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.10.004
601:
548:
488:
309:Ruling out other diagnoses
300:magnetic resonance imaging
217:methylene tetrahydrofolate
3011:Epilepsy Action Australia
2991:
2955:
2901:
2878:
2820:
2754:
2745:
2722:
2691:
2650:
2560:
2490:
1461:Epilepsy Ontario (1999).
869:10.1007/s10072-017-3188-y
178:
171:(< 3 hertz ) on awake
43:
38:
29:
24:
2973:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
2807:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1792:10.3389/fneur.2017.00505
1585:10.33588/rn.3605.2002014
1149:(3): 1–6. Archived from
823:10.3389/fneur.2014.00225
289:anti-seizure medications
118:anti-seizure medications
2855:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
2737:Epilepsy and employment
2586:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
2136:Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
544:
506:vagus nerve stimulation
58:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
25:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
3055:Neurological disorders
2787:Temporal lobe epilepsy
2707:Electroencephalography
1948:10.1542/peds.2009-0566
1779:Frontiers in Neurology
1607:"Felbatol (felbamate)"
810:Frontiers in Neurology
559:is a diet that causes
263:copy-number variations
2792:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1930:Lee, Yun Jin (2010).
1889:Douglass, LM (2014).
1735:10.1212/wnl.46.5.1457
1573:Revista de Neurología
1541:10.1212/wnl.52.9.1882
1037:www.sciencedirect.com
857:Neurological Sciences
671:San Diego, California
3028:Epilepsy Research UK
2812:Vertiginous epilepsy
2732:Epilepsy and driving
2683:Epilepsy in children
2157:Heiskala, H (1997).
2138:. eMedicine.com, Inc
516:wrapped around left
495:generalized epilepsy
414:valproate semisodium
395:and liver toxicity.
141:urinary incontinence
70:electroencephalogram
3016:Epilepsy Foundation
2983:Epilepsy in animals
2663:Aura (warning sign)
1996:10.1100/2012/614263
1271:10.1038/nature12439
465:Are the following:
2903:Myoclonic epilepsy
2880:Status epilepticus
2561:External resources
1473:on 4 February 2012
524:corpus callosotomy
337:myoclonic seizures
213:tuberous sclerosis
148:status epilepticus
102:Signs and symptoms
87:LGS was named for
74:tuberous sclerosis
3042:
3041:
2956:Related disorders
2951:
2950:
2797:Rolandic epilepsy
2606:
2605:
2351:10.1111/epi.17367
2345:(10): 2671–2683.
1908:10.1111/epi.12742
1851:10.1111/epi.17618
1678:Epilepsy Research
1504:on April 29, 2005
1312:Epilepsy Research
1265:(7466): 217–221.
957:10.1111/epi.12567
715:10.1111/epi.17241
421:Second-line drugs
339:and LGS has more
268:Mutations in the
239:de novo mutations
207:Genetic mutations
94:(Boston, US) and
92:William G. Lennox
55:
54:
19:Medical condition
3087:
3033:Epilepsy Society
3022:Epilepsy Outlook
2865:Epileptic spasms
2777:Gelastic seizure
2752:
2751:
2678:Neonatal seizure
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2433:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2249:Yagi, K (2004).
2246:
2240:
2239:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1977:Liu, SY (2012).
1974:
1968:
1967:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1853:
1844:(7): 1812–1820.
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1794:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:. Archived from
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1318:(1–2): 110–117.
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
985:
959:
950:(Suppl 4): 4–9.
941:
932:
923:
922:
915:
909:
903:
897:
896:
852:
846:
845:
835:
825:
801:
795:
794:
750:
744:
743:
717:
708:(6): 1398–1442.
692:
624:Atlanta, Georgia
433:Third-line drugs
410:sodium valproate
399:First-line drugs
385:partial seizures
259:infantile spasms
34:
22:
21:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3005:Epilepsy Action
2987:
2947:
2897:
2874:
2870:Febrile seizure
2835:Absence seizure
2816:
2772:Complex partial
2741:
2724:Personal issues
2718:
2703:Investigations
2699:Anticonvulsants
2687:
2673:Epileptogenesis
2668:Postictal state
2646:
2637:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2556:
2555:
2499:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2434:
2427:
2380:
2376:
2329:
2325:
2288:
2284:
2247:
2243:
2204:
2200:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2124:
2077:
2073:
2026:
2022:
1975:
1971:
1928:
1924:
1887:
1883:
1830:
1826:
1771:
1758:
1719:
1715:
1670:
1666:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1568:
1564:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1432:(25): 1807–12.
1418:
1414:
1383:(4): CD003277.
1369:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1251:
1247:
1220:Eur J Med Genet
1215:
1211:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
939:
933:
926:
917:
916:
912:
904:
900:
853:
849:
802:
798:
751:
747:
693:
684:
679:
667:
636:
620:
604:
591:
583:
553:
547:
528:atonic seizures
491:
470:benzodiazepines
463:
435:
423:
401:
393:aplastic anemia
389:atonic seizures
360:
352:
323:Dravet syndrome
311:
285:
224:genetic testing
209:
193:
181:
165:
113:
104:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3075:Rare syndromes
3072:
3070:Medical triads
3067:
3062:
3060:Epilepsy types
3057:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Todd's paresis
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2931:Lafora disease
2928:
2926:MERRF syndrome
2923:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Atonic seizure
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Simple partial
2764:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2714:Epileptologist
2711:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2516:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:Classification
2484:
2483:External links
2481:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2425:
2396:(6): 591–604.
2374:
2323:
2282:
2241:
2198:
2149:
2132:"Introduction"
2122:
2087:(5): 394–395.
2071:
2036:(2): 329–330.
2020:
1969:
1942:(1): e58–e66.
1922:
1881:
1824:
1756:
1713:
1664:
1623:
1598:
1575:(in Spanish).
1562:
1515:
1484:
1467:'Sharing' News
1453:
1412:
1363:
1353:
1302:
1245:
1226:(2): 132–134.
1209:
1176:Epilepsy Behav
1166:
1119:
1090:(12): 1283–8.
1065:
1048:
1024:
1006:
996:
987:
924:
910:
898:
863:(3): 403–414.
847:
796:
761:(6): 426–441.
745:
681:
680:
678:
675:
666:
663:
635:
632:
619:
616:
603:
600:
590:
587:
582:
579:
557:ketogenic diet
551:Ketogenic diet
549:Main article:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
521:
490:
487:
486:
485:
480:
462:
461:Adjuvant drugs
459:
458:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
434:
431:
430:
429:
422:
419:
418:
417:
400:
397:
359:
356:
351:
348:
341:tonic seizures
333:
332:
325:
320:
318:Doose syndrome
310:
307:
284:
281:
208:
205:
192:
189:
180:
177:
164:
161:
153:myoclonic jerk
146:Nonconvulsive
112:
109:
103:
100:
78:gene mutations
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:Organizations
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Seizure types
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Seizure types
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2169:(5): 526–31.
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:(5): 1457–9.
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1613:on 2007-11-09
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(9): 1882–7.
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1156:on 2018-07-08
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1000:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
938:
931:
929:
920:
914:
908:
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
843:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
682:
674:
672:
662:
660:
656:
654:
653:West syndrome
650:
646:
644:
640:
631:
629:
625:
618:United States
615:
613:
609:
599:
597:
596:West syndrome
586:
578:
576:
571:
566:
562:
558:
552:
540:
537:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
496:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
455:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
428:
425:
424:
415:
411:
407:
406:valproic acid
403:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
368:
363:
355:
347:
344:
342:
338:
330:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
306:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
280:
277:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
188:
184:
176:
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
149:
144:
142:
138:
133:
129:
125:
123:
122:West syndrome
119:
108:
99:
97:
96:Henri Gastaut
93:
90:
85:
83:
82:West syndrome
79:
76:and numerous
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2854:
2830:Tonic–clonic
2590:
2579:
2568:
2544:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2468:
2446:(1): 75–90.
2443:
2437:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2342:
2336:
2326:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2214:(5): 993–8.
2211:
2207:
2201:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2135:
2125:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1782:
1778:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1684:(3): 241–6.
1681:
1677:
1667:
1643:(1): 29–33.
1640:
1636:
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1601:
1579:(5): 453–7.
1576:
1572:
1565:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1456:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1146:
1142:
1087:
1083:
1058:
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
999:
990:
947:
943:
913:
901:
860:
856:
850:
813:
809:
799:
758:
754:
748:
705:
701:
668:
657:
647:
637:
621:
605:
592:
589:Epidemiology
584:
554:
500:
492:
464:
379:
375:
364:
361:
353:
345:
334:
312:
304:
293:
286:
278:
274:X chromosome
267:
229:Progress in
228:
210:
197:encephalitis
194:
191:Brain injury
185:
182:
166:
163:EEG findings
145:
126:
114:
105:
89:neurologists
86:
61:
57:
56:
2822:Generalised
1508:13 November
1477:13 November
1019:MedicineNet
659:Soticlestat
570:case series
518:vagus nerve
456:cannabidiol
427:lamotrigine
404:valproate (
367:Lamotrigine
358:Medications
276:(Xp11.22).
3049:Categories
2845:Automatism
2692:Management
2581:Patient UK
2546:DiseasesDB
1989:: 614263.
1936:Pediatrics
1617:2007-09-19
1361:Biomarkers
1160:2013-09-12
1042:2022-02-11
677:References
649:Zonisamide
643:dyskinesia
639:Vigabatrin
483:zonisamide
478:nitrazepam
474:clonazepam
444:topiramate
439:rufinamide
371:rufinamide
201:meningitis
169:spike-wave
139:dilation,
2575:neuro/186
2570:eMedicine
2389:CNS Drugs
2338:Epilepsia
2208:Epilepsia
2163:Epilepsia
2101:1469-8749
2050:1528-1167
2030:Epilepsia
1901:: 21–28.
1895:Epilepsia
1876:258111465
1860:1528-1167
1838:Epilepsia
1801:1664-2295
1723:Neurology
1529:Neurology
1332:1872-6844
1279:0028-0836
1204:140207920
1182:: 18–21.
1084:Epilepsia
966:1528-1167
944:Epilepsia
877:1590-3478
775:0736-0258
740:248503776
724:0013-9580
702:Epilepsia
581:Prognosis
539:resection
514:electrode
452:felbamate
381:Felbamate
350:Treatment
283:Diagnosis
220:reductase
159:muscles.
137:pupillary
50:Neurology
45:Specialty
2783:Epilepsy
2763:Seizures
2644:epilepsy
2640:Seizures
2592:Orphanet
2460:35341431
2420:35633486
2369:35841234
2318:15511689
2277:15511680
2236:24204172
2193:23615713
2117:21003078
2109:22443688
2066:42564247
2058:19215282
2015:22629163
1956:20008422
1917:25284034
1868:37052803
1819:29085326
1751:46504929
1708:21915205
1593:12640599
1557:73000217
1549:10371538
1407:33825230
1340:23415449
1297:23934111
1240:22178256
1196:24614520
1114:10245400
982:27913979
974:25284032
885:29124439
842:25400619
791:46515787
783:14734932
732:35503717
634:Research
608:Helsinki
448:clobazam
111:Seizures
66:epilepsy
2540:D065768
2411:9876658
2360:9804149
2228:7925171
2185:9184597
2006:3353538
1964:4836738
1810:5649136
1785:: 505.
1743:8628501
1700:7796796
1659:8347179
1448:9400037
1398:8095011
1348:6221643
1288:3773011
1106:9578523
893:4243468
833:4214194
816:: 225.
612:Uusimaa
602:Finland
565:ketones
561:ketosis
510:battery
489:Surgery
132:non-REM
2651:Basics
2458:
2418:
2408:
2367:
2357:
2316:
2275:
2234:
2226:
2191:
2183:
2142:8 July
2115:
2107:
2099:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2013:
2003:
1962:
1954:
1915:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1817:
1807:
1799:
1749:
1741:
1706:
1698:
1657:
1591:
1555:
1547:
1446:
1405:
1395:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1295:
1285:
1277:
1259:Nature
1238:
1202:
1194:
1112:
1104:
1004:149–54
980:
972:
964:
891:
883:
875:
840:
830:
789:
781:
773:
738:
730:
722:
270:IQSEC2
247:GABRB3
231:genome
179:Causes
2756:Focal
2551:29493
2529:345.0
2514:G40.4
2232:S2CID
2189:S2CID
2113:S2CID
2062:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1747:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1200:S2CID
1154:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
1110:S2CID
978:S2CID
940:(PDF)
889:S2CID
787:S2CID
736:S2CID
255:SCN2A
251:ALG13
235:exome
157:axial
128:Tonic
3035:(UK)
3024:(UK)
3018:(US)
3007:(UK)
3001:(US)
2642:and
2597:2382
2535:MeSH
2524:9-CM
2456:PMID
2416:PMID
2365:PMID
2314:PMID
2273:PMID
2224:PMID
2181:PMID
2144:2005
2105:PMID
2097:ISSN
2054:PMID
2046:ISSN
2011:PMID
1987:2012
1952:PMID
1913:PMID
1864:PMID
1856:ISSN
1815:PMID
1797:ISSN
1739:PMID
1696:PMID
1655:PMID
1589:PMID
1545:PMID
1510:2005
1479:2005
1444:PMID
1403:PMID
1381:2021
1336:PMID
1328:ISSN
1293:PMID
1275:ISSN
1236:PMID
1192:PMID
1102:PMID
970:PMID
962:ISSN
881:PMID
873:ISSN
838:PMID
779:PMID
771:ISSN
728:PMID
720:ISSN
545:Diet
412:and
387:and
369:and
298:and
253:and
243:CHD2
233:and
2520:ICD
2505:ICD
2448:doi
2406:PMC
2398:doi
2355:PMC
2347:doi
2304:doi
2263:doi
2216:doi
2171:doi
2089:doi
2038:doi
2001:PMC
1991:doi
1944:doi
1940:125
1903:doi
1846:doi
1805:PMC
1787:doi
1731:doi
1686:doi
1645:doi
1641:328
1581:doi
1537:doi
1434:doi
1430:337
1393:PMC
1385:doi
1320:doi
1316:105
1283:PMC
1267:doi
1263:501
1228:doi
1184:doi
1092:doi
952:doi
865:doi
828:PMC
818:doi
763:doi
710:doi
645:).
628:EEG
296:EEG
173:EEG
62:LGS
3051::
2595::
2584::
2573::
2549::
2538::
2527::
2512::
2509:10
2454:.
2444:27
2442:.
2428:^
2414:.
2404:.
2394:36
2392:.
2386:.
2363:.
2353:.
2343:63
2341:.
2335:.
2312:.
2300:13
2298:.
2294:.
2271:.
2259:13
2257:.
2253:.
2230:.
2222:.
2212:35
2210:.
2187:.
2179:.
2167:38
2165:.
2161:.
2134:.
2111:.
2103:.
2095:.
2085:54
2083:.
2060:.
2052:.
2044:.
2034:50
2032:.
2009:.
1999:.
1985:.
1981:.
1958:.
1950:.
1938:.
1934:.
1911:.
1899:55
1897:.
1893:.
1870:.
1862:.
1854:.
1842:64
1840:.
1836:.
1813:.
1803:.
1795:.
1781:.
1777:.
1759:^
1745:.
1737:.
1727:46
1725:.
1702:.
1694:.
1682:20
1680:.
1676:.
1653:.
1639:.
1635:.
1587:.
1577:36
1551:.
1543:.
1533:52
1531:.
1527:.
1496:.
1465:.
1442:.
1428:.
1424:.
1401:.
1391:.
1379:.
1375:.
1342:.
1334:.
1326:.
1314:.
1291:.
1281:.
1273:.
1261:.
1257:.
1234:.
1224:55
1222:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:33
1178:.
1145:.
1141:.
1122:^
1108:.
1100:.
1088:38
1086:.
1082:.
1068:^
1035:.
1017:.
976:.
968:.
960:.
948:55
946:.
942:.
927:^
887:.
879:.
871:.
861:39
859:.
836:.
826:.
812:.
808:.
785:.
777:.
769:.
759:20
757:.
734:.
726:.
718:.
706:63
704:.
700:.
685:^
577:.
555:A
476:,
472::
408:,
249:,
245:,
226:.
199:,
2632:e
2625:t
2618:v
2522:-
2507:-
2497:D
2462:.
2450::
2422:.
2400::
2371:.
2349::
2320:.
2306::
2279:.
2265::
2238:.
2218::
2195:.
2173::
2146:.
2119:.
2091::
2068:.
2040::
2017:.
1993::
1966:.
1946::
1919:.
1905::
1878:.
1848::
1821:.
1789::
1783:8
1753:.
1733::
1710:.
1688::
1661:.
1647::
1620:.
1595:.
1583::
1559:.
1539::
1512:.
1481:.
1450:.
1436::
1409:.
1387::
1350:.
1322::
1299:.
1269::
1242:.
1230::
1206:.
1186::
1163:.
1147:1
1116:.
1094::
1045:.
1021:.
984:.
954::
921:.
895:.
867::
844:.
820::
814:5
793:.
765::
742:.
712::
416:)
331:)
60:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
