422:(NHC), the error cone accounts for basin-specific 5-year average uncertainty in the center location but is expanded to include the size of the storm (in the form of the maximum 34-knot wind radius at each time). For this reason, the JTWC error cone will always be larger than the NHC error cone, provided the tropical cyclone is producing at least 34-knot winds. On the graphic, the shaded zone represents the potential area of tropical storm force winds and is referred to as the avoidance area by Navy ship routing officers. A different graphic may be issued on the "off-hour" tropical cyclone fix cycles (03Z, 09Z, 15Z, 21Z) if a tropical cyclone is within 180 nmi (210 mi; 330 km) of one of the six designated installations in the Western North Pacific, when one of these installations sets TCCOR 2 or higher on the
163:
541:
508:) has a high chance to develop into a tropical cyclone within the following 24 hours. It briefly describes the meteorological environment and how it could aid in development of the system. The alert is then accompanied by a graphic depicting the path of the disturbance and a forecast path. The forecast path is depicted as either a rectangle with a centerline—indicating that the invest would follow along the centerline—or a circle around the disturbance's current position—indicating uncertainty of its future direction. The necessity of such issuance is based on data gathered on the
1290:
202:
center be set up. Based on the report and the conclusions reached at the March 1959 Annual
Tropical Cyclone Conference, the Joint Meteorology Committee formally urged, The Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command (CINCPAC) to establish a Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The CINCPAC subsequently petitioned the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who gave permission for the center to be set up effective May 1, 1959, under the command of the Fleet Weather Center's commander.
512:, and utilizes satellite or other pertinent data. The JTWC follows a checklist to determine whether or not a TCFA should be issued on tropical disturbances. The checklist contains five sections and a miscellaneous section for special cases, covering conditions in the atmosphere starting from the surface to 200 millibar level (35,000 to 41,000 feet (11,000 to 12,000 m) above the surface) as well as
1261:
529:
serve as a focal point for future research and development efforts. Also included are tropical cyclone reconnaissance statistics and a summary of research and development efforts, operational tactics, techniques and procedure development, and outreach that members of the JTWC conducted or contributed to throughout the year.
214:
responsible for the whole oceanic environment, from the bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere. The JTWC subsequently started issuing warnings for the
Southern Hemisphere between the African coast and the International Dateline during October 1980. It was relocated to Pearl Harbor on January 1, 1999, due to the
438:
Prognostic
Reasoning Messages are bulletins that accompany a tropical cyclone warning and discuss the tropical cyclone, and are intended to be for meteorologists. They are released at the synoptic time plus three hours (0300Z, 0900Z, 1500Z, or 2100Z), and contain two sections: the 6 hour summary and
397:
A tropical cyclone warning is a text message issued on a tropical cyclone by the JTWC. It contains the storm's position and direction, wind speed and the wind distribution, the forecasts of them, and the remarks of the information. Warnings are updated every six hours for the North
Pacific and North
528:
An Annual
Tropical Cyclone Report (ATCR) is prepared by the staff of the JTWC, describing operationally or meteorologically significant cyclones that occurred within the JTWC's responsibility area. Details highlight significant challenges and/or shortfalls in the tropical cyclone warning system and
363:
government agencies. JTWC monitors, analyzes, and forecasts tropical cyclone formation, development, and movement year round. Its area of responsibility covers 89% of the world's tropical cyclone activity. The way the JTWC labels tropical cyclones vary depending on the location and intensity of the
463:
of agencies. The latter section covers significant changes in forecast (if any) and discusses said forecast and forecast models, and covers the confidence in the forecast. Prior to June 21, 2021, only tropical cyclones in the
Western Pacific had their own Prognostic Reasoning Message, and those in
429:
A warning may be amended whenever a significant change is made to the forecast track, intensity, and/or tropical cyclone best track position before the next regular warning is issued, or it may be corrected due to administrative or typographical errors. Additionally, the JTWC may issue a relocated
189:
in June 1945, had caused a significant loss of men and ships. At this time the center was one of three Navy and two Air Force units responsible for tropical cyclone reconnaissance and warnings in the
Pacific. Over the next few years the coordination of tropical warnings between the centers was at
476:. Two separate bulletins are issued for the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean. The bulletin indicates the chance of becoming a tropical cyclone for each tropical disturbance based on the environment that the disturbance is situated in. The disturbances are categorized as one of the following:
201:
formed the Joint
Meteorology Committee to the Pacific Command and proposed the formation of a joint Navy and Air Force center for typhoon analysis and forecasting. A committee was subsequently set up to study the issue which issued a report during January 1959, which gave recommendation that the
319:
personnel as of 2020. The JTWC uses several satellite systems and sensors, radar, surface and upper level synoptic data as well as atmospheric models to complete its mission. A more modernized method for forecasting tropical cyclones had become apparent by the 1980s. Prior to the development of
213:
Between 1971 and 1976, CINCPAC gradually expanded out the JTWC's area of responsibility, to include the area between the
International Dateline and the African coasts. In October 1978, the Fleet Weather Center/JTWC became the Navy Oceanographic Command Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center and
205:
The JTWC initially consisted of ten people with two officers and three enlisted personnel provided by each service. It was required to provide warnings on all tropical cyclones between the Malay
Peninsula and the International Dateline for U.S. government agencies. They also had to determine
149:
and other U.S. government agencies. Their warnings are intended primarily for the protection of U.S. military ships and aircraft, as well as military installations jointly operated with other countries around the world. Its U.S. Navy components are aligned with the
368:
is used for systems in the Western Pacific based on the wind speed. Elsewhere of the agency's responsibility area, all systems with a wind speed of at least 34 knots (63 km/h) are labeled as "Tropical Cyclone", regardless of the estimated intensity.
218:
round. During October 2011, the JTWC's name changed from the "Naval Maritime Forecast Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center" to just the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, as it became a stand-alone command for the first time in its 52-year history.
1317:
384:), "S" (South Indian Ocean), or "P" (South Pacific), based on the location of the system. The numbers are rotated for each time a disturbance forms within a basin, meaning the next invest in the same basin after 99 would be numbered 90.
398:
Indian Ocean (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z), and are updated every twelve hours for the South Pacific and South Indian Ocean (00Z, 12Z). For a warning to be issued, a storm system must meet one or more of the following criteria:
1310:
227:
In case of debilitation of the agency, the Alternative Joint Typhoon Warning Center (AJTWC) assumes JTWC's functions. The AJTWC was first designated as the Tokyo Weather Central by the Fleet Weather Facility in
402:
It must have a closed circulation and maximum sustained winds of 25 kn (45 km/h; 30 mph) in the North Pacific or 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph) in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans.
1303:
1265:
324:(ATCF), the tools used by the Department of Defense to forecast tropical cyclone track were acetate, grease pencils, and disparate computer programs. The ATCF software was developed by the
490:
In October 2019, the JTWC modified the bulletin format to include subtropical systems and clarity, stating that the RSMC issues warnings on subtropical systems whereas the JTWC does not.
1749:
1744:
1677:
1654:
830:
1764:
40:
236:
passed above Guam in 1992, incapacitating the JTWC for 11 days. The AJTWC was then relocated back to Yokosuka as part of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.
356:
472:
Released daily, a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory discusses any tropical disturbances within the JTWC's area of responsibility and their potential for further
1505:
1718:
1664:
1739:
486:
High: Likely to develop into a significant tropical cyclone within the next 24 hours; a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert is issued under this circumstance.
1616:
574:
405:
Its maximum sustained winds within the close circulation are expected to increase to 35 kn (65 km/h; 40 mph) or greater within 48 hours.
206:
reconnaissance requirements, prepare annual typhoon summaries, and conduct research into tropical cyclone forecasting and detection. In November 1962,
1759:
1606:
1492:
671:
1447:
676:. Ford Island Conference Center, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center. April 29, 2009. Archived from
347:, with the exception of using the U.S. standard of measuring sustained winds for 1-min instead of the 10-min span recommended by the WMO (see
1703:
1672:
1573:
1342:
1326:
321:
210:
destroyed the building housing the Fleet Weather Center/Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It relocated in a more typhoon-proof building in 1965.
579:
215:
1682:
1611:
1581:
1528:
1467:
834:
352:
151:
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1639:
232:, Japan, before eventually being re-designated to Pearl Harbor in November 1977. The first time the AJTWC had to activate was after
1381:
1082:
584:
1713:
1596:
1515:
1414:
423:
1548:
569:
1754:
1166:(Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center
1191:. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy
1439:
1626:
1404:
1349:
194:
459:) and forecaster assessment, as well as the confidence of the position, intensity, and wind radii. It also compares the
439:
analysis, and forecast discussion. The former section includes details on the position and intensity of the system, the
177:
can be traced back to June 1945, when the Fleet Weather Center/Typhoon Tracking Center was established on the island of
1484:
802:
773:
700:
1295:
1552:
1457:
1399:
336:
744:(Report). San Francisco, California: United States Navy/Air Force Fleet Weather Central/Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1687:
1062:. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy
1040:. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy
499:
1419:
1185:
1009:
984:
968:
943:
348:
1708:
1634:
1523:
1452:
559:
1563:
1543:
1363:
1132:
564:
677:
1538:
376:(short for investigation area), and numbers them from 90 to 99, followed by a "W" (West Pacific), "B" (
146:
1135:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Blog of the National Hurricane Center
1586:
1424:
1394:
1243:(Report). Monterey, California: United States Naval Research Laboratory's Marine Meteorology Division
504:
A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) is issued when an area of disturbed weather (designated an
419:
329:
325:
1649:
1472:
1429:
1389:
1269:
546:
198:
1558:
1370:
513:
452:
430:
warning to indicate a significant re-assessment of the tropical cyclone's location and movement.
365:
126:
93:
162:
1462:
418:
A graphic is produced in each warning in a low-bandwidth image tailored for mariners. Like the
1409:
1330:
1211:
914:
883:
857:
738:
610:
483:
Medium: Higher potential and may develop into a significant tropical cyclone beyond 24 hours.
473:
456:
186:
1109:
464:
the Indian Ocean would have the discussion in the remarks section of warning text messages.
444:
996:
955:
642:
554:
505:
373:
17:
889:(Report). Guam, Mariana Islands: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center
863:(Report). Guam, Mariana Islands: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center
8:
1533:
1217:(Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center
920:(Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center
616:(Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1289:
1086:
1000:
959:
942:
Miller, Ronald J.; Schrader, Ann J.; Sampson, Charles R.; Tsui, Ted L. (December 1990).
1325:
339:'s (WMO) rules for storm names and adheres to acknowledged guidelines for intensity of
316:
122:
89:
480:
Low: Unlikely to develop into a significant tropical cyclone within the next 24 hours.
1500:
440:
1059:
328:
for the JTWC beginning in 1986, and used since 1988. It was adapted for use at the
1004:
963:
517:
460:
340:
138:
1237:
344:
1037:
509:
312:
1733:
1160:
377:
360:
207:
182:
167:
1283:
808:
779:
706:
104:
1108:
Chu, J. H.; Levine, A.; Daida, S.; Schiber, D.; Fukada, E.; Sampson, C. R.
801:
Anslett, Richard (April 30, 1998). "Realignment, Renaming And Relocating".
641:. United States Navy/Air Force Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from
233:
142:
130:
1238:
Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide 3. Tropical Cyclone Formation
831:"Joint Typhoon Warning Center rededicates new operation floor and mission"
1085:. United States Federal Government. Department of Defense. Archived from
833:. Ho'okele – Pearl Harbor – Hickam News. October 29, 2023. Archived from
411:
381:
301:
288:
275:
262:
447:
of the system, and the environment the cyclone is in (covering vertical
1425:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs
448:
983:
Miller, Ronald J.; Sampson, Charles R.; Schrader, Ann J. (June 2000).
520:. If there are a total of at least 35 points, a TCFA shall be issued.
190:
times difficult or impossible due to various communication problems.
229:
141:
warnings in the North-West Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and
985:"The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (Version 3.2)"
673:
Joint Typhoon Warning Center 50th Anniversary May 1959 – May 2009
772:
Anstett, Richard (April 30, 1998). "JTWC Formation, 1958-1959".
134:
1210:
Cherrett, R. Corey; Falvey, Robert J. (September 16, 2021).
39:
1356:
1010:
10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1231:tatcfs>2.3.co;2
969:
10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0653:TATCFS>2.0.CO;2
372:
When monitoring disturbances, the agency labels them as an
178:
944:"The Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System (ATCF)"
737:
Tilden, Charles E.; Hoffman, Robert M. (January 1, 1995).
27:
Joint United States Navy – United States Air Force command
941:
222:
1083:"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Marks 50 Years of Service"
467:
1750:
Military units and formations of the United States Navy
1745:
Meteorological organizations based in the United States
699:
Anstett, Richard (April 30, 1998). "World War II Era".
1719:
White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
1430:
Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement
1236:
Jeffries, Richard A.; Miller, Ronald J. (April 1993).
804:
History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998
775:
History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998
702:
History of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center up to 1998
609:
Francis, Angela S.; Strahl, Brian R. (July 20, 2022).
1765:
Governmental meteorological agencies in North America
1186:
Planned updates to JTWC prognostic reasoning messages
982:
408:
It may endanger life and/or property within 72 hours.
1112:. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center
536:
426:
scale, or when the JTWC is directed by USINDOPACOM.
1617:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1052:
493:
913:Dillon, C. P.; Andrews, Mark J. (July 25, 2000) .
1251:– via Defense Technical Information Center.
1107:
995:(6). American Meteorological Society: 1231–1240.
523:
1731:
1607:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1493:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1154:
1152:
1150:
666:
664:
662:
660:
639:"Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement"
173:The origins of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1448:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
989:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
954:(4). American Meteorological Society: 653–660.
1235:
1209:
575:2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
1704:Environmental Science Services Administration
1357:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1311:
1147:
1110:"Western North Pacific Ocean Best Track Data"
912:
736:
657:
608:
351:). The JTWC is not one of the WMO designated
322:Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System
137:. The JTWC is responsible for the issuing of
1740:United States Department of Defense agencies
1506:National Laboratories and Technology Centers
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
392:
216:1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission
1683:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
908:
906:
904:
794:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
353:Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres
1678:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation
1612:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1529:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1318:
1304:
1288:
604:
602:
600:
239:
152:Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command
38:
1640:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1008:
967:
756:
633:
631:
1760:1959 establishments in the United States
1130:
937:
935:
901:
881:
855:
721:
692:
580:2024–25 Australian region cyclone season
359:, as its main mission is to support the
245:JTWC's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale
161:
1714:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
1655:Combat Capabilities Development Command
1415:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1080:
1074:
800:
771:
698:
597:
433:
424:Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness
14:
1732:
1549:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1101:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
882:Mautner, Donald A.; Guard, Charles P.
628:
570:2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
223:Alternate Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1299:
976:
932:
468:Significant Tropical Weather Advisory
181:, after multiple typhoons, including
1158:
585:2024–25 South Pacific cyclone season
1212:Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2019
1017:
915:1997 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report
884:1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report
611:Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2020
195:United States Department of Defense
24:
1582:Science and Technology Directorate
1497:Office of Environmental Management
1268:from websites or documents of the
1131:Franklin, James (March 6, 2018) .
1081:Freeman, Bob (November 13, 2009).
856:Morford, Dean R.; Lavin, James K.
414:directs the JTWC to begin warnings
311:The center is staffed by about 61
25:
1776:
1665:Executive Office of the President
1553:National Water and Climate Center
1400:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
1327:United States government agencies
1275:
337:World Meteorological Organization
1688:Council on Environmental Quality
1468:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
1264: This article incorporates
1259:
1161:Mariner's Tropical Cyclone Guide
539:
500:Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert
494:Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert
357:Tropical cyclone warning centers
1574:Department of Homeland Security
1420:United States Geological Survey
1343:Environmental Protection Agency
1229:
1203:
1178:
1124:
875:
1350:Global Change Research Program
1060:"Products and Services Notice"
849:
823:
524:Annual Tropical Cyclone Report
349:Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
13:
1:
1709:United States Fish Commission
1635:Air Force Research Laboratory
1524:Agricultural Research Service
590:
560:2024 Pacific hurricane season
1755:Tropical cyclone meteorology
1645:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
1544:Foreign Agricultural Service
1038:"Frequently Asked Questions"
115:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
33:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
7:
1364:National Science Foundation
1159:Finn, Dylan J. (May 2023).
1133:"Investing for Meteorology"
565:2024 Pacific typhoon season
532:
516:, while also utilizing the
387:
10:
1781:
1539:Food and Nutrition Service
1382:Department of the Interior
858:1977 Annual Typhoon Report
739:1959 Annual Typhoon Report
497:
157:
147:U.S. Department of Defense
1696:
1663:
1625:
1595:
1587:United States Coast Guard
1572:
1516:Department of Agriculture
1514:
1483:
1438:
1395:Bureau of Land Management
1380:
1337:
420:National Hurricane Center
393:Tropical Cyclone Warnings
330:National Hurricane Center
326:Naval Research Laboratory
197:weather services and the
99:
85:
77:
69:
51:
46:
37:
1650:Office of Naval Research
1458:Marine Fisheries Service
1390:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1270:United States Government
547:Tropical cyclones portal
514:sea surface temperatures
145:for all branches of the
1559:Rural Utilities Service
1371:Smithsonian Institution
948:Weather and Forecasting
453:sea surface temperature
240:Standards and practices
127:United States Air Force
94:United States Air Force
1440:Department of Commerce
1266:public domain material
170:
57:; 65 years ago
1673:Climate Policy Office
1627:Department of Defense
1597:Department of Health
1410:National Park Service
1405:Bureau of Reclamation
1331:environmental science
837:on September 24, 2015
474:tropical cyclogenesis
185:of December 1944 and
165:
1485:Department of Energy
782:on February 18, 2005
709:on February 24, 2012
555:Invest (meteorology)
434:Prognostic Reasoning
335:JTWC adheres to the
297:Tropical Depression
73:Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
1534:Farm Service Agency
1001:2000BAMS...81.1231S
960:1990WtFor...5..653M
246:
105:metoc.navy.mil/jtwc
34:
1599:and Human Services
645:on August 12, 2009
445:steering mechanism
279:118–239 km/h
244:
171:
123:United States Navy
90:United States Navy
32:
1727:
1726:
1501:Office of Science
441:satellite imagery
355:, nor one of its
341:tropical cyclones
309:
308:
292:63–117 km/h
193:During 1958, the
176:
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1772:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1284:Official website
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1089:on July 13, 2013
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811:on June 28, 2011
807:. Archived from
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
778:. Archived from
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749:
743:
734:
719:
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705:. Archived from
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690:
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680:on July 17, 2016
668:
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652:
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635:
626:
625:
623:
621:
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549:
544:
543:
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518:Dvorak technique
461:Dvorak estimates
253:Sustained winds
247:
243:
174:
139:tropical cyclone
107:
65:
63:
58:
55:May 1, 1959
42:
35:
31:
21:
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1473:Weather Service
1453:Geodetic Survey
1434:
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1258:
1247:December 29,
1245:. Retrieved
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1221:December 29,
1219:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:December 29,
1193:. Retrieved
1180:
1170:December 29,
1168:. Retrieved
1137:. Retrieved
1126:
1116:November 26,
1114:. Retrieved
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1076:
1066:December 29,
1064:. Retrieved
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1042:. Retrieved
992:
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922:. Retrieved
893:December 29,
891:. Retrieved
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867:December 29,
865:. Retrieved
851:
841:December 29,
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
825:
815:November 14,
813:. Retrieved
809:the original
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786:November 14,
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780:the original
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748:December 29,
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713:December 29,
711:. Retrieved
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620:December 29,
618:. Retrieved
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274:64–129
234:Typhoon Omar
226:
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143:Indian Ocean
131:Pearl Harbor
118:
114:
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70:Headquarters
29:
412:USINDOPACOM
382:Arabian Sea
364:cyclone. A
287:34–63
129:command in
1734:Categories
1139:January 6,
591:References
449:wind shear
261:≥130
62:1959-05-01
300:≤33
250:Category
81:61 (2020)
78:Employees
1093:July 17,
649:July 17,
533:See also
388:Products
380:), "A" (
271:Typhoon
230:Yokosuka
125:–
1697:Defunct
997:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
457:outflow
158:History
100:Website
60: (
506:invest
455:, and
443:, the
374:invest
175:(JTWC)
135:Hawaii
52:Formed
1241:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
918:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
614:(PDF)
366:scale
302:knots
289:knots
276:knots
263:knots
1249:2023
1223:2023
1197:2023
1172:2023
1141:2024
1118:2023
1095:2013
1068:2023
1046:2023
926:2023
895:2023
869:2023
843:2023
817:2014
788:2014
750:2023
715:2023
686:2023
651:2013
622:2023
343:and
317:Navy
315:and
179:Guam
119:JTWC
113:The
18:JTWC
1005:doi
964:doi
1736::
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