549:
1648:
64:
598:), the predominant species, represents 80% of the trees that make up the forest. The remaining 20% is made up of oaks, elms, lime trees, chestnut trees, alders, laurels, strawberry trees, plum trees, apple trees, cherry trees, etc. Maritime pines were 85% of trees on over 8,030 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) at the start of the 21st century. The composition of the massif is changing, with an increasing proportion of deciduous trees, natural or introduced, which has risen from 8% to 15% in the ten years from 2000 to 2010.
732:
1368:
33:
955:
298:
1360:
51:
1192:
1060:
886:
1260:
71:
1147:
1051:). Due to lack of financial means, most municipalities were forced to sell their moors to individuals, thus privatizing the municipalities. Until then, the region had 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) of natural forests, which would be extended throughout the Landes de Gascogne. The face of the region was profoundly transformed and the pine became the "golden tree" for its resin.
692:
1239:
each of the three departments of the Landes de
Gascogne (Gironde, Landes and Lot-et-Garonne) a corps of professional forest firefighters. As early as 1948, large credits from the National Forest Fund recently created in 1946 were granted to reforest disaster areas and to equip the massif with preventive means and active control.
719:
710:
701:
1175:. With the disappearance of pastoralism and the massive plantations of maritime pines, the tapping process spread throughout the forest and became a flagship industrial activity of the region until the 1950s. After distillation of the harvested resin, two compounds are obtained that are useful for industry:
281:
The coastline took on more importance with the development of seaside and resort tourism from the mid-nineteenth century (notably with the arrival of the train from 1841 to La Teste-de-Buch, then to
Bayonne and Lacanau). Tourism remains an important source of seasonal jobs. The population is rising
1605:
was created in 1976 and comprises 51 municipalities in
Gironde and in the Landes department. Its missions are preservation of heritage, balanced development of economic activities, and promoting public awareness of their environment by arousing the curiosity of guests and residents. It thus supports
1230:
The Landes forest is in the process of declining ... The existence of these desert expanses of tens of thousands of hectares practically abandoned by their owners following fires or unregenerated logging resulting from faulty sanitation, is unworthy of a large country like France. ... The State must
945:
dating back to the first half of the Early
Neolithic (5,500–6,000 years BC), without archaeological remains to confirm this. The occupation is perennial from the late Neolithic (3500 BC), intensifies during Protohistory (from 3500 BC) and reaches a peak during the Middle Ages. The traditional image
277:
The region has undergone a profound transformation as a result of these works which in less than a century have completely changed an economy and a culture that was thousands of years old. The agro-pastoral system has given way to industrial sap tapping (previously practiced only in natural coastal
1456:
Enhancement of the local heritage in this western part of the
Gironde has focused for many years on seaside activities and the wine-growing activity of the eastern fringe of the MĂ©doc. However, we are witnessing a gradual reversal of this tendency to forget, and more and more tourist books and maps
240:
in 1775 destroyed the cows and only sheep remained. The popular image of the Landes was that of a Gascon shepherd standing on stilts to watch over his flock. In the early 19th century the dunes were stabilized, and in the second half of the 19th century an intensive plantation program replaced much
1341:
Soon the dividing line between
Landais and non-Landais no longer passed as it had always done between the plain and the hills, the black sand and the fertile soil, it simply followed the dotted lines of the departmental maps. While the peasants of the south of Adour were transformed into Landais,
765:
is another name that recalls that it is about a vast maritime shore, sometimes inundated and marshy, which the ancient cultivators of the Landes sands literally translated as "land worked by the intrusions of the sea or by invasion of waters blocked by dunes and which cannot thus freely access the
1238:
There followed the regional decree of the
Commissioner of the Republic in Bordeaux of 26 March 1946, which required the creation of organizations, voluntary or official, for defense of forests against fire in all the municipalities of the forest massif. Next the decree of 25 March 1947 created in
980:
Until the middle of the 19th century, the inhabitants of the Landes had to contend with the extreme poverty of the soils of their communes. The moor consisted of vast expanses of bare, swampy, flat and unhealthy land. The
Landais lived by the agro-pastoral system. Grouped together in "airials"
261:
It is this flatness, with the coastal dune barrier preventing the easy flow of fresh water towards the sea, which gave the region its character of wetland, at least before the major drainage works, the fixing of dunes and pine plantation from the end of the 18th century and throughout the 19th
1044:
Pine was, and remains, the only species that could grow in the poor soils of the moors. This work resulted in the law of 19 June 1857, which required all the municipalities of the Landes de
Gascogne to drain their wet moors to enhance them, in particular by afforestation with maritime pine
1251:, Landes. It concluded an agreement between public services and forest owners for organization of a fire defense. A Central Commission replaced the regional one by ministerial decree of 17 December 1949. A network of firebreaks, tracks and drainage ditches was built.< in a few years
1183:(20%). The outlets were mainly in the chemical industry. Tapping disappeared at the end of the 1980s, and nowadays the Landes Forest feeds the paper industry. Tourism has also been one of the region's main sources of income since the beginning of the 20th century.
278:
forests), and gradually to the timber industry. Industrial and commercial agriculture trials were unsuccessful until the arrival of corn in the 1960s. It is a region that is becoming urbanized and peri-urbanized (+ 2.3% per year in urban sprawl from 2006 to 2009).
766:
maritime shores, lands also shaped by the sand-carrying winds, sometimes destroying all life in the wind and which blow in grapeshot, sometimes tens of leagues from the sea, not refraining from bursting into the good countries with a bang". It is this last term
1452:
in
Gironde. The consequences of this separation are the origin of much confusion over the presence of the Landes forest in Gironde. Landes traditions tend to disappear and people tend to associate, wrongly, the Landes de Gascogne with the Landes department.
1231:
immediately compensate for the powerlessness of the Landes owners by considerable and very urgent works of construction of roads, digging of canals, defense against fires, electrification of the villages and supply of drinking water of the rural populations.
758:, that is to say the ends of the land (flat) or the plain, here the great Aquitaine plain. It is a common allusion to maritime borders as well as to their characteristic vegetation, this last vegetal meaning being later and specific to peasant traditions.
999:
of 1775 destroyed the cows and sheep prevailed. Likewise, it was only after the disappearance of a large part of the forest, decimated in the 17th century by frost, fires and deforestation, that short heath emerged at the end of the 18th century.
1154:
Tapping trees is a thousand-year-old activity in the Landes de Gascogne. The first tappers exploited the embryos of what would become the largest forest in Europe to make a sort of tar used for caulking boats. They were found near the coast, in
1321:, they did not listen to the wishes of a certain Simon (Elder), a surveyor, who wanted to form a homogeneous department that respected several centuries of history, which would have been baptized Leyre. The prefecture would have been based in
946:
of the Grande-Lande is of a marginal or inhospitable space, caricatured under the term "Landes desert". However, this space should be reconsidered as previously densely populated and exploited from the end of the Neolithic period.
262:
century. The landscape of wet moors, surveyed by Landes shepherds on stilts, gave way in the mid-nineteenth century to the first forest in France: the Landes de Gascogne forest which extends over the “triangle of the Landes” (
1402:", or sub-regions. These are united by historical and geographical links, and also geological because they all belong to the sandy plain of the Landes, biological through the Landes Forest, linguistic (the vernacular is the
1037:. Indeed, the situation had become difficult in the moors, where all agricultural experiments (rice, mulberry trees, peanuts, tobacco, etc.) had so far failed. Sandy and soggy soils did not allow crops to grow, and
1333:, when he demanded that the "odious appellation" be changed from the "Landes department" to the fairer "Adour department". Yet it was a strange marriage that the French Revolution celebrated: the marriage of the
1447:
This new division brought together heterogeneous groups that before had no common link, such as the south of the Landes forest and Chalosse in the Landes department, and the north of the Landes forest and the
227:
beside the Atlantic Ocean. The interior is cut off from the sea by a barrier of dunes. It is dominated by pine forests that cover 66% of the territory, with islets of agriculture over 18% of the territory.
1270:
A distinction should be made between the Landes department and the Landes de Gascogne region. The first corresponds to an administrative entity and the second to a natural and cultural region. For example,
231:
Before humans began to modify the landscape the Landes de Gascogne was covered by a mixed forest of deciduous and coniferous trees. This was largely cleared by around 600 AD and replaced by moorland
1246:
claimed 82 lives, a backup plan called the "Plan de Labouheyre" was drawn up. A Regional Commission of Landes de Gascogne was immediately constituted which met for the first time on 16 November 1949 in
1070:
Until the shifting dunes of the Aquitaine coast were fixed, the wind regularly carried large amounts of sand inland. Many villages had to be moved or rebuilt. The pioneers of the fixation include the
674:(2009), during which 26% of the Landes forest by area suffered more than 40% damage to the maritime pines. Especially since the 1976 drought, the massif has also been a regular victim of attacks by
274:). On the occasion of certain folk festivals, the shepherds once again become the waders of the Landes of yesteryear, who guarded their flocks, dressed in sheepskins, perched high on their stilts.
282:
sharply, with around 839,200 people in 2006 (i.e. + 60% in forty years, + 0.9% / year from 1990 to 1999, + 1.4% per year from 1999 to 2006, 2/3 of the new residents coming from other regions).
2237:
Discours sur la Grande Lande, Archéologie de la constitution et de la transmission d’un patrimoine d’écrits idéologiques sur la mise en valeur des Landes de Gascogne du du XVIIIe au xxe siècle
1330:
1091:
1023:
592:
The pine forest covered only 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) before systematic afforestation of the dunes and the Landes plateau modified this landscape. Nowadays maritime pine (
1123:. The French state took charge of building a stabilized coastal barrier during the nineteenth century: in 1876 88,000 hectares (220,000 acres) were fixed. During the twentieth century, the
1306:
The Landes de Gascogne, a natural region united by historical, geological, biological, linguistic and cultural links, are divided into three administrative entities: the departments of
995:
According to historians cows were numerous before the classic image emerged of the Landes shepherd watching from the top of his stilts as his sheep grazed the short heath. The great
785:
The appellation "Landes de Gascogne" only appears in the 19th century, the region being designated before that by "Landes de Bordeaux", which has a more restrictive meaning today.
1215:, plane crashes, landmines in the coastal dunes and scarcity of firefighters. It is estimated that between 1942 and 1945 over 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres) were destroyed.
897:
The coast is protected by dunes, with unique vegetation, which deprive many small coastal rivers of access to the ocean and lead to the formation of a string of lakes.
2156:"La fin du paradigme du désert landais : histoire de la végétation et de l'anthropisation à partir de l'étude palynologique de quelques lagunes de la Grande-Lande"
1499:
922:(9,700 to 3,900 BC). At the start of the Holocene the forest cover was characterized by a large pine forest, replaced around 6000–5500 BC by an oak grove rich in
1493:
1113:
1012:
602:
982:
981:(small isolated hamlets), they cultivated rye and millet, the basis of their meager diet, and raised sheep whose role was to fertilize the land. The image of
992:
perched on their stilts comes from this period. This means of locomotion was perfectly adapted to monitor the herds, and to move quickly over long distances.
241:
of the heathland with stands of maritime pine. Today the economy is dominated by tourism along the coast and forestry for the paper industry in the interior.
313:
324:
1211:, the usual causes of fires in peacetime such as lightning and carelessness were supplemented by causes linked to hostilities such as guerrillas of the
918:, the Landes de Gascogne territory was covered by an important diversified forest (oak, elm, lime, ash, beech, pine, etc.) during the first half of the
1102:
1080:
346:
601:
The Landes forest includes diverse landscapes. To the north, the proximity of the Bordeaux vineyards offers landscapes of mixed pine and vines, where
963:
384:
1535:
1525:
1511:
1481:
1606:
discovery tourism. Each of its facilities offers a path to enter the history of this country and understand the charm of the Landes de Gascogne.
890:
357:
1553:
1505:
615:
489:
285:
International competition and technological developments have hit the forest economy hard, but it remains one of the main sources of wealth in
41:
655:) share the light that is not captured by the pines. At the heart of the forest massif, the presence of a few streams, and in particular the
1223:
1226:
issued the Ordinance of 28 April 1945 relating to the development of the Landes de Gascogne region. The explanatory memorandum states that,
95:
934:(around 600 AD), from which time the intensification of human activities leads in certain sectors to its disappearance and replacement by
2348:
1417:
were created on 4 March 1790 in application of the law of 22 December 1789, the Landes de Gascogne were divided into three departments:
1325:, renamed "LugĂ´ville" for the occasion. Simon (Elder) defended this idea for decades. In addition, no attention was paid to the future
1567:
1545:
740:
395:
2036:"Arrêté du 17 décembre 1949 relatif à la constitution de la commission centrale de mise en valeur de la région des landes de Gascogne"
1581:
516:
335:
2536:
1602:
1096:
1028:
2361:
2120:
770:
passed in medieval Latin which appears on the sketches of the first Carolingian maps, above a white space between Bordeaux and
682:
and other pests to which monospecific stands are particularly sensitive, and has been periodically threatened by forest fires.
308:
The Landes de Gascogne are bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north-east by the wine-growing fringe of the
2110:
63:
832:
At the base, a siliceous clay-sand complex of fluvial and lacustrine origin, 20 to 100 metres (66 to 328 ft) thick (
589:. About 9% of the forest area is on the coastal dunes and about 91% is inland on the sandy plain of the Landes plateau.
2546:
2208:
2086:
211:, is a natural region of France of nearly 14,000 km (5,400 sq mi). It extends over three departments:
2458:
2415:
2388:
2375:
1668:: sandstone rock from the Landes subsoil, composed of sand (96%) bound by a cement of iron oxides and humic colloids;
2169:"Les sols du massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne : formation, histoire, propriétés et variabilité spatiale"
2035:
1124:
2069:
Variétés bordeloises ou Essai historique et critique sur la topographie ancienne et moderne du diocèse de Bordeaux
2017:"La transformation des Landes de Gascogne, de la mise en valeur comme colonisation intérieure (xviii–xix siècles)"
32:
565:
The Landes forest covers 9,740 square kilometres (3,760 sq mi). It is a vast triangle stretching from
1207:
became more serious, especially during the years of great droughts such as 1871, 1893, 1922 and 1937. During
926:
trees and shrubs (birch, hazel, alder, etc.). Although it was subject to regular deforestation from the late
637:
is home to forests with a different undergrowth from that of the interior of the Landes. Strawberry trees (
2054:
1457:
are integrating this Landes cultural heritage into the Landes Girondines. It is nonetheless true that the
1283:
are part of the Landes department, while they are excluded from the Landes de Gascogne. Conversely, the
2288:
2245:"Ordonnance n° 45-852 du 28 avril 1945 relative à la mise en valeur de la région des landes de Gascogne"
828:
accumulated. Subsequently, several processes would result in what is called the "sands of the Landes":
775:
2541:
2218:
1347:
659:, is conducive to the development of a forest made up of deciduous trees often hiding the river: the
2374:
Ribéreau-Gayon, Marie-Dominique (1996), "Entendre, voir, sentir, aménager: les Landes de Gascogne",
1398:(Lot-et-Garonne) that constitutes the Landes de Gascogne territory, is divided into several small "
1199:
In the nineteenth century, after the great reforestation of the 1850–1880 period that followed the
1118:
1017:
987:
609:
1243:
1022:
undertook to fix the moving sands of the coast which threatened the neighboring dwellings. Later
872:
colored with organic matter and sandstones with ferruginous cement (alios, garluche) in leached
2507:
2319:
2268:
2016:
520:
2244:
1674:: a small opening used to feed the two oxen of the house from the large kitchen (living room);
1414:
667:
548:
2223:(rapport de l’étude prospective) (in French), Conseil régional d’Aquitaine-INRA, p. 290
1219:
779:
1085:
901:
is the only breach in the Landes dune cordon, which is 200 kilometres (120 mi) long.
8:
2487:
2363:
La forêt des Landes de Gascogne comme patrimoine naturel ? Échelles, enjeux, valeurs
2155:
1529:
1461:
of the Landes de Gascogne countries are united in terms of cultural heritage. They are:
1435:
1107:
582:
512:
428:
351:
318:
216:
152:
2369:(thèse de géographie, université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour) (in French), p. 493
2139:(roman qui décrit ses transformations économiques et sociales au xix siècle) (in French)
1079:
at the end of the 18th century. This work was extended to the entire coast by men like
634:
449:
1647:
1471:
1425:
1235:
A first credit of four hundred million old francs was committed from the state budget.
968:
675:
620:
469:
461:
389:
286:
138:
2067:
1429:
481:
2454:
2411:
2384:
2204:
2168:
2106:
1326:
1318:
1212:
625:
rub shoulders. To the south, the pines gradually give way to the green hills of the
2468:
1200:
1160:
1136:
1076:
418:
362:
223:, and includes 386 communes. The region is a flat, sandy plain in the west of the
2320:"Les Landes de Gascogne: La maîtrise de l'eau dans la « lande humide »"
2187:
1640:
1621:
and the Petite Leyre, and borders the Grande Lande. The park lodge is located in
1449:
1403:
1343:
1172:
852:
805:
691:
570:
224:
196:
1622:
731:
1662:: space around the house where the buildings necessary for farming are located;
1440:
1387:
1380:
1311:
1296:
1288:
1264:
1072:
1047:
1004:
942:
660:
594:
586:
566:
436:
220:
166:
156:
2530:
2144:
1941:
1609:
Located between the departments of Landes and Gironde, the park extends from
1284:
671:
651:
639:
560:
110:
97:
718:
709:
700:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1477:
1367:
1208:
1008:
898:
656:
645:
2410:, Le regard de l'ethnologue (in French), Paris: Éd. du CTHS, p. 388,
1557:
2407:
Chasseurs de traditions: l'imaginaire contemporain des Landes de Gascogne
1655:
Among the local terms that may be useful to know, some Gascon words are:
1637:
French: official language, spoken and understood by the entire population
1168:
1064:
954:
931:
817:
679:
508:
496:
432:
400:
329:
302:
255:
2405:
1248:
1180:
923:
915:
340:
1589:
1561:
1391:
996:
962:(For more information on the Gironde Landes in the 18th century, see
927:
869:
866:
833:
809:
797:
536:
528:
237:
2383:(in French), Châteauneuf-de-Grasse: Éd. de Bergier, pp. 55–68,
862:
At the top, fine quartz sands of aeolian origin, a few meters thick;
368:
297:
2021:
Sud-Ouest européen. Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest
1681:
1571:
1517:
1487:
1359:
1334:
1272:
1204:
1164:
935:
919:
856:
845:
825:
813:
794:
630:
626:
532:
524:
485:
477:
422:
380:
372:
271:
170:
50:
1968:
1465:
1395:
1300:
1191:
1059:
930:(around 3500 BC) this forest persisted until the beginning of the
885:
574:
309:
267:
2243:
1947:
1539:
1421:
1407:
1307:
1259:
1156:
1038:
848:
821:
801:
578:
553:
500:
473:
465:
414:
212:
148:
1280:
1276:
873:
841:
504:
457:
376:
263:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1854:
1852:
1958:
1956:
1575:
1376:
1372:
1322:
1292:
1176:
837:
771:
736:
2349:"Les ambiguïtés du paysage forestier des Landes de Gascogne"
2143:
1912:
1924:
1849:
1651:
The arristoun, the two oxen fed with fodder mixed with bran
1596:
1146:
1953:
1075:
of the de Ruat family who carried out conclusive tests at
1585:
1980:
1876:
1354:
2269:"Le problème de la restauration des Landes de Gascogne"
1888:
1864:
1130:
909:
2034:
1974:
750:(moor) (in Gascon lana / lanne) comes from the Celtic
1900:
2451:
L'Esprit des Landes : Un pays raconté par l'art
1992:
1825:
1779:
1777:
1186:
1033:
drained the moor by digging ditches, locally called
824:, sediments of oceanic and detrital origin from the
914:Concerning the history of the vegetation, based on
686:
Evolution of forest cover in the Landes de Gascogne
2096:(in French) (spécial), Le Fonds forestier national
1813:
1696:: frame piece supporting the awning of the houses;
1643:: vernacular language, still in use in rural areas
941:Concerning human occupation, pollen data indicate
666:The wooded area was affected by two major storms,
2220:Le massif des Landes de Gascogne à l’horizon 2050
2121:"Organisation de la lutte dans le massif landais"
2100:
2072:(in French), Bordeaux: Feret et fils, p. 475
1837:
1801:
1789:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1702:: bar, in particular for the reinforcement of cob
2528:
2514:(in French), 18–19 (3–4): 168–172, Taillefer1947
2442:Forêt des Landes de Gascogne, une nature secrète
448:The Landes de Gascogne coastline is part of the
2512:Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest
2300:Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest
2194:(in French), Pau: Les Ă©ditions de l'atelier In8
2130:, Les incendies de forêts (in French) (spécial)
1254:
816:, an open trench on the Atlantic platform near
2403:
2373:
2042:((pp.12217-12218 of JORF) }), 21 December 1949
1918:
1263:Miller's house at the Écomusée de Marquèze in
1218:Faced with the scale of the disasters, at the
2101:Cherrier, Bernard; Tierchant, Hélène (2000),
1474:, in contact with the Bordeaux agglomeration;
1317:When the departments were created during the
1224:Provisional Government of the French Republic
345:. To the south-east they are bordered by the
236:). Both sheep and cattle grazed here, but an
2486:
2466:
2377:Impact de l'homme sur les milieux naturels '
1986:
1882:
1363:Map of sub-regions of the Landes de Gascogne
1350:became unnamed individuals, pale Girondins.
2435:(in French), Bordeaux: L'Horizon chimérique
1528:transition country between Haute-Lande and
258:plateau characterized by poor, sandy soil.
254:The region is a sloping and generally flat
2340:Les Landes de Gascogne et la cĂ´te d'Argent
2255:de la République française), 29 April 1945
2203:(in French), Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé,
2153:
1858:
1127:(ONF) managed and maintained these dunes.
70:
2505:
2444:(in French), Bordeaux: Ă©ditions Sud Ouest
2234:
2087:"La défense forestière contre l'incendie"
2081:(reissued Princi Negre Editor, Pau, 1999)
2053:
1906:
2404:Ribéreau-Gayon, Marie-Dominique (2001),
2198:
2084:
1935:
1646:
1603:Landes de Gascogne Regional Natural Park
1597:Landes de Gascogne Regional Natural Park
1366:
1358:
1295:river in the south and extends north to
1258:
1190:
1145:
1058:
1054:
953:
884:
730:
577:. It covers most of the departments of
547:
296:
2508:"La restauration de la région landaise"
2359:
2346:
2186:
2166:
2118:
2065:
1962:
1894:
949:
2529:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2326:(in French) (95ter): 199–210, Papy1977
2103:Landes, de pierre, d'argile et de bois
2014:
1998:
1843:
185:14,000 km (5,000 sq mi)
2154:Faure, Élodie; Galop, Didier (2011),
2134:
1948:Ordonnance n° 45-852 du 28 avril 1945
1355:Sub-regions of the Landes de Gascogne
1041:epidemics decimated the population.
812:movements which produced, during the
2449:Sargos, Jacques (22 November 2010),
2337:
2317:
2286:
2266:
2239:(in French), Ivry: INRA, p. 288
2216:
1870:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1131:Transformation of the interior lande
893:, an example of an unstabilized dune
2453:(in French), L'Horizon chimérique,
2275:(in French) (11): 231–279, Papy1950
2267:Papy, Louis (July–September 1950),
1406:) and cultural (they all belong to
1150:A resin harvester using the "pike".
774:, as in the Universal Geography of
18:Place in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
13:
1708:: curved-billed ax used by tappers
1092:François Jules Hilaire Chambrelent
1024:François Jules Hilaire Chambrelent
14:
2558:
1187:1945 Ordinance and its extensions
977:, article XXXIX, pages 412–422.)
2146:Estimations pour le pin maritime
2066:Baurein, Jacques (Abbé) (1876),
1090:, Baron Charlevoix de Villiers,
717:
708:
699:
690:
543:
69:
62:
49:
31:
2537:Geography of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
2469:"Carte du département du Leyre"
2360:Pottier, Aude (December 2012),
2137:Les Seigneurs de la Haute Lande
2105:(in French), Éditions Aubéron,
1508:(or Haute Lande) divided into:
1337:hills with the Landes desert.
2347:Pottier, Aude (18 July 2010),
2175:(in French): 7–30, Jolivet2007
1287:extends in the east as far as
244:
1:
2433:Histoire de la forĂŞt Landaise
2342:(in French), Toulouse: Privat
2318:Papy, Louis (November 1977),
1617:, follows the valleys of the
408:
83:Map of the Landes de Gascogne
2506:Taillefer, François (1947),
2199:Maizeret, Christian (2005),
2059:1886.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr
1255:The Landes, what definition?
880:
726:
7:
2235:Nougarède, Olivier (1995),
1520:between Maremne and Marsan;
452:. Seaside resorts include:
292:
10:
2563:
2494:(in French), November 2011
2173:Revue forestière française
2128:Revue forestière française
2094:Revue forestière française
2007:
1975:Arrêté du 17 décembre 1949
1722:which means "pine forest";
1628:
1468:, outside the wine region;
1443:(Landes de Lot-et-Garonne)
1141:
1134:
1003:On the initiative of the "
910:Before the "Landes desert"
904:
788:
558:
443:
249:
2547:Natural regions of France
2440:Sargos, François (2008),
2085:Castaing, GĂ©rard (1972),
1371:Confluence of the rivers
367:, with the course of the
181:
176:
162:
144:
134:
126:
91:
57:
48:
30:
23:
2431:Sargos, Jacques (1997),
2119:Doustin, Daniel (1975),
1732:
1633:Spoken languages :
1500:Landes de Lot-et-Garonne
1394:(Landes department) via
1125:National Forestry Office
889:The Trencat dune in the
776:Anton Friedrich BĂĽsching
629:in the foothills of the
2273:Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
2023:(in French) (23): 17–28
2015:Aldhuy, Julien (2007),
1386:The vast triangle from
1244:1949 Landes forest fire
585:as well as the west of
205:leus Lanes de Gascougne
2217:Mora, Olivier (2012),
2201:Les Landes de Gascogne
2192:Le triangle des Landes
1859:Faure & Galop 2011
1652:
1484:and the Val de l'Eyre;
1383:
1364:
1352:
1267:
1233:
1196:
1151:
1067:
1007:", local lords in the
959:
894:
743:
735:Marshy meadows of the
556:
521:Vieux-Boucau-les-Bains
305:
203:, FĂ©busienne spelling
2467:Simon (Aîné) (1851),
2135:Dubos, Alain (2002),
1650:
1584:(from the marshes of
1494:Haute-Lande-Girondine
1415:departments of France
1370:
1362:
1339:
1262:
1228:
1194:
1149:
1062:
1055:Fixation of the dunes
957:
888:
734:
668:Cyclone Martin (1999)
551:
300:
201:las Lanas de Gasconha
2338:Papy, Louis (1978),
2287:Papy, Louis (1973),
1220:Liberation of France
975:Variétés Bordeloises
950:Agro-pastoral system
820:. At the end of the
780:Age of Enlightenment
40:(drainage ditch) in
1965:, pp. 500–503.
1938:, pp. 670–678.
1919:Ribéreau-Gayon 2001
1873:, pp. 129–149.
1342:the inhabitants of
199:, classic spelling
107: /
2488:"Sortir du marais"
2353:Projets de paysage
2249:legifrance.gouv.fr
2162:(in French): 43–59
2061:, pp. 412–422
2040:legifrance.gouv.fr
1653:
1472:Landes de Bordeaux
1426:Landes de Bordeaux
1384:
1365:
1268:
1197:
1152:
1114:Nicolas Brémontier
1068:
1013:Nicolas Brémontier
960:
895:
804:substratum of the
744:
676:pine processionary
557:
470:Carcans-Maubuisson
306:
287:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
193:Landes de Gascogne
182: • Total
139:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
77:Landes de Gascogne
25:Landes de Gascogne
2542:Forests of France
2324:GĂ©ographie rurale
2112:978-2-908650-55-6
1987:Simon (Aîné) 1851
1861:, pp. 43–59.
1690:: drainage ditch;
1327:bishop of Bayonne
1319:French Revolution
1213:French Resistance
1081:Guillaume Desbiey
865:Between the two,
649:) and cork oaks (
301:Old buildings in
189:
188:
2554:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2492:archeolandes.com
2483:
2482:
2480:
2463:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2370:
2368:
2356:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2253:Journal officiel
2240:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2195:
2188:Manciet, Bernard
2183:
2182:
2180:
2167:Jolivet (2007),
2163:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1883:Sortir du marais
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1834:, p. 42-44.
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1684:, broom heather;
1660:airiau / airial
1532:, divided intO:
1348:Saint-Symphorien
1161:La Teste-de-Buch
1137:19 June 1857 law
1122:
1111:
1103:Toussaint Catros
1100:
1089:
1077:La Teste-de-Buch
1032:
1021:
991:
983:Landes shepherds
972:
808:was affected by
746:The common word
721:
712:
703:
694:
624:
614:and traditional
613:
419:La Teste-de-Buch
404:
393:
366:
355:
344:
333:
322:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
73:
72:
66:
53:
35:
21:
20:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2476:
2461:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2366:
2329:
2327:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2278:
2276:
2258:
2256:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2178:
2176:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2075:
2073:
2055:"Article XXXIX"
2045:
2043:
2026:
2024:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:, p. 1321.
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1678:brana / branne
1631:
1599:
1538:(course of the
1450:Entre-Deux-Mers
1430:Landes du MĂ©doc
1404:Gascon language
1357:
1331:François Gieure
1257:
1189:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1057:
1026:
1015:
1005:Captaux de Buch
985:
966:
964:Jacques Baurein
958:Landes shepherd
952:
912:
907:
883:
806:Aquitaine Basin
791:
761:The Latin term
729:
722:
713:
704:
695:
618:
607:
563:
552:Forest path in
546:
482:Lège-Cap-Ferret
456:Gironde :
446:
411:
398:
387:
360:
349:
338:
327:
316:
295:
252:
247:
225:Aquitaine Basin
155:
151:
115:
113:
111:44.09°N 0.917°W
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
44:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2524:
2523:
2503:
2484:
2464:
2459:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2416:
2401:
2389:
2371:
2357:
2344:
2335:
2315:
2306:(2–3): 129–149
2291:désert landais
2284:
2264:
2241:
2232:
2214:
2210:978-2603013304
2209:
2196:
2184:
2164:
2151:
2141:
2132:
2116:
2111:
2098:
2082:
2063:
2051:
2032:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1952:
1940:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1822:, p. 105.
1812:
1800:
1788:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1579:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1536:Pays de Marsan
1526:Petites Landes
1523:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1482:Arcachon basin
1475:
1469:
1445:
1444:
1441:Lot-et-Garonne
1438:
1433:
1388:Soulac-sur-Mer
1381:Mont-de-Marsan
1356:
1353:
1312:Lot-et-Garonne
1291:, reaches the
1289:Lot-et-Garonne
1265:Sabres, Landes
1256:
1253:
1188:
1185:
1143:
1140:
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1056:
1053:
1048:Pinus pinaster
951:
948:
943:anthropization
911:
908:
906:
903:
882:
879:
878:
877:
863:
860:
790:
787:
754:alteration of
728:
725:
724:
723:
716:
714:
707:
705:
698:
696:
689:
687:
678:caterpillars,
661:gallery forest
643:), holm oaks (
595:Pinus pinaster
587:Lot-et-Garonne
573:and as far as
559:Main article:
545:
542:
541:
540:
495:Landes :
493:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:Mont-de-Marsan
426:
410:
407:
294:
291:
251:
248:
246:
243:
221:Lot-et-Garonne
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
167:Mont-de-Marsan
164:
160:
159:
157:Lot-et-Garonne
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
89:
88:
82:
76:
75:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2559:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2460:2-907202-70-7
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2417:2-7355-0447-6
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2392:
2390:2-9507852-7-1
2386:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2305:
2302:(in French),
2301:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2001:, p. 40.
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1936:Castaing 1972
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:, p. 13.
1920:
1915:
1908:
1907:Article XXXIX
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1810:, p. 85.
1809:
1804:
1798:, p. 46.
1797:
1792:
1786:, p. 40.
1785:
1780:
1778:
1771:, p. 15.
1770:
1765:
1759:, p. 90.
1758:
1753:
1747:, p. 13.
1746:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:further east;
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:, around the
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:(Gironde) to
1389:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:, Landes and
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Landes forest
1282:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:Landes forest
1193:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
984:
978:
976:
970:
965:
956:
947:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
902:
900:
892:
891:Teste de Buch
887:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
786:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:ager syrticus
764:
763:ager syrticus
759:
757:
753:
749:
742:
738:
733:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
685:
684:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:Cyclone Klaus
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
653:
652:Quercus suber
648:
647:
642:
641:
640:Arbutus unedo
636:
635:CĂ´te d'Argent
632:
628:
622:
617:
616:Landes houses
611:
606:
605:
599:
597:
596:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
561:Landes forest
555:
550:
544:Landes forest
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:
453:
451:
450:CĂ´te d'Argent
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:
406:
402:
397:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:as boundary,
370:
364:
359:
353:
348:
347:Pays d'Albret
342:
337:
331:
326:
320:
315:
311:
304:
299:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
242:
239:
235:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Gascony Moors
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
180:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:44.09; -0.917
92:Coordinates:
90:
65:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2516:, retrieved
2511:
2496:, retrieved
2491:
2477:, retrieved
2472:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2421:, retrieved
2406:
2394:, retrieved
2376:
2362:
2352:
2339:
2328:, retrieved
2323:
2308:, retrieved
2303:
2299:
2290:
2277:, retrieved
2272:
2257:, retrieved
2252:
2248:
2236:
2225:, retrieved
2219:
2200:
2191:
2179:22 September
2177:, retrieved
2172:
2159:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2102:
2093:
2074:, retrieved
2068:
2058:
2044:, retrieved
2039:
2025:, retrieved
2020:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1963:Doustin 1975
1943:
1914:
1902:
1895:Baurein 1876
1890:
1878:
1866:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1632:
1623:Belin-BĂ©liet
1619:Grande Leyre
1615:Pays de Buch
1611:Arcachon Bay
1608:
1600:
1554:Pays de Born
1514:to the east,
1506:Grande Lande
1478:Pays de Buch
1458:
1455:
1446:
1412:
1399:
1385:
1340:
1316:
1305:
1269:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1209:World War II
1198:
1153:
1069:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1009:Pays de Buch
1002:
994:
979:
974:
961:
940:
913:
899:Arcachon Bay
896:
792:
784:
767:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
745:
680:bark beetles
665:
650:
646:Quercus ilex
644:
638:
603:
600:
593:
591:
564:
513:Saint-Girons
490:Pyla-sur-Mer
447:
385:Pays d'Orthe
307:
284:
280:
276:
260:
253:
233:
230:
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
42:Pays de Born
37:
15:
2518:26 February
2475:(in French)
2396:30 December
2355:(in French)
2330:26 February
2279:26 February
2259:26 February
2046:26 February
1999:Sargos 1997
1844:Sargos 2010
1201:law of 1857
1169:Biscarrosse
1117: [
1106: [
1095: [
1084: [
1065:Biscarrosse
1027: [
1016: [
986: [
967: [
932:Middle Ages
916:pollen data
836:clays from
818:Biscarrosse
619: [
608: [
509:Lit-et-Mixe
497:Biscarrosse
399: [
388: [
361: [
350: [
339: [
328: [
317: [
303:Dax, Landes
256:sedimentary
245:Description
114: /
2531:Categories
2310:14 January
2027:5 February
1726:tchanques
1672:arristoun
1249:Labouheyre
1242:After the
1181:turpentine
1179:(70%) and
924:heliophyte
870:sandstones
462:Montalivet
409:Main towns
145:Department
99:44°05′24″N
2423:3 January
2160:Aquitania
1871:Papy 1973
1832:Mora 2012
1820:Mora 2012
1808:Mora 2012
1796:Mora 2012
1784:Mora 2012
1769:Mora 2012
1757:Mora 2012
1745:Mora 2012
1728:: stilts.
1716:pinhadar
1700:esparrou
1694:estantat
1590:Seignosse
1562:Sanguinet
1558:LĂ©vignacq
1413:When the
1392:Capbreton
1205:wildfires
1063:Coast at
997:epizootic
928:Neolithic
881:Geography
867:siliceous
834:kaolinite
798:limestone
756:lann enda
727:Etymology
537:Capbreton
529:Seignosse
314:Bordelais
238:epizootic
102:0°55′01″W
2227:26 April
2190:(2005),
1720:pignadĂ
1712:pinhadĂ
1706:hapchot
1682:moorland
1572:Soustons
1568:Marensin
1546:Gabardan
1530:Armagnac
1518:Brassenx
1488:Bazadais
1335:Chalosse
1273:Chalosse
1173:Hossegor
1165:Arcachon
936:moorland
920:Holocene
857:Arjuzanx
849:lignites
846:Pliocene
826:Pyrenees
814:Tertiary
810:tectonic
802:molassic
795:Tertiary
741:Seignanx
631:Pyrenees
627:Chalosse
604:Échoppes
571:Hossegor
533:Hossegor
525:Soustons
486:Arcachon
478:Le Porge
431: :
423:Arcachon
417: :
396:Seignanx
394:and the
381:Chalosse
373:Armagnac
358:Ténarèze
356:and the
334:and the
325:Bazadais
293:Location
272:Hossegor
171:Arcachon
2479:29 July
2473:Gallica
2008:Sources
1688:craste
1629:Culture
1582:Maremne
1540:Midouze
1422:Gironde
1408:Gascony
1308:Gironde
1299:in the
1157:Lacanau
1142:Tapping
1073:Captaux
1039:malaria
1035:crastes
905:History
874:podzols
853:Lamothe
822:Miocene
789:Geology
778:in the
739:river,
633:. The
579:Gironde
554:Retjons
517:Moliets
501:Mimizan
492: ;
474:Lacanau
466:Hourtin
444:Resorts
415:Gironde
336:Queyran
250:General
213:Gironde
149:Gironde
127:Country
2498:1 June
2457:
2414:
2387:
2207:
2109:
2076:3 June
1666:alios
1641:Gascon
1570:(from
1556:(from
1512:Albret
1436:Landes
1344:Salles
1297:Soulac
1281:Marsan
1277:Tursan
842:Pissos
583:Landes
567:Soulac
505:Contis
458:Soulac
429:Landes
383:, the
377:Tursan
369:GĂ©lise
323:, the
312:, the
264:Soulac
234:landes
217:Landes
207:), or
197:Gascon
153:Landes
135:Region
130:France
38:Craste
2381:(PDF)
2367:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2149:, IFN
2124:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1733:Notes
1576:Linxe
1466:MĂ©doc
1396:NĂ©rac
1377:Midou
1373:Douze
1323:Lugos
1301:MĂ©doc
1293:Adour
1177:rosin
1121:]
1110:]
1099:]
1088:]
1031:]
1020:]
990:]
971:]
851:from
838:Luxey
772:Adour
752:landa
748:lande
737:Adour
657:Leyre
623:]
612:]
575:NĂ©rac
403:]
392:]
365:]
354:]
343:]
332:]
321:]
310:MĂ©doc
268:NĂ©rac
163:Towns
2520:2021
2500:2021
2481:2020
2455:ISBN
2425:2019
2412:ISBN
2398:2019
2385:ISBN
2332:2021
2312:2020
2289:"Le
2281:2021
2261:2021
2229:2020
2205:ISBN
2181:2020
2107:ISBN
2078:2014
2048:2021
2029:2020
1601:The
1459:pays
1400:pays
1375:and
1346:and
1279:and
1222:the
1171:and
1112:and
855:and
800:and
793:The
670:and
581:and
219:and
195:(in
191:The
177:Area
1613:to
1588:to
1586:Orx
1574:to
1560:to
1410:).
1379:in
569:to
433:Dax
2533::
2510:,
2490:,
2471:,
2351:,
2322:,
2304:44
2298:,
2271:,
2247:,
2171:,
2158:,
2126:,
2092:,
2057:,
2038:,
2019:,
1955:^
1926:^
1851:^
1776:^
1718:/
1714:/
1680::
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1542:),
1432:…)
1428:,
1329:,
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1303:.
1275:,
1203:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1119:fr
1108:fr
1101:,
1097:fr
1086:fr
1029:fr
1018:fr
1011:,
988:fr
973:,
969:fr
938:.
844:,
782:.
663:.
621:fr
610:fr
535:,
531:,
527:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
488:,
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480:,
476:,
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468:,
464:,
460:,
435:,
421:,
405:.
401:fr
390:fr
379:,
375:,
363:fr
352:fr
341:fr
330:fr
319:fr
289:.
270:,
266:,
215:,
169:,
2293:"
2251:(
1989:.
1977:.
1950:.
1909:.
1885:.
1846:.
1502:;
1496:;
1490:;
1424:(
1045:(
876:.
859:)
840:-
539:.
439:.
425:.
232:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
