711:, the judiciary had âpowerâ only in name. Closely linked to politics, the National Committee for Justice officially came into force at the end of the single session of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea (April 11â13, 1976) which, according to the article 9 of the Constitution, also had the task of appointing "magistrates at all levels (of the hierarchy)â. The âministryâ was chaired by Kang Chap, elected according to the rule of democratic centralism. Justice was to be rendered by the people's courts, which were supposed to defend the democratic rights and freedoms of the people and which actually condemned any action directed against the State. Unlike the
1828:
46:
485:
2755:
473:
2765:
908:. In addition to appeals against provincial court cases, it also judges administrative disputes at first instance. In addition to the institution in charge of this type of case, the court has four other chambers, specializing respectively in civil, criminal, commercial and investigation. Its decisions are rendered by a group of three magistrates; the attributions of the public ministry fall to the public prosecutor at the court of appeal.
614:. From the texts, it can be interpreted that the king was personally involved but given the location of these inscriptions, it is likely that the courts were delegated to act on behalf of the ruler. According to Eileen Lustig, "sites with mentions of the royal service, courts, and court officials are distributed in much the same way as non-royal inscriptions, suggesting a relatively even administration of taxation and the law."
807:. Many bodies responsible for organizing and guaranteeing the independence of institutions were then created (superior council of the judiciary, bar of lawyers, council of the order, etc.). But these implementations, by calling into question the previously established systems of influence, regularly lead to crises such as the quarrel between
1016:
was in charge of establishing the first Royal School for Judges and
Prosecutors to train a new generation of magistrates and legal clerks for Cambodia. Since then, judges and prosecutors are recruited by a competition open to any law graduate and after having undergone training at the Royal School of
623:
that appeared during the indianization of the
Indochinese peninsula between the second and the thirteenth century, but these texts are above all codes of conduct respectful of secular customs and devoid of directive character. Moreover, when at the end of the nineteenth century French people such as
1037:
elected for a two-year term renewable once. Applicants to the profession must be of
Cambodian nationality, have obtained a certificate of aptitude for the career of lawyer and a law degree or an equivalent diploma and not have been convicted of a criminal offense. They must then complete a one-year
779:
and whose decisions could be challenged before a supreme court. This reform was also accompanied by a reorganization of the texts, but in view of the task to be accomplished, it was preferable to sort, among those of the previous regimes, those which would be repealed and those to be retained. The
927:
fall to the public prosecutor at the supreme court. Finally, the
Supreme Council of the Judiciary holds judicial power in the last instance. It is supposed to guarantee the independence of the judiciary and intervenes in matters relating to the promotions, transfers and remuneration of judges; it
852:
The main duties of the judiciary are to prosecute criminals, settle lawsuits, and, most importantly, protect the freedoms and rights of
Cambodian citizens. However, in reality, the judicial branch in Cambodia is highly corrupt and often serves as a tool of the executive branch to silence civil
1003:
are subordinate to the
Attorney General who receives his instructions from the Ministry of Justice and must send him an activity report every year. In order to put an end to the confusion which then prevailed, the Superior Council of the Judiciary decided, on July 11, 2005, the administrative
928:
must also deal with complaints and decide, if necessary, on disciplinary sanctions against magistrates. Its organization and functioning have been redefined by a law promulgated in July 2014 which notably increased the proportion of judges sitting on the
Supreme Court.
1038:
internship in a firm and include additional training. Finally, to ensure their independence, lawyers are required not to exercise a commercial activity or a job in the public service in
Southeast Asia or in any political and jurisdictional Institutions in Cambodia.
1626:
1545:
1498:
1366:
1339:
811:
and Suon Visal, which disrupted the functioning of the bar for several years or the accusations of partiality of the
Superior Council of the Judiciary after the transfer, in March 2004, of Judge Hing Thirith.
977:
is prescribed by a central administration for its local offices. Its purpose is to clarify a legal text by indicating the interpretation to be given to it or to define a policy in a given area. Finally, the
726:
in 1979, popular revolutionary courts were finally created, but it was not until 1982 that a more elaborate judicial system was put in place. A network of provincial courts was born, dependent on a popular
719:, Democratic Kampuchea stood out from other communist states on the planet by the absence of its judicial system. No tribunal nor court of any sort was ever invested with the power to render justice.
836:
In fact, the assessment made in 2006 by
Antoine Fontaine, project manager of the Embassy of France for legal cooperation with the Royal University of Law and Economics of Phnom Penh, showing that:
751:
for its part would come from the Council of Ministers but could not oppose one of the two texts mentioned above. Each minister or head of a public body could, at his level, enact an order or
2689:
923:. It is composed of a civil chamber and a criminal chamber. Decisions are pronounced collegially usually by 5 magistrates or 9 magistrates in a plenary judgement while the functions of the
344:
1190:
Aspects de l'évolution gouvernementale de l'Indochine française : accÚs aux fonctions publiques, institutions représentatives, libertés individuelles, constitution, lois, rÚglements
664:. The opinions, orders and other decrees issued by the various legislative bodies were streamlined on 1 June 1940 by creating a hierarchy between them. At the highest level was now the
731:
at the national level, which became the instance of appeal. A decree-law of July 13, 1982 completed the whole by creating a hierarchy at the level of the texts of laws. The laws or
569:, based on the intermediary of a person whose moral authority, unlike that of the judge, is not contested by neither of the two parties (village, district, pagoda chiefs, etc.),
1441:
830:
2694:
237:
2639:
2649:
2679:
955:
voted by parliament. Anukret is a sub-decree passed by the government and initialed by the prime minister and the minister responsible for its application. The
2574:
722:
Most of the players in the old judicial bodies did not survive this period and the restoration of institutions is still in progress. With the fall of
1812:
768:
565:
and clientelism that eat away at the whole of society. The difficulty of access for the poorest also favors the resistance of traditional methods of
2720:
967:
is initiated by a member of the government (including the secretary of state) or the president of a public institution. An internal order called
525:
2396:
951:, a decree signed by the king and countersigned by the prime minister and the minister concerned. It is in fact the act of promulgation of a
853:
society and its leaders. Until 1997, Cambodia did not have a judicial branch of government despite the nation's Constitution requiring one.
228:
2248:
573:
creating a two-tier system, one, official, reserved for foreigners and urban elites, the other, informal, for the most part population.
1686:
2730:
1910:
414:
377:
743:. The latter did not need a promulgation and takes effect as soon as it is signed. In return, it is repealed if it goes against a
2669:
869:
and the Supreme Court. It is based on a single jurisdictional order and each of these bodies rules on cases that fall under both
364:
360:
261:
1807:
498:
2644:
2003:
1636:
1582:
1555:
1508:
1406:
1376:
1349:
1289:
1254:
1171:
1123:
1065:
697:
322:
1858:
1848:
409:
395:
648:
French colonization aimed to transform Cambodia, to guide the Khmer people towards the idea of progress as defined by the
1895:
1762:
115:
2349:
2082:
2077:
1802:
1699:
518:
212:
1528:
1279:
2389:
1797:
1198:
944:
932:
789:
598:
existed and innocence could be decided "if a suspect was not eaten after being thrown to the ubiquitous crocodiles."
450:
312:
307:
128:
1161:
456:
1434:
2804:
2200:
1750:
1745:
819:, a local jurisdiction with minority international participation responsible for judging the last leaders of the
649:
278:
273:
796:
which had been repealed in 1970 now reappeared, with the limited power of promulgation of the laws voted by the
2789:
2479:
2087:
1873:
716:
672:
was also the work of the king, but covered the appointments, transfers and dismissals of senior officials. The
295:
290:
2794:
2725:
2165:
2064:
1946:
1715:
1679:
1572:
511:
335:
561:
Courts and tribunals in Cambodia regularly face a lack of resources, both financial and human, a ferment of
2684:
2589:
2382:
2111:
2059:
2054:
1983:
1853:
1792:
1599:
736:
693:
223:
2313:
2190:
1978:
1878:
1755:
1163:
L'organisation judiciaire en Indochine française 1858-1945. Tome I: Le temps de la construction 1858-1898
840:
the path that leads to the rule of law is still a long time and Cambodia is barely beginning to borrow it
76:
735:
emanated from the Council of State (under the Presidency of the Republic) and had to be approved by the
643:
2008:
1900:
1863:
111:
2604:
2559:
2138:
2039:
1883:
1868:
1720:
1148:
Le Kram sruk de Chey Chettha III : Ă©dition critique d'un code institutionnel khmer du 17e siĂšcle
960:
912:
1480:
632:, they realize that they are for the most part unknown to magistrates. In fact, corruption with the
2799:
2529:
2524:
2419:
2411:
2195:
2175:
2128:
2044:
1956:
1672:
781:
439:
2624:
2539:
2519:
2469:
2439:
2429:
2257:
2034:
1961:
444:
382:
1311:
1004:
separation between the judges in charge of investigating cases and those conducting the trials.
2735:
2614:
2609:
2489:
2298:
2288:
1998:
1993:
1951:
1827:
1082:
1055:
870:
797:
785:
562:
198:
102:
885:. Provincial courts, or municipal courts for cities with special status such as Phnom Penh or
739:
to be proclaimed or, if its application could not wait for the next parliamentary session, by
610:
of the tenth and eleventh century, there are indications of well established judiciary in the
2629:
2584:
2564:
2554:
2205:
2170:
2133:
2097:
1941:
1836:
982:
has a more limited scope and is the work of a provincial governor or a head of municipality.
625:
404:
252:
2654:
2569:
2549:
2434:
2424:
2283:
2180:
2153:
2143:
1988:
1924:
1905:
1780:
886:
816:
723:
708:
419:
57:
31:
823:
helped to accelerate the establishment of institutions closer to international standards.
542:
is independent from the rest of the government of Cambodia, as specified by the Cambodian
8:
2709:
2699:
2634:
2599:
2534:
2514:
2504:
2464:
2449:
2444:
2342:
2323:
2220:
2160:
2092:
2022:
1936:
1775:
1707:
1456:
1221:
Claude Gour, Hiérarchie des textes et respect de la légalité en droit public cambodgien,
566:
547:
185:
2740:
2659:
2619:
2594:
2509:
2484:
2474:
2459:
2268:
2238:
2228:
2148:
2049:
1785:
1740:
1468:
866:
653:
607:
372:
2764:
2579:
2544:
2499:
2494:
2358:
2318:
2303:
2263:
2253:
2210:
2185:
2123:
1632:
1578:
1551:
1504:
1412:
1402:
1372:
1345:
1285:
1260:
1250:
1204:
1194:
1167:
1129:
1119:
1061:
804:
644:
Justice under the French Protectorate of Cambodia: the first attempts of codification
207:
173:
87:
1094:
919:) rules as a last resort on cases tried on appeal, but can only rule on defects in
776:
680:
came for their part from a minister and applied to his field of activity while the
661:
138:
81:
69:
943:
The administrative acts are organized according to a hierarchy inherited from the
2363:
2273:
1973:
1817:
1604:
920:
772:
701:
595:
489:
477:
158:
133:
586:
Before the establishment of the Khmer Empire, it seems like the civilization of
2278:
2243:
2069:
1770:
1435:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia"
878:
862:
2783:
2758:
2293:
2233:
1416:
1401:(in French). Paris; Bangkok: Indes savantes ; IRASEC. pp. 457â458.
1264:
1133:
996:
924:
728:
668:
which derived from the sole monarch and had a general legislative scope; the
619:
1631:(in French). Presses de l'UniversitĂ© Toulouse 1 Capitole. pp. 145â146.
1550:(in French). Presses de l'UniversitĂ© Toulouse 1 Capitole. pp. 144â145.
1526:
1503:(in French). Presses de l'UniversitĂ© Toulouse 1 Capitole. pp. 143â144.
1098:
865:
is entrusted in the first instance to the provincial courts and then to the
1735:
1208:
874:
826:
712:
629:
611:
543:
350:
232:
168:
153:
1888:
1396:
1244:
1113:
2768:
1725:
1013:
820:
637:
591:
45:
1249:(in French). Paris; Bangkok: Indes savantes ; IRASEC. p. 452.
1227:
Annales de la faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Phnom Penh
1188:
1030:
833:, noted in his report of August 2014 that progress could still be made.
484:
1371:(in French). Presses de l'Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. p. 135.
1344:(in French). Presses de l'Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. p. 136.
1000:
969:
901:
897:
740:
555:
163:
2374:
1659:
1428:
1426:
775:
which was also invested with the power to review the judgments of the
1034:
905:
656:
but these codes were often in contradiction with the laws enacted in
148:
143:
121:
1664:
1695:
1423:
633:
178:
1654:
1033:. At its head is a general assembly, a council of the order and a
999:
is the only body authorized to prosecute, but cannot judge cases.
581:
558:
contenting themselves with requesting the application of the law.
1527:
Permanent Committee on Drafting the Constitution. "Article 134".
1461:
Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cambodia
1312:"Overview of the Cambodian History, Governance and Legal Sources"
808:
216:
1442:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1083:"Using Inscription Data to Investigate Power in Angkor's Empire"
1730:
882:
657:
1150:(in French), Université Paris-Sorbonne, 1998, 309 p., p. 43-47
601:
2308:
755:, while the revolutionary committees can issued decisions or
676:
related to a decision taken by the Council of Ministers. The
587:
551:
1628:
Les institutions politiques et juridictionnelles du Cambodge
1547:
Les institutions politiques et juridictionnelles du Cambodge
1500:
Les institutions politiques et juridictionnelles du Cambodge
1368:
Les institutions politiques et juridictionnelles du Cambodge
1341:
Les institutions politiques et juridictionnelles du Cambodge
1166:(in French). Presses de lâUniversitĂ© Toulouse 1 Capitole.
935:. There are currently 17 justices on the Supreme Council.
771:
added to the provincial jurisdictions already created an
684:
had only a local value (province, district, commune...).
345:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
700:
where courses were partly given by French professors in
803:
At the same time, the law was profoundly overhauled by
1333:
1331:
1310:
Holligan, Jennifer; Abdhulhak, Tarik (December 2013).
889:, are composed of a judge, a prosecutor and a clerk.
788:
retained the order of the legal texts adopted by the
640:
attached to it made the laws particularly inaudible.
1057:
A Short History of Cambodia: From empire to survival
1025:
The lawyers are grouped in an order governed by the
759:
in compliance with any of the acts mentioned above.
687:
1328:
652:. The Protectorate saw the first real attempts at
1309:
900:. In the mid-2010s, two more instances opened in
769:United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
2781:
817:extraordinary chambers in the courts of Cambodia
1432:
959:are taken by a minister or the Governor of the
582:Funan: a rudimentary system of Indian influence
1394:
1242:
1111:
2390:
1680:
1087:Aséanie, Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est
519:
1600:"Hope for justice lies in school for judges"
1284:(in French). Aux lieux d'ĂȘtre. p. 177.
931:The highest court of judicial branch is the
831:United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights
590:had a rudimentary judiciary with probably a
602:Khmer Empire: an extended judiciary network
2397:
2383:
1687:
1673:
1624:
1577:(in French). Indes savantes. p. 466.
1543:
1496:
1395:Forest, Alain; Fontaine, Matthieu (2008).
1364:
1337:
1243:Forest, Alain; Fontaine, Matthieu (2008).
985:
696:, led by Cambodian lawyers trained at the
526:
512:
1112:Forest, Alain; Fontaine, Antoine (2008).
2404:
1597:
1530:Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
660:or those which applied to the whole of
550:, the instruction being entrusted to a
24:This article is part of a series on the
2782:
1570:
1118:. Paris: Indes savantes. p. 447.
1080:
938:
856:
2378:
1694:
1668:
1522:
1520:
1492:
1490:
1390:
1388:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1186:
1159:
1053:
617:The first written traces of laws are
1655:Supreme Court of Justice of Cambodia
1277:
762:
13:
1660:Constitutional Council of Cambodia
1517:
1487:
1385:
1298:
44:
14:
2816:
1648:
1060:. Allen & Unwin. p. 12.
933:Supreme Council of the Magistracy
815:The establishment in 2006 of the
692:Codification continued after the
688:Injustice under the Khmers Rouges
2763:
2754:
2753:
2249:Courtship, marriage, and divorce
1826:
628:did research on the laws of the
483:
471:
1746:French protectorate of Cambodia
1625:Crouzatier, Jean-Marie (2015).
1618:
1591:
1564:
1544:Crouzatier, Jean-Marie (2015).
1537:
1497:Crouzatier, Jean-Marie (2015).
1449:
1365:Crouzatier, Jean-Marie (2015).
1358:
1338:Crouzatier, Jean-Marie (2015).
844:is still relevant years later.
2721:British Indian Ocean Territory
1803:Cambodian Conflict (1979â1998)
1798:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1281:Dictionnaire des Khmers rouges
1271:
1236:
1215:
1180:
1153:
1140:
1105:
1074:
1047:
990:
945:People's Republic of Kampuchea
790:People's Republic of Kampuchea
717:Socialist Republic of Viá»t Nam
1:
1041:
451:CambodianâThai border dispute
1160:Blazy, Adrien (2018-03-16).
847:
457:2013â2014 Cambodian protests
7:
1598:Sathavy, Kim (2003-12-19).
262:National Election Committee
16:Judicial system of Cambodia
10:
2821:
1457:"Cambodia: Events of 2005"
1020:
997:Public Prosecutor's Office
829:, then rapporteur for the
576:
2749:
2708:
2668:
2410:
2336:
2219:
2119:
2110:
2030:
2021:
1932:
1923:
1844:
1835:
1824:
1706:
1007:
913:Supreme Court of Cambodia
2470:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1849:Administrative divisions
1793:CambodianâVietnamese War
1433:Surya P. Subedi (2014).
546:. The judiciary follows
397:Administrative divisions
2731:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1193:. New York: AMS Press.
1099:10.3406/asean.2011.2170
1081:Lustig, Eileen (2011).
986:People in the judiciary
2805:Government of Cambodia
2083:Special Economic Zones
2078:Science and technology
1571:Forest, Alain (2008).
1278:Kane, Solomon (2007).
1031:its French counterpart
1029:of 22 and inspired by
963:while the decision of
842:
786:parliamentary monarchy
361:Diplomatic missions of
129:Deputy Prime Ministers
49:
2790:Judiciary of Cambodia
1574:Cambodge contemporain
1398:Cambodge contemporain
1246:Cambodge contemporain
1187:Pinto, Roger (1975).
1115:Cambodge contemporain
892:The Court of Appeal (
838:
792:. However, the royal
540:Judiciary of Cambodia
48:
2795:Politics of Cambodia
2645:United Arab Emirates
1911:World Heritage Sites
1781:Democratic Kampuchea
1054:Tully, John (2006).
947:. At its top is the
724:Democratic Kampuchea
709:Democratic Kampuchea
707:Under the regime of
186:Council of Ministers
2672:limited recognition
2405:Judiciaries of Asia
2201:Social organization
1751:Japanese occupation
1463:. 31 December 2005.
1229:(in French), 1962,
1146:Grégory Mikaelian,
939:Administrative acts
857:Hierarchy of courts
650:French protectorate
567:conflict resolution
548:civil law tradition
490:Politics portal
478:Cambodia portal
2088:Telecommunications
1786:Cambodian genocide
1741:Post-Angkor period
867:Court of Cassation
608:Khmer inscriptions
594:of Indian origin.
50:
2777:
2776:
2714:other territories
2372:
2371:
2332:
2331:
2166:Human trafficking
2106:
2105:
2065:Natural resources
2017:
2016:
2004:Political parties
1947:Foreign relations
1919:
1918:
1808:State of Cambodia
1638:978-2-36170-104-8
1584:978-2-84654-193-0
1557:978-2-36170-104-8
1510:978-2-36170-104-8
1408:978-2-84654-193-0
1378:978-2-36170-104-8
1351:978-2-36170-104-8
1291:978-2-916063-27-0
1256:978-2-84654-193-0
1173:978-2-37928-058-0
1125:978-2-84654-193-0
1067:978-1-74115-857-1
805:international aid
782:1993 constitution
777:military tribunal
763:Monarchy Restored
737:National Assembly
536:
535:
378:Visa requirements
337:Foreign relations
323:Political parties
266:Recent elections
224:National Assembly
174:Sok Chenda Sophea
88:House of Sisowath
35:
2812:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2726:Christmas Island
2412:Sovereign states
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2352:
2345:
2117:
2116:
2073:
2055:Economic history
2028:
2027:
1930:
1929:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1766:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
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1307:
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1234:
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1157:
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1109:
1103:
1102:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1051:
965:sachkdei samrach
757:sachkdei samrach
747:. The decree or
662:French Indochina
630:Angkorian period
626:Adhémard LeclÚre
612:Angkorian Empire
528:
521:
514:
488:
487:
476:
475:
474:
434:
398:
338:
255:
201:
139:Aun Pornmoniroth
105:
91:
82:House of Norodom
70:Norodom Sihamoni
60:
38:
33:
25:
19:
18:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2800:Law of Cambodia
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
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1957:Human rights
1756:Puppet state
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154:Sun Chanthol
22:
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445:LGBT rights
383:Visa policy
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34:Politics of
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902:Battambang
896:) sits in
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883:social law
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741:decree-law
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592:legal code
563:corruption
349:Minister:
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1765:(1953â70)
1479:ignored (
1469:cite book
1417:423574897
1265:423574897
1134:423574897
1093:(1): 54.
1035:batonnier
906:Siem Reap
848:Structure
415:Districts
405:Provinces
272:General:
254:Elections
229:President
213:President
149:Tea Seiha
144:Sar Sokha
122:Hun Manet
90:(1904â41)
2759:Category
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