Abugida - Knowledge

3180:, in Studies in Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics presented to Gene B. Gragg edited by Cynthia L. Miller pages 53–69: "Alongside the terms I rejected (neosyllabary , pseudo-alphabet , semisyllabary , and alphasyllabary ) because they imply exactly the notion I am trying to refute – that the abugida is a kind of alphabet or a kind of syllabary – I have just come across semialphabet in the Encyclopœdia Britannica Micropœdia (though what is intended by the distinction "the syllabic KharoœøÏ and semialphabetic BrΩhmÏ" is unfathomable). W. Bright denies having devised the term alphasyllabary, but it has not yet been found to occur earlier than his 1992 encyclopedia (in 1990:136 he approved semisyllabary). Compare Daniels 1996b:4 n. * and Bright 2000 for the different conceptualizations of abugida and alphasyllabary: functional vs. formal, as it happens. The words abjad and abugida are simply words in Arabic and Ethiopic, respectively, for the ancient Northwest Semitic order of letters, which is used in those languages in certain functions alongside the customary orders in Arabic reflecting rearrangement according to shape, and in Ethiopic reflecting an entirely different letter-order tradition" 1849: 239: 129: 100: 3190:

Devanāgarī) or semi-syllabic script (Baker, 1997), syllabic alphabet (Coulmas, 1999), alphasyllabary (Bright, 1996, 1999; Trigger, 2004), neosyllabary (Daniels, 1990), abugida (Daniels, 1996a) and segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script (Faber, 1992) as well as the Sanskrit-inspired terms aksara system (Gnanadesikan, 2009) or āksharik script (Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler, 2014). As is discussed further below, however, there is a considerable degree of typological diversity in this family of scripts."

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Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."

3153:. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727–31. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," 44: 1461: 3167:

alphasyllabaries. As Bright (1999) points out, the definition of abugida and the definition of alpha-syllabary differ. This fact alone suggests that at least one of the two classifications is either incomplete or inaccurate—or, at the very least, that they have two different purposes. This paper is intended as a (long-delayed) response to Bright (1999) and argues that both of these systems are in fact incomplete."

158: 2080:, such as consonant clusters and vowels with final consonants. Thus it is not segmental and cannot be considered an abugida. However, it superficially resembles an abugida with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Most syllables are written with two letters in the order rime–onset (typically vowel-consonant), even though they are pronounced as onset-rime (consonant-vowel), rather like the position of the 71: 2048:

and Meroitic scripts whose status as abugidas is controversial (see below), all other vowels are written in-line. Additionally, the practice of explicitly writing all-but-one vowel does not apply to loanwords from Arabic and Persian, so the script does not have an inherent vowel for Arabic and Persian words. The inconsistency of its vowel notation makes it difficult to categorize.

1875:(individual "letters" of the script) have "diacritics" that are fused with the consonants to the point that they must be considered modifications of the form of the letters. Children learn each modification separately, as in a syllabary; nonetheless, the graphic similarities between syllables with the same consonant are readily apparent, unlike the case in a true 1780:, or to indicate that a consonant occurs at the end of a word. Thus in Sanskrit, a default vowel consonant such as फ does not take on a final consonant sound. Instead, it keeps its vowel. For writing two consonants without a vowel in between, instead of using diacritics on the first consonant to remove its vowel, another popular method of special 653:

The division of a word into syllables for the purposes of writing does not always accord with the natural phonetics of the language. For example, Brahmic scripts commonly handle a phonetic sequence CVC-CV as CV-CCV or CV-C-CV. However, sometimes phonetic CVC syllables are handled as single units, and

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An alphasyllabary is defined as "a type of writing system in which the vowels are denoted by subsidiary symbols, not all of which occur in a linear order (with relation to the consonant symbols) that is congruent with their temporal order in speech". Bright did not require that an alphabet explicitly

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The formal definitions given by Daniels and Bright for abugida and alphasyllabary differ; some writing systems are abugidas but not alphasyllabaries, and some are alphasyllabaries but not abugidas. An abugida is defined as "a type of writing system whose basic characters denote consonants followed by

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Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs (diacritics) around the consonants, often including a sign that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel. If a consonant has no vowel sign, this indicates a default vowel. Vowel diacritics may appear above, below, to the left, to the right,

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Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "This type of script has been given many names, among them semi-alphabet (Diringer, 1948, referring to Brāhmī), semi-syllabary (Diringer, 1948, referring to

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Pali in the Burmese, Khmer and Tai Tham scripts uses independent vowels instead, and they are also used in loan words in the local languages. The Cham script also uses both independent vowels and glottal stop consonant plus dependent vowel. In all three cases, the glottal stop letter is the same as

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When not separating syllables containing consonant clusters (CCV) into C + CV, these syllables are often written by combining the two consonants. In the Indic scripts, the earliest method was simply to arrange them vertically, writing the second consonant of the cluster below the first one. The two

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or by changes in the form of the letter itself. If all modifications are by diacritics and all diacritics follow the direction of the writing of the letters, then the abugida is not an alphasyllabary. However, most languages have words that are more complicated than a sequence of CV syllables, even

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from the Arabic word for the traditional order of its script, which (unvocalized), of course, falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred

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generally writes the vowel /æ/ (written as ə in North Azerbaijani) as a diacritic, but writes all other vowels as full letters (similarly to Kurdish and Uyghur). This means that when no vowel diacritics are present (most of the time), it technically has an inherent vowel. However, like the Phagspa

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Tibetan and Khmer occasionally and Tai Tham regularly write final consonants below the rest of the akshara. This practice is the origin of the Lao letter ຽ U+0EBD LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO, and a similar sign may be found in Javanese. Tai Tham may also write several final consonants above the rest of

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is an example of an alphasyllabary that is not an abugida, for there is no inherent vowel and its vowels are always written explicitly and not in accordance to their temporal order in speech, meaning that a vowel can be written before, below or above a consonant letter, while the syllable is still

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Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "The second is that of Bright (1996, 1999) which follows Daniels in abjads and alphabets (Bright, 1999), but identifies instead of abugidas a category of

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uses straight strokes and quarter-circle marks in different orientations as the principal "alphabet" of consonants; vowels are shown as light and heavy dots, dashes and other marks in one of 3 possible positions to indicate the various vowel-sounds. However, to increase writing speed, Pitman has

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The fundamental principles of an abugida apply to words made up of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. The syllables are written as letters in a straight line, where each syllable is either a letter that represents the sound of a consonant and its inherent vowel or a letter modified to indicate the

646:, they are said to be 'stacked'. Often there has been a change to writing the two consonants side by side. In the latter case, this combination may be indicated by a diacritic on one of the consonants or a change in the form of one of the consonants, e.g. the 2132:

for example), and is thus similar to Brahmic family of abugidas. However, the other vowels were indicated with full letters, not diacritics or modification, so the system was essentially an alphabet that did not bother to write the most common vowel.

2040:, are fully vowelled, but because the vowels are written with full letters rather than diacritics (with the exception of distinguishing between /a/ and /o/ in the latter) and there are no inherent vowels, these are considered alphabets, not abugidas. 566:

before a vowel (CCV) and syllables ending in a consonant (CVC). The simplest solution, which is not always available, is to break with the principle of writing words as a sequence of syllables and use a letter representing just a consonant (C). This

2194:(vowelless alphabets). They contrast with syllabaries, where there is a distinct symbol for each syllable or consonant-vowel combination, and where these have no systematic similarity to each other, and typically develop directly from 2269:

one, but while the link between Aramaic and Kharosthi is more or less undisputed, this is not the case with Brahmi. The Kharosthi family does not survive today, but Brahmi's descendants include most of the modern scripts of

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The Thai, Lao, Tai Viet, Tai Tham and Khmer scripts often or always use the plain letter for word-final consonants, and normally do not use a zero vowel sign. However, the Thai script regularly uses it for Pali and

1980:. Although there is a vowel inherent in each, all rotations have equal status and none can be identified as basic. Bare consonants are indicated either by separate diacritics, or by superscript versions of the 1823:

can represent a closed syllable: Not only the vowel, but any final consonant is indicated by a diacritic. For example, the syllable would be written as something like s̥̽, here with an underring representing

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was derived from the Tibetan abugida, but all vowels are written in-line rather than as diacritics. However, it retains the features of having an inherent vowel /a/ and having distinct initial vowel letters.

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letter is used as though every syllable began with a consonant. For other languages, each vowel has a separate letter that is used for each syllable consisting of just the vowel. These letters are known as

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Tai Tham has superscript and subscript signs for final /k/. Javanese and related scripts have a superscript symbol for final /r/, though it is ultimately related to the normal letter for /r/.

370:. As is the case for syllabaries, the units of the writing system may consist of the representations both of syllables and of consonants. For scripts of the Brahmic family, the term 840:, vowels are marked by rotating or flipping the consonants, and final consonants are indicated with either special diacritics or superscript forms of the main initial consonants. 650:

of Devanagari. Generally, the reading order of stacked consonants is top to bottom, or the general reading order of the script, but sometimes the reading order can be reversed.

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The symbol for ṃ represents the sound for /m/ or /ŋ/ in some languages, and the symbol for ḥ may represent a ɡlottal stop or even /k/. Not all scripts have these symbols.

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by a special dependent consonant sign, which may be a smaller or differently placed version of the full consonant letter, or may be a distinct sign altogether.

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In many of the Brahmic scripts, a syllable beginning with a cluster is treated as a single character for purposes of vowel marking, so a vowel marker like ि

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The primary division is with North Indic scripts, used in Northern India, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and Russia; and Southern Indic scripts, used in

480:, where letters with shared consonant or vowel sounds show no particular resemblance to one another. Furthermore, an abugida is also in contrast with an 4320: 3804: 2289:; the advent of vowels coincided with the introduction or adoption of Christianity about AD 350. The Ethiopic script is the elaboration of an abjad. 4750: 4740: 4315: 4730: 4720: 4310: 4305: 4300: 1376: 1097:

Lao has no inherent vowel – it is an alphasyllabary but not an abugida. There is also a Thai-script Pali orthography which has no inherent vowel.

551:, and are found in most Indic scripts. These letters may be quite different from the corresponding diacritics, which by contrast are known as 6446: 4735: 1024: 833:, vowels are marked by modifying the shapes of the consonants, and one of the vowel-forms serves additionally to indicate final consonants. 3272: 602:

In a true abugida, the lack of distinctive vowel marking of the letter may result from the diachronic loss of the inherent vowel, e.g. by

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Tamil and Lao have conjuncts formed from straightforward ligation of side by side consonants. Burmese and Tai Tham have a few conjuncts.

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falling before the character it modifies, may appear several positions before the place where it is pronounced. For example, the game

302:, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of the script may be termed "alphabets". The terms also contrast them with a 6478: 3537: 2174:

rules for "vowel indication" using the positioning or choice of consonant signs so that writing vowel-marks can be dispensed with.

3356: 2165:, which was based on shorthand, also uses diacritics for vowels; the placements of the vowel relative to the consonant indicates 1126: 611: 5668: 3238:

was "functional," putting the focus on sound–symbol correspondence. However, this is not a distinction made in the literature.

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in which many of these languages are written. Ge'ez is one of several segmental writing systems in the world, others include

17: 6117: 3304: 84: 5554: 3866: 3626: 492:, following South Asian linguistic usage, to convey the idea that, "they share features of both alphabet and syllabary." 343:. In 1992, Faber suggested "segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script", and in 1992 Bright used the term 175: 146: 88: 4090: 1784:

forms is used in which two or more consonant characters are merged to express a cluster, such as Devanagari, as in अप्फ

1129:. Also, as a legitimate font fall-back, can occur as side-by-side consonants modified only by the inclusion of a virama. 3476: 2044: 555:. As a result of the spread of writing systems, independent vowels may be used to represent syllables beginning with a 7316: 7302: 7272: 6411: 3771: 3177: 2293: 1997:

Abjads are typically written without indication of many vowels. However, in some contexts like teaching materials or

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There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by

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vowel in Devanagari, which is written before the consonant. Pahawh is also unusual in that, while an inherent rime

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of Nepal script are rounded. Most North Indic scripts' full letters incorporate a horizontal line at the top, with

4095: 5974: 5235: 626:, or otherwise change their shapes. Rarely, one of the consonants may be replaced by a gemination mark, e.g. the 496:

a particular vowel, and in which diacritics denote other vowels". (This 'particular vowel' is referred to as the

2951: 1434:(). In some languages, including Hindi, it becomes a final closing consonant at the end of a word, in this case 7541: 6107: 5746: 2956: 676:

not at all. For example, repeated consonants need not be represented, homorganic nasals may be ignored, and in

1832:. Most other Indic abugidas can only indicate a very limited set of final consonants with diacritics, such as 171: 142: 6216: 5741: 4799: 3720: 3530: 2942: 1941: 837: 397: 367: 136: 5078: 1754:

In many abugidas, there is also a diacritic to suppress the inherent vowel, yielding the bare consonant. In

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He describes this term as "formal," i.e., more concerned with the graphic arrangement of symbols, whereas

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the akshara. The Rónɡ script writes final consonants above the rest of the akshara, except that final /ŋ/

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More complicated unit structures (e.g. CC or CCVC) are handled by combining the various techniques above.

275: 7407: 7386: 6066: 6061: 5756: 5658: 4180: 3871: 336: 1788:(Some fonts display this as प् followed by फ, rather than forming a conjunct. This expedient is used by 1751:. That is, the vowel diacritic and virama are both written after the consonants for the whole syllable. 7474: 6071: 5638: 5051: 4112: 3555: 3320:

Joel C. Kuipers & Ray McDermott, "Insular Southeast Asian Scripts". In Daniels & Bright (1996)

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use diacritics for vowels, but they do not have an inherent vowel, and are thus more similar to

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scripts. The positioning of the components may be slightly different, as in Khmer and Tai Tham.

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Most Indian and Indochinese abugidas appear to have first been developed from abjads with the

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The first complication is syllables that consist of just a vowel (V). For some languages, a

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a lack of vowel marking on the letter (often with ambiguity between no vowel and a default

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proper, where independent letters are used to denote both consonants and vowels. The term

8: 6206: 6102: 5824: 5347: 4053: 2966: 2791: 2377: 2359: 2057: 603: 520:, but it is not an alphasyllabary because its vowels are written in linear order. Modern 461: 4369: 3349: 513: 7365: 7342: 6976: 6865: 6855: 6747: 6690: 6676: 6633: 6338: 6221: 6056: 5948: 5907: 5861: 5856: 5751: 5733: 5401: 5332: 5297: 5245: 5058: 5046: 4457: 4379: 4280: 3835: 3725: 3574: 3217: 2745: 2412: 2407: 2327: 2262: 2166: 975: 6598: 6256: 3501: 7488: 7481: 7217: 7203: 7115: 7004: 6914: 6893: 6872: 6800: 6732: 6591: 6549: 6501: 6236: 6226: 5871: 5866: 5771: 5766: 5673: 5628: 5451: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5342: 5337: 5265: 5200: 5185: 5135: 5130: 5073: 5009: 4967: 4809: 4695: 4618: 4134: 4129: 4006: 3009: 2961: 2931: 2889: 2872: 2819: 2642: 2638: 2544: 2521: 2498: 2389: 2363: 2350: 2345: 1945: 1777: 1729: 1465: 1245: 830: 667: 563: 363: 247: 2307:, within which various schemes of 'group writing' had been used for showing vowels. 2186:

suggests, abugidas have been considered an intermediate step between alphabets and

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a modification of the final letter that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel (

7446: 7138: 7079: 7025: 7018: 6997: 6983: 6967: 6945: 6900: 6793: 6768: 6740: 6725: 6648: 6626: 6619: 6577: 6537: 6508: 6196: 6166: 5989: 5912: 5678: 5608: 5513: 5461: 5441: 5377: 5367: 5357: 5322: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5190: 5145: 5140: 5024: 5019: 4866: 4856: 4710: 4675: 4670: 4650: 4544: 4502: 4442: 4325: 4295: 4205: 4165: 4107: 4041: 4021: 3969: 3952: 3940: 3465:

Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods

3345: 3289: 3101: 3005: 2936: 2834: 2829: 2815: 2646: 2624: 2566: 2535: 2507: 2494: 2473: 2451: 2438: 2385: 2300: 2113: 2029: 2006: 1928:(with a subdiacritic that compresses the consonant, so it is the same height), ህ 1883: 1868: 1853: 1816: 1683: 1657: 1419: 1384: 1345: 1329: 1313: 1297: 1293: 1229: 1187: 811: 278:

in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a

165: 107: 78: 5643: 4826: 3121: 389: 7583: 7467: 7351: 7331: 7240: 7108: 7039: 6938: 6886: 6879: 6711: 6704: 6683: 6662: 6563: 6556: 6363: 6318: 6246: 6241: 6092: 6076: 6051: 5994: 5984: 5979: 5819: 5693: 5653: 5623: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5533: 5508: 5456: 5396: 5362: 5312: 5260: 5225: 5180: 5150: 5103: 5063: 4962: 4916: 4871: 4789: 4725: 4680: 4665: 4628: 4608: 4576: 4564: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4399: 4384: 4374: 4340: 4330: 4275: 4260: 4225: 4075: 3979: 3927: 3817: 3689: 3674: 3546: 3117: 3068:

Bright, William (2000). "A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas".

3046: 2973: 2947: 2903: 2847: 2796: 2786: 2777: 2758: 2741: 2732: 2683: 2674: 2629: 2600: 2576: 2550: 2425: 2323: 2275: 2162: 2073: 2025: 1740: 1609: 1380: 1368: 1341: 1337: 1321: 1309: 1285: 1257: 1197: 930: 921: 909: 681: 663: 643: 583: 543: 517: 489: 465: 441: 393: 320: 35: 5793: 3435: 7649: 7590: 7439: 7372: 7295: 7265: 7123: 7101: 7032: 6928: 6907: 6754: 6612: 6530: 6523: 6494: 6453: 6368: 6358: 6353: 6140: 5834: 5493: 5436: 5088: 4861: 4745: 4700: 4655: 4623: 4472: 4389: 4362: 4335: 4265: 4250: 4235: 4190: 3947: 3715: 2880: 2862: 2857: 2806: 2753: 2688: 2586: 2558: 2456: 2446: 2340: 2077: 1427: 48: 4409: 3041: 2096:, which requires one or the other of the inherent sounds to be overt, it is 7046: 7011: 6952: 6439: 6201: 6097: 6010: 5902: 5803: 5613: 5426: 5391: 5372: 5307: 5195: 4957: 4881: 4690: 4685: 4596: 4591: 4527: 4467: 4447: 4404: 4394: 4345: 4230: 4210: 4200: 4048: 4026: 3984: 3782: 3745: 3200:

Daniels, Peter T. (October–December 1990). "Fundamentals of Grammatology".

2852: 2712: 2614: 2442: 2355: 2069: 1887: 1574: 1371:. South Indic letter forms are more rounded than North Indic forms, though 1333: 1305: 1237: 905: 556: 521: 299: 5255: 2100:

that is written. Thus it is the rime (vowel) that is basic to the system.

7629: 7393: 7324: 6605: 6296: 6156: 5917: 5761: 5618: 5523: 5292: 5220: 5205: 5113: 4906: 4816: 4715: 4705: 4559: 4522: 4477: 4462: 4437: 4357: 4285: 4270: 3974: 2762: 2727: 2716: 2706: 2619: 2571: 1949: 1388: 1372: 1360: 1353: 1325: 1317: 1719: 568: 6286: 6261: 5829: 5272: 4762: 4757: 4613: 4554: 4195: 3730: 3416: 3013: 2899: 2596: 2461: 2271: 1755: 1511: 1399: 1233: 1201: 844: 693: 3221: 3150: 3137: 339:

term "abugida" was chosen as a designation for the concept in 1990 by

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the independent vowel letter for the inherent vowel. Conversely, the

815: 595:(with ambiguity between no vowel and that short or neutral vowel), or 535: 477: 413: 303: 279: 6291: 3375:

Getatchew Haile, "Ethiopic Writing". In Daniels & Bright (1996)

3140:, The Classical Journal, 54(8), 379–83. Retrieved 30 September 2020. 1768: 1430:

in Hindi represents a syllable with the default vowel, in this case

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have dependent vowels and a zero vowel sign, but no inherent vowel.

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family of India and Southeast Asia, in which vowels are marked with

6313: 6276: 6271: 6151: 6112: 5953: 5712: 5597: 5488: 5230: 5118: 5068: 4939: 4452: 4255: 4215: 3996: 3989: 3840: 3669: 3664: 3654: 3584: 3569: 3213: 2876: 2781: 2772: 2651: 2416: 2369: 2199: 2195: 2108:

It is difficult to draw a dividing line between abugidas and other

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the rest. The Philippine scripts do not represent final consonants.

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and syllable-final consonants, when they occur, are indicated with

684:, the syllable-final consonant was traditionally never represented. 677: 627: 481: 436: 291: 117: 60: 6333: 3515: 2198:. Compare the examples above to sets of syllables in the Japanese 1948:

of India, vowels are indicated by changing the orientation of the

347:, and Gnanadesikan and Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler have suggested 120:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. 43: 6420: 5927: 5798: 5688: 5663: 5549: 5386: 5240: 5215: 4984: 4891: 4539: 3964: 2990: 2885: 2736: 2554: 2420: 2250:, nor anything to indicate that they have the same vowels as the 2011: 1857: 1793: 1711: 1460: 1277: 1261: 1081: 1015: 658:

in much the same way as the second consonant in CCV, e.g. in the

607: 589:

vowel marking on the letter for a short or neutral vowel such as

372: 2009:

are written with full indication of vowels via diacritic marks (

1932:

or (where the letter is modified with a kink in the left arm).

1924:(with a right-side diacritic that does not alter the letter), ሂ 1812: 1063: 848: 739: 7421: 5165: 4977: 4896: 4841: 4549: 4220: 3735: 3019: 2581: 2540: 2146: 2017: 2002: 1225: 1213: 952: 823: 734: 622:

letters, where two or more letters are graphically joined in a

576: 525:

pronounced in the order of a consonant-vowel combination (CV).

428: 294:, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an 3294:"Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS" 211: 5788: 5783: 5633: 5416: 5317: 5004: 3915: 3644: 3350:"Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS" 2465: 2286: 2191: 2117: 1900: 1789: 1715: 1403: 1281: 1253: 1217: 1209: 1193: 784: 762: 751: 591: 423: 295: 283: 202: 196: 54: 31: 3178:

Littera ex occidente: Toward a Functional History of Writing

2088:(with mid tone) is unwritten, it also has an inherent onset 1070:

use the glottal stop or zero consonant plus dependent vowel.

773: 717: 706: 6266: 6161: 3740: 2296:

was invented with full knowledge of the Devanagari system.

1269: 1241: 1116:

Deviations include omissions and systematic use of i-forms.

728: 476:

As Daniels used the word, an abugida is in contrast with a

217: 57:

protect those who take delight in the language of the gods.

1438:. The inherent vowel may be changed by adding vowel mark ( 440:

is derived from the names of the two first letters in the

309:

Related concepts were introduced independently in 1948 by

3282: 3271:. August 2015. Section 16.4 Khmer, Subscript Consonants. 1895: 1819:

goes further than other Indic abugidas, in that a single

226: 208: 2265:; the abjad in question is usually considered to be the 1952:. Each vowel has a consistent orientation; for example, 3138:

Review of The Decipherment of Linear B by John Chadwick

257: 1828:

and an overcross representing the diacritic for final

3436:"A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas" 3338: 3288: 2190:. Historically, abugidas appear to have evolved from 1228:. All surviving Indic scripts are descendants of the 400:. The word abugida is derived from the four letters, 223: 193: 229: 214: 199: 1898:), had originally been what would now be termed an 205: 3303:. International Organization for Standardization. 534:vowel. Letters can be modified either by means of 2547:and other languages of northern and eastern India 7647: 1935: 3371: 3369: 3314: 3248: 3246: 3244: 488:was suggested for the Indic scripts in 1997 by 388:traditionally meant letters of the Ethiopic or 251: 1912:), the base form of the letter (also known as 516:is an example of an abugida because it has an 384:In several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, 47:Comparison of various abugidas descended from 6405: 3798: 3531: 3126:. Philosophical Library. p. 601 (index). 3123:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind 1125:Often separate and unmodified as a result of 3812: 3457: 3366: 3258: 3241: 2021:) making them effectively alphasyllabaries. 314: 3110: 2735: – Tamil, Sanskrit, various 1391:as exceptions; South Indic scripts do not. 1232:. Today they are used in most languages of 794: 6412: 6398: 3805: 3791: 3538: 3524: 3090: 2752:, and other languages of the Yuan dynasty 2281:Ge'ez derived from a different abjad, the 3081: 2072:is a non-segmental script that indicates 2036:, China, as well as the Hebrew script of 638:When they are arranged vertically, as in 456:as a term in linguistics was proposed by 262:) – sometimes also called 3252:Glossary of Daniels & Bright (1996) 3202:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3116: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 1847: 1739:. A more unusual example is seen in the 1472:Diacritic placement in Brahmic abugidas 1459: 654:the final consonant may be represented: 42: 3610:Languages by writing system / 3344: 3199: 3193: 3096: 3008:(an alphabet with an inherent vowel) – 2999: 176:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 164:This article contains letters from the 147:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 137:Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters 89:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 7648: 3433: 3067: 2157:system and its derivatives modify the 1110: 1100: 1091: 528: 7549:American Printing House for the Blind 7325:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 6977:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 6393: 6183: 6138: 6031: 5710: 5595: 4937: 4151: 3913: 3896: 3786: 3519: 3054: 2480:and other languages of northern India 1398:The most widely used Indic script is 1155: 1132: 1119: 1073: 6032: 3362:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3310:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3278:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2246:have neither anything in common for 1776:in Sanskrit. It may be used to form 1164: 1056: 508:vowels marked by the 'diacritics'.) 362:of Tibet, South and Southeast Asia, 298:, in which vowel marking is absent, 286:notation is secondary, similar to a 178: instead of Javanese characters. 91: instead of Ethiopic characters. 6419: 3545: 3266:"The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0" 2310: 2222:have nothing in common to indicate 2161:consonant to represent vowels. The 1987: 1840:, if they can indicate any at all. 1141: 24: 6139: 3617:Ancient languages corpuses by size 3292:; Hosken, Martin (6 August 2006). 3070:Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 2056:The imperial Mongol script called 1992: 1796:.) Thus a closed syllable such as 1442:), producing syllables such as कि 1181: 1037:Inline, top or occasionally bottom 559:, even for non-initial syllables. 25: 7672: 3477:"ScriptSource – Bengali (Bangla)" 2153:than to the Brahmic scripts. The 1984:; there is no vowel-killer mark. 1916:) may be altered. For example, ሀ 1464:A 19th-century manuscript in the 274: – is a segmental 3022:(abugida with no inherent vowel) 822:, diacritics, or with a special 783: 772: 761: 750: 738: 727: 716: 705: 189: 156: 127: 98: 69: 6184: 3494: 3469: 3427: 3409: 3381: 3326: 3228: 1088:uses zero consonant plus vowel. 562:The next two complications are 358:Abugidas include the extensive 3878:Languages by writing system / 3183: 3170: 3160: 3143: 3130: 3034: 2177: 884:in distinct position per vowel 810:The oldest and largest is the 471: 417:is derived from Latin letters 13: 1: 7317:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 7273:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 5711: 5596: 4938: 3443:Written Language and Literacy 3421:pitmanshorthand.homestead.com 3417:"The Joy of Pitman Shorthand" 3027: 2943:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 2331: 2120:did not indicate an inherent 1942:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 1936:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 838:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 618:consonants may also merge as 398:Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics 368:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 290:. This contrasts with a full 7528:National Braille Association 7507:Braille Institute of America 7225:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 4152: 3622:Undeciphered writing systems 3151:Fundamentals of Grammatology 3100:(1948). "Le Néosyllabisme". 2984: 2136: 2024:The Arabic scripts used for 1944:, which was inspired by the 1248:and some other languages of 1192:Indic scripts originated in 598:a visually unrelated letter. 411:, in much the same way that 379: 258: 7: 7408:Refreshable braille display 7387:Optical braille recognition 6984:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 6516:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 5659:New Epoch Notation Painting 3627:Creators of writing systems 3377:The World's Writing Systems 3322:The World's Writing Systems 3254:The World's Writing Systems 2124:(one symbol stood for both 2103: 2043:The Arabic script used for 1882:Though now an abugida, the 1843: 1792:and South Asian scripts of 1720: 10: 7677: 7475:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 3914: 3556:Index of language articles 2709: – Sanskrit 2491: – Sanskrit 2314: 2112:scripts. For example, the 2051: 1185: 993:Final consonant (not sign) 970:Shrunk or separate letter 882:Dependent sign (diacritic) 252: 149: instead of syllabics. 29: 7607: 7558: 7498: 7431: 7341: 7287: 7250: 7211:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 7190: 7171: 7152: 7057: 6963: 6924: 6851: 6778: 6477: 6470: 6431: 6389: 6192: 6179: 6147: 6134: 6085: 6044: 6040: 6027: 6003: 5967: 5941: 5890: 5847: 5812: 5732: 5725:Chinese family of scripts 5723: 5719: 5706: 5604: 5591: 5542: 4950: 4946: 4933: 4795:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 4782: 4430: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4147: 3922: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3880:by first written accounts 3849: 3828: 3824: 3759: 3708: 3635: 3598: 3562: 3553: 3106:. Payot. pp. 333–83. 3047:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2939:, from the 4th century AD 2928:, from the 3rd century BC 2526:Kaganga – 2064: 1682: 1676: 1573: 1567: 1510: 1504: 1426:. A basic letter such as 1395:or around the consonant. 1047: 1039: 1019: 1009: 998: 995: 987: 961: 936: 904: 881: 571:may be represented with: 504:vowel, as opposed to the 360:Brahmic family of scripts 7198:Chinese semi-syllabaries 6461:Unicode braille patterns 6447:International uniformity 4902:Thomas Natural Shorthand 3612:by first written account 3434:Bright, William (1999). 3332:John D. Berry (2002:19) 3136:Householder, F. (1959). 1869:Ethiopic or Ge'ez script 934:(value of no vowel sign) 795:Family-specific features 30:Not to be confused with 7656:Abugida writing systems 7535:Blindness organizations 7514:Braille Without Borders 7303:Canadian currency marks 6925:Egyptian lineage family 6108:Southwest Paleohispanic 3580:History of the alphabet 2317:List of writing systems 1940:In the family known as 801:diacritics, distortion, 376:is used for the units. 118:question marks or boxes 6852:Russian lineage family 6252:Great Lakes Algonquian 5161:Greco-Iberian alphabet 5094:Gabelsberger shorthand 4037:Inscriptional Parthian 3355:. Unicode Consortium. 3301:Working Group Document 3103:Histoire de l'écriture 3098:Février, James Germain 2155:Gabelsberger shorthand 1886:, until the advent of 1864: 1468: 1236:(although replaced by 512:represent all vowels. 366:Ethiopic scripts, and 331:(introducing the term 315: 135:This article contains 106:This article contains 77:This article contains 64: 7616:Accessible publishing 7542:Schools for the blind 7521:Japan Braille Library 7310:Computer Braille Code 6964:Indian lineage family 6344:Old Persian cuneiform 5211:Carolingian minuscule 4017:Ancient North Arabian 3334:Language Culture Type 2392:, and possibly other 2335: 4th century BC 1851: 1766:. This is called the 1463: 394:Indic/Brahmic scripts 311:James Germain Février 46: 18:Indic Writing Systems 7380:Mountbatten Brailler 6735:(largely reassigned) 6518:(largely reassigned) 6067:Southeastern Iberian 6062:Northeastern Iberian 3960:Egyptian hieroglyphs 3502:"Ihathvé Sabethired" 3149:Daniels, P. (1990). 3000:Abugida-like scripts 2394:Philippine languages 2305:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1815:script used for the 1743:: Here the syllable 1724:; the diacritic for 913:plus dependent vowel 877:Vowel representation 872:Canadian Aboriginal 824:vowel-canceling mark 743:under the character) 427:is derived from the 7332:Nemeth braille code 7118:(reassigned vowels) 6643:(extended to 8-dot) 6217:Canadian Aboriginal 6103:Khitan small script 5825:Khitan large script 5015:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 2967:Inuktitut syllabics 2957:Blackfoot syllabics 2303:was developed from 2196:logographic scripts 2141:Several systems of 2092:. For the syllable 1728:appears before the 1473: 1031:Final sign position 1007:Distinct final sign 985:Stacked or separate 967:Ambiguous with ə () 956:(sign for no value) 692:Examples using the 529:General description 327:), then in 1959 by 7366:Braille translator 7343:Braille technology 7319:(science; GS8/GS6) 7288:Symbols in braille 7218:Taiwanese Mandarin 6733:Taiwanese Mandarin 6339:Nwagu Aneke script 5891:Other logosyllabic 5813:Chinese-influenced 5752:Oracle bone script 5734:Chinese characters 5669:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 5059:Eclectic shorthand 5047:Duployan shorthand 5000:Caucasian Albanian 4800:Canadian syllabics 3836:History of writing 3721:Canadian syllabics 3590:Scripts in Unicode 3575:History of writing 3463:James Hoch (1994) 3176:Peter T. Daniels, 2995:Ihathvé Sabethired 2950: – 2902: – 2888: – 2875: – 2837: – 2818: – 2809: – 2780: – 2771: – 2761: – 2744: – 2715: – 2700: – 2691: – 2677: – 2668: – 2659: – 2637: – 2599: – 2553: – 2543: – 2510: – 2497: – 2464: – 2433: – 2415: – 2401: – 2372: – 2358: – 1865: 1778:consonant clusters 1471: 1469: 620:conjunct consonant 564:consonant clusters 549:independent vowels 65: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7561:tactile alphabets 7489:William Bell Wait 7482:Sabriye Tenberken 7283: 7282: 7148: 7147: 7133:(Japanese vowels) 6931:-mediated scripts 6858:-mediated scripts 6385: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6237:Ditema tsa Dinoko 6175: 6174: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 5843: 5842: 5702: 5701: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4778: 4777: 4143: 4142: 4130:Teeline Shorthand 3888: 3887: 3780: 3779: 3772:In Southeast Asia 3348:(6 August 2006). 2962:Carrier syllabics 2820:Palawan languages 2390:Visayan languages 2326:, descended from 2045:South Azerbaijani 1946:Devanagari script 1735:, not before the 1730:consonant cluster 1704: 1703: 1466:Devanagari script 1179: 1178: 1043:Raised or inline 976:Consonant cluster 172:rendering support 143:rendering support 114:rendering support 85:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 7668: 7632: 7625: 7623:Braille literacy 7618: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7424: 7417: 7415:Slate and stylus 7410: 7403: 7401:Perkins Brailler 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7359:Braille embosser 7354: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7276: 7268: 7261: 7243: 7236: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7180:American Braille 7164: 7161:Algerian Braille 7141: 7134: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6956: 6948: 6941: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6475: 6474: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6425: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6181: 6180: 6136: 6135: 6042: 6041: 6034:Semi-syllabaries 6029: 6028: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5720: 5708: 5707: 5593: 5592: 4948: 4947: 4935: 4934: 4837:Japanese Braille 4422:Zanabazar square 4291:Nepalese scripts 4181:Bengali–Assamese 4171: 4170: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4148: 4066:Pitman shorthand 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3893: 3826: 3825: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3709:Current examples 3690:Semi-syllabaries 3540: 3533: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3481:scriptsource.org 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3389:"Standard Azeri" 3385: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3354: 3346:Everson, Michael 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3290:Everson, Michael 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3038: 2979:Pitman shorthand 2952:Ojibwe syllabics 2913:Zanabazar Square 2811:Sylheti language 2336: 2333: 2311:List of abugidas 2171:Pitman shorthand 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2028:in Iraq and for 1988:Borderline cases 1856:, an abugida of 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1749:ba-ma-i-(virama) 1738: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1700: 1690:below and extend 1680: 1674: 1664:below and extend 1654: 1648: 1630: 1624: 1606: 1600: 1571: 1565: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1508: 1502: 1474: 1470: 1346:Aborlan Tagbanwa 1171: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1077: 1071: 1060: 962:Always used when 902:letter per vowel 854: 853: 787: 776: 765: 754: 742: 731: 720: 709: 553:dependent vowels 458:Peter T. Daniels 404: 341:Peter T. Daniels 329:Fred Householder 323:(using the term 318: 313:(using the term 288:diacritical mark 261: 255: 254: 245: 244: 243: 242: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 160: 159: 131: 130: 102: 101: 73: 72: 21: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7661:1990 neologisms 7646: 7645: 7644: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7447:Charles Barbier 7445: 7438: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7197: 7186: 7178: 7172:Frequency-based 7167: 7159: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7053: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968:Bharati Braille 6965: 6959: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6853: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6542:Unified English 6536: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6471:Braille scripts 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6373: 6188: 6171: 6167:Stokoe notation 6143: 6122: 6081: 6036: 6015: 5999: 5963: 5942:Logoconsonantal 5937: 5886: 5839: 5808: 5715: 5698: 5679:Siglas poveiras 5600: 5579: 5538: 5442:Younger Futhark 5146:Gregg shorthand 4942: 4921: 4774: 4426: 4156: 4139: 3918: 3901: 3884: 3857:Writing systems 3845: 3820: 3818:writing systems 3811: 3781: 3776: 3755: 3704: 3631: 3606:Writing systems 3594: 3558: 3549: 3547:Writing systems 3544: 3514: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3118:Diringer, David 3115: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3066: 3055: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3002: 2987: 2508:Gurmukhi script 2439:Karen languages 2386:Bikol languages 2334: 2319: 2313: 2301:Meroitic script 2180: 2139: 2114:Meroitic script 2106: 2074:syllable onsets 2067: 2054: 1995: 1993:Vowelled abjads 1990: 1938: 1920:(base form), ሁ 1846: 1817:Lepcha language 1691: 1665: 1230:Brahmi alphabet 1190: 1188:Brahmic scripts 1184: 1182:Indic (Brahmic) 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1078: 1074: 1061: 1057: 963: 955: 953:Zero vowel sign 933: 925:plus dependent 924: 917: 912: 901: 900:Distinct inline 896: 890:Rotate/reflect 887:Fused diacritic 883: 879:after consonant 878: 831:Ethiopic family 797: 569:final consonant 539:ignoring tone. 531: 474: 466:writing systems 402: 382: 333:pseudo-alphabet 272:pseudo-alphabet 238: 237: 222: 192: 188: 181: 180: 179: 170:Without proper 166:Javanese script 161: 157: 152: 151: 150: 141:Without proper 132: 128: 123: 122: 121: 112:Without proper 103: 99: 94: 93: 92: 83:Without proper 74: 70: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7674: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7609: 7608:Related topics 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7584:New York Point 7580: 7573: 7565: 7563: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7468:Harris Mowbray 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7352:Braille e-book 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7120: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6932: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6861: 6859: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6780: 6773: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6481: 6479:French-ordered 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6319:Linear Elamite 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6141:Sign languages 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6118:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6093:Espanca script 6089: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6052:Linear Elamite 6048: 6046: 6038: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5933:Yi (Classical) 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5757:Bronze scripts 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5727: 5717: 5716: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570:Flag semaphore 5567: 5565:New York Point 5562: 5560:Telegraph code 5557: 5555:Maritime flags 5552: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:Visible Speech 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Sorang Sompeng 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5363:Galik alphabet 5360: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5261:Tironian notes 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5104:Garay alphabet 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4887:Sorang Sompeng 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4810:Déné syllabics 4807: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4158: 4157: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4071:Proto-Sinaitic 4068: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3903: 3902: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3760:Related topics 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3493: 3468: 3456: 3426: 3408: 3380: 3365: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3281: 3257: 3240: 3227: 3214:10.2307/602899 3208:(4): 727–731. 3192: 3182: 3169: 3159: 3142: 3129: 3109: 3089: 3053: 3050:(Online). n.d. 3032: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2974:Pollard script 2971: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2897: 2892: 2883: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2756: 2739: 2733:Pallava script 2730: 2725: 2720: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2649: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2548: 2538: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2505: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2428: 2423: 2410: 2405: 2396: 2367: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2324:Brahmic family 2320: 2312: 2309: 2294:Cree syllabary 2276:Southeast Asia 2263:Brāhmī scripts 2184:alphasyllabary 2179: 2176: 2163:Pollard script 2151:Kurdish script 2138: 2135: 2105: 2102: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2050: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1937: 1934: 1845: 1842: 1804:to write: फष् 1741:Batak alphabet 1702: 1701: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483:pronunciation 1481: 1478: 1369:Southeast Asia 1258:Southeast Asia 1198:Southeast Asia 1196:and spread to 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1154: 1140: 1131: 1118: 1109: 1099: 1090: 1072: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 989: 986: 983: 978: 972: 971: 968: 965: 964:no final vowel 960: 957: 949: 948: 945: 943: 940: 935: 931:Inherent vowel 927: 926: 922:Zero consonant 919: 918:plus dependent 914: 910:zero consonant 903: 898: 897:representation 892: 891: 888: 885: 880: 874: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 842: 841: 834: 827: 796: 793: 792: 791: 788: 777: 766: 755: 744: 721: 710: 686: 685: 682:Makasar script 674: 671: 600: 599: 596: 587: 584:inherent vowel 580: 544:zero consonant 530: 527: 518:inherent vowel 490:William Bright 486:alphasyllabary 473: 470: 442:Greek alphabet 381: 378: 345:alphasyllabary 321:David Diringer 276:writing system 264:alphasyllabary 174:, you may see 162: 155: 154: 153: 145:, you may see 133: 126: 125: 124: 116:, you may see 104: 97: 96: 95: 87:, you may see 75: 68: 67: 66: 36:Semi-syllabary 27:Writing system 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7673: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591:Night writing 7588: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499:Organisations 7497: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7461:Valentin Haüy 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7440:Louis Braille 7437: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373:Braille watch 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7296:Braille music 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259:Luxembourgish 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058:Other scripts 7056: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6850: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6830:Northern Sámi 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779:Nordic family 6777: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6719:South African 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6641:Luxembourgish 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454:ASCII braille 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Attic (Greek) 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Proto-Elamite 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Elder Futhark 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Old Hungarian 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862:Masaram Gondi 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Gunjala Gondi 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644:Old Sundanese 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4587:Old Maldivian 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4570:Bilang-bilang 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Sylheti Nagri 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Brahmi script 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4086:South Arabian 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032:Inscriptional 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843:Northern Thai 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807:Sylheti Nagri 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2754:Mongol Empire 2751: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2283:Sabean script 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202:syllabary: か 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2059: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906:Ge'ez abugida 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1841: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1800:requires two 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1731: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292:archipelago ( 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1167: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1103: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034:Inline or top 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1001: 992: 991: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 958: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 939: 932: 929: 928: 923: 920: 915: 911: 907: 899: 895:Initial vowel 894: 893: 889: 886: 876: 875: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 855: 852: 850: 846: 839: 835: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 807: 806: 802: 789: 786: 781: 778: 775: 770: 767: 764: 759: 756: 753: 748: 745: 741: 737: 736: 730: 725: 722: 719: 714: 711: 708: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697: 695: 689: 683: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 633: 629: 625: 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 597: 594: 593: 588: 585: 581: 578: 574: 573: 572: 570: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 545: 540: 537: 526: 523: 519: 515: 509: 507: 503: 499: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 433: 430: 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 410: 406: 399: 395: 391: 387: 377: 375: 374: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:semisyllabary 322: 317: 316:néosyllabisme 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 249: 241: 234: 186: 177: 173: 169: 167: 148: 144: 140: 138: 119: 115: 111: 109: 90: 86: 82: 80: 79:Ethiopic text 62: 58: 56: 50: 49:Brahmi script 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7131:Thai and Lao 6808:Scandinavian 6440:1829 braille 6432:Braille cell 6232:Cypro-Minoan 6098:Pahawh Hmong 6011:Sitelen Pona 5975:Hindu-Arabic 5308:Mundari Bani 4882:Pahawh Hmong 4691:Tamil-Brahmi 4597:Eveyla Akuru 4592:Dhives Akuru 4153: 4059:Paleo-Hebrew 3926: 3862:undeciphered 3685:Pictographic 3680:Phonogrammic 3649: 3506:omniglot.com 3505: 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3442: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3399:. Retrieved 3395: 3383: 3376: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3300: 3284: 3260: 3253: 3235: 3230: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3185: 3172: 3162: 3154: 3145: 3132: 3122: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3076:(1): 63–71. 3073: 3069: 3045: 3036: 2684:Meetei Mayek 2484:Dhives Akuru 2468:, Sanskrit, 2298: 2291: 2280: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2183: 2182:As the term 2181: 2158: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2107: 2070:Pahawh Hmong 2068: 2055: 2042: 2023: 2016: 2010: 1996: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1939: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1891: 1888:Christianity 1884:Ge'ez script 1881: 1872: 1866: 1854:Ge'ez script 1820: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1707: 1705: 1666:to the right 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1422:, and often 1402:, shared by 1397: 1393: 1358: 1256:), mainland 1238:Perso-Arabic 1191: 1166: 1157: 1149: 1143: 1134: 1121: 1112: 1102: 1093: 1075: 1058: 916:Glottal stop 906:Glottal stop 843: 805:orientation. 804: 800: 798: 779: 768: 757: 746: 733: 723: 712: 701: 691: 690: 687: 652: 637: 630: 616: 601: 590: 561: 557:glottal stop 552: 548: 541: 532: 510: 505: 501: 497: 494: 485: 475: 460:in his 1990 453: 449: 445: 435: 431: 422: 418: 412: 408: 401: 390:Ge‘ez script 385: 383: 371: 357: 352: 348: 344: 332: 324: 308: 282:letter, and 271: 268:neosyllabary 267: 263: 184: 182: 163: 134: 105: 76: 52: 40: 7630:RoboBraille 7454:Róża Czacka 7394:Perforation 7191:Independent 7089:(Bhutanese) 6824:Greenlandic 6495:Azerbaijani 6297:Jindai moji 6186:Syllabaries 6157:SignWriting 6057:Celtiberian 5959:Hieroglyphs 5762:Seal script 5747:Traditional 5619:Blissymbols 5524:Warang Citi 5499:Tolong Siki 5452:Marcomannic 5432:Dalecarlian 5422:Anglo-Saxon 5402:Pau Cin Hau 5293:Medefaidrin 5246:Merovingian 5206:Blackletter 5114:Asomtavruli 4907:Warang Citi 4716:Ulu scripts 4661:New Tai Lue 4604:Mon–Burmese 4458:Bhattiprolu 4286:Nandinagari 4113:ʾEsṭrangēlā 3872:constructed 3700:Syllabaries 3670:Logographic 3665:Ideogrammic 2918:Zhang zhung 2763:Nepal Bhasa 2723:New Tai Lue 2717:Nepal Bhasa 2707:Nandinagari 2679:Zhang-Zhung 2188:syllabaries 2178:Development 2116:of ancient 1950:syllabogram 1747:is written 1718:is क्रिकेट 1692:to the left 1361:South India 1326:Philippines 863:South Indic 860:North Indic 472:Terminology 51:. Meaning: 7650:Categories 7182:(obsolete) 7163:(obsolete) 6955:(Pakistan) 6866:Belarusian 6748:Vietnamese 6691:Portuguese 6677:Philippine 6634:Lithuanian 6287:Hentaigana 6282:Man'yōgana 5742:Simplified 5629:Ersu Shaba 5543:Non-linear 5348:Old Uyghur 5338:Old Permic 5333:Old Italic 5266:Visigothic 5201:Beneventan 5136:Glagolitic 5099:Gadabuursi 4763:Kolezhuthu 4758:Vatteluttu 4696:Tanchangya 4619:Saurashtra 4196:Devanagari 4054:Phoenician 4007:Manichaean 3731:Devanagari 3028:References 3016:(possibly) 3014:Old Nubian 2900:Vatteluttu 2792:Sourashtra 2765:, Sanskrit 2719:, Sanskrit 2597:Kolezhuthu 2462:Devanagari 2378:Pangasinan 2362:and other 2315:See also: 1999:scriptures 1762:and फ् is 1756:Devanagari 1512:Devanagari 1486:base form 1440:diacritics 1400:Devanagari 1290:Indonesian 1234:South Asia 1202:Bangladesh 1186:See also: 1084:script of 1050:Exceptions 816:diacritics 782:= /iki/ = 760:= /ika/ = 749:= /kma/ = 694:Devanagari 648:half forms 536:diacritics 419:a be ce de 405:ä, bu, gi, 108:Indic text 7598:Vibratese 7577:Moon type 7570:Decapoint 7251:Eight-dot 7204:Cantonese 7153:Reordered 7116:Inuktitut 7005:Malayalam 6915:Ukrainian 6894:Mongolian 6873:Bulgarian 6836:Norwegian 6801:Icelandic 6592:Hungarian 6550:Esperanto 6502:Cantonese 6086:Redundant 5898:Anatolian 5849:Cuneiform 5777:bird-worm 5713:Logograms 5684:Testerian 5598:Ideograms 5575:Moon type 5462:Staveless 5353:Mongolian 5298:Molodtsov 5256:Sütterlin 5124:Mkhedruli 4990:Bassa Vah 4940:Alphabets 4912:Mwangwego 4877:Mwangwego 4852:Kharosthi 4805:Blackfoot 4768:Malayanma 4639:Sundanese 4634:Sukhothai 4582:Malayalam 4533:Khom Thai 4493:Goykanadi 4417:Tocharian 4370:ʼPhags-pa 4241:Khudabadi 4186:Bhaiksuki 4081:Samaritan 4012:Nabataean 3867:inventors 3767:In Africa 3751:Mongolian 3695:Shorthand 3655:Alphabets 3585:Graphemes 3396:azeri.org 3083:2142/9638 3042:"abugida" 2985:Fictional 2926:Kharoṣṭhī 2908:Malayalam 2895:Tocharian 2802:Sundanese 2746:Mongolian 2670:Malayalam 2666:Malayanma 2661:Malayalam 2657:Malayalam 2605:Malayalam 2592:Khudawadi 2587:Khotanese 2408:Bhaiksuki 2366:languages 2259:Kharoṣṭhī 2159:following 2143:shorthand 2137:Shorthand 2110:segmental 1954:Inuktitut 1904:. 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