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and subsequent statehood of Goa bolstered
Konkani's status in Karnataka. In 1962, the Konkani Bhasha Prachar Sabha, Cochin, took up the issue of inclusion of Konkani in the Eighth schedule with the Government of India and the Linguistic Minorities Commission. In 1976, the Konkani Bhasha Mandali was founded at Mangalore enhance the status of Konkani in the state. In 1994, the Government of Karnataka founded the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy at Mangalore to propagate Konkani literature. The first Vishwa Konkani Sammelan was held in Mangalore in 1995 wherein 5,000 delegated from 75 centres from India, the middle east, the US, UK, etc. participated.
25:
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statehood with
Konkani as the sole official language. The Kendra Sahitya Academy recognised Konkani, in the Devanagari script, as an independent language on 26 February 1975. This paved the way for the decision to include Konkani in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution making Konkani one of the official languages of India.
400:
The roots of the
Konkani Language agitation lay in the denial of Konkani as an independent language and the attempts to merge Goa into Maharashtra. Konkani was not taken seriously as a potential official language except by a few Goans. By 1960, pro-Konkani and pro-Marathi groups started a propaganda
474:
The first public pro-Konkani gathering was held outside Goa and by non Goan
Konkanis. In 1939, the All India Konkani Parishad was founded by the efforts of Manjunath Shanbhag and the first session was held. This was followed by the second session at Udupi organised by Dr. T.M.A. Pai. The liberation
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became the new Chief
Minister of Goa. Under Kakodkar, government policies favouring Marathi were framed. Marathi was made compulsory in all schools in Goa whilst Konkani was excluded. This policy was met with severe criticism from Konkani organisations within Goa and outside. Although promises were
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in 1961 saw the official removal of
Portuguese and its replacement by English for administrative purposes. Better off Goans, irrespective of their religious beliefs, started sending their wards to English medium schools. Marathi medium schools remained popular with low-caste Hindus, who looked at
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The struggle for
Konkani in Goa, did not go unnoticed in Canara and Travancore. The Konkani speakers in Canara (currently Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada) and Travancore (currently Cochin and Ernakulam), inspired by the writings of Shenoi Goembab were getting increasingly aware on the
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The Goa, Daman and Diu
Official Language bill, presented to the legislative assembly in 1986, was passed on 4 February 1987 declaring Konkani the sole official language of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu with provisions for Marathi and Gujarati for Daman and Diu. On 30 May 1987 Goa got
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In their election manifesto, the
Congress party had stated that once statehood was achieved Konkani would be recognised as an official language and demands would be made to include it in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. In 1980, the Congress came into power under Chief Minister
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in 1759. In 1812, the
Archbishop decreed that children should be prohibited from speaking Konkani in parochial schools. In 1847, this rule was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned also in state-run schools until Portugal became a Republic in 1910.
359:) gave a clarion call for the revival of Konkani in the early 20th century. Under his guidance, a steady movement was built up to rejuvenate Konkani language and heritage, by means of establishing a common cultural identity among the Konkani people.
300:, decreed that fluency in Portuguese was mandatory for Goan applicants to priesthood & also for all of their immediate relatives. This language fluency would be confirmed via rigorous examinations by ordained priests. Furthermore, the
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Marathi with reverence as the language in which Hindu scriptures, translated from Sanskrit could be accessed. A claim about Konkani being a Marathi dialect and Konkani speakers being Marathis began to take shape. Although
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thwarted the MGP's planned merger of Goa into Maharashtra. On 22 August 1970, Bandodkar declared Konkani, written in the Devanagari script, as the official language of Goa along with Marathi.
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449:(voice of the Konkani people). Goa witnessed the bloodiest agitation ever, the Language agitation, in which seven pro-Konkani agitators lost their lives and several were injured. The
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242:. This made the Portuguese government initiate a programme for the suppression of Konkani in Goa, in order to make native Catholic Christians identify fully with the
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in particular, as mediums of public instruction. Soon after his arrival in Goa, he asserted this belief in an inaugural conference of the Escola Normal of Nova Goa (
412:, appointed a committee in 1966 to examine the feasibility of declaring Marathi as the sole official language of Goa. Attempts were made by some members of his
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The result of this linguistic displacement was that Hindu and Christian elites of Goa turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Konkani in Goa became the
253:, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani on 27 June 1684; he further decreed that within three years, the local people in general would speak the
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to further the cause of Konkani on a global scale. From the academic year 2007-2008 Konkani has become an optional subject in the schools of Karnataka.
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261:. The penalties for violation would be imprisonment. The decree was confirmed by the king on 17 March 1687. However, according to the
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445:. Rane, despite the promises made, procrastinated on the issue. This led to an agitation in 1986 on the streets popularly called
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war through distribution of pamphlets. In 1962, the All India Konkani Parishad held its eighth session for the first time at
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Konkani preserved an older stage of phonetic development, and showed a greater variety of verbal forms than standard Marathi
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from the period are inscribed in Kannada and Persian. During the period in between the two periods of Muslim rule, the
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Historically, Konkani was neither the official nor the administrative language of the pre-Portuguese rulers. Under the
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328:(language of the servants). However, Konkani continued to have some support among Portuguese government officials.
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were required to learn Portuguese within six months, failing which they would be denied the right to marriage. The
405:(Margao) in post-liberation Goa and passed a resolution urging the Kendra Sahitya Akademi to recognise Konkani.
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believed that the Portuguese language could be better diffused in Goa by using the local languages, Konkani and
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Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. VII. Indo-Aryan Family. Southern Group. Specimens of the Marathi language
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only halted when the Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language bill was presented to the legislative assembly.
1024:
246:. As a result, Konkani was suppressed and rendered unprivileged in Goa by the enforcement of Portuguese.
531:"OFFICIAL LANGUAGE DAY: The Fight for Official Language status for Konkani continues to this day in Goa"
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416:(MGP), to pass a Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Bill in 1966 which failed. Simultaneously, the
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who had historically been the greatest advocates of Konkani, were expelled from Goa by the
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in 1739; led to the suppression of Konkani gaining new strength. On 21 November 1745, the
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in 1980 to treat Konkani at par with Marathi, the matter was kept in abeyance till 1986.
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734:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 164.
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The Triumph of Konkani: A Translation of Shenoy Goembab's Konkani Bhashechem Zoit
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234:; as a medium of communication during the 16th century. In the 17th century, the
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686:"Nos 200 anos do nascimento do orientalista português Cunha Rivara - Lusofonias"
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repeated attacks on native Goan Christians and the destruction of local churches
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717:. Translated by Borges, Sebastian M. Margão: Asmitai Pratishthan. p. 25.
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Bhembre, Uday (October–December 2009). "Brief History of Konkani Movement".
631:. The Transformation of Goa. Mapusa, Goa: Other India Press. pp. 17–42.
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made by Kakodkar in 1977 and thereafter by then Congress Chief Minister
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747:"Print History: Anant Kakba Priolkar- A Fetish for Print Anniversaries"
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was found to be an independent language & given official status.
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Sarasvati's children : a history of the Mangalorean Christians
340:), on 1 October 1856. The text of this speech may be found in the
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Considering Konkani in looming danger of being sidelined,
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and use it in all their contacts and contracts made in
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in 1731, these draconian measures were unsuccessful.
773:"Konkani vs Marathi: Language battles in golden Goa"
601:. Internet Archive. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications.
173:
was declared an associate official language of Goa.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
644:"Consuming Goa: Tourist Site as Dispensable Space"
423:Dayanand Bandodkar died in 1973, and his daughter
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384:claimed that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi or
129:in India, concerning the uncertain future of the
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622:Newman, Robert S. (1999). Dantas, N. (ed.).
551:Thomaz, Luís Filipe F. R. (1 October 2016).
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200:Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
711:Varde Valavalikar, Shenoi V. R. (2003).
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190:(c. 960 – 1310), the court language was
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478:In 2005, the foundation was laid for a
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141:; then under the administration of the
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553:"The Socio-Linguistic Paradox of Goa"
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16:Protests in Goa, Daman and Diu, India
771:Venkatesh, Karthik (5 August 2017).
745:Ranganathan, Murali (29 July 2020).
528:
456:
296:, Lourenço de Santa Maria e Melo of
265:'s letter to the Portuguese monarch
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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230:missionaries in Goa, especially by
13:
263:Inquisitor António Amaral Coutinho
238:'s threat was compounded by their
14:
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728:Grierson, George Abraham (1905).
330:Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara
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625:The Struggle for a Goan Identity
529:Team, Herald (4 February 2023).
408:The then Chief Minister of Goa,
222:had originally been studied and
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34:needs additional citations for
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414:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
143:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
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1224:History of Goa (1961–present)
1070:Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr
648:Economic and Political Weekly
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349:Vāman Vardē Śeṇai Vaḷavalikār
244:Portuguese Empire in the East
145:(MGP). The protests involved
875:List of loanwords in Konkani
294:Archbishop of Goa and Damaon
58:"Konkani language agitation"
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388:, it later proved false as
363:Goa after Indian annexation
137:in the former territory of
123:Konkani language agitations
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854:Konkani language agitation
682:de Souza, Teotónio Rosário
418:1967 Goa status referendum
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911:Konkani liturgical music
642:Routledge, Paul (2000).
557:Human and Social Studies
471:issue of mother tongue.
198:. Various stones in the
155:political demonstrations
1075:Dalgado Konknni Akademi
163:premier official status
595:Machado, Alan (1999).
570:10.1515/hssr-2016-0021
396:Konkani versus Marathi
259:Portuguese territories
1254:Social history of Goa
1053:Related organisations
939:Maharashtrian Konkani
891:Sahitya Akademi Award
447:koṅkaṇī prajētso āvāz
436:Koṅkaṇī Prajētso Āvāz
351:, popularly known as
274:Province of the North
139:Goa, Damaon & Diu
1234:Culture of Karnataka
1099:Dor Mhoineachi Rotti
684:(22 February 2009).
480:World Konkani Centre
466:Karnataka and Kerala
236:Mahratta Confederacy
133:. They were held by
43:improve this article
1065:Goa Konkani Akademi
958:Individual dialects
425:Shashikala Kakodkar
255:Portuguese language
204:Vijayanagara Empire
165:for Konkani in the
1195:Konkani Wiktionary
1092:Vauraddeancho Ixtt
916:Konkani literature
497:Languages of India
451:civil disobedience
410:Dayanand Bandodkar
342:Boletim do Governo
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654:(30): 2647–2656.
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457:Government action
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513:References
344:, n.º 78.
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1004:Goykanadi
975:Nawayathi
751:PrintWeek
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1176:Gujarati
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1154:Existing
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777:LiveMint
486:See also
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127:protests
1214:Konkani
1171:Kannada
1135:Paisaci
1123:Extinct
1030:Kannada
1013:Present
989:Scripts
965:Malwani
847:History
840:Konkani
756:23 July
696:23 July
668:4409533
403:Maḍgā̃v
390:Konkani
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276:(today
196:Persian
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177:History
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