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472:"Dickson had a sudden death trial for his prospective doctoral students: he assigned a preliminary problem which was shorter than a dissertation problem, and if the student could solve it in three months, Dickson would agree to oversee the graduate student's work. If not the student had to look elsewhere for an advisor."
401:. In 1899 and at the extraordinarily young age of 25, Dickson was appointed associate professor at the University of Texas. Chicago countered by offering him a position in 1900, and he spent the balance of his career there. At Chicago, he supervised 53 Ph.D. theses; his most accomplished student was probably
959:
and higher forms. The work contains little interpretation and makes no attempt to contextualize the results being described, yet it contains essentially every significant number theoretic idea from the dawn of mathematics up to the 1920s except for quadratic reciprocity and higher reciprocity laws. A
613:
noted that the first of these three proofs had a gap not noticed at the time. Dickson also found a proof of this result but, believing
Wedderburn's first proof to be correct, Dickson acknowledged Wedderburn's priority. But Dickson also noted that Wedderburn constructed his second and third proofs
467:"He delivered terse and unpolished lectures and spoke sternly to his students. ... Given Dickson's intolerance for student weaknesses in mathematics, however, his comments could be harsh, even though not intended to be personal. He did not aim to make students feel good about themselves."
431:
and the Union of Czech
Mathematicians and Physicists. Dickson was the first recipient of a prize created in 1924 by The American Association for the Advancement of Science, for his work on the arithmetics of algebras. Harvard (1936) and Princeton (1941) awarded him honorary doctorates.
501:, a revision and expansion of his Ph.D. thesis. Teubner in Leipzig published the book, as there was no well-established American scientific publisher at the time. Dickson had already published 43 research papers in the preceding five years; all but seven on
369:
welcomed
Dickson as a Ph.D. student, and Dickson initially accepted Harvard's offer, but chose to attend Chicago instead. In 1896, when he was only 22 years of age, he was awarded Chicago's first doctorate in mathematics, for a dissertation titled
462:"A hard-bitten character, Dickson tended to speak his mind bluntly; he was always sparing in his praise for the work of others. ... he indulged his serious passions for bridge and billiards and reportedly did not like to lose at either game."
545:
An appendix in this book lists the non-abelian simple groups then known having order less than 1 billion. He listed 53 of the 56 having order less than 1 million. The remaining three were found in 1960, 1965, and 1967.
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439:
in 1917–1918. His
December 1918 presidential address, titled "Mathematics in War Perspective", criticized American mathematics for falling short of those of Britain, France, and Germany:
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443:"Let it not again become possible that thousands of young men shall be so seriously handicapped in their Army and Navy work by lack of adequate preparation in mathematics."
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encouraged his study of mathematics. Dickson earned a B.S. in 1893 and an M.S. in 1894, under
Halsted's supervision. Dickson first specialised in Halsted's own specialty,
940:
813:
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1017:. B.G. Teubner's Sammlung von lehrbüchern auf dem gebiete der mathematischen wissenschaften mit einschluss ihrer anwendungen. Bd. VI. B. G. Teubner. 1901.
575:
In 1905, Wedderburn, then at
Chicago on a Carnegie Fellowship, published a paper that included three claimed proofs of a theorem stating that all finite
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1545:(1983). "In pursuit of the finite division algebra theorem and beyond: Joseph H M Wedderburn, Leonard Dickson, and Oswald Veblen".
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177:
The
Analytic Representation of Substitutions on a Power of a Prime Number of Letters with a Discussion of the Linear Group
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The
Analytic Representation of Substitutions on a Power of a Prime Number of Letters with a Discussion of the Linear Group
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only after having seen
Dickson's proof. She concluded that Dickson should be credited with the first correct proof.
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Dickson, L. E. (1919), "On
Quaternions and Their Generalization and the History of the Eight Square Theorem",
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remarked that this three volume work "would be a life's work by itself for a more ordinary man."
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1059:, Reprinting of Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, No. 16, Naub press,
621:, and in a series of papers he found all possible three and four-dimensional (nonassociative)
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Karen Parshall (1991) "A study in group theory: Leonard Eugene Dickson's Linear groups",
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Dickson married Susan McLeod Davis in 1902; they had two children, Campbell and Eleanor.
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533:), and he did this against the backdrop of a well-developed theory of these underlying
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Dickson's search for a counterexample to Wedderburn's theorem led him to investigate
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346:, where his father was a banker, merchant, and real estate investor. He attended the
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978:
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1509:"Role modeling in mathematics: the case of Leonard Eugene Dickson (1874–1954)"
951:(1919–23) is still much consulted today, covering divisibility and primality,
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1952:
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485:. His mathematical output consists of 18 books and more than 250 papers. The
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in 1913, and was also a member of the American Philosophical Society, the
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397:, respectively. On returning to the US, he became an instructor at the
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1238:
History of the theory of numbers. Vol. III: Quadratic and higher forms
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1168:
History of the theory of numbers. Vol. I: Divisibility and primality.
265:
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355:
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Dickson considered himself a Texan by virtue of having grown up in
509:"Dickson presented a unified, complete, and general theory of the
409:
in 1914, 1918, and 1922. In 1939, he returned to Texas to retire.
382:
2859:
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
1918:, (with a chapter on the class number by George Hoffman Cresse)"
1203:
History of the theory of numbers. Vol. II: Diophantine analysis
481:
Dickson had a major impact on American mathematics, especially
171:
587:. The proofs all made clever use of the interplay between the
1894:
537:. ... his book represented the first systematic treatment of
386:
1344:) "Biographical Memoir of Eliakim Hastings Moore 1862–1932."
984:
Linear groups: With an exposition of the Galois field theory
1648:
Linear Groups with an Exposition of the Galois Field Theory
1398:
The collected mathematical papers of Leonard Eugene Dickson
499:
Linear groups with an exposition of the Galois field theory
304:(January 22, 1874 – January 17, 1954) was an American
2889:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1734:
1325:. Report with others for U. S. National Research Council.
960:
planned fourth volume on these topics was never written.
487:
Collected Mathematical Papers of Leonard Eugene Dickson
451:
for algebra, awarded annually by the AMS, for his book
320:, and is also remembered for a three-volume history of
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1401:, vol. I–VI, New York: AMS Chelsea Publishing,
1486:Karen Parshall (1999) "Leonard Eugene Dickson" in
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308:. He was one of the first American researchers in
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1701:Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations
1029:Introduction to the theory of algebraic equations
505:. Parshall (1991) described the book as follows:
2820:
447:In 1928, he was also the first recipient of the
2884:Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
2079:
1900:
1822:Part I: On Invariants and the Theory of Numbers
753:in 1922, and the procedure is known now as the
334:Department of Mathematics are named after him.
1951:
1387:Plane Trigonometry With Practical Applications
2191:
1857:
1696:
1640:
1436:
1547:Archives of International History of Science
2039:
1996:
1382:New First Course in the Theory of Equations
769:Dickson proved many interesting results in
661:. His method was extended to a doubling of
330:. The L. E. Dickson instructorships at the
2198:
2184:
1613:. Universities Press. 2003. pp. 95–.
902:{\displaystyle (3^{k}+1)/(2^{k}-1)\leq +1}
497:In 1901, Dickson published his first book
2909:The American Mathematical Monthly editors
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1936:
1885:
1842:
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278:(Dickson’s first female doctoral student)
2167:Works by or about Leonard Eugene Dickson
1541:
1363:Theory and Applications of Finite Groups
458:It appears that Dickson was a hard man:
2138:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1563:
1506:
1391:
1280:
1273:First course in the theory of equations
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1231:
1196:
1161:
1138:
1110:On invariants and the theory of numbers
1103:
1080:
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14:
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764:
2869:University of Texas at Austin faculty
2179:
2044:Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
1502:
1500:
1330:Introduction to the Theory of Numbers
421:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
405:. He was a visiting professor at the
312:, in particular the theory of finite
2844:20th-century American mathematicians
2839:19th-century American mathematicians
1113:, Dover Phoenix editions, New York:
987:, Dover Phoenix editions, New York:
636:by a doubling process starting with
1376:Modern Elementary Theory of Numbers
914:Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
88:University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1896)
24:
2879:American historians of mathematics
1735:Graustein, William Caspar (1915).
1497:
1461:
25:
2920:
2120:
1395:(1975), Albert, A. Adrian (ed.),
492:
2087:Studies in the Theory of Numbers
1908:History of the Theory of Numbers
1865:History of the Theory of Numbers
1472:Leonard Eugene Dickson 1874–1954
1336:Studies in the Theory of Numbers
1276:, University of Michigan Library
948:History of the Theory of Numbers
541:in the mathematical literature."
327:History of the Theory of Numbers
2158:Works by Leonard Eugene Dickson
2109:10.1090/s0002-9904-1932-05419-2
2073:
2066:10.1090/s0002-9904-1930-04968-x
2033:
2026:10.1090/s0002-9904-1926-04303-2
1990:
1984:10.1090/S0002-9904-1924-03899-3
1945:
1938:10.1090/S0002-9904-1924-03852-X
1910:, by L. E. Dickson. Volume II,
1887:10.1090/s0002-9904-1919-03280-7
1851:
1844:10.1090/s0002-9904-1915-02689-3
1811:
1804:10.1090/s0002-9904-1916-02758-3
1768:
1761:10.1090/s0002-9904-1915-02690-x
1728:
1722:10.1090/s0002-9904-1904-01143-x
1690:
1670:10.1090/s0002-9904-1902-00970-1
967:
815:under the further condition of
453:Algebren und ihre Zahlentheorie
2894:People from Independence, Iowa
1959:Algebras and their Arithmetics
1818:Glenn, Oliver Edmunds (1915).
1677:
1634:
1601:
1557:
1535:
1480:
1369:Algebras And Their Arithmetics
1349:Researches on Waring's problem
1287:Algebras and their arithmetics
1148:, Cornell University Library,
1145:Elementary theory of equations
1090:, Cornell University Library,
890:
877:
871:
852:
844:
825:
525:had done—but over the general
13:
1:
2874:University of Chicago faculty
2208:American Mathematical Society
2153:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1867:, by L. E. Dickson. Volume I"
570:modular invariants of a group
437:American Mathematical Society
348:University of Texas at Austin
2864:University of Chicago alumni
1476:National Academy of Sciences
1044:. J. Wiley & Sons. 1903.
742:{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }
720:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
698:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
676:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
654:{\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }
632:In 1919 Dickson constructed
417:National Academy of Sciences
7:
2899:People from Cleburne, Texas
1488:American National Biography
1444:"Mildred Leonora Sanderson"
755:Cayley–Dickson construction
555:linear associative algebras
553:and extended the theory of
435:Dickson presided over the
425:London Mathematical Society
415:Dickson was elected to the
97:Cayley–Dickson construction
10:
2925:
2461:Theophil Henry Hildebrandt
1916:Quadratic and Higher Forms
1685:Mathematical Intelligencer
429:French Academy of Sciences
2854:American number theorists
2709:
2594:
2487:
2372:
2265:
2214:
2004:Modern Algebraic Theories
1355:Hans Frederick Blichfeldt
1317:Modern algebraic theories
781:in his investigations of
295:
198:
186:
170:
160:
150:
143:
122:
92:
84:
65:
43:
36:
2904:Mathematicians from Iowa
2143:University of St Andrews
2133:"Leonard Eugene Dickson"
1963:Corpi Numerici e Algebre
1429:
568:He started the study of
489:fill six large volumes.
407:University of California
399:University of California
117:Modular invariant theory
2683:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2255:Robert Simpson Woodward
2223:John Howard Van Amringe
1961:, by L. E. Dickson and
1507:Fenster, D. D. (1997).
1492:Oxford University Press
1393:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1282:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1268:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1233:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1198:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1163:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1140:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1105:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1082:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1051:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
1024:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
975:Dickson, Leonard Eugene
935:{\displaystyle k\geq 6}
808:{\displaystyle k\geq 7}
619:nonassociative algebras
511:classical linear groups
476:
337:
221:Mabel Gweneth Humphreys
127:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
2338:Leonard Eugene Dickson
2149:Leonard Eugene Dickson
1697:Miller, G. A. (1904).
1528:10.1006/hmat.1997.2120
936:
903:
809:
783:additive number theory
743:
721:
699:
677:
655:
302:Leonard Eugene Dickson
282:Marion Elizabeth Stark
38:Leonard Eugene Dickson
29:American mathematician
2560:Charles B. Morrey Jr.
2552:Abraham Adrian Albert
2504:Gordon Thomas Whyburn
2397:Earle Raymond Hedrick
2381:George David Birkhoff
2322:Edward Burr Van Vleck
2096:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2053:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2013:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1972:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1925:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1874:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1831:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1791:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1748:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1710:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1657:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1567:Annals of Mathematics
1034:John Wiley & Sons
937:
904:
810:
744:
722:
700:
678:
656:
513:—not merely over the
381:Dickson then went to
363:University of Chicago
332:University of Chicago
206:Abraham Adrian Albert
165:University of Chicago
2849:American algebraists
2512:Raymond Louis Wilder
2330:Ernest William Brown
2129:Robertson, Edmund F.
2040:Bell, E. T. (1930).
1965:, by Gaetano Scorza"
1912:Diophantine Analysis
1782:Algebraic Invariants
1514:Historia Mathematica
1087:Algebraic invariants
953:Diophantine analysis
920:
822:
793:
777:to deduce the ideal
759:composition algebras
731:
709:
687:
665:
643:
600:multiplicative group
585:Wedderburn's theorem
503:finite linear groups
352:George Bruce Halsted
101:Dickson's conjecture
2405:Luther P. Eisenhart
2314:Henry Burchard Fine
2290:William Fogg Osgood
2239:George William Hill
2127:O'Connor, John J.;
2089:, by L. E. Dickson"
2046:, by L. E. Dickson"
2006:, by L. E. Dickson"
1824:, by L. E. Dickson"
1784:, by L. E. Dickson"
1741:, by L. E. Dickson"
1703:, by L. E. Dickson"
1650:, by L. E. Dickson"
1359:George Abram Miller
773:, using results of
765:The number theorist
256:Alexander Oppenheim
2413:Arthur Byron Coble
2354:Gilbert Ames Bliss
2206:Presidents of the
1448:www.agnesscott.edu
1371:(1st edn. in 1923)
1292:Dover Publications
1243:Dover Publications
1208:Dover Publications
1173:Dover Publications
1115:Dover Publications
989:Dover Publications
932:
916:who proved it for
899:
805:
739:
717:
695:
673:
651:
609: − {0}.
549:Dickson worked on
367:Harvard University
113:Dickson polynomial
58:Independence, Iowa
18:Leonard E. Dickson
2816:
2815:
2627:Andrew M. Gleason
2584:Saunders Mac Lane
2528:Edward J. McShane
2453:Marshall H. Stone
2437:Griffith C. Evans
2421:Solomon Lefschetz
2298:Henry Seely White
2162:Project Gutenberg
1776:Carmichael, R. D.
1620:978-81-7371-454-2
1408:978-0-8284-0273-6
1323:Algebraic Numbers
1301:978-0-486-60616-3
1252:978-0-486-44234-1
1217:978-0-486-44233-4
1182:978-0-486-44232-7
1155:978-1-112-27988-1
1124:978-0-486-43828-3
1097:978-1-4297-0042-9
1066:978-1-178-36805-5
1041:online hathitrust
1014:online hathitrust
998:978-0-486-49548-4
945:The three-volume
912:independently of
623:division algebras
577:division algebras
559:Joseph Wedderburn
299:
298:
276:Mildred Sanderson
236:Claiborne Latimer
199:Doctoral students
145:Scientific career
139:
109:Dickson invariant
16:(Redirected from
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2801:
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2758:Eric Friedlander
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2643:Irving Kaplansky
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2539:
2536:Deane Montgomery
2531:
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2515:
2507:
2499:
2496:John von Neumann
2480:
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2429:Robert Lee Moore
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2231:Emory McClintock
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2171:Internet Archive
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787:Waring's problem
785:. He proved the
748:
746:
745:
740:
738:
726:
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593:division algebra
483:abstract algebra
374:, supervised by
318:classical groups
310:abstract algebra
188:Doctoral advisor
182:
137:
131:
77:Harlingen, Texas
72:
69:January 17, 1954
54:January 22, 1874
53:
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34:
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2659:William Browder
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2576:Nathan Jacobson
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2008:
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1902:Vandiver, H. S.
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1754:(10): 511–522.
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1056:Linear algebras
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979:Magnus, Wilhelm
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583:, now known as
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389:to study under
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291:
287:John Williamson
246:Cyrus MacDuffee
231:Burton W. Jones
180:
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107:
105:Dickson's lemma
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2121:External links
2119:
2116:
2115:
2102:(7): 463–465.
2072:
2059:(7): 455–459.
2032:
2019:(6): 707–710.
1989:
1978:(5): 263–270.
1953:Hazlett, O. C.
1944:
1914:. Volume III,
1893:
1880:(3): 125–132.
1850:
1837:(9): 464–470.
1810:
1797:(4): 197–199.
1767:
1739:Linear Algebra
1727:
1716:(8): 411–412.
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779:Waring theorem
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634:Cayley numbers
611:Karen Parshall
605:* =
589:additive group
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539:finite fields
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251:Ivan M. Niven
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241:Mayme Logsdon
239:
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216:Olive Hazlett
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211:Frances Baker
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2798:Ruth Charney
2734:James Arthur
2691:Arthur Jaffe
2346:Frank Morley
2337:
2282:Thomas Fiske
2136:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2075:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1992:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1931:(1): 65–70.
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1830:
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1738:
1730:
1713:
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1700:
1692:
1679:
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1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1609:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1490:, volume 6,
1487:
1482:
1468:A. A. Albert
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1353:1938. (with
1348:
1340:1935. (with
1335:
1329:
1322:
1321:1923, 1928.
1316:
1290:, New York:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1267:
1241:, New York:
1237:
1232:
1206:, New York:
1202:
1197:
1171:, New York:
1167:
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1086:
1081:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1032:, New York:
1028:
1023:
1013:
983:
974:
968:Bibliography
962:A. A. Albert
946:
944:
911:
768:
751:A. A. Albert
631:
616:
606:
602:
595:
591:of a finite
574:
567:
548:
544:
530:
527:finite field
518:
498:
496:
486:
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457:
452:
446:
434:
414:
411:
403:A. A. Albert
380:
371:
360:
341:
325:
301:
300:
176:
161:Institutions
144:
71:(1954-01-17)
31:
26:
2834:1954 deaths
2829:1874 births
2808:(2023–2024)
2800:(2021–2022)
2792:(2019–2020)
2790:Jill Pipher
2784:(2017–2018)
2776:(2015–2016)
2768:(2013–2014)
2766:David Vogan
2760:(2011–2012)
2752:(2009–2010)
2744:(2007–2008)
2742:James Glimm
2736:(2005–2006)
2728:(2003–2004)
2720:(2001–2002)
2701:(1999–2000)
2693:(1997–1998)
2685:(1995–1996)
2677:(1993–1994)
2669:(1991–1992)
2661:(1989–1990)
2653:(1987–1988)
2645:(1985–1986)
2637:(1983–1984)
2629:(1981–1982)
2621:(1979–1980)
2613:(1977–1978)
2605:(1975–1976)
2603:Lipman Bers
2586:(1973–1974)
2578:(1971–1972)
2570:(1969–1970)
2562:(1967–1968)
2554:(1965–1966)
2546:(1963–1964)
2538:(1961–1962)
2530:(1959–1960)
2522:(1957–1958)
2514:(1955–1956)
2506:(1953–1954)
2498:(1951–1952)
2479:(1949–1950)
2471:(1947–1948)
2469:Einar Hille
2463:(1945–1946)
2455:(1943–1944)
2447:(1941–1942)
2439:(1939–1940)
2431:(1937–1938)
2423:(1935–1936)
2415:(1933–1934)
2407:(1931–1932)
2399:(1929–1930)
2391:(1927–1928)
2383:(1925–1926)
2364:(1923–1924)
2356:(1921–1922)
2348:(1919–1920)
2340:(1917–1918)
2332:(1915–1916)
2324:(1913–1914)
2316:(1911–1912)
2308:(1909–1910)
2300:(1907–1908)
2292:(1905–1906)
2284:(1903–1904)
2276:(1901–1902)
2274:E. H. Moore
2257:(1899–1900)
2249:(1897–1898)
2241:(1895–1896)
2233:(1891–1894)
2225:(1888–1890)
1998:Bell, E. T.
1494:, pp 578–79
1342:G. A. Bliss
727:to produce
683:to produce
638:quaternions
581:commutative
515:prime field
376:E. H. Moore
271:Arnold Ross
261:Gordon Pall
226:Ralph James
193:E. H. Moore
155:Mathematics
136:in Algebra
2823:Categories
2718:Hyman Bass
2611:R. H. Bing
775:Vinogradov
598:, and the
449:Cole Prize
391:Sophus Lie
134:Cole Prize
50:1874-01-22
2806:Bryna Kra
2782:Ken Ribet
2710:2001–2024
2619:Peter Lax
2595:1975–2000
2488:1951–1974
2373:1925–1950
2266:1901–1924
2215:1888–1900
2085:"Review:
2042:"Review:
2002:"Review:
1957:"Review:
1906:"Review;
1863:"Review:
1820:"Review:
1780:"Review:
1737:"Review:
1699:"Review:
1646:"Review:
1588:0003-486X
1553:: 274–99.
1453:March 14,
1284:(1960) ,
1270:(2009) ,
1235:(2005) ,
1200:(2005) ,
1165:(2005) ,
1142:(2009) ,
1107:(2004) ,
1084:(2010) ,
1053:(2010) ,
1026:(1903) ,
977:(1958) ,
957:quadratic
927:≥
875:≤
866:−
800:≥
705:, and of
361:Both the
266:Mina Rees
2083:(1932).
2000:(1926).
1955:(1924).
1904:(1924).
1861:(1919).
1778:(1916).
1687:13: 7–11
1644:(1902).
1626:July 15,
1521:: 7–24.
356:geometry
350:, where
344:Cleburne
2169:at the
2151:at the
1596:1967865
1570:, 2nd,
1470:(1955)
1424:0441665
1417:0749229
1310:0111764
1261:0245501
1226:0245500
1191:0245499
1133:0201389
1075:0118745
1007:0104735
981:(ed.),
625:over a
383:Leipzig
1617:
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1415:
1405:
1380:1939.
1374:1939.
1367:1938.
1347:1935.
1334:1930.
1328:1929.
1315:1926.
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1224:
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1005:
995:
955:, and
563:Cartan
535:fields
523:Jordan
427:, the
423:, the
314:fields
181:(1896)
179:
172:Thesis
151:Fields
138:(1928)
130:(1923)
123:Awards
2092:(PDF)
2049:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1870:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1787:(PDF)
1744:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
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1592:JSTOR
1474:from
1430:Notes
627:field
579:were
521:) as
387:Paris
1628:2013
1615:ISBN
1584:ISSN
1455:2018
1403:ISBN
1357:and
1296:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1177:ISBN
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477:Work
393:and
385:and
365:and
338:Life
316:and
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60:, US
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2160:at
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1980:doi
1933:doi
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603:A
596:A
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519:p
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