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combined with "strong opposition to Polish EU membership and, more generally, a nationalist and anti-cosmopolitan worldview." Samoobrona, meanwhile, presented itself as the defender of the working class, the weak, and the needy; Polish farmers and the poor began to consider Lepper their advocate. To this end, both
Samoobrona and LPR appealed to those who considered themselves "losers" of the capitalist transformation and felt marginalized and excluded by the socioeconomic changes that dismantled the socialist system in Poland. Samoobrona focused almost exclusively on socioeconomic interests and had a vague cultural outlook that attempted to appeal to socially marginalized groups, including LGBT (along with SLD, Samoobrona was the only party to support same-sex civil unions in 2004), but at the same time avoid alienating the socially conservative working class. However, Samoobrona and LPR shared their opposition to the European Union and globalization. Given how Samoobrona considered SLD to have betrayed left-wing values by 2003, both LPR and Samoobrona began to see themselves as the only alternative to the establishment and economic liberalism.
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vote, which meant that it also failed to keep any of its seats. This result devastated the party. Lepper and his party faced significant financial issues, and it was reported that
Samoobrona's goal was not crossing the 5% electoral threshold in order to win parliamentary seats, but rather to cross at least the 3% threshold needed for state-paid reimbursement of election campaign costs. This escalated the financial problems of Samoobrona. After losing all their seats in the 2007 election, neither Samoobrona nor LPR regained political relevance. Andrzej Lepper died in August 2011 in unclear circumstances, with some ruling it as assassination and others as suicide. The Central Anticorruption Bureau, responsible for the unlawful sting operation against Lepper that ultimately ended his political career, grew unpopular and was disbanded in March 2024.
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coalition over and called for a new Prime
Minister, denouncing Jarosław Kaczyński. However, the party also emphasized that it is open to a new coalition should PiS agree to the conditions of both LPR and Samoobrona and replace Kaczyński. In its party declaration, League of Polish Families accused Law and Justice of breaking the coalition, writing: "PiS broke the coalition - it broke the coalition agreement repeatedly. The appointment of a PiS MP as Minister of Agriculture was the most blatant proof of this. Kaczyński tore up the agreement he had signed with his own hand." Giertych also assured that League of Polish Families remains committed to League and Self-Defence, and Samoobrona consulted its decision to withdraw from the PiS-LPR-Samoobrona coalition with him. Giertych also acknowledged that early elections were now inevitable.
1088:. LPR mostly focused on social, cultural and moral issues, along with opposition to the European Union. In contrast to the traditionally laissez-faire, free-market outlook of Dmowski and his nationalist movement, the LPR denounced the post-communist transition to capitalism in Poland as a "socio-economic experiment" that had "greatly deleterious effects on the Polish families". LPR campaigned on an unambiguously right-wing, Catholic nationalist and traditionalist program, appealing to patriotic, nationalist and anti-capitalist values; it promoted Catholic values as "moral and material protectors" and presented itself as the defender of Polish national interests which, according to the party, were compromised by the EU, foreign capital, big companies, privatization and social welfare cuts.
1408:
concept of the League and Self-Defence; this had to do with the opposition of the MPs of the League of Polish
Families and their demand that the joint lists of Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland should not include people with legal problems or burdened by moral scandals. By early September it was clear that LiS would not arise. The membership of the two parties had not been properly consulted as to their support for this idea, and the merits of the proposition had not been discussed. Many of the members of both groups saw little common ground between the two parties. Furthermore, opinion polls did not necessarily reflect that there was a significant advantage to an alliance. LPR and Samoobrona therefore decided to start independently of each other at the early
1035:
base that wished for the return of security of the socialist welfare state and protection from the risks of open markets. This allowed the coalition to position itself as anti-capitalist. The coalition had a basic social program based on "protection of life from the moment of conception until natural death", anti-corruption and "zero tolerance" reforms for schools. Economically, the coalition sought a halt to privatization, empowering trade unions and greatly expanding welfare, social pensions and the minimum wage, as well as tackling foreign capital and big business. Given its higher amount of seats and popular support, the left-wing
Samoobrona dominated the coalition, which gave League and Self-Defense an ideologically left-wing profile, especially economically.
1369:, arguing that it was LiS that had first the courage to criticize the changes, and to demand that "the looting of Poland" be stopped. League and Self-Defense particularly criticized PiS for its support of Polish membership in the European Union, stating that the conditions PiS agreed to join the EU were unequal. It particularly noted the bad situation of the Polish farmers, arguing that they receive the lowest production subsidies despite being most affected by the competition of other EU member states. LiS also attacked its former coalition partner for a pro-American foreign policy, and demanded immediate Polish withdrawal from Iraq and Afghanistan. It also accused PiS of neglecting the poor, and its actual policy stopping short of the
1701:
inhabitants). The specificity of this group in terms of education and professional profile was clear - more often people with primary education, unskilled workers and farmers, most often working on private farms. A large overrepresentation (in relation to the election forecast) was recorded in the group of housewives (as many as 17% of all housewives). LiS voters are those who declare rather active (1-2 times a month) participation in religious practices (10%). Less than half of the electorate allowed voting for the parties that make up LiS (Samoobrona's negative electorate - 55%, LPR - 46%). The position of both parties in this context has deteriorated significantly over several months.
1153:. The coalition was mocked by Donald Tusk, the leader of Civic Platform, who called it "the coalition of the weak" and stated that in case talks with PiS fail, early election would take place on 26 March 2006. Ultimately, PSL changed its stance and stated it interest in forming the "People's National Bloc" together with Samoobrona and LPR. While the early 2006 election ultimately did not take place and both Samoobrona and LPR formed a coalition with PiS, this made both parties consider themselves 'natural partners'. LPR was greatly influenced by its talks with Samoobrona, abandoning its ties to National Democracy, moderating its image and putting an emphasis on agrarian issues.
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circumstances regarding the sting operation against him. On 16 July 2007, the presidencies of both political groupings met. On 17 July 2007, the party's executive board was appointed, with
Andrzej Lepper as president and Roman Giertych as chairman. On the same day, the documents for the registration of the new party were filed with the court. Party board members from the LPR included Radosław Parda, Deputy Education Minister Mirosław Orzechowski, Deputy Leader of the League Wojciech Wierzejski, while from the side of Samoobrona, board members included Deputy Speaker of the Sejm Genowefa Wiśniowska and acting head of the club Krzysztof Sikora.
1223:
replacing the ministers of the parties in the government, stripping LPR and
Samoobrona of influential positions such as labour ministry ad minister of agriculture. The government lost a lot of support, especially since it also abolished ministries created specifically for the LPR and Samoobrona, such as the ministry of maritime economy and the ministry of construction. Law and Justice defended the dismissals as "these were routine resignations unrelated to politics", but the media attacked the party for nepotism. In July 2007, only 31% of voters were satisfied with the Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński and his Law and Justice party.
589:
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polls showed that
Samoobrona would win 8% of the vote, compared to LPR winning only 3%, which would leave the party short of the 5% electoral threshold needed to enter the Sejm. Political surveys also showed that Lepper was by far preferable to Giertych as the leader of LiS, although a majority of the surveyed wanted League and Self-Defense to nominate a young, new politician as its leader instead. To accentuate this, some Polish media commented that "without Samoobrona there is no LPR". Referencing the slogan of the party given by Lepper, "strong as a lion, cunning as a fox", Swiss newspaper
506:
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proposal to greatly limit foreign capital in Poland and ban foreign individuals from buying Polish companies. The coalition supported trade unions and strikes, also stressing its support for the health service employees' protest that took place in Poland in 2007, postulated a sharp rise of social pensions and the minimum wage. It also sought to diversify energy supply and develop biofuel production in Poland, which it saw as an opportunity for Polish agriculture to modernize, combined with agrarian protectionist measures and generous subsidies for Polish farmers.
1428:
the
Samoobrona field activists did not agree to collect signatures for LiS electoral lists. Media generally praised the decision to dissolve the party given how Samoobrona had a radically left-wing program whereas League of Polish Families was the trademark radical right populist party in Poland. Commenting on the dissolution of LiS, Samoobrona MPs stated that a major factor behind this decision was the belief that cooperation with LPR was undermining Samoobrona's credibility as a left-wing party, and discouraged the party's left-wing electorate.
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hope for stabilisation and harmony. It is an incisive programme providing social security for the most vulnerable social groups, giving hope for stabilisation and harmonious development of our country." League and Self-Defense condemned the last 16 years (1991-2007) of economic policies, describing it as neoliberal and capitalist. Solidarist economy, according to LiS, was based on the protection of the poorest and the weakest, as well as disempowering and redistributing the wealth of the rich, which the coalition perceived as corrupt and greedy.
2410:[The leader of LPR did everything to save the PiS—Samoobrona—LPR coalition. And, it seems, the initiative to establish LiS should be seen in this perspective. While populist programme solutions and a demanding attitude towards the state brought the two parties closer together, they grew out of different political ideologies, which is why the fusion of the ultra-Catholic and nationalist rhetoric of the LPR with the left-wing mentality of Samoobrona constituted - in the journalistic language - a ‘genetic engineering procedure’.]
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459:
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a super-state". The coalition speculated that the
European Union might plan to introduce the position of an EU president and a foreign minister, which would overrule the policy of individual member states in favor of enforcing one-for-all rulings. Both parties also agreed on their opposition to NATO, and strongly opposed the presence of Polish troops in Iraq and Afghanistan, calling for immediate withdrawal. League and Self-Defense also sought to improve Polish relations with Russia.
1344:, considered the "grey eminence" of the Polish Catholic Church, who was an ardent supporter of Law and Justice. By 22 August, 57% of Poles wanted the government to call early elections and to hold them before the end of 2007. The Sejm voted to dissolve itself on 7 September 2007, a move that was opposed by LiS, but supported by PiS as well as the opposition parties. Despite LiS mainly attacking Law and Justice, the coalition was also deeply opposed to the neoliberal
1472:
that Lepper invited to his party's electoral lists are not left-wing enough for Samoobrona, as they came from the 2001-2005 government led by social-democratic SLD. Giertych accused the members of the 2001-2005 government of "abolishing the alimony fund, deepening the poverty of pensioners and disability pensioners, wrecking the health care system and disastrous negotiations with the European Union", and appealed to Samoobrona voters to vote for LPR instead.
1027:(PiS) that first formed a coalition with both parties, but then gradually marginalized them and shuffled away their ministers. The coalition was marked by mutual distrust as the parties had radically different outlooks, tied together by Euroscepticism, opposition to capitalism and aversion to PiS. The coalition was only polling 6% (below the 8% threshold for coalitions), and was dissolved by September 2007, shortly before the election. In the
358:
4465:
925:
1288:
waiving parliamentary immunity at the request of the prosecutor's office, and abandon the demand to set up a commission of inquiry into the actions of CBA. League and Self-Defense sent a counterproposal, demanding that PiS restore the laid off ministers, depoliticise secret services, fulfill the demands of protesting trade unions, increase pensions and minimum wage, and demand higher EU subsidies for Polish farmers.
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behave in legal manner. The coalition also proposed to guarantee protection of life from the moment of conception until natural death, as well as an extensive education reform that would introduce "zero tolerance" program for violence and bullying at school. League and Self-Defense also postulated the foundation of a special investigative unit that would persecute and punish individuals and companies for lobbying.
383:
1907:
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1312:, a former high-ranking Samoobrona member and a respected farmer activist that defected to PiS, as the Minister of Agriculture. However, Giertych rejected the proposal, stating that he desires to continue League and Self-Defense together with Samoobrona; he also argued that Law and Justice has its own internal divisions, which the party is desperate to contain by maintaining the coalition.
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education sectors, and that it has remained deaf to the demands of the peasants. At the same time, the liberals of the Civic Platform will accuse the Kaczynski brothers of inefficiency and dictatorial tendencies. They will hold them responsible for the deterioration of political life because of their tendency to quarrel and blackmail, and their desire to destroy everyone and everything."
1460:). However, both parties sharply dropped in the polls following the dissolution of LiS. LPR's coalition with Real Politics Union and Right of the Republic was seen as even more ideologically inconsistent than LiS - the League of the Right of the Republic was unable to present an economic program, as the LPR held social and anti-capitalist positions, while the Real Politics Union under
1615:, argued that League and Self-Defense marked an important point in the political history of Poland as it represented an alliance of a post-Solidarity (LPR) and a post-communist (Samoobrona) party, thus breaking the lingering elements of the old political anti-communist/post-communist dichotomy. Wołodźko stated that the new coalition, despite its contradictions, represents the
1073:(PSL), as well as forming local coalitions with the SLD. Samoobrona withdrew its support of the SLD-PSL government and broke all of its agreements with SLD following the decision of the SLD to forcefully break up farmer protests and continue privatization measures. PSL itself also withdrew from the coalition after SLD lifted custom duties meant to protect Polish agriculture.
1599:
coalition itself was considered "not very right-wing" by Polish media despite the presence of LPR in it, who noted the far-reaching criticism of privatization process in Poland and a clearly left-wing economic program. The coalition wanted to build a "vast national popular movement". Samoobrona was considered a "peasant-left" and a
1512:
5% electoral threshold, thus putting LPR at risk of losing all its seats). According to the polls, Lepper was also preferred to become the leader of League and Self-Defence over LPR's leader Giertych, though a majority preferred the coalition to put forward a new, "fresh face" politician as its leader instead. Polish daily
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investigative commission that would persecute privatization and focus on halting any further privatization attempts. This commission was also to investigate Polish lobbyists and businessmen, such as Marek Dochnal. The party also stressed the need to diversify the energy supply of Poland, and opposed the construction of
4158:
In its public statements, Self-Defense has been critical (often harshly) of the legacies of both communism and Solidarity, yet among its leaders there are several individuals formerly associated with the communist regime. Its support for state interventionism and opposition to market mechanisms place
1682:
There were also some notable differences between the programs of Samoobrona and LPR, beyond their completely different positions on the political spectrum. Samoobrona supported the abolition of Polish Senate, envisioning an alternative chamber that would instead field trade unions and represent their
1678:
remarked that Samoobrona sought to represent those who "found themselves on the edge of poverty and despair" as a result of capitalist reforms and described it as "the voice of the poor, deprived and humiliated"." In contrast, League of Polish Families was a national-Catholic and an ultra-nationalist
1639:
In the coalition, Samoobrona centered the electoral message of League and Self-Defense on 'human dignity', which Samoobrona aspired to portray itself as its guardian. Despite the presence of League of Polish Families in the coalition, Samoobrona created an image of a left-wing identity for the party,
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even classified LPR as an economically left-wing party. This was even stronger in case of Samoobrona, which argued that "capitalism is that system which has already outlived itself" and openly declaring itself as an anti-capitalist party, denouncing capitalism as "degenerate consumerism". The leader
1511:
as one of the main goals of the party, as both parties did not accept the EU Reform Treaty. The coalition was ultimately dominated by Samoobrona which had more Sejm and Senate seats than League of Polish Families, and polled 8% on its own in August 2007, compared to LPR's 3% (which would be below the
1427:
instead of Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland. Later commenting on the dissolution of the coalition, Lepper also stated that no agreement has been found amongst the grassroots members of his party, who argued that the Samoobrona brand cannot disappear from the electoral lists. Lepper claimed that
1231:
The reaction to the coalition within both parties were mixed, with the more radical members of LPR objecting to forming a coalition with a left-wing party; others admitted the idea of a temporary alliance, but feared integration. Some members within the party nevertheless praised the idea and claimed
2407:
Lider LPR robił wszystko, by ocalić koalicję PiS—Samoobrona—LPR. I, jak się wydaje, w tej perspektywie należy postrzegać inicjatywę powołania LiS. Mimo że populistyczne rozwiązania programowe oraz roszczeniowa postawa względem państwa zbliżały do siebie obie partie, to jednak wyrastały z odmiennych
1636:
through its proposals such as higher pensions and minimum wage and special subsidies for the unemployed and subsidies for agriculture. The coalition also mixed in nationalist rhetoric, proposing a bill that would severely limit foreign land ownership and capital in Poland, especially the German one.
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in Poland and the rule of EU's law supremacy over the Polish one, arguing that it would lead to the "transformation of the Union into a super-state". In order to closely regulate Polish relationship with the EU, LiS proposed to introduce a new position known as "EU President and a Foreign Minister",
1524:
Both parties were deeply opposed to the introduction of the Euro currency in Poland and also questioned the rule of supremacy of the EU law over the Polish one. According to League and Self-Defence, the European Union pursues centralization reforms that will lead to "transformation of the Union into
1484:
Despite the dissolution of LiS and political downfall of both LPR and Samoobrna in 2007, in 2008 and 2009 it was reported that LiS continued to exist as a "television coalition" under the PO-PSL government (2007-2015). In light of the Civic Platform's victory in the 2007 election, opposition parties
2462:
We did not consider the populist far-left (Samoobrona) and the nationalistic far right wing (LPR) nor the Polish Peasants' Party: PSL. There were many reasons for such a decision. None of the two extreme parties had representatives in the parliament of the 3rd term, when the debate over citizenship
1584:
LiS accused PiS of obstructionism, and proposed to amend the rules of Sejm's procedures that would allow the chamber presidium to introduce additional entries to bills despite the Speaker of the Sejm opposing them. It also criticized PiS for the conditions of Polish membership in the EU, denouncing
1570:
in general were condemned as "lumpenliberalism" that is characterized by consumptionism and hedonism rather than serving the needs of the poor and disadvantaged. Both League of Polish Families and Samoobrona were anti-capitalist. League of Polish Families was described as an overtly anti-capitalist
1558:
Explaining its concept of solidarist economy, the coalition declared: "Our program meets these expectations. It contains important elements hitherto overlooked and ignored by neo-liberal decision-makers. It is a clear programme providing social security for the most vulnerable social groups, giving
1506:
The main objectives of the coalition were to create a commission of inquiry into the Central Anticorruption Bureau and its operations, blocking the ratification of the European Union reform treaty that both members of the coalition were opposed to, stop the privatization process and "strengthen the
1497:
remarked that the "television LiS" was also left-wing, especially as a result of its close cooperation with the social-democratic SLD, and was kept alive by the president and opposition parties in order to extract concessions from the PO-PSL governing coalition, and limit the government's influence
1475:
Elections were held on 21 October 2007, in which the LPR Committee received 209,171 or 1.30% of the vote and did not enter parliament. Polls gave the party a slightly higher support of 3 per cent. Samoobrona failed to fare much better, as it won 247,335 votes, which amounted to 1.53% of the popular
1364:
League and Self-Defense competed directly with PiS for votes; Samoobrona as well as LPR touted their consistent opposition to the capitalist transformation in Poland. Lepper argued that the transformation had led to misery and poverty for millions of people, the collapse of all areas of the economy
1270:
However, from the very beginning, relations between the leaders of the two groupings were marked by a high degree of distrust, and Lepper himself admitted that the coalition was situational and tactical in nature, calculated to strengthen both groupings in the eyes of the largest coalition partner.
1207:. The nature of this new 'LiS' was not made clear, and the leaders could not give any specifics as to whether LiS would take the form of a newly unified party or simply an electoral alliance of two autonomous parties. It was indicated however, that the platform of this new alliance would be mainly
1121:, LPR massively overperformed, finishing second. At this point, the concept of the "National-Agrarian Bloc" was modified to be a coalition of Samoobrona, Polish People's Party and League of Polish Families. Between 2004-2005, the prospect of this coalition appeared likely as even the leader of PSL,
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or argue about the national character of the state in Brussels? On the other hand, how will an LPR activist feel about being soiled in pig mud?" This referred to the fact that Samoobrona was a left-wing (both by self-identification as well as political classification) and had an almost exclusively
1542:
Economically, League of Self-Defense called itself "solidarist", and envisioned a "solidarist state" that would be based on the principles of Catholic corporatism. The coalition called itself "pro-social" and was distinguished by its strong hostility towards privatization, which it combined with a
1533:
On social issues, League and Self-Defense stressed its anti-corruption stance and referred to the unlawful actions of the Central Anticorruption Bureau that led to the collapse of the PiS-LPR-Samoobrona coalition. The coalition pledged to ensure that special services and authorities in Poland will
1376:
Polish media closely followed the emerging rivalry between both parties, which was likewise encouraged by LiS itself. Andrzej Lepper played into the media's depiction of LiS as a fox (as "lis" means "fox" in Polish) and PiS as a duck (referring to the Kaczyński brothers), using slogans such as "No
1274:
The coalition was dominated by Samoobrona and its left-wing program. In comparison to the far-right League of Polish Families, Samoobrona had more seats in both the Sejm as well as the Senate, and had 7 times more members than LPR overall. In case of an independent run in the election, August 2007
1034:
Despite being a coalition of a far-left Samoobrona and a far-right LPR, League and Self-Defense produced a coherent program that emphasized the common points of both parties, such as their opposition to the European Union, NATO, the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan. Both parties also shared a voter
1598:
The coalition referred to itself as "national agrarian" and "people's national", as to stress the right-wing character of LPR as well as the agrarian and leftist nature of Samoobrona. League and Self-Defense maintained that its creation marks the beginning of "the people's national movement". The
1471:
In late September, Giertych organized a press conference in which he claimed that "Lepper has gone mad", in which he attacked his former partner for inviting "communist apparatchiks" to Samoobrona's electoral lists. Giertych avoided attacking Samoobrona directly, but argued that many independents
1407:
While up to mid-August polls gave LiS 23% of popular vote, this declined to only 6% of support by beginning of September, which was insufficient to pass the 8% electoral threshold for coalition groupings. As a result, on 7 September 2007. Roman Giertych and Andrzej Lepper announced the end of the
1291:
On 1 August 2007, Law and Justice made its last attempt to maintain a coalition by making an offer to Roman Giertych, the leader of League of Polish Families, that would include maintaining the coalition without left-wing Samoobrona. This was to be done with the help of defectors from Samoobrona,
1096:
The anti-capitalism of LPR allowed for some overlap, on both partisan and voter level. According to political scientists, Tomasz Zarycki and George Kolankiewicz, LPR "held objectively left-wing views on issues such as privatisation, state intervention in the economy and redistribution of wealth",
1644:
and representing the people in need of state support in economic and social terms. Political pundits observed that the Samoobrona tried to maintain its image as an agrarian party representing rural environments, while also affirming its far-left identity and attracting far-left voters. League of
1546:
Other common economic points of both Samoobrona and LPR that were included in the program of LiS were "family-friendly taxes" - these were to be additional taxes on the wealthy, of which the proceeds would be redistributed to low-income families. LiS also postulated an establishment of a special
1385:
claimed that foxes do not swim, to which Lepper replied: "Foxes can swim. They swim the rivers, they jump into the water after the ducks and the ducks don't stand a chance." Jarosław Kaczyński responded to Lepper's remark by stating: "Predatory ducks can kidnap the fox and lift it into the air."
1287:
In late July, Law and Justice attempted to maintain the ruling coalition with Samoobrona and League of Polish Families, and sent LiS conditions needed to maintain the coalition. League and Self-Defense were to agree to unconditionally support the cabinet's bills, oppose strikes, vote in favor of
1271:
Cooperation with the LPR resulted in Samoobrona's acceptance of a proposal to table a constructive vote of no-confidence with J. Kaczmarek's candidacy for prime minister, which was Giertych's idea. As it turned out, it did not produce the expected results and the idea was soon finally abandoned.
1256:
argued that League and Self-Defense had great potential as long as it focused on the Samoobrona's socioeconomic appeal, namely its socialist orientation, protectionism and nostalgic feelings towards communist Poland. The presence of League of Polish Families, Der Standard argued, would not shock
1248:
while greatly opposing the Polish transition to capitalism, which Samoobrona emphasized by its famous slogan "Balcerowicz must go!". However, the media noted that despite the ideological conflicts, both parties were now united by their opposition to Law and Justice, along with their populist and
1239:
wrote that Lepper is a "former communist, radical trade unionist, once an SLD ally, with fond memories of collective farms", while Giertych was described as "an heir to the National Democrats, a right-winger and a fan of Margaret Thatcher". The media also noted that Samoobrona promoted nostalgia
1635:
noted that the coalition was ultimately anti-capitalist and economy-oriented, as the voters of both parties shared longing for the security of the socialist welfare state and protection from the risks of open markets. LiS responded to this not only through its anti-capitalist rhetoric, but also
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wrote of the atmosphere before the 2007 election: "Law and Justice has come under artillery fire, and from two sides. Self-Defense attacks Kaczynski's party on the social level, explaining that it has duped the voters, that it has not been able to find money to increase wages in the health and
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politicians of illegal actions. He also filed a denunciation lawsuit against the minister coordinator of services Zbigniew Wassermann, while also stating that the head of the Central Anticorruption Bureau, Mariusz Kamiński, broke the law by initiating the sting operation against him. He lastly
2756:[The only grouping of the extreme left that is not a neo-communist formation is the Polish Samoobrona. At many points, its economic programme, which mainly emphasises the need to stop privatisation and to protect national interests, coincides with the demands of neo-communist parties.]
2386:
Whereas Self-Defence clearly complied with the characteristics of a populist party, the League of Polish Families was something of a borderline case. Despite the lack of a clearly developed programme, Self-Defence could be considered to be a left-wing populist party in terms of socioeconomic
1687:
also noted the contradictory nature of the party when it comes to its place in Polish politics, as it was unknown what parties LiS could form a coalition with, if any. Wódz concluded that a coalition of LiS with an ideologically incompatible party would be possible. He concluded: "Anything is
1332:
Ultimately, Law and Justice did not agree to the proposals of League and Self-Defense, and on 5 August 2007, the leadership of Samoobrona voted to dissolve the cabinet coalition with Law and Justice, with 61 votes for and 8 against. On the same day, League of Polish Families also declared the
1222:
After the formation of the League and Self-Defense, Law and Justice began making demands that both Samoobrona and LPR withdraw from the idea of setting up a commission to investigate the CBA action, after which Andrzej Lepper lost his deputy prime minister's seat. Law and Justice then started
1218:
According to the declarations of both parties involved, the new grouping would preserve the identity of both parties. On the creation of the new party, Lepper stressed that "great injustice has been done to Samoobrona" and that one of the demands of the new grouping will be to investigate the
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interests; LPR, in contrast, defended the Senate as a symbol of Polish statehood. Samoobrona was also heavily opposed to conscription and postulated a completely professional Polish army. League of Polish Families, however, envisioned compulsory universal military service. Polish sociologist
1653:" and described his ideology as "populist mixture of socialism and nationalism." Describing his decision to create the LiS coalition, Stern described it as risky, but noted the potential of his rhetoric, writing that Lepper "shouts out loud what the poor and frustrated only dare to whisper."
1700:
surveyed the LiS electorate (election forecast - 6%). The electorate of this coalition was of various ages, with the 35-44 age group being relatively the most numerous (10%). The coalition found the greatest acceptance primarily among residents of rural areas and small towns (up to 20,000
1645:
Polish Families left the economic imagery to Samoobrona and tried to 'complete' the coalition's image by stressing the importance of tradition, Catholic values and patriotism. LPR appealed directly to PiS voters through law-and-order and anti-corruption rhetoric. German magazine
1149:), effectively becoming the "proto-LiS" coalition. PSL was initially hesitant towards reactivating the concept of the "People's National Bloc", stating that it would not run together with LPR and Samoobrona to Sejm, but that it is interested in organizing such coalition for the
2753:
Jedyne ugrupowanie ekstremalnej lewicy, które nie jest formacją neokomunistyczną, to polska Samoobrona. W wielu momentach jej program gospodarczy, akcentujący głównie konieczność powstrzymania prywatyzacji oraz ochronę narodowych interesów, jest zbieżny z postulatami partii
1261:
argued that by reversing the configuration of PiS and instead greatly emphasizing socioeconomic issues and presenting a staunchly left-wing economic profile, League and Self-Defense could become "a better PiS". Rychard also noted that LiS polled as much as 23% in the polls.
1132:
Before Samoobrona and LPR agreed to form a coalition with Law and Justice in May 2006, Law and Justice ruled as a minority government, which sparked suggestions of early elections to allow a majority government. Law and Justice tried to form a coalition with neoliberal
1117:. Alliance talks were temporarily abandoned after the decision of Polish People's Party to form a government with SLD, although Samoobrona supported this government. After the SLD-PSL government fell in 2003, the concept was again brought up by Samoobrona. In the
1679:
party that was placed in the far-right. Both parties nevertheless found common points and accentuated them, such as their opposition to the Polish involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, along with a denunciation of the foreign policy of the United States.
1048:
Initially, the two parties that would found League and Self-Defence had nothing in common. Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona) was considered a far-left, socialist party similar to neocommunism ideologically. Polish political scientist
1688:
possible in Polish politics. Since Law and Justice, an extremely anti-communist party, has reached an agreement with Samoobrona, a grouping one hundred percent derived from the previous system, then further volleys will no longer be a sensation."
4016:
335:
The far-left Samoobrona dominated LiS, as it had more recognition, MPs, popularity and was 7 times larger than LPR. Polish media noted that within LiS, the far-right LPR was dependent on Samoobrona. To accentuate it, some referred to LiS as
1113:). The concept of this bloc first appeared in 1999 and was actively pursued with Samoobrona until 2001; it initially referred to a possible alliance of Samoobrona with Polish People's Party as well as left-wing trade unions, such as
1585:
them as unfair and exploitative towards Poland. Giertych stated that it is one of the main goals of LiS to prevent the ratification of the EU treaty. The party was fiercely opposed to the EU and strongly opposed introduction of the
1398:
also noted the prevalence of bon mots that speak of LiS being "a fox that hunts ducks". Polish media observed that the mere survival of LiS (crossing the 8% electoral threshold for coalitions) would be a defeat for Law and Justice.
1031:, both LPR and Samoobrona failed to reach the 5% electoral threshold, losing all their 92 Sejm and 10 Senate seats. The downfall of both parties is considered to have been caused by PiS appropriating their political rhetoric.
1493:(TVP), state-owned Polish television. As a result, the leadership of TVP was dominated by members of Samoobrona and LPR who were assigned to these positions under the PiS-Samoobrona-LPR coalition. Polish political scientist
333: League and Self-Defense was a combination of a far-left and a far-right party, but the dominance of left-wing elements, especially on economic issues, was noted. The coalition was also considered "not very right-wing".
1178:(CBA) which attempted to link him and his department to corruptive practices. Lepper protested his innocence and claimed to have been the victim of a politically motivated 'sting' operation, initiated by PM
2408:
ideologii politycznych, dlatego fuzja ultrakatolickiej i narodowej retoryki LPR z lewicową mentalnością Samoobrony stanowiły — mówiąc językiem publicystycznym — „zabieg z zakresu inżynierii genetycznej".
2125:"Sprawozdanie o źródłach pozyskania środków finansowych, w tym kredytach bankowych i warunkach ich uzyskania oraz o wydatkach poniesionych ze środków Funduszu Wyborczego w poprzednim roku kalendarzowym"
1202:
Lepper's stance drew him support from his own Samoobrona party and the LPR. On 16 July 2007, a merger of the two parties was announced at a press conference conducted by Lepper and his LPR counterpart,
2355:[In terms of identity-building, the party defines itself as a left-wing party characterised, like the socialist movement as a whole, by grassroots, social opposition to wrong-doers.]
1377:
bird can handle LiS" and "The Prime Minister is leading the drive to break up LiS, but the fox is not afraid of ducks. In the wild it is that ducks are afraid of the fox." The wordplay on
50:
1415:
Most decisive behind the dissolution of League and Self-Defense was the executive committee of League of Polish Families, majority of which opted to go to the 2007 elections with the
1381:
representation of both parties was commonly mentioned by journalists, and often gave interviews with representatives of both PiS and LiS a humorous tone. When interviewing Lepper,
1053:
described it as a "radical-populist" party that combined agrarianism, nationalism and "Soviet-style" communism. Samoobrona cooperated with fellow left-wing parties, first in the
1300:. League of Polish Families was to absorb the dissident Samoobrona MPs and become a "pro-PiS version of LiS" that could continue the coalition. While such government would be a
1232:
that they got along, especially stressing the "pro-social" stance of both groups, especially when referring to the shared opposition to privatization and deregulation measures.
2353:
W kontekście budowania tożsamości partia określa się jako lewica, którą charakteryzuje, podobnie jak cały ruch socjalistyczny, oddolny, społeczny sprzeciw wobec krzywdzicieli.
5419:
4428:
1257:
voters because of the existence of PiS, which already tried to combine left-leaning economics with social conservatism, although with a strong dominance of the latter.
3964:
3028:
Moroska, Aleksandra; Zuba, Krzysztof (2010). "Two faces of Polish populism: the causes of the success and fall of Self Defence and the League of Polish Families".
5441:
5399:
3982:
542:
1631:. While this threatened the stability of the (ultimately short-lived coalition), it also gave it a discernible left-wing populist leaning. Polish sociologist
5091:
1141:. In January 2006, Samoobrona and LPR declared that they would run together in case of early election, calling it "People's National Self-Defence-LPR Bloc" (
1507:
constitutional protection of life", which would include introducing additional restrictions on abortion. Both Samoobrona and LPR stressed opposition to the
5978:
4316:; Dirk Strijker; Ida Terluin (2015). "The Polish Self-Defence party: from agrarian protest to the politics of populism, 1991-2007". In B. Stanley (ed.).
1607:
demands and an ambition to represent people who struggle financially. League of Polish Families was a far-right party described as Catholic nationalist.
3681:
5894:
5434:
4450:
3865:
3417:
1444:. In response, LPR condemned its erstwhile coalition partner, accusing Samoobrona of cooperating with "communist apparatchiks". LPR joined forces with
5899:
5404:
1665:
remarked: "Such a marriage, however, is surprising, and above all to the voters of both Samoobrona and LPR. For how can one explain to a farmer from
1182:
and PiS. He demanded that a parliamentary inquiry be conducted to investigate the legality and motivation of the CBA operation mounted against him.
5573:
5545:
5429:
5010:
3295:
1619:
and has a potential to become "a sovereign entity on the political scene" that integrates the "social left" with moral conservatism and religion.
521:
3214:
1129:, in which LPR and PSL underperformed; a Samoobrona-PSL-LPR would only have 115 seats, half of the amount needed to form a majority government.
5713:
2110:
1194:
of "unbelievable cynicism", as Kaczyński had long talks with Lepper about the future of the coalition, knowing that he would soon dismiss him.
651:
2006:
5556:
3055:
1498:
over public media. Flis concluded that this reiteration of ‘LiS has dug himself a pretty safe burrow and it won't be easy to throw him out.’
446:
4458:
1356:, the leader of Civic Platform, of domestic violence against his wife and drunk driving, claiming to have evidence that incriminated Tusk.
5968:
5409:
5020:
3586:
965:
3565:
1627:
Samoobrona positioned itself as strongly anti-neoliberal and ran to the far-left, much left than the social-democratic and post-communist
5917:
5780:
5616:
5588:
5045:
4349:
1166:
The decision for the synthesis of the two parties arose following a crisis within Poland's ruling three party coalition, of the dominant
1118:
3743:
2394:
4191:
2360:
van Kessel, Stijn (2013). "A Matter of Supply and Demand: The Electoral Performance of Populist Parties in Three European Countries".
5963:
5531:
5169:
5065:
2025:
2427:
670:
2169:
5733:
5605:
5479:
3926:
2577:
1323:
and PiS). LiS was considered a direct competitor to PiS with potential to displace it from its major position in Polish politics.
3490:
1436:
After the coalition was cancelled, Samoobrona moved even further to the left and invited left-wing activists the party, such as
5958:
5943:
5770:
5136:
4966:
4868:
4861:
4625:
4443:
3548:
1925:
1856:
1751:
1293:
1010:
681:
3527:
3338:
1105:
League and Self-Defense came directly from the Samoobrona's concept of "People's National Bloc", or "National-Agrarian Bloc" (
938:
350:, stating that it followed the tradition of "social left" as its main message, mixing it with religion and moral conservatism.
5703:
5280:
5025:
4416:
4391:
4237:
3821:
3726:
3508:
2933:
2671:
2515:
2346:
2094:
1576:
of Samoobrona, Lepper, also called for a return of socialism in Poland, arguing that it had "not yet reached full maturity".
875:
867:
863:
2215:
Chatzistavrou, Filippa (December 2010). "Early preferences of national political parties in the EU for Turkey's accession".
5666:
902:
847:
3375:
5973:
5953:
5948:
5681:
5622:
5600:
5562:
5466:
5260:
5200:
4459:
2559:
2258:
1453:
1279:
remarked that "Lepper is both a lion and a fox, while Giertych is best suited as some moraliser in a provincial church."
766:
745:
737:
313:
4254:
3274:
5723:
5275:
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1851:
1746:
1697:
1666:
1409:
1126:
1028:
827:
779:
711:
3314:
1076:
In contrast, the League of Polish Families was a far-right, Catholic nationalist party that was a continuation of the
5825:
5610:
5495:
5461:
5424:
5377:
5365:
5311:
5116:
4880:
4644:
4505:
4436:
4333:
3949:
3123:
2851:
2746:
1628:
1066:
706:
3663:
3195:
1551:, a Russia-Germany Northern Gas Pipeline. The party also criticized Law and Justice for inadequate preparations for
1365:
except trade, and takeover of the Polish economy by foreign capital. LiS mocked the Law and Justice's slogan of the
527:
3630:
1150:
958:
662:
3159:
2903:
2885:
2190:
5805:
5490:
5174:
2618:
1674:
economic-oriented rhetoric, wishing to represent the farmers and disadvantaged groups. Dutch political scientist
1114:
791:
3787:
3608:
1513:
5190:
5164:
4978:
4948:
4116:"Sociologie d'un groupement politique illégitime. Le mouvement Samoobrona (Autodéfense) en Pologne (1991-2010)"
4115:
3007:
2980:
3626:
3453:
1395:
1336:
After dissolving the coalition, League and Self-Defense started courting the Catholic Church and the Catholic
5988:
5718:
5343:
5121:
4019:[The Impact of the Smolensk Air Crash on the Attribution of Personality Traits to Political Parties]
3177:
3141:
1985:
1175:
1077:
2534:
5830:
5785:
5646:
5568:
5338:
5158:
5070:
5035:
4295:
1386:
However, Polish ornithologist Jan Lontkowski noted that it is impossible, ridiculing Kaczyński's response.
173:
3791:
2287:
340:("Lepper and others"). International media also observed that Samoobrona held a hegemonic position in LiS.
5983:
5841:
5728:
5693:
5640:
5525:
5305:
5096:
4988:
4958:
4750:
4368:
1085:
1062:
951:
840:
5086:
4079:
5594:
5387:
5360:
5355:
5294:
5146:
5131:
5076:
4632:
3397:
2283:
1608:
1468:
views. This warded off LPR's voters, and the party lost 67% of its 2005 electorate to Law and Justice.
1416:
497:
343:
3435:
3069:
2952:
Populism in Central and Eastern Europe – Challenge for the Future? Documentation of an Expert Workshop
2803:
2767:
1174:, was dismissed from his position as Minister for Agriculture following a secret investigation by the
1050:
5755:
5708:
5627:
5538:
5348:
5270:
5238:
5060:
5005:
2950:
1930:
1887:
1782:
1020:
719:
3765:
5857:
5847:
5744:
5578:
5485:
4995:
4896:
4814:
4738:
4700:
4607:
4536:
4523:
3472:
2444:
1935:
1241:
1070:
1058:
608:
596:
588:
430:
108:
2148:
2124:
1080:, an idiosyncratic party that attempted to unite nationalist movements and continue the legacy of
5862:
5835:
5820:
5583:
5472:
5326:
5152:
3319:
1662:
1345:
1191:
1179:
1134:
686:
643:
555:
4210:
2603:
2598:
1276:
96:
5800:
5765:
5750:
5738:
5656:
5414:
5382:
5321:
5030:
4781:
4049:(in Polish) (Dissertation ed.). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. p. 363.
3706:(in Polish) (Dissertation ed.). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. p. 173.
3112:(in Polish) (Dissertation ed.). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. p. 108.
2734:
2648:(in Polish) (Dissertation ed.). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. p. 172.
2056:
1366:
1319:
Political illustration by Magda Wosik depicting LiS as a fox devouring a duck (symbolizing the
580:
417:
404:
3908:
3838:
3783:
3002:. SSEES Occasional Papers. London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies. p. 144.
2975:. SSEES Occasional Papers. London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies. p. 137.
2716:
654:
104:
5815:
5810:
5671:
5661:
5333:
5299:
5180:
5055:
5050:
4839:
4787:
4675:
4486:
4273:
3237:
2741:(in Polish). Poznań-Wrocław: Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości w Poznaniu. p. 180.
1449:
1014:
724:
673:
185:
4172:
1590:
which would be elected for 2.5 years and directly represent Polish interests before the EU.
1320:
1252:
Amongst international media, the reaction was relatively positive. Austrian daily newspaper
5868:
5633:
5371:
5316:
5141:
5040:
4042:
3884:
3699:
3105:
2641:
2445:
Agata Górny; Aleksandra Grzymała-Kazłowska; Piotr Koryś; Agnieszka Weinar (December 2003).
1465:
1370:
1315:
1309:
1297:
1122:
786:
622:
505:
438:
4061:
2692:
2666:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Nauk Społecznych UaM. pp. 110–111.
2035:
1170:(PiS) party, and junior partners Samoobrona and LPR. On 9 July, the leader of Samoobrona,
855:
8:
5520:
5185:
5126:
5111:
5081:
4805:
4548:
1567:
1461:
1445:
1424:
1301:
1185:
Following his dismissal, Lepper participated in numerous conferences in which he accused
908:
796:
699:
635:
568:
482:
318:
100:
4017:"Wpływ katastrofy pod Smoleńskiem na atrybucję cech osobowości ugrupowaniom politycznym"
3904:
1494:
5922:
5852:
5775:
5687:
4953:
4889:
4725:
2104:
1945:
1641:
1632:
1604:
1489:, worked together to prevent the new PO-led government from changing the leadership of
1305:
1258:
1065:, and then by supporting the 2001-2003 government of social-democratic, post-communist
396:
373:
308:
204:
189:
3074:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
2921:
2808:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
2772:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
485:
5233:
4918:
4911:
4874:
4827:
4769:
4762:
4744:
4638:
4613:
4579:
4572:
4542:
4412:
4387:
4329:
4313:
4233:
4153:
4012:
3994:
3817:
3722:
3645:
3037:
3003:
2976:
2929:
2847:
2742:
2667:
2511:
2377:
2342:
2319:
2232:
2090:
1675:
1670:
1572:
1485:
such as Law and Justice and Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), as well as the president
898:
893:
617:
1486:
1382:
92:
5790:
5551:
4983:
4972:
4942:
4852:
4688:
4666:
4600:
4499:
4321:
4149:
3085:
2819:
2783:
2369:
2292:
2224:
1646:
1490:
1378:
1249:
Eurosceptic appeal; the 2006 formation of "National Agrarian Bloc" was also noted.
513:
3866:"Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne przechodzi do historii. Rząd chce uzdrowić służbę"
1684:
561:
5912:
5905:
5698:
5228:
4846:
4713:
4682:
4560:
4493:
4139:
4099:
3402:
2228:
1563:
1441:
1349:
1236:
1186:
1167:
1142:
1106:
1024:
1017:
982:
753:
292:
250:
193:
37:
5195:
2446:
5651:
5515:
4821:
4707:
4530:
4511:
3889:
1552:
1508:
1341:
1204:
1171:
1054:
758:
534:
357:
237:
80:
76:
54:
Fox plush toy presented by Lepper and Giertych as the logo of LiS in July 2007.
49:
4325:
1650:
5937:
5874:
5393:
5101:
5015:
5000:
4775:
4585:
3998:
3649:
3324:
3041:
2381:
2297:
2236:
2030:
1669:
that his new party, apart from direct subsidies, is going to fight with some
1616:
1612:
1548:
1437:
1245:
1212:
1081:
929:
458:
412:
347:
197:
2508:
Poland's Return to Capitalism: From the Socialist Bloc to the European Union
466:
5795:
5288:
4094:
3983:"Why is there no Christian Democracy in Poland (and why does this matter)?"
3357:
3256:
2867:
2485:
1337:
1253:
1235:
The media greatly emphasized the seemingly absurd nature of the coalition.
576:
453:
71:
3090:
3073:
2824:
2807:
2788:
2771:
1023:(LPR) in July 2007. The alliance was directed against right-wing populist
5106:
4902:
4732:
4652:
4593:
3744:"Partie populistyczne na przykładzie wyborów parlamentarnych w 2007 roku"
2395:"Partie populistyczne na przykładzie wyborów parlamentarnych w 2007 roku"
2223:(4). Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP): 403.
1420:
1353:
1304:, Law and Justice believed that it could convince more Samoobrona MPs to
1208:
604:
489:
181:
178:
2997:
2970:
2373:
1562:
League of Self-Defense rejected capitalism as a system that causes the "
361:
Logos of LPR and Samoobrona combined together, used by the news channel
3792:"Populist Politics and Liberal Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe"
3631:"Wizerunek przywódcy Samoobrony Andrzeja Leppera w przekazie medialnym"
3604:
2387:
policies, and the party mainly attracted support in poorer rural areas.
1390:
4312:
4140:
Krzysztof Jasiewicz; Agnieszka Jasiewicz-Betkiewicz (2007). "Poland".
5265:
3356:
Szacki, Wojciech; Uhlig, Dominik; Załuska, Wojciech (1 August 2007).
2839:
1940:
1004:
219:
209:
87:
3296:"Samoobrona i Liga mogą liczyć na większe poparcie razem niż osobno"
3056:"Do parlamentu po raz dziesiąty powraca temat związków partnerskich"
4554:
3978:
1600:
1348:, which was the strongest contender in the upcoming 2007 election.
1125:, was supportive of the idea. However, this plan was foiled by the
1007:
1003:
in Polish) was a short-lived Polish political alliance between the
524:
227:
5760:
3396:
Wieczorek, Hanna; Wosik, Magda; Lontkowski, Jan (23 July 2007).
2846:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 149.
2664:
Języki IV RP: Podziały społeczno-polityczne w dyskursie polityki
2339:
Weapons of Mass Impression. The 2007 Election Campaign in Poland
1603:
party that sought to look after the rural voters, combined with
4464:
4129:. Université de Bordeaux; Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux: 552.
2341:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. p. 323.
2007:"Koalicja rządowa trwa, powstaje nowa partia Liga i Samoobrona"
1566:
of the planet"; conversely, neoliberalism and the tradition of
803:
261:
145:
382:
3418:"Kaczynskis Koalition vor dem Aus - Neuwahlen wahrscheinlich"
2623:
2313:
1649:
noted the dominating role of Lepper, which it called "Polish
1138:
815:
362:
5217:
4232:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. pp. 61–62.
4477:
1586:
474:
272:
4409:
Broń masowego wrażenia. Kampania wyborcza 2007 r. w Polsce
4384:
Broń masowego wrażenia. Kampania wyborcza 2007 r. w Polsce
4230:
Broń masowego wrażenia. Kampania wyborcza 2007 r. w Polsce
3782:
3719:
Broń masowego wrażenia. Kampania wyborcza 2007 r. w Polsce
2335:
Broń masowego wrażenia. Kampania wyborcza 2007 r. w Polsce
4148:(6–7). European Consortium for Political Research: 1069.
3721:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. p. 174.
2460:(1). Institute for Social Studies Warsaw University: 45.
1190:
attacked the leader of Law and Jutice and prime minister
1000:
5420:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
4411:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. p. 29.
4386:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe. p. 32.
3816:(in Polish). Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne. p. 190.
3395:
5890:
italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts
5442:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
2868:"Samoobrona zerwała kolejną samorządową koalicję z SLD"
1661:
Commenting on the conflicting nature of the coalition,
4460:
Political parties and political associations in Poland
3682:"LPR i Samoobrona nie wystartują wspólnie w wyborach?"
3491:"Sondaż: ponad połowa Polaków chce jesiennych wyborów"
4031:(2). John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin: 118.
3178:"Lepper: Samoobrona w koalicji, powstaje nowa partia"
3036:(1). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 123–147.
1516:
remarked that "Without Samoobrona there is no LPR".
4318:
Rural Protest Groups and Populist Political Parties
2995:
2968:
2733:
4093:Uhlig, Dominik; Załuska, Wojciech (17 July 2007).
3754:. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego: 107–120.
3355:
2926:The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots
2484:Szacki, Wojciech; Grochal, Renata (16 July 2007).
1640:running to the left of the electoral alliance the
5092:Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League
4041:
3698:
3549:"Andrzej Lepper: To Samoobrona jest twórcą IV RP"
3528:"To LiS a nie PiS szykuje „obyczajówkę" na Tuska"
3104:
2727:
2640:
2316:Populist Political Parties in East-Central Europe
5935:
5574:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
5430:Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition
5011:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
3836:
4406:
4381:
4320:. Wageningen Academic Publishers. p. 196.
4227:
4059:
3801:. Bratislava: Institute for Public Affairs: 98.
3716:
3587:"LiS, czyli krótka miłość Leppera z Giertychem"
3376:"Giertych: chcemy z Lepperem dalej budować LiS"
2739:Partie polityczne Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej
2428:"Regierungskrise: Kaczynskis fordern Neuwahlen"
2405:. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego: 113.
2332:
1611:, Polish commentator of the Polish state media
1479:
5435:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction
3977:
3950:"Samoobrona zostaje w koalicji. Powstanie LiS"
3625:
3275:"Experten geben neuer Partei LiS gute Chancen"
2996:Zarycki, Tomasz; Kolankiewicz, George (2003).
2969:Zarycki, Tomasz; Kolankiewicz, George (2003).
2844:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe
2164:
2162:
2134:(in Polish). Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza. 2007.
4444:
4208:
4170:
3741:
3312:
2578:"Mamba z Ostrołęki rozszyfrowała skrót "LiS""
2483:
2392:
2214:
1555:, and pledged to speed up the preparations.
959:
4289:
4287:
4092:
3290:
3288:
2948:
994:
29:
5979:Defunct political party alliances in Poland
5046:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
3391:
3389:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3068:
3027:
2802:
2766:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2159:
1119:2004 European Parliament election in Poland
5909:****: not currently registered as a party
5714:Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp
4451:
4437:
4407:Kolczyński, Mariusz; Mazur, Marek (2009).
4382:Kolczyński, Mariusz; Mazur, Marek (2009).
4350:"LiS chce zakończenia zagranicznych misji"
4228:Kolczyński, Mariusz; Mazur, Marek (2009).
4047:Samoobrona RP w polskim systemie partyjnym
3830:
3805:
3717:Kolczyński, Mariusz; Mazur, Marek (2009).
3704:Samoobrona RP w polskim systemie partyjnym
3525:
3110:Samoobrona RP w polskim systemie partyjnym
2924:(2010). "Self-Defence: Radical Populism".
2904:"SLD-PSL: Jak się zaczynało, jak kończyło"
2646:Samoobrona RP w polskim systemie partyjnym
2636:
2634:
2359:
2333:Kolczyński, Mariusz; Mazur, Marek (2009).
2109:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
966:
952:
48:
5557:Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
5546:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
5170:Social Movement of the Republic of Poland
5066:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
5021:Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement
4293:
4284:
4011:
3581:
3579:
3285:
3124:"Lepper i Giertych jednoczą swoje partie"
3089:
2920:
2823:
2787:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2657:
2655:
2529:
2527:
2318:. Masaryk University Press. p. 174.
2087:Liga Polskich Rodzin jako aktor społeczny
2001:
1999:
1340:, including initiating talks with Father
1100:
5589:Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action
4366:
4192:"„Wir wollen den EU-Vertrag verhindern""
4189:
4171:Wojtkielewicz, Wojciech (19 July 2007).
3944:
3942:
3940:
3863:
3742:Górka, Marek; Magierek, Dariusz (2012).
3560:
3558:
3386:
3225:
3212:
3196:"Samoobrona i Liga przełkną upokorzenie"
2796:
2760:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2468:
2422:
2420:
2393:Górka, Marek; Magierek, Dariusz (2012).
2314:Vlastimil Havlik; Anete Pinkova (2012).
2282:
2269:
2256:
2217:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
2185:
2183:
2143:
2141:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1314:
356:
5781:Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work
5734:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
5617:Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union
5480:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
5405:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
4271:
3919:
3776:
3692:
3543:
3541:
3160:"Lepper z Giertychem razem do wyborów?"
3023:
3021:
3019:
2714:
2631:
2593:
2591:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
1327:
5936:
5137:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
4294:Gosiewski, Przemysław (17 July 2007).
4209:Wojciechowska, Joanna (18 July 2007).
4142:European Journal of Political Research
4113:
3576:
3566:"Będzie LiS - przystawki się jednoczą"
3470:
3254:
2886:"Łódzka Samoobrona rozwodzi się z SLD"
2878:
2703:
2661:
2652:
2619:"LiS nie odbiera głosów innym partiom"
2570:
2524:
2501:
2499:
2368:(2). Cambridge University Press: 187.
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2084:
1996:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1926:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
1091:
1011:Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland
5704:Movement for Reconstruction of Poland
5532:Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft
5281:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
5026:Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras
4432:
4211:"LiS zapowiada obronę polskiej ziemi"
3981:; Szczerbiak, Aleks (December 2006).
3962:
3937:
3837:Izabela Kacprzak (27 December 2012).
3811:
3735:
3664:"Samoobrona i LPR zostają w koalicji"
3555:
3526:Krzymowski, Michał (20 August 2007).
3454:"Giertych: wiem, co zrobi Samoobrona"
2838:
2680:
2584:(in Polish). Ostrołęka. 16 July 2007.
2417:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2180:
2138:
2067:
2042:
2023:
1656:
1622:
1043:
3993:(4). Sussex European Institute: 13.
3903:
3882:
3538:
3016:
2958:. Heinrich Böll Stifung. p. 12.
2715:Hreczuk, Agnieszka (2 August 2007).
2588:
2545:
1265:
5969:Defunct socialist parties in Poland
5682:League of the Right of the Republic
5601:Confederation of Independent Poland
5467:Confederation of Independent Poland
4272:Kaszuba, Agnieszka (20 July 2007).
4252:
4060:Gabriele Lesser (3 February 1999).
3864:Kacprzak, Izabela (19 March 2024).
3603:
2505:
2496:
2201:
2089:(in Polish). Wrocław. p. 105.
1963:
1704:
1593:
1454:League of the Right of the Republic
1359:
1244:, praising the communist secretary
1147:Blok Ludowo-Narodowy Samoobrona-LPR
1137:, in what would have been known as
13:
5410:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
5276:Communist Party of Western Ukraine
2999:Regional Issues in Polish Politics
2972:Regional Issues in Polish Politics
2243:
1698:Centre for Public Opinion Research
1537:
1127:2005 Polish parliamentary election
1029:2007 Polish parliamentary election
288:Strong as a lion, cunning as a fox
14:
6000:
5826:Self-Defence of the Polish Nation
5647:Feminist Initiative/Women's Party
5462:Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
5378:Polish Christian Democratic Party
5312:Christian Union of National Unity
5117:Polish Party of Animal Protection
4881:Confederation of the Polish Crown
4645:Confederation of the Polish Crown
4367:Pustułka, Witold (23 July 2007).
4190:Schuller, Konrad (16 July 2007).
3883:Gmyz, Cezary (22 December 2008).
3748:Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
3255:Szacki, Wojciech (17 July 2007).
3213:Schuller, Konrad (20 July 2007).
2599:"Politische Ränkespiele in Polen"
2399:Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne
1986:"LPR i Samoobrona razem jako LiS"
1519:
1431:
1282:
5964:2007 disestablishments in Poland
4463:
4400:
4375:
4360:
4342:
4154:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00752.x
3471:Konicz, Tomasz (8 August 2007).
2447:"Multiple citizenship in Poland"
2288:"Porozumienie ponad słabościami"
1906:
1905:
1875:
1874:
1801:
1800:
1770:
1769:
1579:
1528:
1410:21 October legislative elections
1352:, the MP of Samoobrona, accused
923:
587:
560:
528:Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska
504:
465:
457:
452:
381:
5806:Polish Labour Party - August 80
5623:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl
5563:Centre Agreement – Polish Union
5271:Communist Party of Poland (KPP)
4306:
4274:"Drapieżne Kaczory porwą LiSa?"
4265:
4246:
4221:
4202:
4183:
4164:
4133:
4107:
4086:
4072:
4062:"Polens radikaler Bauernführer"
4053:
4035:
4005:
3971:
3963:Zając, Ryszard (15 July 2007).
3956:
3897:
3876:
3857:
3772:(in Polish). 21 September 2007.
3758:
3710:
3674:
3656:
3619:
3597:
3519:
3501:
3483:
3464:
3446:
3428:
3410:
3368:
3349:
3339:"LiS nie odpowie do piątku PiS"
3331:
3306:
3267:
3248:
3206:
3188:
3170:
3152:
3134:
3116:
3098:
3062:
3048:
2989:
2962:
2942:
2928:. Routledge. pp. 112–125.
2914:
2896:
2860:
2832:
2693:"Die polnische Regierungskrise"
2611:
2438:
2304:
1691:
5366:Polish-Catholic People's Party
4369:"Czy LiS przestraszy się PiS?"
4025:Current Problems of Psychiatry
3688:(in Polish). 7 September 2007.
3515:(in Polish). 7 September 2007.
3313:J. Miedzińska (16 July 2007).
3215:"Kaczynski stellt Bedingungen"
2434:(in German). 12 November 2007.
2257:Pallokat, Jan (16 July 2007).
2191:"Lepper i Giertych kontra PiS"
2170:"Liga Prawicy Rzeczpospolitej"
2117:
2024:Szefs, Slawek (17 July 2007).
2017:
1452:to form a new alliance called
1402:
1:
5959:Nationalist parties in Poland
5944:2007 establishments in Poland
5425:Polish Socialist Party – Left
5415:Polish Socialist Party (1892)
5400:Polish People's Party "Piast"
5344:National Radical Camp Falanga
4173:"LiS jest pospolitym zdrajcą"
4159:it on the political far left.
3593:(in Polish). 5 November 2007.
3166:(in Polish). 26 January 2006.
3148:(in Polish). 26 January 2006.
3130:(in Polish). 26 January 2006.
3030:Totalitarismus und Demokratie
2949:Bachrynowski, Szymon (2012).
2566:(in Polish). 13 October 2007.
2155:(in Polish). 8 December 2007.
1956:
1458:Liga Prawicy Rzeczypospolitej
1176:Central Anticorruption Bureau
1161:
297:Mocny jak lew, chytry jak lis
18:Political party in Poland
5831:Self-Defence Social Movement
5491:Polish United Workers' Party
5339:National Radical Camp (1934)
5159:Silesian Separatist Movement
5071:National Radical Camp (1993)
5036:First Self-Governance League
4356:(in Polish). 14 August 2007.
3497:(in Polish). 22 August 2007.
3315:"Osobisty dowód niewinności"
3238:"Piskorski i Chruszcz o LiS"
3202:(in Polish). 28 August 2007.
2535:"Nie było LiS-a...zapomniał"
2510:. I.B. Tauris. p. 174.
2229:10.1080/14683857.2010.529991
2176:(in Polish). 2 October 2007.
1571:party, and Polish economist
1514:Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat
1480:Continued informal existence
1226:
1197:
682:Supreme Administrative Court
325:
7:
5842:Solidarity Electoral Action
5729:National Self-Defence Front
5724:National Party "Fatherland"
5694:Liberal Democratic Congress
5606:Conservative People's Party
5526:Alternative Social Movement
4989:Union of Christian Families
4959:Agreement (political party)
4751:Union of European Democrats
4253:Wos, Rafal (20 July 2007).
4082:(in Polish). 6 August 2007.
3839:"Jak upadał Andrzej Lepper"
3460:(in Polish). 5 August 2007.
3442:(in Polish). 5 August 2007.
3436:"Liga chce nowego premiera"
3424:(in German). 5 August 2007.
3382:(in Polish). 5 August 2007.
3257:"Uciec LiS-em przed PiS-em"
2892:(in Polish). 12 March 2003.
2874:(in Polish). 17 March 2003.
2699:(in German). 9 August 2007.
2560:"Bez Samoobrony nie ma LPR"
2026:"LiS – cunning like a fox?"
1919:
1063:1998 Polish local elections
848:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
277:(League of Polish Families)
167:(League of Polish Families)
10:
6005:
5974:Catholic political parties
5954:Polish nationalist parties
5949:Agrarian parties in Poland
5771:People's National Movement
5595:Coalition for the Republic
5147:Silesian Autonomy Movement
5132:Right Wing of the Republic
5077:National Revival of Poland
3952:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
3766:"Giertych: Lepper oszalał"
3670:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
3572:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
3345:(in Polish). 24 July 2007.
3302:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
3281:(in German). 18 July 2007.
3244:(in Polish). 17 July 2007.
3184:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
2910:(in Polish). 9 March 2003.
2717:"Koalition als Kartenhaus"
2662:Figiel, Agnieszka (2009).
2627:(in Polish). 25 July 2007.
2607:(in German). 17 July 2007.
2541:(in Polish). 27 June 2010.
2197:(in Polish). 14 July 2007.
2063:(in Polish). 17 July 2007.
2013:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
1992:(in Polish). 16 July 2007.
1501:
1417:Right Wing of the Republic
1294:People's National Movement
1156:
1038:
215:League of Polish Families:
5918:List of political parties
5887:
5786:Polish Beer-Lovers' Party
5709:Movement for the Republic
5539:Catholic Electoral Action
5508:
5454:
5349:National Radical Camp ABC
5251:
5210:
5061:League of Polish Families
4930:
4802:
4662:
4473:
4326:10.3920/978-90-8686-807-0
3790:; Smilov, Daniel (2008).
3627:Drozd-Piasecka, Mirosława
3551:(in Polish). 9 June 2007.
3509:"Koniec Sejmu V kadencji"
3398:"Cień demonicznej kaczki"
3142:"Lepper i Giertych razem"
2362:Government and Opposition
1931:League of Polish Families
1888:League of Polish Families
1850:
1814:
1783:League of Polish Families
1745:
1021:League of Polish Families
304:
282:
243:
233:
203:
172:
151:
138:
130:
122:
114:
86:
70:
59:
47:
23:
5611:Democratic Left Alliance
5579:Christian National Union
5087:Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy
4996:United Beyond Boundaries
4095:"My sie LiS-u nie boimy"
3965:"Mapa drogowa Giertycha"
3885:"LPR chce rządzić w TVP"
2259:"Polens Politschauspiel"
1951:
1936:Social Alliance (Poland)
1629:Democratic Left Alliance
1396:Mirosława Drozd-Piasecka
1067:Democratic Left Alliance
780:Administrative divisions
597:Prime Minister of Poland
5863:Third Republic Movement
5836:Social Justice Movement
5677:League and Self-Defense
5584:Christian-Peasant Party
5473:Front of National Unity
5361:National Workers' Party
5356:National People's Union
5261:Catholic People's Party
5153:Silesian Regional Party
4114:Pellen, Cédric (2010).
3320:Polskie Radio Program I
2085:Płoski, Marcin (2016).
2057:"Powołano zarząd LiS-u"
1709:
979:League and Self-Defense
746:Major political parties
663:Constitutional Tribunal
644:Supreme Court of Poland
346:described the party as
205:Political position
26:League and Self-Defense
5801:Polish Reason of State
5751:Patriotic Self-Defence
5322:Popular National Union
5122:Polish Communist Party
4931:Other existing parties
4782:Polish Socialist Party
4296:"PiS-owi LiS obojętny"
4255:"Der polnische Chavez"
4080:"LiS ma sposób na PiS"
3812:Kącki, Marcin (2013).
3609:"Indispensable Lepper"
2149:"Lepper czyści partię"
1466:capitalist libertarian
1367:Fourth Polish Republic
1324:
1240:towards the communist
1146:
1110:
1101:People's National Bloc
995:
986:
864:Diplomatic missions of
405:Constitution of Poland
366:
296:
30:
5811:Polish National Party
5719:National Party (1989)
5672:Labour Party (Poland)
5662:Initiative for Poland
5496:United People's Party
5486:Polish Workers' Party
5334:National Radical Camp
5300:Labour Faction (1937)
5165:Socialist Alternative
5051:Kashubian Association
4949:Alliance of Democrats
4897:Polish People's Party
4739:Polish People's Party
4608:Polish People's Party
4217:(in Polish). Olsztyn.
3989:. SEI Working Paper.
3613:Courier International
3607:(27 September 2006).
3406:(in Polish). Wrocław.
3091:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
3070:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
2908:tygodnikpowszechny.pl
2825:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
2804:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
2789:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
2768:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
1450:Right of the Republic
1373:that LiS postulated.
1318:
1242:Polish People's Party
1071:Polish People's Party
1015:national conservative
1013:(Samoobrona) and the
360:
5989:Catholic nationalism
5372:Polish Catholic Bloc
5317:Camp of Great Poland
5142:Self-Defence Rebirth
5041:Freedom and Equality
4198:(in German). Warsaw.
3909:"Drugie życie LiS-a"
3784:Mesežnikov, Grigorij
3358:"PiS kusi Giertycha"
3078:Praktyka Teoretyczna
2812:Praktyka Teoretyczna
2776:Praktyka Teoretyczna
2604:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
1913:Extra-parliamentary
1882:Extra-parliamentary
1808:Extra-parliamentary
1777:Extra-parliamentary
1371:universal healthcare
1328:End of the coalition
1310:Wojciech Mojzesowicz
1298:Self-Defence Rebirth
1277:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
1123:Janusz Wojciechowski
1111:Blok Ludowo-Narodowy
1084:and his movement of
1051:Jarosław Tomasiewicz
439:Parliament of Poland
186:Catholic nationalism
97:Mirosław Orzechowski
5766:Peasants' Agreement
5569:Christian Democracy
5521:Alliance for Poland
5186:There is One Poland
5127:Real Politics Union
5112:Polish Pirate Party
5082:New Democracy - Yes
4935:political movements
4806:European Parliament
4566:Independents (15)**
3927:"Liga i Samoobrona"
3913:Tygodnik Powszechny
3907:(13 January 2009).
3473:"Die Graue Eminenz"
2754:neokomunistycznych.
2735:Andrzej Antoszewski
2506:Rae, Gavin (2008).
2486:"Co LiS zrobi PiS?"
2374:10.1017/gov.2012.14
2284:Wołodźko, Krzysztof
1568:economic liberalism
1462:Janusz Korwin-Mikke
1446:Real Politics Union
1425:Real Politics Union
1302:minority government
1092:Ideological overlap
1069:(SLD) and agrarian
655:Małgorzata Manowska
569:President of Poland
342:Polish commentator
105:Genowefa Wiśniowska
101:Wojciech Wierzejski
5984:National Democracy
5923:Politics of Poland
5853:The Poor of Poland
5776:Poland Comes First
5688:Left and Democrats
5641:European Coalition
5306:National Democracy
5191:Workers' Democracy
4954:Silesians Together
4803:Represented in the
4726:Third Way (Poland)
4619:Independent (1)***
3638:Ethnografia Polska
1946:Justicialist Party
1840:overall seats won
1735:overall seats won
1657:Conflicting nature
1642:Left and Democrats
1623:Left-wing identity
1609:Krzysztof Wołodźko
1605:agrarian socialist
1325:
1321:Kaczyński brothers
1192:Jarosław Kaczyński
1086:National Democracy
1044:LPR and Samoobrona
447:Current Parliament
374:Politics of Poland
367:
344:Krzysztof Wołodźko
309:Politics of Poland
190:Left-wing populism
5931:
5930:
5883:
5882:
5504:
5503:
5450:
5449:
5247:
5246:
5219:Polish–Lithuanian
4828:Polish Initiative
4745:Centre for Poland
4633:National Movement
4614:Centre for Poland
4543:Polish Initiative
4418:978-83-7059-902-7
4393:978-83-7059-902-7
4239:978-83-7059-902-7
4123:Science politique
4043:Mateusz Piskorski
3823:978-83-7536-583-2
3728:978-83-7059-902-7
3700:Mateusz Piskorski
3106:Mateusz Piskorski
2935:978-0-203-85656-7
2673:978-83-929763-0-1
2642:Mateusz Piskorski
2582:moja-ostroleka.pl
2517:978-1-84511-474-9
2463:reached its peak.
2348:978-83-7059-902-7
2096:978-83-63322-28-1
2038:on 15 April 2024.
1917:
1916:
1812:
1811:
1266:Internal disputes
987:Liga i Samoobrona
976:
975:
930:Poland portal
856:Radosław Sikorski
841:Foreign relations
738:Political parties
355:
354:
314:Political parties
142:ul. Kinowa 19 U1,
31:Liga i Samoobrona
5996:
5895:Zbigniew Ajchler
5791:Poland Fair Play
5756:Party of Regions
5628:Democratic Union
5552:Centre Agreement
5506:
5505:
5452:
5451:
5295:Labor Party (PP)
5249:
5248:
5215:
5214:
5006:Civic Initiative
4984:Party of Drivers
4973:All-Polish Youth
4943:Polish Coalition
4833:Independents (3)
4795:Independents (4)
4719:Independents (4)
4694:Independents (4)
4689:Sovereign Poland
4601:Polish Coalition
4517:Independent (2)*
4500:Sovereign Poland
4468:
4467:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3935:
3934:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3788:Gyárfášová, Oľga
3780:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3635:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3025:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2922:Pankowski, Rafał
2918:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2677:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2466:
2465:
2454:Prace Migracyjne
2451:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2389:
2356:
2329:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:Polskie Radio 24
2286:(18 July 2007).
2280:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2034:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1819:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1714:
1713:
1705:Election results
1696:In August 2007,
1594:Self-description
1491:Telewizja Polska
1440:and a socialist
1360:Rivalry with PiS
998:
968:
961:
954:
932:
928:
927:
926:
828:Cities and towns
823:
811:
674:Julia Przyłębska
591:
564:
532:
531:
530:
508:
469:
461:
456:
385:
369:
368:
328:
289:
278:
271:
267:
260:
256:
249:
217:
168:
162:
155:
134:7 September 2007
109:Krzysztof Sikora
52:
41:
33:
21:
20:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5913:Portal:Politics
5908:
5906:Marek Biernacki
5903:
5900:Piotr Adamowicz
5897:
5892:
5879:
5858:The Republicans
5745:Social Alliance
5699:Libertas Poland
5500:
5446:
5253:
5243:
5229:Patriotic Party
5220:
5211:Defunct parties
5206:
5201:German Minority
5097:Peasants' Party
4979:National League
4934:
4932:
4926:
4847:Law and Justice
4815:Civic Coalition
4804:
4798:
4756:Independent (1)
4714:Yes! For Poland
4701:Civic Coalition
4683:Law and Justice
4664:
4658:
4561:Yes! For Poland
4524:Civic Coalition
4494:Law and Justice
4475:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4380:
4376:
4365:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4311:
4307:
4300:polskieradio.pl
4292:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4226:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4188:
4184:
4169:
4165:
4138:
4134:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4100:Gazeta Wyborcza
4091:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4058:
4054:
4040:
4036:
4020:
4013:Gorbaniuk, Oleg
4010:
4006:
3976:
3972:
3961:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3902:
3898:
3881:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3810:
3806:
3794:
3781:
3777:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3715:
3711:
3697:
3693:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3524:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3394:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3253:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3226:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3103:
3099:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3026:
3017:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2919:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2872:Gazeta Wyborcza
2866:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2837:
2833:
2801:
2797:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2704:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2674:
2660:
2653:
2639:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2504:
2497:
2482:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2349:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2281:
2270:
2255:
2244:
2213:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2022:
2018:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1922:
1902:
1899:
1871:
1868:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1797:
1794:
1766:
1763:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1694:
1659:
1633:Andrzej Rychard
1625:
1596:
1582:
1564:McDonaldization
1540:
1538:Economic issues
1531:
1522:
1504:
1482:
1442:Piotr Ikonowicz
1434:
1405:
1379:anthropomorphic
1362:
1350:Danuta Hojarska
1330:
1306:cross the floor
1285:
1268:
1259:Andrzej Rychard
1237:Gazeta Wyborcza
1229:
1200:
1187:Law and Justice
1168:Law and Justice
1164:
1159:
1103:
1094:
1059:Social Alliance
1046:
1041:
1025:Law and Justice
1018:Christian right
972:
943:
939:Other countries
924:
922:
921:
914:
913:
889:
881:
880:
872:
860:
843:
833:
832:
817:
805:
782:
772:
771:
763:
754:Law and Justice
740:
730:
729:
716:
702:
692:
691:
678:
652:First President
638:
628:
627:
614:
558:
548:
547:
543:Deputy Marshals
526:
525:
502:
498:Deputy Marshals
486:Szymon Hołownia
463:
433:
423:
422:
399:
376:
351:
341:
338:Lepper i Spółka
334:
324:
323:
290:
287:
276:
275:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
254:
253:
247:
226:
222:
218:
213:
212:
196:
194:Anti-capitalism
192:
188:
184:
166:
165:
163:
160:
159:
153:
143:
107:
103:
99:
95:
79:
55:
43:
42:
35:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5821:Right Alliance
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:Forward Poland
5649:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5516:Ancestral Home
5512:
5510:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5388:People's Party
5385:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5327:National Party
5324:
5319:
5314:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5254:inter-war eras
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5234:Hetmans' Party
5231:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4825:
4822:Civic Platform
4810:
4808:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4708:Civic Platform
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4671:
4669:
4663:Represented in
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4531:Civic Platform
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4512:Polish Affairs
4509:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4480:
4474:Represented in
4471:
4470:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4399:
4392:
4374:
4359:
4341:
4334:
4314:Gerrit Voerman
4305:
4283:
4264:
4245:
4238:
4220:
4201:
4182:
4163:
4132:
4106:
4085:
4071:
4052:
4034:
4004:
3987:Party Politics
3970:
3955:
3936:
3918:
3905:Flis, Jarosław
3896:
3890:Rzeczpospolita
3875:
3856:
3829:
3822:
3804:
3799:Working Papers
3775:
3757:
3734:
3727:
3709:
3691:
3673:
3655:
3618:
3596:
3575:
3554:
3537:
3518:
3500:
3482:
3463:
3445:
3427:
3409:
3385:
3367:
3348:
3330:
3305:
3284:
3279:derstandard.at
3266:
3247:
3224:
3205:
3187:
3169:
3151:
3133:
3115:
3097:
3061:
3058:. 6 June 2018.
3047:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2961:
2941:
2934:
2913:
2895:
2877:
2859:
2852:
2831:
2795:
2759:
2747:
2726:
2702:
2679:
2672:
2651:
2630:
2610:
2587:
2569:
2544:
2523:
2516:
2495:
2467:
2437:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2390:
2357:
2347:
2330:
2325:978-8021061057
2324:
2310:
2303:
2268:
2242:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2116:
2095:
2066:
2041:
2016:
1995:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1822:Election year
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1717:Election year
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1693:
1690:
1676:Gerrit Voerman
1663:Kurier Poranny
1658:
1655:
1624:
1621:
1595:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1573:Oleg Gorbaniuk
1553:UEFA Euro 2012
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:Foreign issues
1518:
1509:European Union
1503:
1500:
1487:Lech Kaczyński
1481:
1478:
1433:
1432:2007 elections
1430:
1404:
1401:
1383:Jacek Żakowski
1361:
1358:
1346:Civic Platform
1342:Tadeusz Rydzyk
1329:
1326:
1308:by appointing
1284:
1283:Talks with PiS
1281:
1267:
1264:
1228:
1225:
1205:Roman Giertych
1199:
1196:
1172:Andrzej Lepper
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1135:Civic Platform
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1078:National Party
1055:anti-austerity
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
945:
944:
942:
941:
935:
934:
933:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
896:
890:
888:Related topics
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
870:
859:
858:
851:
850:
844:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
813:
801:
800:
799:
794:
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
762:
761:
759:Civic Platform
756:
750:
749:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
715:
714:
709:
703:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
687:State Tribunal
684:
677:
676:
667:
666:
658:
657:
648:
647:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
613:
612:
601:
600:
585:
584:
573:
572:
559:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
518:
517:
501:
500:
494:
493:
479:
478:
450:
449:
443:
442:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
409:
408:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
378:
377:
372:
365:to depict LiS.
353:
352:
322:
321:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
284:
280:
279:
245:
241:
240:
238:Roman Catholic
235:
231:
230:
207:
201:
200:
176:
170:
169:
156:
149:
148:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
93:Radosław Parda
90:
84:
83:
81:Roman Giertych
77:Andrzej Lepper
74:
68:
67:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
28:
25:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6001:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5875:Your Movement
5873:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:Initiative RP
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:Freedom Union
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:Communist era
5453:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5394:Polish Centre
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:Peasant Party
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5240:
5239:Familia Party
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Piast Faction
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Common Powiat
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Better Poland
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:Confederation
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4869:Confederation
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4862:Confederation
4859:
4854:
4853:United Poland
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4776:Left Together
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:Confederation
4623:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4586:Left Together
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4335:9789086862597
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4125:(in French).
4124:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3750:(in Polish).
3749:
3745:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:(in Polish).
3639:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3326:
3325:Polskie Radio
3323:(in Polish).
3322:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3080:(in Polish).
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2853:0-203-00237-7
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2814:(in Polish).
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2778:(in Polish).
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2748:83-88544-63-2
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:cosmopolis.ch
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2409:
2404:
2401:(in Polish).
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2298:Polskie Radio
2296:(in Polish).
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:Polskie Radio
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
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1780:
1776:
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1761:
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1722:
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1716:
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1699:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1617:Catholic left
1614:
1613:Polskie Radio
1610:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1588:
1580:Other stances
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:Nord Stream 1
1544:
1535:
1529:Social issues
1526:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1495:Jarosław Flis
1492:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Leszek Miller
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1246:Edward Gierek
1243:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:privatization
1210:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:Roman Dmowski
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
947:
946:
940:
937:
936:
931:
920:
919:
918:
917:
910:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
877:
874:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
853:
852:
849:
846:
845:
842:
837:
836:
829:
826:
824:
821:
814:
812:
809:
802:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
776:
775:
768:
767:Other parties
765:
764:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
734:
733:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:Parliamentary
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
696:
695:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
610:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
592:
590:
582:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
563:
557:
552:
551:
544:
541:
540:
536:
529:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
507:
499:
496:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
470:
468:
462:
460:
455:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
432:
427:
426:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
398:
393:
392:
389:
388:
384:
380:
379:
375:
371:
370:
364:
359:
349:
348:Catholic left
345:
339:
332:
327:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
298:
294:
285:
281:
274:
263:
252:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
216:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
198:Catholic left
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
157:
150:
147:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
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98:
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91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
32:
22:
16:
5889:
5867:
5840:
5816:Reason Party
5796:Polish Union
5743:
5686:
5676:
5639:
5632:
5615:
5593:
5561:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5478:
5471:
5392:
5370:
5304:
5289:Front Morges
5287:
5221:Commonwealth
5181:Slavic Union
5056:Labour Party
4965:
4941:
4910:
4888:
4860:
4840:United Right
4838:
4813:
4788:Labour Union
4761:
4724:
4699:
4676:United Right
4674:
4624:
4599:
4571:
4522:
4487:United Right
4485:
4408:
4402:
4383:
4377:
4371:(in Polish).
4362:
4353:
4344:
4317:
4308:
4302:(in Polish).
4299:
4280:(in Polish).
4277:
4267:
4261:(in German).
4258:
4248:
4229:
4223:
4214:
4204:
4195:
4185:
4179:(in Polish).
4176:
4166:
4157:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4126:
4122:
4109:
4103:(in Polish).
4098:
4088:
4074:
4068:(in German).
4065:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3973:
3967:(in Polish).
3958:
3933:(in Polish).
3930:
3921:
3915:(in Polish).
3912:
3899:
3893:(in Polish).
3888:
3878:
3872:(in Polish).
3869:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3842:
3832:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3641:
3637:
3621:
3615:(in French).
3612:
3599:
3590:
3569:
3534:(in Polish).
3531:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3479:(in German).
3477:telepolis.de
3476:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:Nasze Miasto
3401:
3379:
3370:
3364:(in Polish).
3361:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3318:
3308:
3299:
3278:
3269:
3263:(in Polish).
3260:
3250:
3241:
3221:(in German).
3218:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3050:
3033:
3029:
2998:
2991:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2944:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2843:
2834:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2779:
2775:
2762:
2752:
2738:
2729:
2723:(in German).
2720:
2696:
2663:
2645:
2622:
2613:
2602:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2538:
2507:
2492:(in Polish).
2489:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2440:
2431:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2338:
2334:
2315:
2306:
2291:
2265:(in German).
2262:
2220:
2216:
2194:
2173:
2152:
2131:
2119:
2086:
2060:
2036:the original
2029:
2019:
2010:
1989:
1695:
1692:Support base
1681:
1660:
1638:
1626:
1597:
1583:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1505:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1435:
1414:
1406:
1388:
1375:
1363:
1338:Radio Maryja
1335:
1331:
1292:such as the
1290:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1254:Der Standard
1251:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1201:
1184:
1165:
1131:
1104:
1095:
1075:
1047:
1033:
990:
978:
977:
909:Armed forces
819:
807:
744:
707:Presidential
661:
642:
595:
586:
577:Andrzej Duda
567:
512:
503:
473:
464:
451:
437:
418:Human rights
403:
337:
330:
326:
286:
266:(Samoobrona)
223:
214:
161:(Samoobrona)
139:Headquarters
126:17 July 2007
118:16 July 2007
64:
60:Abbreviation
15:
5869:United Left
5634:Europa Plus
5252:Pre-war and
5107:Polish Left
4903:Poland 2050
4733:Poland 2050
4594:Poland 2050
3845:(in Polish)
3605:Lis, Tomasz
3591:dziennik.pl
3362:wyborcza.pl
3261:wyborcza.pl
2564:dziennik.pl
2490:wyborcza.pl
2011:parkiet.com
1846:Government
1741:Government
1651:Hugo Chávez
1421:Marek Jurek
1403:Dissolution
1389:Journalist
1354:Donald Tusk
1209:eurosceptic
999:also means
876:Ambassadors
787:Voivodeship
725:Referendums
605:Donald Tusk
431:Legislature
255:(customary)
224:Samoobrona:
182:agrarianism
152:Membership
5938:Categories
5509:Modern era
5196:Freedomers
5175:Solidarity
4549:The Greens
4278:poranny.pl
4177:poranny.pl
3931:interia.pl
3814:Lepperiada
3668:interia.pl
3644:(1–2): 9.
3422:spiegel.de
3300:bankier.pl
3146:interia.pl
3009:0903425718
2982:0903425718
2840:Mudde, Cas
2539:salon24.pl
2195:interia.pl
1957:References
1857:Samoobrona
1752:Samoobrona
1685:Jacek Wódz
1671:Gombrowicz
1464:presented
1391:Tomasz Lis
1162:Background
1057:coalition
854:Minister:
623:Ministries
397:Government
123:Registered
5266:Centrolew
4890:Third Way
4555:AGROunion
4215:gazeta.pl
3999:1350-4649
3979:Bale, Tim
3849:27 August
3650:0071-1861
3532:wprost.pl
3242:gazeta.pl
3084:(2): 48.
3042:1612-9008
2818:(2): 55.
2782:(2): 61.
2721:ostpol.de
2382:1477-7053
2237:1468-3857
2105:cite book
2061:wprost.pl
1941:Querfront
1895:0.9 (#6)
1864:1.1 (#5)
1790:1.3 (#6)
1759:1.5 (#5)
1227:Reactions
1211:and anti-
1198:Formation
1180:Kaczynski
1115:August 80
1005:left-wing
903:political
868:in Poland
816:Communes
804:Counties
700:Elections
671:President
636:Judiciary
556:Executive
319:Elections
220:Far-right
210:Left-wing
131:Dissolved
88:Presidium
5902:et al.,
4919:New Left
4912:The Left
4875:New Hope
4770:New Left
4763:The Left
4653:Kukiz'15
4639:New Hope
4580:New Left
4573:The Left
4506:Renew RP
4354:rmf24.pl
4259:stern.de
4045:(2010).
4015:(2010).
3702:(2010).
3686:money.pl
3629:(2012).
3570:money.pl
3513:money.pl
3458:tvn24.pl
3440:tvn24.pl
3343:rmf24.pl
3108:(2010).
3072:(2023).
2842:(2005).
2806:(2023).
2770:(2023).
2737:(2005).
2644:(2010).
2432:fokus.de
2174:money.pl
1920:See also
1892:293,289
1861:345,427
1787:209,171
1756:247,335
1601:far-left
1423:and the
1061:for the
1008:populist
797:marshals
792:voivodes
234:Religion
228:Far-left
179:National
174:Ideology
158:~100,000
5761:Party X
5031:Falanga
4196:faz.net
3219:faz.net
1900:0 / 100
1869:0 / 100
1795:0 / 460
1764:0 / 460
1667:Sokółka
1502:Program
1157:History
1039:Origins
899:History
894:Economy
618:Cabinet
522:Marshal
483:Marshal
244:Colours
164:~14,000
144:04-030
115:Founded
5848:Spring
4667:Senate
4537:Modern
4527:(157)
4490:(191)
4415:
4390:
4332:
4236:
4066:taz.de
3997:
3820:
3725:
3648:
3495:tvn.pl
3040:
3006:
2979:
2932:
2850:
2745:
2670:
2514:
2380:
2345:
2322:
2263:dw.com
2235:
2132:gov.pl
2093:
1830:votes
1825:Party
1815:Senate
1725:votes
1720:Party
1151:Senate
1143:Polish
1107:Polish
983:Polish
808:powiat
514:Senate
490:PL2050
329:
293:Polish
283:Slogan
270:
262:Yellow
259:
251:Orange
248:
154:(2007)
146:Warsaw
72:Leader
38:Polish
34:
5904:***:
4843:(20)
4818:(21)
4729:(12)
4704:(41)
4679:(34)
4629:(18)
4604:(32)
4576:(26)
4533:(127)
4496:(165)
4119:(PDF)
4021:(PDF)
3870:rp.pl
3843:rp.pl
3795:(PDF)
3770:TVN24
3634:(PDF)
3380:wp.pl
3200:wp.pl
3182:pb.pl
3164:wp.pl
3128:wp.pl
2956:(PDF)
2890:wp.pl
2624:TVN24
2450:(PDF)
2337:[
2153:wp.pl
2128:(PDF)
1990:wp.pl
1952:Notes
1835:vote
1730:vote
1647:Stern
1139:POPiS
820:gmina
720:Local
363:TVN24
65:(Fox)
5898:**:
5739:Now!
5203:****
4915:(3)
4893:(3)
4865:(6)
4849:(18)
4824:(17)
4766:(9)
4710:(36)
4685:(29)
4665:the
4610:(28)
4596:(33)
4582:(19)
4502:(18)
4478:Sejm
4476:the
4413:ISBN
4388:ISBN
4330:ISBN
4234:ISBN
3995:ISSN
3851:2023
3818:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3646:ISSN
3038:ISSN
3004:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2378:ISSN
2343:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2233:ISSN
2111:link
2091:ISBN
1852:2007
1843:+/–
1838:# of
1833:% of
1828:# of
1747:2007
1738:+/–
1733:# of
1728:% of
1723:# of
1710:Sejm
1587:Euro
1448:and
1296:and
475:Sejm
273:Blue
63:LiS
5893:*:
4933:and
4921:(3)
4905:(1)
4899:(2)
4883:(1)
4877:(2)
4871:(3)
4855:(2)
4830:(1)
4790:(1)
4784:(1)
4778:(2)
4772:(5)
4753:(1)
4747:(1)
4741:(4)
4735:(5)
4716:(1)
4691:(1)
4655:(3)
4647:(3)
4641:(8)
4635:(6)
4616:(3)
4588:(7)
4563:(1)
4557:(1)
4551:(3)
4545:(4)
4539:(6)
4514:(1)
4508:(5)
4322:doi
4150:doi
3086:doi
2820:doi
2784:doi
2370:doi
2225:doi
1805:34
1774:56
1419:of
1001:fox
996:lis
991:LiS
413:Law
5940::
4352:.
4328:.
4298:.
4286:^
4276:.
4257:.
4213:.
4194:.
4175:.
4156:.
4146:46
4144:.
4121:.
4097:.
4064:.
4029:11
4027:.
4023:.
3991:14
3985:.
3939:^
3929:.
3911:.
3887:.
3868:.
3841:.
3797:.
3786:;
3768:.
3752:13
3746:.
3684:.
3666:.
3642:56
3636:.
3611:.
3589:.
3578:^
3568:.
3557:^
3540:^
3530:.
3511:.
3493:.
3475:.
3456:.
3438:.
3420:.
3400:.
3388:^
3378:.
3360:.
3341:.
3317:.
3298:.
3287:^
3277:.
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3240:.
3227:^
3217:.
3198:.
3180:.
3162:.
3144:.
3126:.
3082:48
3076:.
3032:.
3018:^
2906:.
2888:.
2870:.
2816:48
2810:.
2780:48
2774:.
2751:.
2719:.
2705:^
2695:.
2682:^
2654:^
2633:^
2621:.
2601:.
2590:^
2580:.
2562:.
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2526:^
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2458:53
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2452:.
2430:.
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2245:^
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2172:.
2161:^
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2140:^
2130:.
2107:}}
2103:{{
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2059:.
2044:^
2028:.
2009:.
1998:^
1988:.
1965:^
1910:7
1879:3
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1215:.
1145::
1109::
993:—
989:,
985::
866:/
609:PO
535:PO
331:A:
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.