40:
920:
799:
issues such as adherent bowel or colon, inability to properly identify anatomical planes from previously formed scar-tissue. If there is an inability to safely isolate the structures needed to isolate for cholecystectomy (the cystic duct and the cystic artery) for whatever reason (many times patients have part of the small bowel or colon stuck to the gallbladder, which make it dangerous to pull off without making an accidental hole in the small bowel), the surgical team may elect to do a subtotal cholecystectomy; either a fenestrated or reconstituting type. Essentially, only part of the gallbladder is removed and a drain is left in place for several days. Complications include continued output from drain, which may result in the need for ERCP stent placement to stop drainage.
948:
long thin tube with a camera on the end, is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus. The doctor advances the camera through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine to reach the opening of the bile duct. The doctor can inject a special, radiopaque dye through the endoscope into the bile duct to see stones or other blockages on x-ray. ERCP does not require general anaesthesia and can be done outside of the operating room. While ERCP can be used to remove a specific stone that is causing a blockage to allow drainage, it cannot remove all stones in the gallbladder. Thus, it is not considered a definitive treatment and people with recurrent complications from stones will still likely need a cholecystectomy.
592:
duct stones discovered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This technique was first described in 1993 by
Deslandres et al. and has, in several studies, been shown to have a high rate of CBD stones clearance and a reduced number of complications, particularly post-ERCP pancreatitis, in comparison with conventional ERCP. This is probably due to the facilitated access to the common bile duct with a lesser degree of manipulation and trauma to the papilla Vateri. In a study by Swahn et al. the rendezvous method was shown to reduce the risk of PEP from 3.6 to 2.2% compared with conventional biliary cannulation. The success rate of passing the transcystic guidewire into the duodenum has been reported to be over 80%.
622:
614:
3488:
1251:
928:
601:
272:, is moderate to severe, and goes away on its own after a few hours when the stone dislodges. Biliary colic usually occurs after meals when the gallbladder contracts to push bile out into the digestive tract. After a first attack of biliary colic, more than 90% of people will have a repeat attack in the next 10 years. Repeated attacks of biliary colic are the most common reason for removing the gallbladder, and lead to about 300,000 cholecystectomies in the US each year.
882:(PGB), a condition where the gallbladder wall shows calcification on imaging tests, was previously considered a reason to remove the gallbladder because it was thought that people with this condition had a high risk of developing gallbladder cancer. However, recent studies have shown that there is no strong association between gallbladder cancer and porcelain gallbladder, and that PGB alone is not a strong enough indication for a prophylactic cholecystectomy.
1036:
strong resistance by the German surgical establishment and he had difficulty communicating it in
English. It was consequently ignored. Mühe's work was further disparaged in 1987, when he was charged with manslaughter for a postoperative patient death that was mistakenly attributed to his innovative technique. He was exonerated in 1990 after further investigation. His pioneering work was eventually recognized by the German Surgical Society Congress in 1992.
223:
1009:, or gallstone removal. Langenbuch's rationale for developing the new technique stemmed from 17th century studies in dogs that demonstrated the gallbladder to be nonessential and medical opinion among his colleagues that gallstones formed in the gallbladder. Although the technique was initially controversial, cholecystectomy became established as a lower mortality procedure than cholecystostomy by the 20th century.
432:. Complications from a bile leak can follow a person for years and can lead to death. Bile leak should always be considered in any patient who is not recovering as expected after cholecystectomy. Most bile injuries require repair by a surgeon with special training in biliary reconstruction. If biliary injuries are properly treated and repaired, more than 90% of patients can have a long-term successful recovery.
417:, or damage to the bile ducts. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has a higher risk of bile duct injury than the open approach, with injury to bile ducts occurring in 0.3% to 0.5% of laparoscopic cases and 0.1% to 0.2% of open cases. In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, approximately 25–30% of biliary injuries are identified during the operation; the rest become apparent in the early post-operative period.
991:
728:) is an experimental technique where the laparoscope is inserted through natural orifices and internal incisions, rather than skin incisions, to access to the abdominal cavity. This offers the potential to eliminate visible scars. Since 2007, cholecystectomy by NOTES has been performed anecdotally via transgastric and transvaginal routes. As of 2009 the risk of
347:. The common bile duct drains the liver and pancreas, and a blockage there can lead to inflammation and infection in both the pancreas and biliary system. While cholecystectomy is not usually the immediate treatment choice for either of these conditions, it is often recommended to prevent repeat episodes from additional gallstones getting stuck.
712:, instead of the 3-4 four small different incisions used in standard laparoscopy. There appears to be a cosmetic benefit over conventional four-hole laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and no advantage in postoperative pain and hospital stay compared with standard laparoscopic procedures. There is no scientific consensus regarding risk for
960:
complications from surgery under general anaesthesia, such as elderly people and those with co-existing illnesses. Draining pus and infected material through the tube reduces inflammation in and around the gallbladder. It can be a lifesaving procedure, without requiring that the person undergo emergency surgery.
2295:
Rábago LR, Vicente C, Soler F, Delgado M, Moral I, Guerra I, Castro JL, Quintanilla E, Romeo J, Llorente R, Vázquez
Echarri J, Martínez-Veiga JL, Gea F (August 2006). "Two-stage treatment with preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) compared with single-stage treatment with
959:
is the drainage of the gallbladder via insertion of a small tube through the abdominal wall. This is usually done using guidance from imaging scans to find the right place to insert the tube. Cholecystostomy can be used for people who need immediate drainage of the gallbladder but have a high risk of
898:
Conservative management for biliary colic involves a "watch and wait" approach—treating symptoms as-needed with oral medications. Experts agree that this is the preferred treatment for people with gallstones but no symptoms. Conservative management may also be appropriate for people with mild biliary
866:
It is generally safe for pregnant women to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy during any trimester of pregnancy. Early elective surgery is recommended for women with symptomatic gallstones to decrease the risk of spontaneous abortion and pre-term delivery. Without cholecystectomy, more than half of
789:
After surgery, most patients are admitted to the hospital for routine monitoring. For uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomies, people may be discharged on the day of surgery after adequate control of pain and nausea. Patients who were high-risk, those who required emergency surgery, and/or those
625:
The 1-week-old incisions of a post-operative laparoscopic cholecystectomy as indicated by red arrows. The 3 abdominal incisions are approximately 6mm, while the fourth incision near the umbilicus is 18mm, each closed with dissolvable sutures. Minor inflammation can be seen surrounding each site due
404:
All surgery carries risk of serious complications including damage to nearby structures, bleeding, infection, or even death. The operative death rate in cholecystectomy is about 0.1% in people under age 50 and about 0.5% in people over age 50. The greatest risk of death comes from co-existing illness
2418:
Tzovaras G, Baloyiannis I, Zachari E, Symeonidis D, Zacharoulis D, Kapsoritakis A, Paroutoglou G, Potamianos S (March 2012). "Laparoendoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the management of cholecysto-choledocholithiasis: interim analysis of a controlled
947:
procedure that can remove gallstones or prevent blockages by widening parts of the bile duct where gallstones frequently get stuck. ERCP is often used to retrieve stones stuck in the common bile duct in patients with gallstone pancreatitis or cholangitis. In this procedure, an endoscope, or small,
591:
In recent years the LERV technique, in which access to the common bile duct by ERCP is facilitated by an antegrade guidewire, which is intraoperatively introduced during fluoroscopy and is advanced through the cystic duct to the duodenum, has been established as an alternative to treat common bile
970:
For some people, drainage with cholecystostomy is enough and they do not need to have the gallbladder removed later. For others, percutaneous cholecystostomy allows them to improve enough in the short term that they can get surgery at a later time. There is no clear evidence one way or another to
1035:
in 1980. He subsequently designed an optical laparoscope with a working channel large enough to fit a distended gallbladder. Mühe presented his technique to the
Congress of the German Surgical Society in 1986, claiming reduced postoperative pain and shorter hospitalization. His work was met with
604:
Abdomen of a 45-year-old male approximately one month after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical incision points are highlighted; the point at top right is barely visible. The gall bladder was removed via the incision at the navel. There is a fourth incision (not shown) on the person's right
798:
Intra-operative decisions, with patient safety at the forefront, sometimes call for, what is known in surgical education as, "bail-out" procedures. This is usually due to the surgical team making a clinical decision in the operating room to not proceed with the intended cholecystectomy, due to
287:
of the gallbladder caused by interruption in the normal flow of bile, is another reason for cholecystectomy. It is the most common complication of gallstones; 90–95% of acute cholecystitis is caused by gallstones blocking drainage of the gallbladder. If the blockage is incomplete and the stone
852:
concluded that cholecystecomy has no effect on the risk of colorectal cancer overall, but does have a harmful effect on the risk of right-sided colon cancer. A nationwide cohort study in Korea reported a significantly increased total cancer risk, including increased risk of several different
253:) done for some other reason. The traditional risk factors for gallstones are the four “F's: female, fat, forty, and fertile. Of the more than 20 million people in the US with gallstones, only about 30% will eventually require cholecystectomy to relieve symptoms (pain) or treat complications.
780:
After removal, the gallbladder should be sent for pathological examination to confirm the diagnosis and look for any incidental cancer. Incidental cancer of the gallbladder is found in approximately 1% of cholecystectomies. If cancer is present in the gallbladder, it is usually necessary to
383:
There are no specific contraindications for cholecystectomy, and in general it is considered a low-risk surgery. However, anyone who cannot tolerate surgery under general anesthesia should not undergo cholecystectomy. People can be split into high and low risk groups using a tool such as the
1043:. His technique was rapidly adopted and improved in France. It was subsequently introduced to the rest of the world over the next three years. Driven by popularity among patients, the laparoscopic technique became preferred over open surgery and noninvasive treatments for gallstones.
744:. Open cholecystectomy is often done if difficulties arise during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, for example, the patient has unusual anatomy, the surgeon cannot see well enough through the camera, or the patient is found to have cancer. It can also be done if the patient has severe
910:
Conservative management for acute cholecystitis involves treating the infection without surgery. It is usually only considered in patients at very high risk for surgery or other interventions listed below. It consists of treatment with intravenous antibiotics and fluids.
576:
Experts agree that many biliary injuries in laparoscopic cases are caused by difficulties seeing and identifying the anatomy clearly. If the surgeon has problems identifying anatomical structures, they might need to convert from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy.
587:
CBDS are found in 10–15% of patients during cholecystectomy when intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is routinely performed. There are several strategies to manage choledocholithiasis but the optimal method as well as the timing of treatment is still under debate.
2489:
Tommasi C, Bencini L, Bernini M, Naspetti R, Cavallina G, Manetti R, Talamucci L, Farsi M (May 2013). "Routine use of simultaneous laparoendoscopic approach in patients with confirmed gallbladder and bile duct stones: fit for laparoscopy fit for "rendezvous"".
2259:
Möller M, Gustafsson U, Rasmussen F, Persson G, Thorell A (October 2014). "Natural course vs interventions to clear common bile duct stones: data from the
Swedish Registry for Gallstone Surgery and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (GallRiks)".
548:
Leakage from the stump of the cystic duct is a complication that is more common with the laparoscopic approach than the open approach but is still rare, occurring in less than 1% of procedures; it is treated by drainage followed by insertion of a bile duct
1395:
Agresta F, Campanile FC, Vettoretto N, Silecchia G, Bergamini C, Maida P, Lombari P, Narilli P, Marchi D, Carrara A, Esposito MG, Fiume S, Miranda G, Barlera S, Davoli M (May 2015). "Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: consensus conference-based guidelines".
2718:
Yamashita Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirota M, Miura F, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Strasberg S, Pitt HA, de
Santibanes E, Belghiti J, Büchler MW, Gouma DJ, Fan ST, Hilvano SC, Lau JW, Kim SW, Belli G, Windsor JA, Liau KH, Sachakul V (January 2007).
370:
between adults, a cholecystectomy is performed in the donor because the gallbladder interferes with removal of the right (lateral) lobe of the liver and to prevent the formation of gallstones in the recipient. The gallbladder is not removed in
311:
on physical exam – meaning that when a doctor asks the patient to take a deep breath and then pushes down on the upper right side of their abdomen, the patient stops their inhalation due to pain from the pressure on their inflamed gallbladder.
319:
cholecystitis. It usually develops in people who have abnormal bile drainage secondary to a serious illness, such as people with multi-organ failure, serious trauma, recent major surgery, or following a long stay in the intensive care unit.
935:, an x-ray of the bile ducts using contrast medium to make the bile ducts visible. 1 – Duodenum. 2 – Common bile duct. 3 – Cystic duct. 4 – Hepatic duct. The gallbladder is not seen as the cystic duct is occluded by a surgical instrument.
671:
cholecystectomy uses several (usually 4) small incisions in the abdomen to allow the insertion of operating ports, small cylindrical tubes approximately 5 to 10 mm in diameter, through which surgical instruments are placed into the
651:
is given to prevent deep vein thrombosis. Use of prophylactic antibiotics is controversial; however, a dose may be given prior to surgery to prevent infection in certain people at high risk. Gas may be removed from the stomach with an
1653:
Kimura Y, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Pitt HA, Gouma DJ, Garden OJ, Büchler MW, Windsor JA, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Miura F, Higuchi R, Gabata T, Hata J, Gomi H, Dervenis C, Lau WY, Belli G, Kim MH, Hilvano SC, Yamashita Y (January 2013).
680:, an instrument with a video camera and light source at the end, illuminates the abdominal cavity and sends a magnified image from inside the abdomen to a video screen, giving the surgeon a clear view of the organs and tissues. The
867:
such women will have recurrent symptoms during their pregnancy, and nearly one in four will develop a complication, such as acute cholecystitis, that requires urgent surgery. Acute cholecystitis is the second most common cause of
388:. In this system, people who are ASA categories III, IV, and V are considered high risk for cholecystectomy. Typically this includes very elderly people and people with co-existing illness, such as end-stage liver disease with
323:
People with repeat episodes of acute cholecystitis can develop chronic cholecystitis from changes in the normal anatomy of the gallbladder. This can also be an indication for cholecystectomy if the person has ongoing pain.
695:
As of 2008, 90% of cholecystectomies in the United States were done laparoscopically. Laparoscopic surgery is thought to have fewer complications, shorter hospital stay, and quicker recovery than open cholecystectomy.
2682:
Ingraham AM, Cohen ME, Ko CY, Hall BL (August 2010). "A current profile and assessment of north
American cholecystectomy: results from the American college of surgeons national surgical quality improvement program".
1949:
440:
2871:
Chamberlain RS, Sakpal SV (September 2009). "A comprehensive review of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) techniques for cholecystectomy".
2022:
Siiki A, Rinta-Kiikka I, Sand J, Laukkarinen J (May 2015). "Biodegradable biliary stent in the endoscopic treatment of cystic duct leak after cholecystectomy: the first case report and review of literature".
39:
2331:
Deslandres E, Gagner M, Pomp A, Rheault M, Leduc R, Clermont R, Gratton J, Bernard EJ (1993). "Intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy".
1702:
Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR (2007).
2454:
Swahn F, Nilsson M, Arnelo U, Löhr M, Persson G, Enochsson L (April 2013). "Rendezvous cannulation technique reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective nationwide study of 12,718 ERCP procedures".
2058:
Schafer M, Suter C, Klaiber C, et al. (Apr 1998). "Spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A relevant problem? A retrospective analysis of 10,174 laparoscopic cholecystectomies".
556:
Another complication singular to the laparoscopic procedure is the phenomenon of the "spilled gallstone" which complicates 0.08–0.3% of cases. Here a stone escapes the resected gallbladder into the
187:
and other gallbladder conditions. In 2011, cholecystectomy was the eighth most common operating room procedure performed in hospitals in the United States. Cholecystectomy can be performed either
1851:
Abbasoğlu O, Tekant Y, Alper A, Aydın Ü, Balık A, Bostancı B, Coker A, Doğanay M, Gündoğdu H, Hamaloğlu E, Kapan M, Karademir S, Karayalçın K, Kılıçturgay S, Şare M, Tümer AR, Yağcı G (2016).
740:
In open cholecystectomy, a surgical incision of around 8 to 12 cm is made below the edge of the right rib cage and the gallbladder is removed through this large opening, typically using
963:
The procedure does come with significant risks and complications—in one retrospective study of patients who received percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis, 44% developed
245:
Gallstones are very common but 50–80% of people with gallstones are asymptomatic and do not need surgery; their stones are noticed incidentally on imaging tests of the abdomen (such as
1532:
3428:
420:
Damage to the bile ducts is very serious because it causes leakage of bile into the abdomen. Signs and symptoms of a bile leak include abdominal pain, tenderness, fever and signs of
358:(also called carcinoma of the gallbladder) is a rare indication for cholecystectomy. In cases where cancer is suspected, the open technique for cholecystectomy is usually performed.
1068:
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a challenging procedure and surgeons must be trained with advanced laparoscopic skills to complete the operation with safety and effectiveness.
443:
and routine use deemed to decrease risk of injury and morbidity following unaddressed injury while only increasing cancer rates due to radiation exposure by a lesser fraction.
288:
passes quickly, the person experiences biliary colic. If the gallbladder is completely blocked and remains so for a prolonged period, the person develops acute cholecystitis.
814:. Symptoms are typically similar to the pain and discomfort of biliary colic with persistent pain in the upper right abdomen and commonly include gastrointestinal distress (
198:
The surgery is usually successful in relieving symptoms, but up to 10 percent of people may continue to experience similar symptoms after cholecystectomy, a condition called
435:
Injury of the bile ducts can be prevented and treated by routinely using X-ray investigation of the bile ducts (intraoperative cholangiography (IOC)). This method was
268:, occurs when a gallstone temporarily blocks the bile duct that drains the gallbladder. Typically, pain from biliary colic is felt in the right upper part of the
3453:
Coccolini F, Catena F, Pisano M, Gheza F, Fagiuoli S, Di
Saverio S, Leandro G, Montori G, Ceresoli M, Corbella D, Sartelli M, Sugrue M, Ansaloni L (June 2015).
2152:"Need brooks no delay. Peritoneo-cutaneous fistula formation secondary to gallstone dropped at laparoscopic cholecystectomy 20 years previously: a case report"
3651:
2966:"Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a classification, which encompasses the variants, technical modalities, and extent of resection of the gallbladder"
2559:
Sanabria A, Dominguez LC, Valdivieso E, Gomez G (December 2010). "Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy".
890:
There are several alternatives to cholecystectomy for people who do not want surgery, or in whom the benefits of surgery would not outweigh the risks.
841:. Most cases resolve within weeks or a few months, though in rare cases the condition can last for years. It can be controlled with medication such as
3587:
3120:
Gurusamy KS, Rossi M, Davidson BR (August 2013). "Percutaneous cholecystostomy for high-risk surgical patients with acute calculous cholecystitis".
4552:
837:, the portion of the intestine where these salts are normally reabsorbed, becomes overwhelmed, does not absorb everything, and the person develops
1315:
725:
807:
In 95% of people undergoing cholecystectomy as treatment for simple biliary colic, removing the gallbladder completely resolves their symptoms.
133:
4323:
940:
4284:
3015:"The association between cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
1540:
17:
605:
lower flank, used for draining. All incisions have healed well and the most visible remaining effect of surgery is from the pre-operative
564:
if it is not identified and removed. Some reports exist of spilled stones lying unnoticed for up to 20 years before eventually causing an
4349:
1149:
919:
3927:
3687:
982:
In a study of
Medicaid-covered and uninsured U.S. hospital stays in 2012, cholecystectomy was the most common operating room procedure.
923:
In ERCP, the endoscope enters through the mouth and passes through the stomach and start of the small intestine to reach the bile ducts.
4588:
1975:"Outcome trends and safety measures after 30 years of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review and pooled data analysis"
339:
are rarer and more serious complications from gallstone disease. Both can occur if gallstones leave the gallbladder, pass through the
4354:
3644:
3228:
732:, difficulty visualizing the abdominal cavity and other technical limitations limited further adoption of NOTES for cholecystectomy.
385:
1941:
848:
A systematic review and meta analysis of eighteen studies on the association between cholecystectomy and the risk of development of
4090:
2771:
Lirici MM, Tierno SM, Ponzano C (October 2016). "Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: does it work? A systematic review".
4247:
1787:
1266:"Right hepatectomy due to portal vein thrombosis in vasculobiliary injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report"
3510:
3270:
2658:
2543:
1637:
1597:
1508:
1360:
1185:
291:
Pain in cholecystitis is similar to that of biliary colic, but lasts longer than six hours and occurs together with signs of
1564:
Gallstone
Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis. Clinical Guideline 188
4593:
3802:
3637:
1973:
Pucher PH, Brunt LM, Davies N, Linsk A, Munshi A, Rodriguez HA, Fingerhut A, Fanelli RD, Asbun H, Aggarwal R (March 2018).
192:
3851:
900:
4289:
1805:
971:
indicate that surgical removal after cholecystostomy is best for high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis.
967:(one or more stones stuck in the common bile duct), 27% had tube dislodgment, and 23% developed postoperative abscess.
367:
4547:
4542:
1853:"Prevention and acute management of biliary injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Expert consensus statement"
1316:"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
582:
Peroperative Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticography (ERCP)/ Laparo-endoscopic rendezvous (LERV) technique
234:
are the most common reasons for removal of the gallbladder. The gallbladder can also be removed in order to treat
4080:
1050:
cholecystectomy had replaced open cholecystectomy as the first-choice of treatment for people with uncomplicated
692:
with clips and cut in order to remove the gallbladder. The gallbladder is then removed through one of the ports.
3787:
3738:
3066:"Increased Risk of Cancer after Cholecystectomy: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea including 123,295 Patients"
708:) or laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS) is a technique in which a single incision is made through the
315:
Five to ten percent of acute cholecystitis occurs in people without gallstones, and for this reason, is called
154:
4169:
3913:
3761:
451:
A review of safety data in laparoscopic cholecystectomy found the following complications to be most common:
3629:
4435:
4154:
3981:
3858:
3678:
811:
729:
436:
199:
3595:
2367:
Swahn F, Regnér S, Enochsson L, Lundell L, Permert J, Nilsson M, Thorlacius H, Arnelo U (September 2013).
1769:
4344:
4179:
3723:
1704:"Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines"
613:
4252:
4174:
4042:
3901:
3180:"High rate of common bile duct stones and postoperative abscess following percutaneous cholecystostomy"
1903:
Stewart L (April 2014). "Iatrogenic biliary injuries: identification, classification, and management".
825:. The cause is unclear, but is presumed to be due to disturbances in the biliary system that speed up
3455:"Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis. Systematic review and meta-analysis"
2369:"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with rendezvous cannulation reduces pancreatic injury"
1323:
1024:. Mühe was inspired to develop a technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy by the first laparoscopic
4440:
4230:
4144:
4052:
3971:
3743:
3733:
2296:
intraoperative ERCP for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis with possible choledocholithiasis".
1077:
826:
621:
3487:
1250:
4534:
4389:
4047:
3728:
3670:
1822:
140:
3385:"Erich Mühe and the rejection of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (1985): a surgeon ahead of his time"
1496:
4483:
4399:
4024:
3782:
1087:
790:
undergoing open cholecystectomy usually need to stay in the hospital several days after surgery.
705:
4513:
4328:
3792:
3661:
1751:
1150:"Characteristics of Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2011 – Statistical Brief #170"
964:
653:
561:
44:
A US Navy general surgeon and an operating room nurse performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy
4488:
4418:
4274:
3868:
3829:
1656:"TG13 current terminology, etiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis"
879:
781:
re-operate to remove parts of the liver and lymph nodes and test them for additional cancer.
757:
648:
332:
3534:
Mulita, Francesk; Benetatos, Nikolaos; Maroulis, Ioannis; Germanos, Stylianos (2021-01-18).
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2534:
Brunicardi FC, Andersen DK, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE, Billiar TR (2014).
1021:
4557:
4085:
1062:
1047:
644:
640:
538:
429:
1005:
on July 15, 1882. Before this, surgical therapy for symptomatic gallstones was limited to
8:
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4279:
4184:
4159:
4075:
4070:
4014:
3809:
1176:
Mulholland MW, Lillemoe KD, Doherty GM, Upchurch GR, Alam HB, Pawlik TM (December 2016).
765:
689:
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1999:
1974:
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1292:
1265:
1264:
Jadrijevic, S; Sef, D; Kocman, B; Mrzljak, A; Matasic, H; Skegro, D (7 December 2014).
542:
355:
246:
239:
235:
2696:
2345:
2201:"Iatrogenic biliary injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A continuing threat"
455:
Rates of complications other than bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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3836:
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2933:
2916:
2889:
2850:
2788:
2750:
2700:
2664:
2654:
2614:
2595:"SAGES guidelines for the clinical application of laparoscopic biliary tract surgery"
2572:
2539:
2507:
2471:
2436:
2400:
2349:
2313:
2277:
2222:
2181:
2132:
2103:"Spilled gall stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of the literature"
2075:
2040:
2004:
1920:
1882:
1733:
1677:
1633:
1603:
1593:
1567:
1514:
1504:
1470:
1413:
1366:
1356:
1297:
1239:
1191:
1181:
1131:
1082:
849:
476:
128:
116:
3505:. Agresta, Ferdinando, Campanile, Fabio Cesare, Vettoretto, Nereo. Cham : Springer.
2950:
2626:
1425:
4524:
4361:
3767:
3555:
3547:
3466:
3396:
3355:
3299:
3199:
3191:
3129:
3125:
3085:
3077:
3036:
3026:
2985:
2977:
2928:
2901:
2881:
2840:
2830:
2800:
2780:
2740:
2732:
2692:
2606:
2568:
2564:
2499:
2463:
2428:
2390:
2380:
2341:
2305:
2269:
2212:
2171:
2163:
2122:
2114:
2067:
2032:
1994:
1986:
1912:
1872:
1864:
1723:
1715:
1667:
1460:
1452:
1405:
1287:
1277:
1229:
713:
673:
344:
308:
55:
3151:
2087:
4562:
4339:
4335:
4318:
4100:
3996:
3986:
3961:
3949:
3936:
3888:
2432:
1950:
Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services
1456:
1006:
998:
956:
932:
753:
425:
146:
121:
4567:
4394:
4257:
4202:
3908:
3878:
3772:
3713:
3696:
3471:
3454:
3344:"Twenty years of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Philippe Mouret--March 17, 1987"
2217:
2200:
1752:"What to expect after your liver transplant | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE"
1234:
1217:
1119:
979:
About 600,000 people receive a cholecystectomy in the United States each year.
842:
741:
657:
537:
The same study found the prevalence of bowel injury, sepsis, pancreatitis, and
414:
206:, wound infection, bleeding, vasculobiliary injury, retained gallstones, liver
203:
2885:
2784:
2736:
2668:
2610:
2503:
2273:
1990:
1916:
1719:
1672:
1655:
1518:
1409:
1353:
Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgical practice
4582:
4478:
4207:
4137:
3873:
3708:
3659:
3520:
3195:
2981:
2819:"New minimally invasive approaches for cholecystectomy: Review of literature"
2385:
1607:
1370:
1195:
1055:
1039:
Philippe Mouret performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy on March 17, 1987, in
868:
745:
685:
280:
261:
3551:
2835:
2118:
1282:
1017:
927:
4455:
4269:
4164:
4149:
4004:
3569:
3480:
3410:
3369:
3313:
3240:
3213:
3137:
3099:
3050:
2999:
2942:
2893:
2854:
2792:
2754:
2721:"Surgical treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines"
2704:
2618:
2576:
2511:
2475:
2440:
2404:
2317:
2281:
2226:
2185:
2136:
2044:
2008:
1924:
1886:
1737:
1681:
1571:
1474:
1417:
1301:
1243:
1135:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1020:
performed the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy on September 12, 1985, in
810:
Up to 10% of people who undergo cholecystectomy develop a condition called
606:
600:
393:
336:
304:
284:
2353:
2309:
2167:
2079:
2071:
2036:
1868:
1001:
performed the first successful cholecystectomy at the Lazarus hospital in
4445:
4301:
4264:
4132:
4127:
4112:
3976:
3863:
3846:
3824:
3814:
3718:
3031:
2467:
681:
677:
668:
340:
188:
180:
3501:
Agresta, Ferdinando; Campanile, Fabio Cesare; Vettoretto, Nereo (2014).
3341:
899:
colic, as the pain from colic can be managed with pain medications like
424:
several days following surgery, or through laboratory studies as rising
4508:
4450:
4427:
4194:
4062:
3841:
3819:
1118:
Abraham S, Rivero HG, Erlikh IV, Griffith LF, Kondamudi VK (May 2014).
994:
Carl Langenbuch performed the first successful cholecystectomy in 1882.
231:
3081:
2025:
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A
1561:
166:
4305:
4108:
4019:
4009:
3966:
3896:
3700:
3227:
Lopez-Gonzalez L, Pickens GT, Washington R, Weiss AJ (October 2014).
1051:
1032:
944:
830:
815:
769:
761:
372:
292:
265:
184:
3226:
2417:
2100:
4376:
4117:
3064:
Choi YJ, Jin EH, Lim JH, Shin CM, Kim N, Han K, Lee DH (May 2022).
1394:
838:
822:
627:
222:
211:
3235:(183). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
3229:"Characteristics of Medicaid and Uninsured Hospitalizations, 2012"
990:
3753:
2241:
1175:
749:
565:
557:
269:
250:
207:
2593:
Overby DW, Apelgren KN, Richardson W, Fanelli R (October 2010).
2558:
2258:
2021:
375:
transplantations as the left lobe of the liver is used instead.
4470:
4034:
3533:
3342:
Polychronidis A, Laftsidis P, Bounovas A, Simopoulos C (2008).
2592:
2242:"Årsrapport för Svenskt Kvalitetsregister för gallstenskirurgi"
2101:
Satesh-Kumar T, Saklani A, Vinayagam R, Blackett R (Feb 2004).
1002:
904:
526:
421:
300:
2653:. Yeo, Charles J. (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
307:. People with cholecystitis will also usually have a positive
4239:
2816:
2717:
2488:
834:
709:
550:
296:
3265:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 6.
3263:
Blumgart's surgery of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas
2817:
Gaillard M, Tranchart H, Lainas P, Dagher I (October 2015).
2533:
1566:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
1351:
Townsend CM, Evers BM, Mattox KL, Beauchamp RD (June 2016).
1350:
3429:"The first Lap Chole in Europe: A 'Criminal' Is Vindicated"
2366:
2330:
1117:
716:
with SILS versus traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
103:
97:
88:
70:
3500:
3452:
1701:
1263:
1178:
Greenfield's surgery: scientific principles & practice
64:
2294:
1850:
1652:
617:
Steps of a cholecystectomy, as seen through a laparoscope
327:
76:
3260:
2239:
2199:
Malik AM, Laghari AA, Talpur AH, Khan A (October 2008).
3178:
Furtado R, Le Page P, Dunn G, Falk GL (February 2016).
1562:
Internal Clinical Guidelines Team (UK) (October 2014).
396:. Alternatives to surgery are briefly mentioned below.
183:. Cholecystectomy is a common treatment of symptomatic
3177:
2970:
The Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
2453:
2198:
1972:
1355:(20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
3503:
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: an Evidence-based Guide
3119:
571:
91:
79:
73:
61:
58:
2240:
Persson G, Enochsson L, Sandblom G (8 August 2017).
1583:
1581:
1215:
1061:
By 2014 laparoscopic cholecystectomy had become the
94:
85:
67:
3588:"Operation Brochures for Patients: Cholecystectomy"
2770:
2681:
2057:
1942:"Intraoperative cholangiography in cholecystectomy"
1120:"Surgical and nonsurgical management of gallstones"
100:
82:
3184:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
1632:(24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
821:Some people following cholecystectomy may develop
2870:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:"Treatment of Gallstones and Gallbladder Disease"
1578:
853:specific types of cancer, after cholecystectomy.
724:Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (
4580:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
1770:"Living Donor Liver Transplant | Baltimore"
3173:
3171:
1898:
1896:
1481:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
719:
663:
3063:
2866:
2864:
2633:
2149:
1968:
1966:
1839:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1180:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
941:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
4285:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
3686:
3645:
3320:
3261:Jarnagin WR, Belghiti J, Blumgart LH (2012).
3106:
3013:Mu L, Li W, Ren W, Hu D, Song Y (June 2023).
2766:
2764:
2651:Shackelford's surgery of the alimentary tract
1660:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences
1171:
1169:
1065:for the treatment of symptomatic gallstones.
413:A serious complication of cholecystectomy is
3168:
2725:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
1893:
1708:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1377:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
784:
660:may be used to empty the patient's bladder.
634:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3122:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2861:
2812:
2810:
2685:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
2561:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
1963:
1827:Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
1614:
1438:
1337:
793:
202:. Complications of cholecystectomy include
3935:
3652:
3638:
2963:
2761:
1808:. Johns Hopkins Medical. 19 November 2019.
1501:CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery
1166:
893:
885:
38:
4426:
3559:
3470:
3400:
3359:
3303:
3203:
3089:
3040:
3030:
3012:
2989:
2932:
2844:
2834:
2823:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
2744:
2588:
2586:
2394:
2384:
2216:
2175:
2126:
1998:
1876:
1727:
1688:
1671:
1464:
1291:
1281:
1233:
1216:Jaunoo SS, Mohandas S, Almond LM (2010).
1202:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1012:
386:ASA physical status classification system
4091:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
3382:
3376:
3288:"The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy"
3285:
3247:
3152:"ERCP: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2921:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2807:
2675:
2538:(10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
2518:
1788:"Liver Donors FAQ: The Donation Surgery"
1555:
1503:(14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
989:
926:
918:
874:
626:to skin irritation caused by removal of
620:
612:
599:
361:
221:
4248:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
1902:
1817:
1815:
1627:
1587:
1525:
1494:
735:
494:Retained stone in the common bile duct
14:
4581:
3422:
3420:
2914:
2583:
1100:
871:in pregnant women after appendectomy.
802:
704:Single incision laparoscopic surgery (
446:
328:Cholangitis and gallstone pancreatitis
275:
3633:
3426:
1936:
1934:
1905:The Surgical Clinics of North America
350:
3803:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
1812:
1218:"Postcholecystectomy syndrome (PCS)"
378:
3852:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
3660:Tests and procedures involving the
3417:
2874:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
2648:
974:
688:are identified and dissected, then
405:like cardiac or pulmonary disease.
27:Surgical removal of the gallbladder
24:
4290:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
3580:
1931:
951:
699:
572:Conversion to open cholecystectomy
394:whose blood does not clot properly
368:living donor liver transplantation
25:
4605:
4589:Accessory digestive gland surgery
2697:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.04.003
2150:Nugent L, Chandran P (Feb 2018).
1441:"Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis"
1439:Pak, M; Lindseth, G (July 2016).
856:
408:
230:Pain and complications caused by
3486:
3459:International Journal of Surgery
2934:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03597.x
2536:Schwartz's principles of surgery
2205:International Journal of Surgery
2156:Journal of Surgical Case Reports
1398:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery
1249:
1222:International Journal of Surgery
256:
54:
4081:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
3527:
3494:
3446:
3279:
3220:
3144:
3057:
3006:
2957:
2917:"Incidental gallbladder cancer"
2908:
2711:
2552:
2482:
2447:
2411:
2360:
2324:
2288:
2252:
2233:
2192:
2143:
2094:
2051:
2015:
1798:
1780:
1762:
1744:
1646:
1539:. November 2013. Archived from
1270:Journal of Medical Case Reports
305:elevated white blood cell count
179:is the surgical removal of the
3788:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
3739:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
3130:10.1002/14651858.CD007088.pub2
2569:10.1002/14651858.CD005265.pub2
1592:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
1432:
1308:
1257:
1142:
217:
214:(narrowing) of the bile duct.
13:
1:
4170:Lower gastrointestinal series
3914:Upper gastrointestinal series
2346:10.1016/s0016-5107(93)70011-5
1590:Essential surgical procedures
1093:
748:, emphysematous gallbladder,
4436:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
4155:Double-contrast barium enema
3982:Partial ileal bypass surgery
3859:Esophagogastric dissociation
3592:American College of Surgeons
2964:Lunevicius, R (April 2020).
2433:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182456ec0
1457:10.1097/SGA.0000000000000235
861:
812:postcholecystectomy syndrome
720:Natural orifice transluminal
664:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
595:
200:postcholecystectomy syndrome
18:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
7:
4594:Surgical removal procedures
4253:Bioartificial liver devices
4180:Transrectal ultrasonography
1588:Velasco JM (October 2015).
1071:
10:
4610:
4175:Small-bowel follow-through
4043:Abdominoperineal resection
3902:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
3472:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.04.083
2218:10.1016/j.ijsu.2008.07.005
1235:10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.10.008
985:
4535:Clinical prediction rules
4533:
4501:
4469:
4441:Intraperitoneal injection
4417:
4375:
4300:
4238:
4229:
4193:
4145:Abdominal ultrasonography
4099:
4061:
4053:Total mesorectal excision
4033:
3995:
3972:Intestine transplantation
3926:
3887:
3762:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
3752:
3744:High resolution manometry
3734:Esophageal motility study
3695:
3677:
3668:
2886:10.1007/s11605-009-0902-y
2785:10.1007/s00464-016-4757-5
2737:10.1007/s00534-006-1161-x
2611:10.1007/s00464-010-1268-7
2504:10.1007/s00268-013-1962-4
2274:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.249
1991:10.1007/s00464-017-5974-2
1917:10.1016/j.suc.2014.01.008
1720:10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y
1673:10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0
1410:10.1007/s00423-015-1300-4
1124:American Family Physician
1078:List of surgeries by type
785:Post-operative management
775:
635:Pre-operative preparation
545:to be around 0.15% each.
163:
153:
139:
127:
115:
49:
37:
32:
4390:Pancreas transplantation
4048:Lower anterior resection
3729:Esophageal pH monitoring
3671:Digestive system surgery
3536:"Enlarged cystic artery"
3427:Stern V (10 June 2013).
3196:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0004
2982:10.1308/rcsann.2020.0007
2915:Kapoor VK (March 2001).
2649:Yeo, Charles J. (2018).
2386:10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.6026
1792:ucsfbenioffchildrens.org
1630:Goldman's Cecil Medicine
1445:Gastroenterology Nursing
794:Subtotal Cholecystectomy
518:Intra-abdominal abscess
399:
4484:Inguinal hernia surgery
4400:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
3783:Adjustable gastric band
3724:Impedance–pH monitoring
3552:10.1136/bcr-2020-240056
2836:10.4240/wjgs.v7.i10.243
2119:10.1136/pmj.2003.006023
1499:. In Doherty GM (ed.).
1283:10.1186/1752-1947-8-412
1088:Waltman Walter syndrome
914:
894:Conservative management
886:Alternatives to surgery
343:, and get stuck in the
4514:Exploratory laparotomy
4329:Hepatoportoenterostomy
3793:Gastric bypass surgery
3662:human digestive system
3233:HCUP Statistical Brief
1857:Ulusal Cerrahi Dergisi
1013:Laparoscopic technique
995:
936:
924:
649:Prophylactic treatment
647:are usually obtained.
631:
618:
610:
560:where it can become a
337:gallstone pancreatitis
227:
4489:Femoral hernia repair
4275:Liver transplantation
3869:Nissen fundoplication
3611:"Gallbladder removal"
2373:World J Gastroenterol
2310:10.1055/s-2006-944617
2072:10.1007/s004649900659
2037:10.1089/lap.2015.0068
1869:10.5152/UCD.2016.3683
993:
930:
922:
880:Porcelain gallbladder
875:Porcelain gallbladder
730:gastrointestinal leak
624:
616:
603:
362:Liver transplantation
225:
4086:Rubber band ligation
4025:Hartmann's operation
3433:General Surgery News
3383:Litynski GS (1998).
3032:10.21037/tcr-22-2049
2468:10.1038/ajg.2012.470
1154:www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov
736:Open cholecystectomy
645:liver function tests
641:complete blood count
539:deep vein thrombosis
430:alkaline phosphatase
264:, or pain caused by
195:surgical technique.
4461:Peritoneal dialysis
4280:Portal hypertension
4185:Virtual colonoscopy
4160:Endoanal ultrasound
4076:Anorectal manometry
4071:Anal sphincterotomy
4015:Colonic polypectomy
3810:Collis gastroplasty
3286:Reynolds W (2001).
2419:randomized trial".
2334:Gastrointest Endosc
2168:10.1093/jscr/rjy013
1756:www.nebraskamed.com
1495:Doherty GM (2015).
1056:acute cholecystitis
965:choledocholithiasis
903:(ex: ketorolac) or
803:Long-term prognosis
766:portal hypertension
752:of gallbladder and
562:focus for infection
456:
447:Other complications
390:portal hypertension
276:Acute cholecystitis
226:Gallbladder anatomy
3955:Jejunoileal bypass
3798:Sleeve gastrectomy
2773:Surgical Endoscopy
2599:Surgical Endoscopy
2456:Am J Gastroenterol
1979:Surgical Endoscopy
1628:Goldman L (2011).
1022:Böblingen, Germany
996:
937:
925:
639:Before surgery, a
632:
619:
611:
543:pulmonary embolism
454:
356:Gallbladder cancer
351:Gallbladder cancer
240:gallbladder cancer
236:biliary dyskinesia
228:
4576:
4575:
4521:Rapid urease test
4497:
4496:
4413:
4412:
4405:Puestow procedure
4367:Cholescintigraphy
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4213:Stool guaiac test
4123:Capsule endoscopy
3945:Bariatric surgery
3922:
3921:
3837:Gastroenterostomy
3778:Bariatric surgery
3617:. 23 October 2017
3512:978-3-319-05407-0
3272:978-1-4557-4606-4
3082:10.5009/gnl210009
3019:Transl Cancer Res
2660:978-0-323-40232-3
2545:978-0-07-179674-3
1952:(SBU). 2018-08-17
1806:"Cholecystectomy"
1639:978-1-4377-2788-3
1599:978-0-323-37567-2
1510:978-0-07-179211-0
1362:978-0-323-29987-9
1320:consensus.nih.gov
1187:978-1-4698-9001-2
1083:List of -ectomies
850:colorectal cancer
535:
534:
477:Urinary retention
379:Contraindications
174:
173:
16:(Redirected from
4601:
4558:Child–Pugh score
4525:Urea breath test
4424:
4423:
4385:Frey's procedure
4362:Cholecystography
4236:
4235:
3933:
3932:
3768:Nasogastric tube
3693:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:. Archived from
3574:
3573:
3563:
3540:BMJ Case Reports
3531:
3525:
3524:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3474:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3339:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3034:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2936:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2646:
2631:
2630:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2563:(12): CD005265.
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1115:
975:Frequency of use
939:ERCP, short for
770:blood dyscrasias
714:bile duct injury
674:abdominal cavity
468:Wound infection
457:
453:
345:common bile duct
204:bile duct injury
189:laparoscopically
167:edit on Wikidata
149:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
42:
30:
29:
21:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4563:Ranson criteria
4529:
4493:
4465:
4409:
4371:
4340:Cholangiography
4336:Medical imaging
4319:Cholecystostomy
4314:Cholecystectomy
4296:
4217:
4189:
4101:Medical imaging
4095:
4057:
4029:
3991:
3987:Strictureplasty
3962:Bowel resection
3950:Duodenal switch
3918:
3889:Medical imaging
3883:
3748:
3679:Digestive tract
3673:
3664:
3658:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3586:
3583:
3581:Further reading
3578:
3577:
3532:
3528:
3513:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3425:
3418:
3381:
3377:
3340:
3321:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3259:
3248:
3225:
3221:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3156:medlineplus.gov
3150:
3149:
3145:
3124:(8): CD007088.
3118:
3107:
3062:
3058:
3011:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2913:
2909:
2869:
2862:
2815:
2808:
2779:(10): 4389–99.
2769:
2762:
2716:
2712:
2680:
2676:
2661:
2647:
2634:
2605:(10): 2368–86.
2591:
2584:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2519:
2498:(5): 999–1005.
2487:
2483:
2452:
2448:
2416:
2412:
2379:(36): 6026–34.
2365:
2361:
2329:
2325:
2293:
2289:
2268:(10): 1008–13.
2257:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2197:
2193:
2148:
2144:
2099:
2095:
2056:
2052:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1901:
1894:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1700:
1689:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1626:
1615:
1600:
1586:
1579:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1543:on 28 July 2016
1531:
1530:
1526:
1511:
1497:"Biliary Tract"
1493:
1482:
1437:
1433:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1214:
1203:
1188:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1130:(10): 795–802.
1116:
1101:
1096:
1074:
1028:, performed by
1015:
1007:cholecystostomy
999:Carl Langenbuch
988:
977:
957:Cholecystostomy
954:
952:Cholecystostomy
917:
896:
888:
877:
864:
859:
805:
796:
787:
778:
754:gallstone ileus
738:
722:
702:
700:Single incision
666:
637:
598:
583:
574:
449:
439:by the Swedish
426:total bilirubin
411:
402:
381:
364:
353:
330:
278:
259:
220:
177:Cholecystectomy
170:
145:
122:General surgery
57:
53:
45:
33:Cholecystectomy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4568:Milan criteria
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4419:Abdominopelvic
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Pancreatectomy
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:Liver dialysis
4255:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Fecal fat test
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3928:Lower GI tract
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Barium swallow
3906:
3905:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3879:Schilling test
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3773:Gastric lavage
3770:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Heller myotomy
3711:
3705:
3703:
3690:
3688:Upper GI tract
3681:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3607:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3546:(1): e240056.
3526:
3511:
3493:
3445:
3416:
3375:
3319:
3278:
3271:
3246:
3219:
3167:
3143:
3105:
3076:(3): 465–473.
3056:
3025:(6): 1452–65.
3005:
2956:
2907:
2880:(9): 1733–40.
2860:
2806:
2760:
2710:
2674:
2659:
2632:
2582:
2551:
2544:
2517:
2481:
2446:
2410:
2359:
2323:
2287:
2251:
2232:
2191:
2142:
2107:Postgrad Med J
2093:
2050:
2014:
1985:(5): 2175–83.
1962:
1930:
1911:(2): 297–310.
1892:
1838:
1811:
1797:
1779:
1761:
1743:
1687:
1645:
1638:
1613:
1598:
1577:
1554:
1524:
1509:
1480:
1451:(4): 297–309.
1431:
1376:
1361:
1336:
1307:
1256:
1201:
1186:
1165:
1141:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1014:
1011:
987:
984:
976:
973:
953:
950:
916:
913:
895:
892:
887:
884:
876:
873:
863:
860:
858:
857:Considerations
855:
843:cholestyramine
835:terminal ileum
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
774:
742:electrocautery
737:
734:
721:
718:
701:
698:
665:
662:
658:Foley catheter
636:
633:
597:
594:
581:
573:
570:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
461:
448:
445:
415:biliary injury
410:
409:Biliary injury
407:
401:
398:
380:
377:
363:
360:
352:
349:
329:
326:
277:
274:
258:
255:
219:
216:
210:formation and
172:
171:
164:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Hernia repair
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Fecal pH test
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:Sigmoidoscopy
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Pyloromyotomy
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Esophagectomy
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3598:on 2019-08-01
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3354:(1): 109–11.
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2829:(10): 243–8.
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:(2): 176–86.
2690:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:(8): 779–86.
2303:
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1404:(4): 429–53.
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883:
881:
872:
870:
869:acute abdomen
854:
851:
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844:
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829:recycling of
828:
827:enterohepatic
824:
819:
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782:
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771:
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746:cholecystitis
743:
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262:Biliary colic
257:Biliary colic
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52:
50:Pronunciation
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4456:Paracentesis
4313:
4270:Liver biopsy
4165:Enteroclysis
4150:Defecography
4005:Appendectomy
3619:. Retrieved
3614:
3600:. Retrieved
3596:the original
3591:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3502:
3496:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:
3395:(4): 341–6.
3392:
3388:
3378:
3351:
3347:
3298:(1): 89–94.
3295:
3291:
3281:
3262:
3232:
3222:
3190:(2): 102–6.
3187:
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3159:. Retrieved
3155:
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3073:
3069:
3059:
3022:
3018:
3008:
2976:(4): 315–7.
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2713:
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2602:
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2554:
2535:
2495:
2492:World J Surg
2491:
2484:
2462:(4): 552–9.
2459:
2455:
2449:
2427:(3): 435–9.
2424:
2420:
2413:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2290:
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2235:
2211:(5): 392–5.
2208:
2204:
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2159:
2155:
2145:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2066:(4): 291–3.
2063:
2059:
2053:
2028:
2024:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:
1908:
1904:
1863:(4): 300–5.
1860:
1856:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1774:www.umms.org
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1714:(1): 15–26.
1711:
1707:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1629:
1589:
1574:. NBK258747.
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1536:
1533:"Gallstones"
1527:
1500:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1401:
1397:
1352:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1319:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1225:
1221:
1177:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1067:
1060:
1048:laparoscopic
1045:
1041:Lyon, France
1038:
1030:gynecologist
1026:appendectomy
1016:
997:
981:
978:
969:
962:
955:
938:
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897:
889:
878:
865:
847:
820:
809:
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788:
779:
739:
723:
703:
694:
669:Laparoscopic
667:
638:
607:hair removal
590:
586:
580:
579:
575:
555:
547:
536:
502:Respiratory
450:
434:
419:
412:
403:
382:
365:
354:
331:
322:
316:
314:
290:
285:inflammation
279:
260:
244:
229:
197:
191:, or via an
176:
175:
4446:Laparoscopy
4302:Gallbladder
4265:Hepatectomy
4195:Stool tests
4133:Proctoscopy
4128:Enteroscopy
4113:Colonoscopy
3997:Large bowel
3977:Jejunostomy
3937:Small bowel
3864:Hill repair
3847:Gastrostomy
3825:Billroth II
3815:Gastrectomy
3719:Sialography
3465:: 196–204.
2731:(1): 91–7.
2340:(1): 54–8.
2060:Surg Endosc
1666:(1): 8–23.
1228:(1): 15–7.
758:cholangitis
682:cystic duct
678:laparoscope
463:Prevalence
341:cystic duct
333:Cholangitis
309:Murphy sign
218:Medical use
181:gallbladder
4583:Categories
4509:Laparotomy
4451:Omentopexy
4428:Peritoneum
4063:Anal canal
3842:Gastropexy
3820:Billroth I
3602:2018-03-20
3161:2018-03-19
2669:1003489504
1956:2019-09-02
1946:www.sbu.se
1832:2018-03-27
1519:1328625901
1330:2018-03-20
1159:2018-01-24
1094:References
1052:gallstones
1018:Erich Mühe
945:endoscopic
931:This is a
831:bile salts
630:dressings.
317:acalculous
266:gallstones
247:ultrasound
232:gallstones
185:gallstones
4306:bile duct
4231:Accessory
4109:Endoscopy
4020:Colostomy
4010:Colectomy
3967:Ileostomy
3897:Endoscopy
3830:Roux-en-Y
3701:Esophagus
3621:4 January
3521:880422516
3438:4 October
3070:Gut Liver
2298:Endoscopy
2262:JAMA Surg
1608:949278311
1371:951748294
1196:933274207
1046:By 2013,
1033:Kurt Semm
862:Pregnancy
816:dyspepsia
762:cirrhosis
596:Procedure
568:to form.
486:Bleeding
373:pediatric
293:infection
117:Specialty
4377:Pancreas
4118:Anoscopy
3570:33462065
3481:25958296
3411:10036125
3370:18402752
3314:11304004
3241:25535644
3214:26741665
3138:23939652
3100:35502586
3051:37434692
3042:10331452
3000:32003580
2951:28999270
2943:11280526
2894:19412642
2855:26523212
2793:26895901
2755:17252302
2705:20670855
2627:10656813
2619:20706739
2577:21154360
2512:23430003
2476:23419386
2441:22261836
2421:Ann Surg
2405:24106403
2318:17001567
2282:25133326
2246:GallRiks
2227:18823829
2186:29479416
2137:14970293
2045:25853929
2009:29556977
1925:24679422
1887:28149133
1738:17252293
1682:23307004
1572:25473723
1475:27467059
1426:19853338
1418:25850631
1302:25481385
1244:19857610
1136:24866215
1072:See also
943:, is an
839:diarrhea
823:diarrhea
628:Tegaderm
510:Cardiac
437:assessed
303:, or an
295:such as
212:stenosis
129:ICD-9-CM
3754:Stomach
3561:7816909
3402:3015244
3361:3016026
3305:3015420
3205:5210469
3091:9099388
2991:7099162
2902:8037138
2846:4621474
2801:5966494
2746:2784499
2396:3785624
2354:8454146
2177:5811847
2128:1742934
2080:9543518
2000:5897463
1878:5245728
1729:2784509
1547:27 July
1466:8802735
1293:4295332
1276:: 412.
986:History
905:opioids
690:ligated
566:abscess
558:abdomen
270:abdomen
208:abscess
147:D002763
4471:Hernia
4035:Rectum
3568:
3558:
3519:
3509:
3479:
3409:
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3368:
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1424:
1416:
1369:
1359:
1300:
1290:
1242:
1194:
1184:
1134:
1003:Berlin
901:NSAIDs
833:. The
776:Biopsy
768:, and
676:. The
531:0.21%
527:Hernia
521:0.34%
513:0.36%
505:0.48%
497:0.50%
489:0.79%
481:0.90%
471:1.25%
422:sepsis
301:chills
111:
4553:UKELD
4502:Other
4240:Liver
2947:S2CID
2898:S2CID
2797:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2084:S2CID
1537:NIDDK
1422:S2CID
726:NOTES
710:navel
551:stent
400:Risks
297:fever
283:, or
165:[
159:47562
134:575.0
4548:PELD
4543:MELD
4350:MRCP
4324:ERCP
3623:2020
3566:PMID
3517:OCLC
3507:ISBN
3477:PMID
3440:2017
3407:PMID
3389:JSLS
3366:PMID
3348:JSLS
3310:PMID
3292:JSLS
3267:ISBN
3237:PMID
3210:PMID
3134:PMID
3096:PMID
3047:PMID
2996:PMID
2939:PMID
2890:PMID
2851:PMID
2789:PMID
2751:PMID
2701:PMID
2665:OCLC
2655:ISBN
2615:PMID
2573:PMID
2540:ISBN
2508:PMID
2472:PMID
2437:PMID
2401:PMID
2350:PMID
2314:PMID
2278:PMID
2223:PMID
2182:PMID
2160:2018
2133:PMID
2076:PMID
2041:PMID
2005:PMID
1921:PMID
1883:PMID
1734:PMID
1678:PMID
1634:ISBN
1604:OCLC
1594:ISBN
1568:PMID
1549:2016
1515:OCLC
1505:ISBN
1471:PMID
1414:PMID
1367:OCLC
1357:ISBN
1298:PMID
1240:PMID
1192:OCLC
1182:ISBN
1132:PMID
1054:and
915:ERCP
706:SILS
684:and
656:. A
643:and
428:and
392:and
335:and
193:open
141:MeSH
4355:PTC
3697:SGs
3615:NHS
3556:PMC
3548:doi
3467:doi
3397:PMC
3356:PMC
3300:PMC
3200:PMC
3192:doi
3126:doi
3086:PMC
3078:doi
3037:PMC
3027:doi
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2978:doi
2974:102
2929:doi
2882:doi
2841:PMC
2831:doi
2781:doi
2741:PMC
2733:doi
2693:doi
2689:211
2607:doi
2565:doi
2500:doi
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2460:108
2429:doi
2425:255
2391:PMC
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2213:doi
2172:PMC
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2115:doi
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2033:doi
1995:PMC
1987:doi
1913:doi
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1865:doi
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1668:doi
1461:PMC
1453:doi
1406:doi
1402:400
1288:PMC
1278:doi
1230:doi
818:).
764:or
441:SBU
366:In
249:or
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