History of the United States (1980–1991)

2498:, faced renewed competition abroad and within the domestic market as well. The auto industry was given breathing space after the Reagan administration imposed voluntary import restraints on Japanese manufacturers (allowing them to sell a maximum of 1.3 million vehicles in the U.S. per year) and imposed a 25% tariff on all imported trucks (a lighter 3% tariff was put on passenger cars). The Japanese responded by opening assembly plants in the U.S. to get around this, and in doing so were able to say that they were providing Americans with jobs. The VIR was repealed in 1985 after auto sales were booming again, but the tariffs remain in effect to this day. With the event of CAFE regulations, small cars came to dominate in the 1980s, and much like with electronics, Japanese makes bested American ones in terms of build quality and technical sophistication. 34: 2095: 2965:, Gorbachev struggled to boost production of consumer goods, which would be impossible given the twin burdens of the Cold War arms race on one hand, and the provision of large sums of foreign and military aid, which the socialist allies had grown to expect, on the other. Under Gorbachev, Soviet policymakers increasingly accepted Reagan administration warnings that the U.S. would make the arms race a huge burden for them. The Soviets were already spending massive amounts on defense, and developing a counterpart to SDI was far more than their economy could handle. The result in the Soviet Union was a dual approach of concessions to the United States and economic restructuring ( 202: 2483:(which had begun declining in the 1970s) was one of the worst victims of dumping and other unfair Japanese trade practices. American consumer electronics also suffered from poor quality and a relative lack of technical innovation compared to Japanese electronics, in part because the Cold War had caused most American scientific and engineering effort to go into the defense sector rather than the consumer one. By the end of the decade, it had virtually ceased to exist. On the bright side, the upstart computer industry flourished during the 1980s. 3034: 4055: 3363: 2467:'s,) the deficit was mostly covered by borrowing from abroad, turning the United States within a few years from the world's greatest creditor nation to the world's greatest debtor. Not only was this damaging to America's status, it was also a profound shift in the postwar international financial system, which had relied on the export of U.S. capital. In addition, the media and entertainment industry during the 1980s glamorized the stock market and financial sector (e.g. the 1987 movie 4066: 2366: 9345: 6397: 6361: 1610: 1571: 3335: 6407: 1620: 2956:. After the deaths of three elderly Soviet leaders in a row since 1982, the Politburo elected Gorbachev Soviet Communist Party chief in 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership. Under Gorbachev, relatively young reform-oriented technocrats rapidly consolidated power, providing new momentum for political and economic liberalization, and the impetus for cultivating warmer relations and trade with the West. 2479:

increasingly uncompetitive, with Japan as the leading beneficiary. The high value of the dollar made it difficult for foreigners to buy American goods and encouraged Americans to buy imports, coming at a high price to the industrial export sector. Steel and other heavy industries declined due to excessive demands by labor unions and outdated technology that made them unable to compete with Japanese imports. The consumer

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driving up the price of borrowing. Although supply-siders promised increased investment as a result of top-rate and corporate tax cuts, growth and investment suffered for now in the context of high interest rates. In October 1987, a sudden and alarming stock market crash took place, but the Federal Reserve responded by increasing the money supply and averted what could have been another Great Depression.

1791:, which had steadily lost industry and had little population growth. The rise of the Sun Belt was the culmination of changes that began in American society starting in the 1950s, as cheap air travel, automobiles, the interstate system, and the growth of air conditioning all spurred a mass migration south and west. Young, working-age Americans and affluent retirees all flocked to the Sun Belt. 167: 2558:, however, Americans were increasingly skeptical of bearing the economic and financial cost of large troop commitments. The administration sought to overcome this by backing the relatively cheap strategy of specially trained counterinsurgencies or "low-intensity conflicts" rather than large-scale campaigns like Korea and Vietnam, which were enormously costly both in money and human life. 2326:; cold warriors, especially neoconservatives like Kirkpatrick, won large increases in the defense budget; wealthy taxpayers won sweeping three-year tax rate reductions on both individual (marginal rates would eventually come down to 50% from 70%) and corporate taxes; and the middle class saw that its pensions and entitlements would not be targeted. Reagan declared spending cuts for the 154: 3149:

generally give Bush high marks in foreign policy, except for his unwillingness to condemn the Tiananmen Square crackdown. He thought long-term favorable relations with China were too important to jeopardize. In terms of gaining public support, Bush never tried to mobilize much popular support for his foreign policy, and in domestic affairs his support was steadily slipping.

1891:, the growth of international terrorism, and the acceleration of the arms race raised fears over the country's ability to control international affairs. The energy crisis, high unemployment, and very high inflation and escalating interest rates made economic planning difficult and raised fundamental questions over the future of American prosperity. 2339:

resorted to the "magic asterisk"—which signified "future savings to be identified". He would later say that the program was rushed through too quickly and not given enough thought. Appeals from constituencies threatened by the loss of social services were ineffectual; the budget cuts passed through the Congress with relative ease.

2884:, referring to active Communist guerrillas operating in the Philippines at the time. The U.S. also had significant strategic military interests in the Philippines, knowing that Marcos's government would not tamper with agreements to maintain U.S. naval bases in the country. Marcos was later ousted in 1986 by the mostly peaceful 2754:, took much of the blame. Reagan's approval ratings plummeted in 1986 as a result of the scandal, and many Americans began to seriously question his judgement. While the president's popularity improved in his final two years, he never again enjoyed the level of support he had had in 1985. Democrats regained control of 3188:

revealed or reopened other animosities concealed by decades of authoritarian rule. While there was a certain reluctance among the U.S. public, and even within the government, to get involved in localized conflicts in which there was little or no direct U.S. interest at stake, these crises served as a

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The deficits were keeping interest rates high (although lower than the 20% peak levels earlier in the administration due to a respite in the administration's tight money policies), and threatening to push them higher. The government was thus forced to borrow so much money to pay its bills that it was

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to instill democracy in lands that have known tyranny, in the hope that doing so will short-circuit terrorism, military aggression, and weapons proliferation....This is an ambitious undertaking, the most successful examples of which are post–World War II Germany, Italy and Japan. In those cases, the

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Following the economic recovery that began in 1983, the medium-term fiscal effect of Reaganomics was a soaring budget deficit as spending continually exceeded revenue due to tax cuts and increased defense spending. Military budgets rose while tax revenues, despite having increased as compared to the

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Reagan allowed the Federal Reserve to drastically reduce the money supply to cure inflation, but it resulted in the recession deepening temporarily. His approval ratings plummeted in the worst months of the recession of 1982. Democrats swept the mid-term elections, making up for their losses in the

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the United States has, among other things, attempted or been perceived as attempting more or less unilaterally to do the following: pressure other countries to adopt American values and practices regarding human rights and democracy; prevent other countries from acquiring military capabilities that

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Reagan's approach to the presidency was somewhat of a departure from his predecessors; he delegated a great deal of work to his subordinates, letting them handle most of the government's day-to-day affairs. As an executive, Reagan framed broad themes and made a strong personal connection to voters.

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Reagan won a landslide victory with 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter's 49. Republicans defeated twelve Democratic senators to regain control of the Senate for the first time in 25 years. Reagan received 43,904,153 votes in the election (50.7% of total votes cast), and Carter, 35,483,883

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Ronald Reagan promised an economic revival that would affect all sectors of the population. He proposed to achieve this goal by cutting taxes and reducing the size and scope of federal programs. Critics of his plan charged that the tax cuts would reduce revenues, leading to large federal deficits,

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Except for Tiananmen Square in China, all the events strongly favored the United States. Bush took the initiative in the invasion of Panama and the START treaties. Otherwise, he was mostly a passive observer trying not to interfere or gloat about the events. Given the favorable outcomes, scholars

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nations in the 1960s and 1970s only masked its weakness. The Soviet economy suffered severe structural problems and started suffering from an increased stagnation in the 1970s. Documents being circulated in the Kremlin in 1980, when Carter was still president, expressed the bleak view that Moscow

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Perhaps more alarmingly, Reagan-era deficits were keeping the U.S. dollar overvalued. With such a high demand for dollars (due in large measure to government borrowing), the dollar achieved an alarming strength against other major currencies. As the dollar soared in value, American exports became

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raced to put Reagan's program through Congress within the administration's deadline of forty days. Stockman had no doubt that spending cuts were needed, and slashed expenditures across the board (with the exception of defense expenditures) by some $ 40 billion; and when figures did not add up, he

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under Ronald Reagan, increasingly criticized the Democratic Party. Kirkpatrick became a convert to the ideas of the new conservatism of once liberal Democratic academics. She drew a distinction between authoritarian dictators, who she believed were capable of embracing democracy and who were, not

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The 1981 tax cuts, some of the largest in U.S. history, also eroded the revenue base of the federal government in the short-term. The massive increase in military spending (about $ 1.6 trillion over five years) far exceeded cuts in social spending, despite wrenching impact of such cuts spending

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After years of unstinting praise from the right, and unrelenting criticism from the left, historian David Henry finds that by 2010 a consensus had emerged among scholars that Reagan revived conservatism and turned the nation to the right by demonstrating a "pragmatic conservatism" that promoted

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policies to serve those same corporate interests; intervene in local conflicts in which it has relatively little direct interest; ... ; promote American arms sales abroad while attempting to prevent comparable sales by other countries; force out one U.N. secretary-general and dictate the

1802:, populated mainly by those either unable or unwilling to move elsewhere, particularly minority groups and senior citizens. The Northeast and Midwest have remained more committed to social programs and more interested in regulated growth than the wide-open, sprawling states of the 3082:, and National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft. Bush entered the White House with a long and successful portfolio in foreign affairs including ambassadorial roles to China in the United Nations, director of the CIA, and official visits to 65 foreign countries as vice president. 2389:

previous election cycle. At the time, critics often accused Reagan of being out of touch. His Budget Director David Stockman, an ardent fiscal conservative, wrote, "I knew the Reagan Revolution was impossible—it was a metaphor with no anchor in political and economic reality."

2616:, the United States for the first time invaded and successfully rolled back a Communist regime. On October 19, the small island nation of Grenada had undergone a coup d'état by Bernard Coard, a staunch Marxist–Leninist seeking to strengthen the country's existing ties with 2152:

Reagan promised to rebuild the U.S. military, which had sharply declined in strength and morale after the Vietnam War, and restore American power and prestige on the international front. He also promised an end to "big government" and to restore economic health by use of

2903:, which had failed in its cultural missions, and began to deliberately withhold its UN dues. American policymakers considered this tactic an effective tool for asserting influence in the UN. When the UN and UNESCO mended their ways, the U.S. returned and paid its dues. 2330:

budget, which accounted for almost half of government spending, off limits due to fears over an electoral backlash, but the administration was hard pressed to explain how his program of sweeping tax cuts and large defense spending would not increase the deficit.

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would declare in his inaugural address: "Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable. Communism's collapse has called forth old animosities and new dangers. Clearly America must continue to lead the world we did so much to make."

2881:, he explained his administration's support of Marcos by stating, "I know there are things there in the Philippines that do not look good to us from the standpoint right now of democratic rights, but what is the alternative? It is a large communist movement" 1902:, the Soviet economy was falling behind. The Soviets were decades behind in computers and high technology, and its economy was heavily dependent on lucrative oil exports. Meanwhile, détente with the Soviets collapsed as the communists made gains across the 2385:" (the industrial Midwest and Northeast) descended into virtual depression conditions as steel mills and other industries closed. Many family farms in the Midwest and elsewhere were ruined by high interest rates and sold off to large agribusinesses. 2321:

Reagan's 1981 economic legislation, however, was a mixture of rival programs to satisfy all his conservative constituencies (monetarists, cold warriors, middle-class swing voters, and the affluent). Monetarists were placated by tight controls of the

1717:, which occurred in 1989–1991, as typified by the collapse of communism both in Eastern Europe, and in the Soviet Union, and in numerous Third World clients. The economy was in recession in 1981–1983, but recovered and grew sharply after that. 2727:

In 1982, the CIA, with assistance from the Argentine national intelligence agency, organized and financed right-wing paramilitaries in Nicaragua, known as the Contras. The tracing of secret funds for this scheme led to the revelations of the

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region, agreed with Reagan's proposals, and voted for him in 1980. Critics charged that Reagan was insensitive to the plight of the poor, and that the economic troubles of the 1970s were beyond any president's ability to control or reverse.

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ideology within the constraints imposed by the divided political system. Furthermore, says Henry, the consensus agrees that he revived faith in the presidency and American self-confidence, and contributed critically to ending the Cold War.

3248:. Support for other unilateral sanctions however, such as the ones levied on Iran and Cuba, were limited, leading Congress to impose measures intended to punish foreign companies which violated the terms of the U.S.'s own laws. In a 1999 2431:

achieved new heights. Blue-collar workers were, however, mostly left behind in the economic boom years of the Reagan Administration, and the old factory jobs that had once offered high wages to even unskilled workers no longer existed.

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officially called on the United States for protection. In a short campaign launched Oct. 25, fought primarily against armed Cuban construction workers, the U.S. military invaded and took control, and democracy was restored to Grenada.

2975:) domestically, which eventually made it impossible for Gorbachev to reassert central control. Reaganite hawks have since argued that pressures stemming from increased U.S. defense spending was an additional impetus for reform. 3180:, declaring independence from the USSR . On December 26, 1991, the USSR was officially disbanded, breaking up into fifteen constituent parts. The Cold War was over, and the vacuum left by the collapse of governments such as in 2937:. Popularly dubbed "Star Wars" at the time, SDI was a multibillion-dollar research project for a missile defense system that could shoot down incoming Soviet missiles and eliminate the need for mutually assured destruction. 3161:... freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live in harmony." 2624:. The prime minister was killed and insurgents had orders to shoot on sight. Over 1,000 Americans were on the island, mostly medical students and their families, and the government could not guarantee their security. The 1918:; American forces were involved only to rescue American supporters. Nearly a million refugees fled; most who survived came to the U.S. Other Communist movements, backed by Moscow or Beijing, were spreading rapidly across 3263:

could counter American conventional superiority; enforce American law extra-territorially in other societies; grade countries according to their adherence to American standards on human rights, drugs, terrorism,

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In this context, the deficit rose from $ 60 billion in 1980 to a peak of $ 220 billion in 1986 (well over 5% of GDP). Over this period, national debt more than doubled from $ 749 billion to $ 1.746 trillion.

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American "malaise", a term that caught on following Carter's 1979 "crisis of confidence" speech, in the late 1970s and early 1980s was not unfounded as the nation seemed to be losing its self-confidence.

2471:), causing many young people to pursue careers as brokers, investors, or bankers instead of manufacturing and making it unlikely that any of the lost industrial base would be restored any time soon. 10441: 3267:, missile proliferation, and now religious freedom; apply sanctions against countries that do not meet American standards on these issues; promote American corporate interests under the slogans of 9372: 8537: 7822: 10987: 3001:" was seen as a symbol of the fall of the Eastern European Communist governments in 1989. U.S.-Soviet relations had greatly improved in the latter half of the decade, with the signing of the 8007: 10876: 10025: 8661: 10639: 2512:

Reagan asked Congress for a line-item veto which would allow him to lower the deficits by cutting spending that he thought was wasteful, but he did not receive it. He also called for a

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appointment of his successor; expand NATO...undertake military action against Iraq and later maintain harsh economic sanctions against the regime; and categorize certain countries as '

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By early 1982, Reagan's economic program was beset with difficulties as the recession that had begun in 1979 continued. In the short term, the effect of Reaganomics was a soaring

2354: 2218:, and the general malaise that seemed to indicate America's great days were over. Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had failed in his rescue effort of the hostages in 8353: 1821:

As manufacturing industry gradually moved out of its traditional centers in the Northeast and Midwest, joblessness and poverty increased. The liberal response, typified by Mayor

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With Reagan's promises to restore the nation's military strength, the 1980s saw massive increases in military spending, amounting to about $ 1.6 trillion over five years. A new

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and an expansion of the money supply, in effect subordinating concern about inflation (which now seemed under control) to concern about unemployment and declining investment.

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taking Rehnquist's slot. His fourth appointment in 1987 proved controversial, as the initial choice had to withdraw (he smoked marijuana in college), and the Senate rejected

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trade status for the Soviet Union, and supported unilateral American intervention in the Third World as a means of boosting U.S. leverage over international affairs. Before

2164:. They asserted that the woes of the U.S. economy were in large part a result of excessive taxation, which "crowded out" money away from private investors and thus stifled 10666: 10537: 10377: 9993: 9002: 8017: 7982: 7887: 7862: 3411: 3406: 1825:

of New York City was to dramatically increase welfare services and education, as well as public employment and public salaries, at a time when the tax base was shrinking.

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geared toward some of the poorest segments of society. Even so, by the end of 1985, funding for domestic programs had been cut nearly as far as Congress could tolerate.

8022: 7997: 7902: 7842: 7792: 7782: 3323:, the recession beginning in 1990 was relatively mild. Some of the hardest hit cities were in California and the Northeast, while much of the South was less affected. 2404:

cartel enabled the administration to alter its tight money policies, to the consternation of conservative monetarist economists, who began pressing for a reduction of

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In the late 1970s, the U.S. was gripped by the worst economy since the 1930s with American automobile and steel industries confronting serious challenges, the ongoing

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Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S. has sought to revitalize Cold War institutional structures, especially NATO, as well as multilateral institutions such as the

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While the Soviets had enjoyed great achievements on the international stage before Reagan entered office in 1981, such as the unification of their socialist ally,

2318:, claimed that the tax cuts would increase revenues through economic growth, allowing the federal government to balance its budget for the first time since 1969. 10832: 8212: 7992: 7947: 7847: 7624: 7111: 6598: 6460: 3078:

Unlike Reagan, Bush downplayed vision and emphasized caution and careful management. His main foreign policy advisors were Secretaries of State James Baker and

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Unemployment reached a peak of 11% in late 1982, after which recovery began. A factor in the recovery from the worst periods of 1982–83 was the radical drop in

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Reagan's foreign policy was generally considered more successful and more thoughtful and strategic than his predecessor. He favored a hawkish approach to the

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The presidential election of 1980 was a key turning point in American politics. It signaled the new electoral power of the suburbs and the Sun Belt, with the

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U.S. Army helped transform militaristic dictatorships into pillars of liberal democracy—one of the most significant developments of the twentieth century."

10811: 10616: 8733: 6443: 2137:, former governor of California, won the Republican nomination in 1980 by winning most of the primaries. After failing to reach an unprecedented deal with 9523: 3295:, another influential contemporary commentator on U.S. policy, argues that the very ambitious goals of the U.S. in the post–Cold War period are designed: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10118: 9935: 9889: 9509: 8326: 5650: 5640: 936: 926: 10289: 10002: 9633: 9085: 8728: 8542: 8420: 5446: 5293: 1642: 1169: 732: 2899:, once the darling of liberals. He repudiated what he felt was its corruption, inefficiency and anti-Americanism. In 1985–1987 the U.S. withdrew from 10957: 9465: 9120: 8271: 8076: 6364: 1574: 10980: 10326: 10268: 10261: 9479: 8716: 8234: 5846: 5471: 5420: 2911:

The Reagan administration adopted a hard-line stance toward the USSR. Early in his first term, the president attacked the rival superpower as the "

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of Illinois, a moderate Republican, did poorly. The major issues of the campaign were the economic stagflation, threats to national security, the

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On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot in Washington by a disturbed nonpolitical man. He recovered fully, with opponents silenced in the meanwhile.

2222:. Carter dropped his détente-oriented advisers and moved sharply to the right against the Soviets, but Reagan said it was too little, too late. 1779:

as the nation's most populous state in 1964). By 1980, the population of the Sun Belt had risen to exceed that of the industrial regions of the

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internationally and domestically, a group of academics, journalists, politicians, and policymakers, labeled by many as "new conservatives" or "

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which would lead in turn to higher interest rates, stifling any economic benefits. Reagan and his supporters, drawing on the theories of

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coincidentally, allies of the United States, and Communist totalitarian dictators, who she viewed as unyielding and incapable of change.

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Meanwhile, conservatives, based in the suburbs, the rural areas, and the Sunbelt railed against what they identified as the failures of

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grew increasingly unfavorable; the trade deficit grew from $ 20 billion to well over $ 100 billion. Thus, American industries such as

11036: 10363: 10298: 10282: 10194: 9392: 8706: 8676: 8599: 8246: 5529: 5466: 5461: 5414: 4823: 4375: 4335: 3744: 2944:, in 1976, and a string of socialist revolutions in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, the country's strengthening ties with 815: 752: 747: 714: 700: 635: 11153: 11022: 10602: 10454: 10436: 10305: 10074: 9700: 9451: 9426: 9417: 8905: 8873: 8564: 8442: 8430: 8261: 6436: 5888: 5800: 5786: 5645: 5596: 5549: 5544: 5491: 5441: 5386: 4889: 4754: 4566: 3057: 3002: 2625: 2440: 2025: 1958: 1691: 1081: 1067: 931: 882: 835: 830: 777: 727: 672: 11080: 11073: 10818: 10648: 10203: 10153: 10146: 9956: 9140: 8944: 8900: 8880: 8868: 8848: 8649: 8192: 8182: 8173: 8134: 6272: 5932: 5878: 5476: 5435: 5406: 4978: 2168:. The solution, they argued, was to cut taxes across the board, particularly in the upper income brackets, in order to encourage 1538: 1159: 762: 721: 692: 10588: 3698: 3301: 1829:

barely averted bankruptcy in 1975; it was rescued using state and federal money, along with strict state control of its budget.

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abuses. There was sometimes a consensus for these moves, such as with the U.S. and European embargoes imposed on arms sales to

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reduced and eventually ended his country's commitment to Afghanistan as Soviet troops there were bogged down in guerrilla war.

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Initially, Bush inherited an economy that continued the strong rally that had begun in the final months of 1982. However, the

10370: 10109: 10046: 9986: 9871: 9543: 9170: 8956: 8447: 8404: 8392: 6400: 5968: 5865: 5773: 5518: 5400: 5357: 5222: 4190: 4185: 4172: 3049: 1613: 1241: 1205: 1146: 1054: 804: 686: 643: 451: 241: 5310: 1953:, rebelled against the Democratic Party's leftward drift on defense issues in the 1970s, especially after the nomination of 1810:. Electoral trends in the regions reflect this divergence—the Northeast and Midwest have been increasingly voting for 11148: 11008: 10231: 9942: 9444: 9385: 9367: 8622: 5184: 4097: 3205:

through which it promotes economic reforms around the globe. NATO was set to expand initially to Hungary, Poland, and the

2740:; he later professed ignorance that subordinates were illegally diverting the proceeds to the Contras, a matter for which 11143: 11133: 11128: 10941: 10793: 10553: 10546: 9977: 9746: 9433: 9135: 8983: 8895: 8863: 8832: 8827: 8492: 8459: 8224: 6429: 6390: 5807: 5557: 5110: 5050: 4640: 4154: 3218: 3060:. The campaign was marked by numerous blunders by Dukakis, including most famously a campaign ad featuring Dukakis in an 3025:, which underwent processes of democratization with U.S. support during the same period as those of Warsaw Pact nations. 2982:, the division of the world into two rival blocs had served to legitimize a broad and diffuse alliance not only with the 2641: 2509:

nations after their postwar reconstruction, but it was the Reagan administration that chose to let the deficits develop.

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See Bartholomew H. Sparrow, "Realism's Practitioner: Brent Scowcroft and the Making of the New World Order, 1989–1993."

3741:"Richard W. Stewart, "Operation Urgent Fury: The Invasion Of Grenada, October 1983" (Center for Military History, 2008)" 2589:

in mid-1982 to maintain the support of Israel on one hand, but also to quell the influence of Israel's pro-Soviet enemy

2381:(briefly hovering around 20 percent) and a serious recession with 10-percent unemployment in 1982. Some regions of the " 10927: 10897: 9049: 8617: 8609: 8532: 8527: 6452: 6385: 5872: 5635: 5496: 5428: 5368: 5162: 4665: 4655: 4571: 2987: 2866: 2505:'s commitment to both "guns and butter" (the Vietnam War and the Great Society) and the growing competition from other 1888: 1596: 1153: 921: 782: 654: 8229: 2853:

regime after Vietnam invaded the country. The administration approved military and humanitarian aid to the republican

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David Wilson, and Jared Wouters. "Spatiality and growth discourse: the restructuring of America's rust belt cities."

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In his first term, Reagan introduced expansionary fiscal policies aimed at stimulating the American economy after a

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social programs, as well as their enormous expenses. This was a potent theme in the 1980 presidential race and the

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A World Transformed: The collapse of the Soviet Empire, the Unification of Germany, Tiananmen Square, the Gulf War

3662: 3515: 2792:, respectively, during those countries' civil wars. The administration intervened on the side of insurgent groups 10688: 10681: 10674: 10477: 10416: 10180: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9201: 8961: 8934: 8921: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8367: 8056: 6034: 5768: 5724: 5120: 4618: 4474: 3401: 3189:

basis for the renewal of Western alliances while communism was becoming less relevant. To this effect, President

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which would mandate that the federal government spends no more money than it takes in, which never materialized.

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in 1938. They regarded concessions to relatively weak enemies of the United States as appeasing "evil", attacked

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From Bible Belt to Sunbelt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism

10846: 10347: 10333: 10217: 10187: 10039: 9949: 9100: 8775: 8696: 8289: 6219: 5828: 5813: 5748: 5738: 5709: 5699: 5237: 3237: 3017:. These developments undercut the rationale for providing support to such repressive governments as those in 2824: 2540: 1492: 1109: 1094: 1024: 1014: 985: 975: 1993:

and the peaceful end of the Communist threat rather than aimless negotiations, diplomacy, and arms control.

1961:, and blamed liberal Democrats for the nation's weakened geopolitical stance. Many clustered around Senator 10749: 10391: 10245: 9848: 9753: 9010: 8993: 8770: 8594: 8517: 8377: 8296: 8251: 8187: 8145: 8071: 5818: 5792: 5778: 5753: 5743: 5694: 5610: 5217: 4727: 4501: 4395: 4180: 4106: 4041: 2990:(NATO) but many countries in the developing world. Starting in the late 1980s, however, the regimes of the 2930: 1099: 1073: 1059: 1029: 1019: 970: 896: 429: 189: 2659:

The Reagan administration also supplied funds and weapons to heavily militarily-influenced governments in

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for the first time a major factor. Moreover, it was a watershed ushering out the commitment to government

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candidates in federal, state and local elections while the South and West are now the solid base for the

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Neoconservatives in U.S. Foreign Policy under Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush: Voices behind the Throne

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The rise of the Sun Belt has been producing a change in the nation's political climate, strengthening

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was the most prominent scandal during this time, wherein the Reagan Administration sold weapons to

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continued with restrictive monetary policy, limiting economic growth in the late 1980s. When the

3275:[NAFTA and GATT being the main examples of the free trade policy initiatives of the 1990s; shape 2885: 2598: 2468: 1780: 1764: 1760: 1462: 1452: 1447: 1427: 4240: 3209:

and has since moved further eastward. In addition, U.S. policy placed a special emphasis on the

11015: 10911: 10733: 10340: 9898: 9739: 9176: 9041: 7987: 6354: 6338: 6277: 6104: 6019: 5963: 5247: 5179: 5115: 5043: 4808: 4561: 4506: 4417: 4340: 4245: 4230: 2878: 2762:, meanwhile, achieved a brief celebrity status in 1987 during his testimonies before Congress. 2755: 2729: 2672: 2601:

killed 241 American troops. Shortly afterward, the U.S. withdrew its remaining 1,600 soldiers.

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James Salt, "Sunbelt capital and conservative political realignment in the 1970s and 1980s."

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hit in mid-1990, consumer spending contracted and the economy entered recession. Unlike the

2597:

in the multi-sided Lebanese civil war had disastrous consequences. On October 23, 1983, the

2377:. Government borrowing, along with the tightening of the money supply, resulted in sky high 2028:, neoconservatives sought to stem the antiwar sentiments caused by the U.S. defeats in the 201: 11043: 10994: 9709: 9679: 9560: 9276: 9110: 8939: 8316: 8156: 6410: 6229: 6194: 6099: 6074: 5763: 5260: 5212: 5152: 4988: 4909: 4769: 4692: 4650: 4529: 4479: 4464: 4447: 4347: 4235: 4205: 3368: 3316: 3255: 3214: 3134: 3079: 2926: 2480: 2071: 1623: 1502: 1467: 1372: 1347: 1044: 1034: 341: 330: 275: 129: 9377: 3740: 8: 11158: 11059: 10695: 9437: 9282: 9220: 9208: 9105: 8639: 8627: 8589: 8359: 8301: 8148: 6214: 6164: 6119: 6109: 6094: 6084: 6069: 6049: 6024: 6014: 6004: 5758: 5578: 5568: 5010: 4759: 4452: 4370: 4365: 4315: 4215: 4083: 3128: 2691: 2585:

to encourage Israeli withdrawal. The Reagan administration stood by Israel's invasion of

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The Economy in the Reagan Years: The Economic Consequences of the Reagan Administrations

1798:. The boom mentality in this growing region conflicted sharply with the concerns of the 10784: 9552: 8978: 8780: 8284: 6234: 6209: 6114: 6054: 6029: 5999: 5989: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5563: 5276: 5254: 4774: 4633: 4608: 4578: 4539: 4422: 4265: 3667: 3386: 3376: 3245: 3118:

in 1991, in which Bush led a large coalition that defeated Iraq when it invaded Kuwait.

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were strengthened when he easily beat back a primary challenge by liberal icon Senator

1507: 1482: 1387: 1327: 1302: 1272: 1262: 874: 869: 859: 849: 385: 363: 133: 69: 2776:, also attempted to topple the substantially Cuban and Soviet-backed Marxist–Leninist 2149:

as his foreign policy adviser to identify Carter's vulnerabilities on foreign policy.

1851:, gave way to conservative urban politicians in the 1970s across the country, such as 10853: 9797: 9130: 9095: 9057: 8579: 6406: 6169: 6124: 6064: 6039: 5994: 5937: 5174: 5005: 4818: 4405: 4200: 4161: 3847: 3704: 3244:, as well as for the UN Security Council's imposition of sanctions on Iraq after its 3045: 3038: 2953: 2861:

insurgents. The Reagan administration also supported continued UN recognition of the

2827: 2724:

revolutionary leaders had won increasing support from the peasantry in both nations.

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Conservative sentiment was growing, in part due to a disgust at the excesses of the

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The U.S. often made moves to economically sanction countries which were said to be

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from 1982–83. It reversed ex-President Jimmy Carter's official condemnation of the

2621: 2566: 2487: 2211: 2013: 1962: 1946: 1942: 1776: 1472: 1352: 1317: 1215: 1138: 1133: 615: 440: 2141:, who wanted to be a sort of co-president, Reagan picked his chief primary rival, 10312: 10139: 9642: 9312: 9246: 9228: 8701: 8341: 8331: 8279: 6267: 6204: 6159: 6059: 5065: 4998: 4894: 4855: 4739: 4682: 4554: 4457: 4355: 4275: 4270: 4220: 3519: 3312: 3250: 3053: 3033: 2697: 2649: 2629: 2539:

would develop as superpower relations deteriorated to a level not seen since the

2530: 2400:, which ended inflationary pressures on fuel prices. The virtual collapse of the 2296: 2192: 2180:

geared toward the poorer sectors of society which had built up during the 1960s.

2177: 2165: 1954: 1899: 1533: 1477: 1432: 1332: 407: 125: 2628:, the regional security association of neighboring states led by Prime Minister 8644: 8321: 5947: 5015: 4993: 4971: 4949: 4944: 4469: 4400: 4330: 4075: 3206: 2991: 2983: 2896: 2812: 2720:

while most of their population remained in poverty; as a result, predominantly

2502: 2452:

stagnant late 1970s and early 1980s, failed to make up for the spiraling cost.

2436: 2423:

was below 5 percent. When the economy recovered, Ronald Reagan declared it was

2397: 2374: 2335: 2288: 2266: 2258: 2110: 2083: 2047: 2033: 1974: 1923: 1702: 1220: 297: 39: 8667:

Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

3085:

Momentous geopolitical events that occurred during Bush's presidency include:

2949:

ultimately could not win the technological or ideological battle with the US.

2803:

In Afghanistan, Reagan massively stepped up military and humanitarian aid for

2279:

Reagan stunned the nation by appointing the first woman to the Supreme Court,

11122: 10431: 9362: 9334: 8929: 6421: 5157: 4934: 4054: 3584:

Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 And the Rise of the Right

3210: 3165: 2427:. Housing starts boomed, the automobile industry recovered its vitality, and 2405: 2378: 2204: 2161: 2134: 2126: 2067: 1978: 1966: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1880: 1852: 1844: 1826: 1671: 87: 51: 3981:(Hill & Wang; 2011) 242 pages; emphasis on efforts by the political left 3916:

Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics

2700:

was the Reagan administration's primary concern, especially El Salvador and

1973:, who promised to confront pro-Soviet Communist expansion. They were lagely 1755:

A widely discussed demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of the "

10726: 9300: 9294: 9125: 8502: 8122: 5146: 5082: 4623: 3354: 3340: 3285: 3233: 3190: 2877:, an ardent anti-Communist. In a 1984 presidential debate sponsored by the 2816: 2808: 2800:

in Angola, supplying each group with covert military and humanitarian aid.

2773: 2759: 2747: 2683: 2412: 2323: 2114: 2009: 1822: 1679: 1667: 83: 73: 4065: 3723: 2925:, East-West tensions in the early 1980s reached levels not seen since the 2145:, as the vice-presidential nominee. During the campaign, Reagan relied on 10581: 10164: 9327: 9306: 9073: 8968: 8387: 5038: 4966: 4882: 4702: 4427: 3869:

Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in

3496:

Political crisis/fiscal crisis: The collapse and revival of New York City

3272: 3022: 2998: 2994: 2961: 2945: 2922: 2870: 2850: 2838: 2660: 2555: 2551: 2308: 2292: 2262: 2254: 2138: 2130: 2122: 2029: 2005: 1997: 1982: 1903: 1868: 113: 4036:

Ehrman, John. "The Age of Reagan? Three Questions for Future Research,"

3828: 2365: 9258: 8538:

Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978

7774: 5125: 5033: 4939: 4872: 4645: 3512: 3381: 3276: 3268: 3202: 3181: 3093:, which was widely condemned in the United States and around the world. 2934: 2804: 2785: 2491: 2270: 1938:

in 1979 in a move roundly denounced by the West and Muslim countries.

1772: 1710: 550: 396: 61: 4961: 3688:

The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II by William H. Chafe

2917: 2712:'s rule in 1979. The two countries had been historically dominated by 2160:

Supply-side economists were against the welfare state built up by the

1986: 10095: 9832: 9825: 8711: 4791: 4410: 4260: 3986:

Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush

3874: 3169: 3061: 2858: 2770: 2701: 2676: 2668: 2609: 2536: 2420: 2393: 2382: 2358: 1799: 1788: 1687: 10026:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

8662:

Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980

3979:

The Other Eighties: A Secret History of America in the Age of Reagan

3334: 2915:". While it was Jimmy Carter who had officially ended the policy of 10756: 9818: 9649: 5167: 5105: 4877: 4796: 3902:

American environmentalism: The US environmental movement, 1970–1990

3895:

Transforming America: Politics and Culture During the Reagan Years,

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The liberal leaders of the 1960s, characteristic of the era of the

1756: 1750: 1744: 1714: 137: 3996:

Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore.

3597:

The rise and fall of modern American conservatism: a short history

3483:

The Man Who Saved New York: Hugh Carey and the Great Fiscal Crisis

3137:

in 1990, with the democratic West absorbing the ex-Communist East.

2869:

regime. Reagan also continued American support for the autocratic

3843:

The United States and Europe: Beyond the Neo-Conservative Divide?

3812:

The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989–1992.

3185: 3173: 3104: 2941: 2933:(SDI) was born out of the worsening U.S.-Soviet relations of the 2842: 2834: 2777: 2737: 2721: 2613: 2586: 2173: 1856: 1768: 1733: 10826:

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992

3936:

The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989

3258:

wrote that to reinforce its primacy in the post–Cold War world,

2353: 1709:

in four summit conferences, culminating with the signing of the

10476: 8091: 3348: 3177: 3091:

crushing in June 1989 of the Tiananmen Square protests in China

3028: 3014: 2900: 2793: 2789: 2582: 2578: 2219: 2059: 1919: 3144:

in 1991, replaced by a friendly Russia and 14 other countries.

2226:(41.0%). John B. Anderson won 5,720,060 (6.6%) popular votes. 2086:, providing some symbolic sense of renewed American optimism. 10354: 3507:

Gary C. Jacobson, "The 1994 House elections in perspective."

3444:

The new urban America: growth and politics in Sunbelt cities.

3018: 2797: 2645: 2590: 2495: 2464: 2207:. It also signaled a commitment to a hawkish foreign policy. 10378:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

9994:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

2463:

Since U.S. saving rates were very low (roughly one-third of

9407: 3131:

and the collapse of Communism, especially in Eastern Europe

3010: 2781: 2733: 2617: 2501:

The enormous deficits were in large measure holdovers from

2401: 2063: 1725: 166: 2690:

to collaborate with Argentine intelligence in funding the

2671:, which was ruled by right-wing military autocrat General 2302: 2089: 1996:

Neoconservatives attacked the foreign policy orthodoxy of

153: 4003:

Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan

3945:(2015), 34 essays by scholars emphasizing historiography 3636:

Exit with honor: the life and presidency of Ronald Reagan

2419:

growth was 3.3 percent, the highest since the mid-1970s.

2269:

at the Bureau of the Budget and his own campaign manager

2133:

and perceived American weakness against the USSR abroad,

10126:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

3412:

Timeline of the history of the United States (1990–2009)

3407:

Timeline of the history of the United States (1970–1989)

2997:

began to collapse in rapid succession. The "fall of the

4019:

2 Volumes (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders

3938:(2010) detailed narrative from conservative perspective 3048:

easily won the 1988 Republican nomination and defeated

2506: 1701:, including oil deregulation policies which led to the 10884:

Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990

10429: 10211:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

3953:

Fault Lines: A History of the United States Since 1974

3074:

Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration

2823:

also provided the rebels with significant assistance.

1977:

Democrats and opposed to the welfare programs of the

1965:, a Democrat, but they later aligned themselves with 10812:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

10096:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

8734:

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

3839: 3330: 2554:

arena of superpower competition. In the wake of the

2253:

He used very strong aides especially chief of staff

2229: 1879:. International frustrations, including the fall of 1739: 1690:, and mounting domestic opposition, Carter lost the 10119:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

2952:East-West tensions eased rapidly after the rise of 2736:in an unsuccessful effort to free U.S. hostages in 2172:. They also aimed to reduce government spending on 1862: 10290:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 10003:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 9360: 8729:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 8543:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 3649:Rehnquist Justice: Understanding the Court Dynamic 1981:. But their main targets were the old policies of 10958:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act 9121:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 2732:. In 1985, Reagan authorized the sale of arms in 2287:to Chief Justice in 1986, with arch-conservative 2183:The public, particularly the middle class in the 1674:administration, and the first three years of the 1664:history of the United States from 1980 until 1991 11120: 10981:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 10327:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 10269:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 8717:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4105: 2109:and the failure of liberal policies such as the 1745:Changing demographics and growth of the Sun Belt 10385:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 10103:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 8687:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 3100:in December 1989 to overthrow a local dictator. 6451: 4026:(2008) detailed narrative by liberal historian 3929:A history of environmental politics since 1945 3288:,' excluding them from global institutions.... 2524: 10951:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 10462: 9777:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 9393: 8107: 6437: 4376:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 4091: 3900:Dunlap, Riley E., and Angela G. Mertig, eds. 3897:(Columbia University Press; 320 pages; 2007). 2906: 2415:fell from 11 percent in 1982 to 8.2 percent. 2058:, and the Soviet Union expanding globally in 1643: 10262:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 8585:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977 8472:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5300:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 3545:Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980 3029:George H. W. Bush administration (1989–1991) 2863:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 2811:proxy government there, providing them with 2769:, the Reagan administration, with help from 2398:increased production levels of the mid-1980s 2240:Domestic policy of the Reagan administration 2008:, an allusion to the British concessions to 10974:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 8746:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 8438:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 8307:International Emergency Economic Powers Act 3909:The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. 3532:Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York City 2443:by a massive 49 out of 50 state landslide. 2244:Foreign policy of the Reagan administration 1713:. These actions accelerated the end of the 16:Chronology of the United States (1980–1991) 10469: 10455: 10089:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 10068:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 9812:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 9400: 9386: 8114: 8100: 6444: 6430: 4098: 4084: 3965:(1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy 3779:American Foreign Policy: Carter to Clinton 2349:Early 1980s recession in the United States 2210:A third-party candidacy by Representative 1650: 1636: 32: 11037:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 10364:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 10299:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 10283:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 10195:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 9863:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 9856:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 8707:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 8600:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 8337:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War 4824:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3221:(NAFTA), which went into effect in 1994. 2565:was another impetus for military action. 2283:in 1981. He promoted conservative leader 2032:and the associated massive casualties in 11023:North American Wetlands Conservation Act 10440:) is being considered for deletion. See 10306:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 10075:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 9371:) is being considered for deletion. See 8945:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project 8741:Three Mile Island accident investigation 8443:Department of Education Organization Act 4040:March 2011, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 111–131 3032: 3003:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2833:Reagan also expressed opposition to the 2626:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2364: 2352: 2342: 2113:to deliver on their promises. President 2093: 1692:1980 United States presidential election 163:History of the United States (1991–2008) 158:History of the United States (1964–1980) 11081:Water Resources Development Act of 1992 11074:Water Resources Development Act of 1990 11002:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990 10819:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 10658: 10204:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 10154:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 10147:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 9957:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 9542: 8650:National Energy Conservation Policy Act 4979:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 4024:The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 3951:Kruse, Kevin M. and Julian E. Zelizer. 3793:George H. W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft. 3610:Encyclopedia of the American Presidency 2750:, an aide to National Security Advisor 2577:, which provoked a political crisis in 2519: 2361:is highlighted on the above map in red. 2303:Reaganomics and the 1981 federal budget 2090:Ronald Reagan and the elections of 1980 1875:inflicted diminished confidence in the 183:This article is part of a series on the 11139:History of the United States by period 11121: 9929:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 9920:Office of National Drug Control Policy 8655:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 4010:The Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s 3873:. Vol: 27. Issue: 3. 1997. pp 451–66. 3700:Livin' On A Prayer: Shmoop Music Guide 3481:Seymour P. Lachman and Robert Polner, 2656:, which killed two American soldiers. 1678:presidency, up to the collapse of the 38:Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and 10450: 10371:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 10110:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 9987:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 9872:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 9381: 9171:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 8957:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 8405:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 8393:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 8095: 6425: 5907: 5669: 5331: 4135: 4079: 3998:(2005), standard scholarly synthesis. 3972:Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years 3890:(2005) For students in middle school. 3766:United Nations: the first fifty years 3240:after its violent suppression of the 3152: 2652:was found to have connections to the 1941:Reacting to all these perceptions of 11009:National Environmental Education Act 10232:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 9943:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 8623:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 8565:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act 3921:Greene, John Robert. (2nd ed. 2015) 3157:Bush argued for the emergence of "a 3005:(INF) in 1987 and the withdrawal of 2815:anti-aircraft missiles. U.S. allies 10942:U.S. Global Change Research Program 9978:United States Sentencing Commission 8984:Continuity of Government Commission 8493:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 8460:Federal Emergency Management Agency 4005:(1998) short biography by historian 3663:"In the Land of the Magic Asterisk" 3660: 3228:, engaging in the proliferation of 3219:North American Free Trade Agreement 2895:Reagan was sharply critical of the 2573:(PLO). But in the wake of the 1982 2265:as White House counsel, as well as 2129:. Against the backdrop of economic 2117:'s prospects for reelection in the 1989:with the Soviet Union. They wanted 13: 10928:Global Change Research Act of 1990 10898:Integrated Farm Management Program 9050:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land 8533:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 8528:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 8347:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 4666:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 4656:Assassination of James A. Garfield 4038:Journal of the Historical Society, 3914:Ferguson Thomas, and Joel Rogers, 3863: 3726:U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982–1984 3067: 2988:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2446: 2295:. Reagan finally won approval for 2119:U.S. presidential election of 1980 2043:, a political scientist and later 2026:Reagan's election in November 1980 1930:. The Soviet Union, guided by the 1889:Soviet intervention in Afghanistan 593: Modern Era 14: 11170: 10444:to help reach a consensus. › 10320:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 9375:to help reach a consensus. › 8327:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 4698:Assassination of William McKinley 4047: 4030: 4012:(Columbia University Press, 2015) 3703:. Shmoop University. 2010-07-11. 3625:(Dec. 2009) volume 96 #3 pp 933–4 3242:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 3111:treaties for nuclear disarmament. 3103:The signing with the USSR of the 3056:by an electoral landslide in the 2921:following Soviet intervention in 2849:, which had ousted the genocidal 2571:Palestine Liberation Organization 2230:Reagan administration (1981–1989) 1949:", since many of them were still 1740:Carter administration (1980–1981) 11053:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 10847:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 10225:Expedited Funds Availability Act 10174:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 10019:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 9784:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 9769:We begin bombing in five minutes 9344: 9343: 8697:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 8575:National Aquaculture Act of 1980 8560:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 8426:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 8121: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6360: 6359: 4917:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 4710:Nadir of American race relations 4589:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 4064: 4053: 3728:(U.S. Marine Corps, 1987) online 3361: 3347: 3333: 3098:United States invasion of Panama 2080:professional Soviet counterparts 2076:U.S. amateur Olympic hockey team 1906:. Most dramatic was the fall of 1863:Rejection of U.S./Soviet détente 1618: 1609: 1608: 1570: 1569: 200: 165: 152: 11154:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 10478:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 10437:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 10181:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 9136:Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize 8962:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House 8935:Presidential Library and Museum 8368:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 8354:Diplomatic relations with China 4619:First transcontinental railroad 3840:John Baylis; Jon Roper (2007). 3833: 3817: 3804: 3787: 3771: 3758: 3747:from the original on 2011-08-15 3733: 3717: 3691: 3682: 3654: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3576: 3563: 3550: 3402:Presidency of George H. W. Bush 3172:and then the other two states, 3142:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2837:-installed Communist regime of 2758:in the 1986 midterm elections. 2654:West Berlin discotheque bombing 2369:US unemployment rate, 1973–1993 2257:(Ford's campaign manager), and 1670:presidency, eight years of the 106:1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens 10905:Stewardship Incentives Program 10253:Dairy Export Incentive Program 9027:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid 8553:Right to Financial Privacy Act 8488:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 8257:Solar power at the White House 8138:President of the United States 4015:Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. 3871:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3537: 3524: 3501: 3488: 3475: 3462: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3168:for independence led to first 3007:Soviet forces from Afghanistan 2867:People's Republic of Kampuchea 2620:, the Soviet Union, and other 2261:as deputy chief of staff, and 2100:president of the United States 1759:", a region encapsulating the 1666:includes the last year of the 1: 10348:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 10334:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 10276:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 10218:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 10188:Agriculture Mediation Program 10040:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 9950:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 9224:(2002 television documentary) 9101:Presidential Medal of Freedom 3621:David Henry, "Book Reviews," 3164:Nationalist agitation in the 148: 10392:Video Privacy Protection Act 10246:Conservation Reserve Program 9849:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 9754:Strategic Defense Initiative 9177:Georgia State Capitol statue 8595:Trade Agreements Act of 1979 8518:Electronic Fund Transfer Act 8448:U.S. Department of Education 8378:1980 Summer Olympics boycott 5787:Hispanic and Latino American 4641:Second Industrial Revolution 4475:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 4181:Exploration of North America 4107:History of the United States 4072:travel guide from Wikivoyage 3943:A Companion to Ronald Reagan 3306: 2931:Strategic Defense Initiative 2667:, and to a lesser extent in 1705:. He met with Soviet leader 1068:Hispanic and Latino American 22:The United States of America 7: 11149:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 10935:National Climate Assessment 10061:Minerals Management Service 9913:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 9906:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 9409:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 9368:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 9315:(first cousin once removed) 8633:Synthetic Fuels Corporation 5311:Indictments of Donald Trump 4502:First Industrial Revolution 4336:Declaration of Independence 4326:Second Continental Congress 3955:(2019), scholarly history. 3623:Journal of American History 3509:Political Science Quarterly 3397:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3326: 3281:International Monetary Fund 3230:weapons of mass destruction 3199:International Monetary Fund 2525:Foreign policy: Third World 2236:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 1859:, a conservative Democrat. 1736:in left-leaning Nicaragua. 70:Third Industrial Revolution 10: 11175: 11144:Presidency of Jimmy Carter 11134:1990s in the United States 11129:1980s in the United States 10640:Presidential proclamations 10054:Medical Waste Tracking Act 10047:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 9531:Presidential proclamations 9157:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue 9116:Philadelphia Liberty Medal 8781:State of the Union Address 8692:Antarctic Conservation Act 8508:Community Reinvestment Act 6453:Years in the United States 5908: 5670: 5332: 5203:Killing of Osama bin Laden 4291:First Continental Congress 4136: 3392:Presidency of Jimmy Carter 3071: 2907:Last stage of the Cold War 2714:multinational corporations 2575:Sabra and Shatila Massacre 2528: 2441:1984 presidential election 2346: 2306: 2233: 1959:1972 presidential election 1748: 1732:to pro-American guerrilla 1699:recession in 1981 and 1982 11090: 11030:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 10863:Energy Policy Act of 1992 10803: 10709: 10667:Joint session of Congress 10561:White House horseshoe pit 10485: 10401: 10239:Food Security Act of 1985 10163: 10140:Water Quality Act of 1987 9964:Armed Career Criminal Act 9888: 9632: 9569:Joint session of Congress 9416: 9322: 9239: 9186: 9149: 9084: 8992: 8920: 8841: 8820: 8811: 8758: 8675: 8618:U.S. Department of Energy 8608: 8570:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 8480: 8413: 8290:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 8270: 8167: 8129: 8047: 8031: 7773: 7766: 7623: 7110: 6597: 6459: 6381: 6347: 6291: 6255: 6243: 5982: 5956: 5918: 5914: 5903: 5676: 5665: 5338: 5327: 5193: 5096: 5024: 4925: 4836: 4787:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4718: 4599: 4584:Emancipation Proclamation 4515: 4438: 4386: 4353:Articles of Confederation 4306: 4191:Native American epidemics 4171: 4146: 4142: 4131: 4113: 2708:brought down U.S.-backed 2581:, U.S. forces moved into 2514:balanced budget amendment 2435:Reagan went on to defeat 1728:, and used the money for 161: 151: 143: 97: 79: 57: 47: 31: 26: 21: 11106:Clinton administration → 10919:Wetlands Reserve Program 10840:Civil Rights Act of 1991 10610:Supreme Court candidates 10442:templates for discussion 10082:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 10010:Toxics Release Inventory 9373:templates for discussion 8722:National Priorities List 8548:National security letter 8498:Airline Deregulation Act 8431:Senior Executive Service 8297:Torrijos–Carter Treaties 8067:Northern Mariana Islands 6273:Northern Mariana Islands 4846:Strike wave of 1945–1946 3886:Camardella, Michele L. 3846:. Routledge. p. 1. 3433:(2003) 25#2 pp: 123–138. 3431:Journal of Urban Affairs 3417: 3044:Reagan's vice-president 2710:Anastasio Somoza Debayle 2070:, and elsewhere. In the 571: 549: 527: 516: 494: 483: 461: 450: 439: 428: 406: 395: 384: 362: 340: 329: 307: 296: 274: 263: 11097:← Reagan administration 10967:Immigration Act of 1990 10750:Chemical Weapons Accord 10408:← Carter administration 9842:American Homecoming Act 9726:Constructive engagement 9489:Administration scandals 9034:reaction and commentary 8974:Nairobi Agreement, 1999 8766:Moral Equivalent of War 8702:Clean Water Act of 1977 7767:By U.S. state/territory 5808:Middle Eastern American 5625:Technology and industry 4495:Seneca Falls Convention 4296:Continental Association 4196:Settlement of Jamestown 4017:Ronald Reagan's America 3947:excerpt and text search 3472:16.2–3 (1989): 145–163. 3052:Massachusetts governor 2969:) and democratization ( 2716:and wealthy landowning 2686:abuses and allowed the 2599:Marine Barracks Bombing 2411:By the middle of 1983, 1838:1994 mid-term elections 1089:Middle Eastern American 911:Technology and industry 11016:National Space Council 10912:USDA Rural Development 10764:1991 Madrid Conference 10341:Tax Reform Act of 1986 9561:"Tear down this wall!" 9042:Beyond the White House 8891:running mate selection 8859:running mate selection 8776:A Crisis of Confidence 5928:Admission to the Union 5294:Afghanistan withdrawal 5289:January 6 insurrection 5208:Rise in mass shootings 5180:Virginia Tech shooting 4733:Paris Peace Conference 4507:Second Great Awakening 4246:American Enlightenment 4001:Pemberton, William E. 3974:(1996), short articles 3827:34.1 (2010): 141–175. 3634:William E. Pemberton, 3232:or committing serious 3217:", manifesting in the 3125:over Soviet communism. 3041: 2879:League of Women Voters 2663:beginning in 1980 and 2642:launched an air strike 2567:Israel invaded Lebanon 2543:a generation earlier. 2541:Kennedy administration 2370: 2362: 2216:Iranian hostage crisis 2203:characteristic of the 2102: 2045:U.S. Ambassador to the 2036:that the war induced. 1694:to Republican Reagan. 1201:Admission to the Union 10891:Forest Legacy Program 10596:Judicial appointments 10417:Bush administration → 9971:Sentencing Reform Act 9879:Exon–Florio Amendment 9805:Executive Order 12333 9791:Goldwater–Nichols Act 9466:Judicial appointments 9452:Assassination attempt 9289:Ruth Carter Stapleton 9271:James Earl Carter Sr. 9019:Our Endangered Values 8523:Executive Order 12086 8467:Executive Order 12172 8455:Executive Order 12148 8383:Executive Order 12036 8312:Executive Order 12170 8235:Judicial appointments 8157:Georgia State Senator 5920:Territorial evolution 5284:George Floyd Protests 5267:Unite the Right rally 5136:Oklahoma City bombing 5131:Republican Revolution 5078:Space Shuttle program 4900:Civil Rights Movement 4868:North Atlantic Treaty 4676:Sherman Antitrust Act 4661:Chinese Exclusion Act 4251:French and Indian War 4241:Prelude to Revolution 4226:First Great Awakening 4186:European colonization 4070:Postwar United States 3941:Johns, Andrew L. ed. 3883:Greenwood Press. 1994 3879:Campagna; Anthony S. 3810:James A. Baker III, 3608:Michael A. Genovese, 3321:early 1980s recession 3265:nuclear proliferation 3036: 2886:People Power movement 2807:fighters against the 2706:Sandinista revolution 2606:Operation Urgent Fury 2593:in Lebanon. However, 2563:Arab–Israeli conflict 2368: 2356: 2343:The recession of 1982 2316:supply-side economics 2197:anti-poverty programs 2155:supply-side economics 2097: 1963:Henry "Scoop" Jackson 1849:civil rights movement 1749:Further information: 1192:Territorial evolution 485:Post-World War II Era 110:Early 1980s recession 11044:Truth in Savings Act 10995:Lead and Copper Rule 10870:FDIC Improvement Act 10720:Soviet Union summits 10568:Presidential pardons 9899:AIDS crisis response 9673:Soviet Union summits 9277:Lillian Gordy Carter 9111:Silver Buffalo Award 8940:Habitat for Humanity 8317:Operation Eagle Claw 5834:Palestinian American 5261:Obergefell v. Hodges 5153:September 11 attacks 4989:Second-wave feminism 4910:Cuban Missile Crisis 4770:Bath School disaster 4688:Spanish–American War 4651:The Gospel of Wealth 4530:California Gold Rush 4490:Mexican–American War 4480:Nullification crisis 4448:Era of Good Feelings 4348:Confederation period 4256:Proclamation of 1763 4206:Atlantic slave trade 3994:Patterson, James T. 3963:Reagan and the World 3888:America in the 1980s 3530:Jonathan M. Soffer, 3369:United States portal 3317:1990 oil price shock 3256:Samuel P. Huntington 3226:sponsoring terrorism 3215:Washington Consensus 3135:German reunification 3080:Lawrence Eagleburger 2927:Cuban Missile Crisis 2550:, especially in the 2520:Reagan and the world 2481:electronics industry 2098:Ronald Reagan, 40th 2072:1980 Winter Olympics 1916:conquered the nation 1115:Palestinian American 331:Era of Good Feelings 276:Confederation period 213:Timeline and periods 130:Tear down this wall! 11067:1992 VRA Amendments 11060:Ryan White CARE Act 10575:International trips 10133:1982 VRA Amendments 9761:International trips 9733:Invasion of Grenada 9503:Impeachment efforts 9445:Second inauguration 9438:Release of hostages 9283:Gloria Carter Spann 9106:Freedom of the City 8771:Island of Stability 8640:National Energy Act 8628:Energy Security Act 8590:Revenue Act of 1978 8373:International trips 8360:Goldwater v. Carter 8302:Iran hostage crisis 8225:Political positions 8149:Governor of Georgia 8077:U.S. Virgin Islands 6283:U.S. Virgin Islands 5769:Lithuanian American 5725:Vietnamese American 5071:End of the Cold War 5061:Invasion of Grenada 5011:Iran hostage crisis 4760:Tulsa race massacre 4567:Election of Lincoln 4562:Dred Scott decision 4550:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4453:Missouri Compromise 4371:Northwest Ordinance 4361:Pennsylvania Mutiny 4356:and Perpetual Union 4316:American Revolution 4231:War of Jenkins' Ear 3934:Hayward, Steven F. 3893:Collins, Robert M. 3781:(1997) pp 129–177. 3647:Earl M. Maltz, ed. 3129:Revolutions of 1989 2281:Sandra Day O'Connor 2056:Iran hostage crisis 2022:most-favored nation 1936:invaded Afghanistan 1885:Iran hostage crisis 1684:Iran hostage crisis 1050:Lithuanian American 1001:Vietnamese American 265:American Revolution 122:Invasion of Grenada 118:Iran-Contra Scandal 102:Iran Hostage Crisis 10794:NAFTA negotiations 10785:Unified Task Force 10743:Invasion of Panama 10649:Clinton transition 9740:Iran–Contra affair 9434:First inauguration 9232:(2007 documentary) 9003:Everything to Gain 8979:One America Appeal 8285:Camp David Accords 5933:Historical regions 5889:Transgender people 5447:Capital punishment 5306:Support of Ukraine 5255:Black Lives Matter 5163:War in Afghanistan 5088:Invasion of Panama 5044:Iran–Contra affair 4905:Early–mid Cold War 4775:Harlem Renaissance 4634:Compromise of 1877 4609:Reconstruction era 4545:Fugitive Slave Act 4540:Compromise of 1850 4485:Westward expansion 4423:Louisiana Purchase 4266:Stamp Act Congress 4211:King William's War 3977:Martin, Bradford. 3961:Kyvig, David. ed. 3825:Diplomatic History 3668:The New York Times 3661:Kinsley, Michael. 3638:(1998) pp. 92, 116 3518:2019-10-24 at the 3470:Critical Sociology 3387:Sixth Party System 3377:Fifth Party System 3246:invasion of Kuwait 3153:After the Cold War 3042: 2796:in Mozambique and 2767:sub-Saharan Africa 2752:John M. Poindexter 2745:Lieutenant Colonel 2730:Iran–Contra affair 2425:Morning in America 2371: 2363: 2201:affirmative action 2170:private investment 2103: 2039:During the 1970s, 1898:Under the rule of 1867:In the 1970s, the 1722:Iran–Contra affair 1170:Transgender people 733:Capital punishment 386:Reconstruction Era 134:Invasion of Panama 11116: 11115: 10854:Acid Rain Program 10705: 10704: 10689:1992 SOTU Address 10682:1991 SOTU Address 10675:1990 SOTU Address 10626:Executive actions 10554:Broccoli comments 10547:Vomiting incident 10427: 10426: 9798:Montreal Protocol 9628: 9627: 9619:1988 SOTU Address 9612:1987 SOTU Address 9605:1986 SOTU Address 9598:1985 SOTU Address 9591:1984 SOTU Address 9584:1983 SOTU Address 9577:1982 SOTU Address 9517:Executive actions 9358: 9357: 9131:Christopher Award 9096:Nobel Peace Prize 9058:White House Diary 9011:The Hornet's Nest 8916: 8915: 8754: 8753: 8580:Staggers Rail Act 8262:Reagan transition 8247:Executive Actions 8089: 8088: 8085: 8084: 6419: 6418: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 5938:American frontier 5899: 5898: 5829:Lebanese American 5814:Egyptian American 5749:Estonian American 5739:Albanian American 5733:European American 5710:Japanese American 5700:Filipino American 5661: 5660: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5272:COVID-19 pandemic 5175:Hurricane Katrina 5116:Los Angeles riots 5006:Watergate scandal 4851:Start of Cold War 4819:Manhattan Project 4406:Whiskey Rebellion 4236:King George's War 4201:Thirteen Colonies 4162:Pre-Columbian Era 3764:Stanley Meisler, 3571:Jeane Kirkpatrick 3569:Pat E. Harrison, 3511:(1996): 203–223. 3046:George H. W. Bush 3039:George H. W. Bush 2954:Mikhail Gorbachev 2828:Mikhail Gorbachev 2825:General Secretary 2784:dictatorships of 2673:Efraín Ríos Montt 2595:U.S. intervention 2429:consumer spending 2285:William Rehnquist 2147:Jeane Kirkpatrick 2143:George H. W. Bush 2107:sexual revolution 2041:Jeane Kirkpatrick 1985:of communism and 1932:Brezhnev Doctrine 1873:Watergate scandal 1767:, and especially 1707:Mikhail Gorbachev 1682:. Plagued by the 1676:George H. W. Bush 1660: 1659: 1582: 1581: 1211:American frontier 1110:Lebanese American 1095:Egyptian American 1025:Estonian American 1015:Albanian American 1009:European American 986:Japanese American 976:Filipino American 600: 599: 573:Post-Cold War Era 230:Pre-Columbian Era 192: 177: 176: 173: 172: 92:George H. W. Bush 11166: 11109: 11100: 11083: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10997: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10960: 10953: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10921: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10796: 10787: 10780: 10778:Somali Civil War 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10656: 10655: 10651: 10642: 10635: 10633:Executive orders 10628: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10582:Oval Office desk 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10498: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10448: 10447: 10420: 10411: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10301: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10033:Grace Commission 10028: 10021: 10012: 10005: 9996: 9989: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9881: 9874: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9719: 9717:Governors Island 9712: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9564: 9556: 9540: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9524:Executive orders 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9429: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9347: 9346: 9066:A Call to Action 8818: 8817: 8268: 8267: 8160: 8152: 8141: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8093: 8092: 8039:Washington, D.C. 7771: 7770: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6363: 6362: 6292:Outlying islands 6249:Washington, D.C. 6244:Federal District 5943:Manifest destiny 5916: 5915: 5905: 5904: 5847:Native Americans 5819:Iranian American 5793:Mexican American 5779:Serbian American 5764:Italian American 5754:Finnish American 5744:English American 5695:Chinese American 5682:African American 5667: 5666: 5472:Direct democracy 5462:The Constitution 5421:Higher education 5344:American Century 5329: 5328: 4782:Great Depression 4755:Women's suffrage 4745:Roaring Twenties 4671:Haymarket affair 4629:Enforcement Acts 4418:Jeffersonian era 4366:Shays' Rebellion 4286:Intolerable Acts 4281:Boston Tea Party 4216:Queen Anne's War 4144: 4143: 4133: 4132: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4057: 4008:Rossinow, Doug. 3927:Hays, Samuel P. 3858: 3857: 3837: 3831: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3724:Benis M. Frank, 3721: 3715: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3505: 3499: 3494:Martin Shefter, 3492: 3486: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3037:Inauguration of 2992:Eastern European 2984:Western European 2875:Ferdinand Marcos 2640:In 1986, Reagan 2622:Communist states 2488:balance of trade 2334:Budget Director 2212:John B. Anderson 2014:Munich Agreement 1947:neoconservatives 1943:American decline 1816:Republican Party 1652: 1645: 1638: 1622: 1612: 1611: 1573: 1572: 1216:Manifest destiny 1206:Historic regions 1188: 1187: 1128:Native Americans 1100:Iranian American 1074:Mexican American 1060:Serbian American 1045:Italian American 1030:Finnish American 1020:English American 971:Chinese American 958:African American 758:Direct democracy 748:The Constitution 707:Higher education 616:American Century 518:Civil Rights Era 496:Civil Rights Era 452:Great Depression 441:Roaring Twenties 309:Jeffersonian Era 219: 218: 214: 204: 190: 179: 178: 169: 156: 149: 36: 19: 18: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11112: 11103: 11094: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11058: 11051: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10988:JFK Records Act 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10956: 10949: 10940: 10933: 10926: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10833:Cannabis policy 10831: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10804:Domestic policy 10799: 10792: 10783: 10776: 10771:New world order 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10732: 10725: 10718: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10665: 10654: 10647: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10536: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10481: 10475: 10445: 10428: 10423: 10414: 10405: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10318: 10313:Reagan tax cuts 10311: 10304: 10297: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10165:Economic policy 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10008: 10001: 9992: 9985: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9936:Cannabis policy 9934: 9927: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890:Domestic policy 9884: 9877: 9870: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9643:Reagan Doctrine 9641: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9538: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9510:Opinion polling 9508: 9501: 9496:Bush transition 9494: 9487: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9432: 9425: 9412: 9406: 9376: 9359: 9354: 9335:Ronald Reagan → 9318: 9313:Hugh Carter Jr. 9247:Rosalynn Carter 9235: 9229:Man from Plains 9182: 9145: 9087: 9080: 8988: 8922:Post-presidency 8912: 8837: 8807: 8750: 8678: 8671: 8604: 8481:Economic policy 8476: 8421:Cannabis policy 8414:Domestic policy 8409: 8342:Algiers Accords 8332:1979 oil crisis 8280:Carter Doctrine 8266: 8252:Rabbit incident 8171: 8163: 8155: 8144: 8133: 8125: 8120: 8090: 8081: 8043: 8032:Washington D.C. 8027: 7762: 7619: 7106: 6593: 6455: 6450: 6420: 6415: 6369: 6343: 6287: 6251: 6239: 5978: 5952: 5910: 5895: 5801:Jewish American 5774:Polish American 5715:Korean American 5705:Indian American 5672: 5657: 5512:Merchant Marine 5482:Law enforcement 5334: 5315: 5189: 5185:Great Recession 5092: 5066:Reagan Doctrine 5020: 4999:Stonewall riots 4921: 4895:Project Mercury 4856:Truman Doctrine 4832: 4740:First Red Scare 4714: 4683:Progressive Era 4595: 4555:Bleeding Kansas 4511: 4458:Monroe Doctrine 4434: 4382: 4341:Treaty of Paris 4302: 4276:Boston Massacre 4271:Sons of Liberty 4167: 4138: 4127: 4109: 4104: 4050: 4033: 4022:Wilentz, Sean. 3970:Levy, Peter B. 3866: 3864:Further reading 3861: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3792: 3788: 3777:John Dumbrell, 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3556:Jesús Velasco, 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3520:Wayback Machine 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3455:Darren Dochuk, 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3313:Federal Reserve 3309: 3251:Foreign Affairs 3159:new world order 3155: 3121:Victory in the 3076: 3070: 3068:Foreign affairs 3054:Michael Dukakis 3031: 2986:nations of the 2909: 2698:Central America 2650:Muammar Gaddafi 2630:Eugenia Charles 2569:to destroy the 2533: 2531:Reagan Doctrine 2527: 2522: 2449: 2447:Rising deficits 2351: 2345: 2328:Social Security 2311: 2305: 2297:Anthony Kennedy 2246: 2234:Main articles: 2232: 2193:Religious Right 2178:social services 2166:economic growth 2092: 2078:defeated their 1955:George McGovern 1900:Leonid Brezhnev 1865: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1656: 1584: 1583: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1082:Jewish American 1055:Polish American 1035:German American 991:Korean American 981:Indian American 952: 944: 943: 798:Merchant Marine 768:Law enforcement 636:Racial violence 610: 602: 601: 408:Progressive Era 216: 212: 193: 191:History of the 147: 136: 132: 128: 126:Reagan Doctrine 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 90: 86: 72: 68: 64: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11172: 11162: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11101: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10843: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10715: 10713: 10711:Foreign policy 10707: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10662: 10660: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10636: 10622: 10621: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10506: 10499: 10491: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10474: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10451: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10412: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10294: 10293: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10257: 10256: 10249: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10191: 10177: 10169: 10167: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10014: 10013: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9845: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9690: 9683: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9660: 9646: 9638: 9636: 9634:Foreign policy 9630: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9565: 9557: 9548: 9546: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9476: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9430: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9339: 9338: 9331: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9225: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9160: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9070: 9062: 9054: 9046: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9023: 9015: 9007: 8998: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8645:Energy Tax Act 8637: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8322:Canadian Caper 8319: 8314: 8309: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8272:Foreign policy 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8153: 8142: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8119: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8057:American Samoa 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7973:South Carolina 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7938:North Carolina 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6393: 6391:Historiography 6388: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Navassa Island 6326: 6321: 6316: 6314:Johnston Atoll 6311: 6306: 6304:Howland Island 6301: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6263:American Samoa 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185:South Carolina 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:North Carolina 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5974:The West Coast 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5948:Indian removal 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5869: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5839:Saudi American 5836: 5831: 5826: 5824:Iraqi American 5821: 5816: 5804: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5759:Irish American 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5689:Asian American 5685: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5617:Sexual slavery 5607: 5600: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487:Postal service 5484: 5479: 5477:Foreign policy 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5053: 5051:Crack epidemic 5048: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5016:Moral Majority 5013: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4994:Gay liberation 4991: 4986: 4984:Counterculture 4981: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4972:Fall of Saigon 4969: 4964: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4950:Apollo program 4947: 4945:Project Gemini 4937: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4863:Early Cold War 4860: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4811: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4535:Prelude to War 4532: 4527: 4525:Antebellum Era 4521: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470:Trail of Tears 4465:Jacksonian era 4462: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4401:Federalist Era 4398: 4396:Bill of Rights 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Lee Resolution 4328: 4323: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4062: 4049: 4048:External links 4046: 4045: 4044: 4032: 4031:Historiography 4029: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3984:Meacham, Jon. 3982: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3949: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3907:Ehrman, John. 3905: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3832: 3816: 3803: 3786: 3770: 3757: 3732: 3716: 3709: 3690: 3681: 3653: 3640: 3627: 3614: 3601: 3595:David Farber, 3588: 3582:Andrew Busch, 3575: 3562: 3549: 3543:Laura Kalman, 3536: 3523: 3500: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3435: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3358: 3344: 3328: 3325: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3290: 3289: 3207:Czech Republic 3154: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3101: 3094: 3072:Main article: 3069: 3066: 3030: 3027: 2908: 2905: 2897:United Nations 2890:Corazón Aquino 2648:after Libya's 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2503:Lyndon Johnson 2448: 2445: 2437:Walter Mondale 2406:interest rates 2396:prices due to 2379:interest rates 2375:budget deficit 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2336:David Stockman 2304: 2301: 2289:Antonin Scalia 2267:David Stockman 2259:Michael Deaver 2231: 2228: 2123:Edward Kennedy 2111:War on Poverty 2091: 2088: 2084:Miracle on Ice 2048:United Nations 2034:Southeast Asia 1975:anti-communist 1924:Southeast Asia 1864: 1861: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1703:1980s oil glut 1658: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1605: 1604: 1602:Historiography 1599: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247:The West Coast 1244: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1221:Indian removal 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120:Saudi American 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105:Iraqi American 1102: 1097: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040:Irish American 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 965:Asian American 961: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 907: 906: 905: 903:Sexual slavery 893: 886: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 801: 794: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 773:Postal service 770: 765: 763:Foreign policy 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 718: 711: 710: 709: 697: 696: 695: 683: 682: 681: 669: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 640: 639: 638: 626: 619: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 598: 597: 594: 590: 589: 587: 579: 578: 575: 568: 567: 565: 557: 556: 553: 546: 545: 543: 535: 534: 531: 524: 523: 520: 513: 512: 510: 502: 501: 498: 491: 490: 487: 480: 479: 477: 469: 468: 465: 458: 457: 454: 447: 446: 443: 436: 435: 432: 425: 424: 422: 414: 413: 410: 403: 402: 399: 392: 391: 388: 381: 380: 378: 370: 369: 366: 359: 358: 356: 348: 347: 344: 342:Jacksonian Era 337: 336: 333: 326: 325: 323: 315: 314: 311: 304: 303: 300: 298:Federalist Era 293: 292: 290: 282: 281: 278: 271: 270: 267: 260: 259: 257: 249: 248: 245: 237: 236: 233: 217: 210: 209: 206: 205: 197: 196: 186: 185: 175: 174: 171: 170: 160: 141: 140: 99: 95: 94: 81: 77: 76: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 44: 37: 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11171: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11092: 11089: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10795: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10617:controversies 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10544: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10472: 10467: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10433: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747:Libya bombing 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9553:"Evil empire" 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9480:controversies 9477: 9474: 9473:Supreme Court 9470: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9351: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9328:← Gerald Ford 9325: 9324: 9321: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9083: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Carter Center 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8881:1980 campaign 8879: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8849:1976 campaign 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821:Gubernatorial 8819: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8677:Environmental 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8610:Energy policy 8607: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8240:controversies 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:West Virginia 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918:New Hampshire 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Massachusetts 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:List of years 6384: 6383: 6380: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6355:Urban history 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6334:Palmyra Atoll 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Jarvis Island 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256:Insular areas 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6225:West Virginia 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6130:New Hampshire 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Massachusetts 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5902: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Thai American 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558:Party Systems 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497:Voting rights 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5158:War on terror 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5056:Late Cold War 5054: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Great Society 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Post-war boom 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3853:9781134206407 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3768:(1995) p. 219 3767: 3761: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3720: 3712: 3710:9781610620505 3706: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3685: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3612:(2010) p. 419 3611: 3605: 3599:(2010) p. 208 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3442:Carl Abbott, 3439: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3166:Baltic States 3162: 3160: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3058:1988 election 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857:and royalist 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 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Society 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:Ronald Reagan 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Latin America 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:North Vietnam 1910:in 1975 when 1909: 1908:South Vietnam 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1887:in 1979, the 1886: 1883:in 1975, the 1882: 1881:South Vietnam 1878: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1853:New York City 1850: 1846: 1845:Great Society 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1827:New York City 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:Ronald Reagan 1669: 1665: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1597:List of years 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1565:Urban history 1563: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Thai American 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 966: 962: 960: 959: 955: 954: 948: 947: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 913: 912: 908: 904: 901: 900: 899: 898: 894: 892: 891: 887: 885: 884: 880: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 846: 845: 844:Party Systems 841: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 806: 802: 800: 799: 795: 793: 792: 788: 784: 783:Voting rights 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 724: 723: 719: 717: 716: 712: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 698: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 684: 680: 677: 676: 675: 674: 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155: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 88:Ronald Reagan 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 66:Late Cold War 63: 60: 56: 53: 52:United States 50: 46: 41: 35: 30: 25: 20: 11104: 11095: 10696:Chicken Kiev 10503:Inauguration 10435: 10415: 10406: 9366: 9342: 9333: 9326: 9301:Emily Dolvin 9295:Billy Carter 9265:Jason Carter 9227: 9221:Jimmy Carter 9219: 9215:UFO incident 9165:Jimmy Carter 9164: 9141:Grammy Award 9126:Hoover Medal 9072: 9064: 9056: 9048: 9040: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8842:Presidential 8503:Carter bonds 8358: 8218:January 1981 8188:Inauguration 8123:Jimmy Carter 7978:South Dakota 7968:Rhode Island 7963:Pennsylvania 7943:North Dakota 7625:21st century 7112:20th century 6599:19th century 6461:18th century 6324:Midway Atoll 6319:Kingman Reef 6299:Baker Island 6278:Puerto Rico 6190:South Dakota 6180:Rhode Island 6175:Pennsylvania 6155:North Dakota 5871: 5864: 5845: 5806: 5799: 5785: 5731: 5687: 5680: 5623: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5556: 5530:Marine Corps 5517: 5510: 5503: 5467:Debt ceiling 5452:Civil Rights 5434: 5427: 5413: 5399: 5385: 5356: 5351:Antisemitism 5349: 5342: 5298: 5259: 5195:2008–present 5147:Bush v. Gore 5145: 5083:War on drugs 5025: 4957:Mid Cold War 4809:Pearl Harbor 4804:World War II 4624:Ku Klux Klan 4221:Dummer's War 4160: 4153: 4147:Pre-Colonial 4061:at Wikibooks 4037: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3952: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3870: 3842: 3835: 3824: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3794: 3789: 3778: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3749:. Retrieved 3735: 3725: 3719: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3666: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3526: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3485:(2010) p 142 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3355:1990s portal 3341:1980s portal 3310: 3291: 3286:rogue states 3273:open markets 3249: 3234:human rights 3223: 3196: 3191:Bill Clinton 3163: 3156: 3147: 3084: 3077: 3043: 3013:forces from 2977: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2939: 2916: 2910: 2894: 2841:(and later, 2832: 2817:Saudi Arabia 2802: 2774:South Africa 2764: 2760:Oliver North 2748:Oliver North 2726: 2704:, where the 2696: 2684:human rights 2658: 2639: 2603: 2560: 2545: 2534: 2511: 2500: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2434: 2413:unemployment 2410: 2391: 2387: 2372: 2333: 2324:money supply 2320: 2312: 2278: 2275: 2273:at the CIA. 2251: 2247: 2224: 2209: 2190: 2182: 2159: 2151: 2115:Jimmy Carter 2104: 2053: 2038: 2017: 2010:Nazi Germany 1995: 1940: 1914:invaded and 1897: 1893: 1866: 1842: 1831: 1823:John Lindsay 1820: 1796:conservatism 1793: 1775:(surpassing 1754: 1719: 1696: 1680:Soviet Union 1668:Jimmy Carter 1663: 1661: 1152: 1145: 1126: 1087: 1080: 1066: 1007: 963: 956: 909: 895: 890:Social class 888: 881: 842: 816:Marine Corps 803: 796: 789: 753:Debt ceiling 738:Civil rights 720: 713: 699: 685: 671: 642: 630:Civil unrest 628: 623:Antisemitism 621: 614: 596:2008–present 584:2008–present 582: 560: 539: 538: 505: 472: 463:World War II 417: 373: 351: 318: 285: 252: 242:Colonial Era 240: 228: 222: 182: 144: 84:Jimmy Carter 80:President(s) 74:War on drugs 10480:(1989–1993) 10430:‹ The 9411:(1981–1989) 9361:‹ The 9307:Hugh Carter 9253:Jack Carter 9209:Mary Prince 9193:Residences 9074:A Full Life 8969:White House 8388:Refugee Act 8159:(1963–1967) 8151:(1971–1975) 8140:(1977–1981) 8072:Puerto Rico 8049:Territories 7893:Mississippi 7813:Connecticut 6339:Wake Island 6105:Mississippi 6020:Connecticut 5964:New England 5631:Agriculture 5550:Coast Guard 5545:Space Force 5393:Immigration 5121:WTC bombing 5039:Reaganomics 4967:Vietnam War 4883:McCarthyism 4765:Second Klan 4750:Prohibition 4728:World War I 4703:Square Deal 4693:Imperialism 4428:War of 1812 4155:Prehistoric 3674:5 September 3023:South Korea 3009:as well as 2999:Berlin Wall 2995:Warsaw Pact 2978:During the 2967:perestroika 2962:perestroika 2959:Focused on 2946:Third World 2923:Afghanistan 2913:evil empire 2851:Khmer Rouge 2839:Heng Samrin 2661:El Salvador 2556:Vietnam War 2552:Third World 2492:automobiles 2469:Wall Street 2309:Reaganomics 2293:Robert Bork 2263:Edwin Meese 2255:James Baker 2131:stagflation 2030:Vietnam War 2006:appeasement 1998:containment 1983:containment 1971:Republicans 1904:Third World 1869:Vietnam War 1516:Territories 1237:New England 917:Agriculture 836:Coast Guard 831:Space Force 679:Immigration 529:Vietnam War 430:World War I 224:Prehistoric 114:Reaganomics 40:Tip O'Neill 11159:Reagan Era 11123:Categories 10496:Transition 9701:INF Treaty 9694:Washington 9427:Transition 9267:(grandson) 9261:(daughter) 9259:Amy Carter 9197:Birthplace 9088:and honors 8952:The Elders 8896:convention 8864:convention 8398:FISA Court 8183:Transition 8169:Presidency 8008:Washington 7928:New Mexico 7923:New Jersey 7803:California 6220:Washington 6140:New Mexico 6135:New Jersey 6010:California 5505:Journalism 5457:Corruption 5436:Government 5387:Demography 5374:Newspapers 5223:Sandy Hook 5126:Waco siege 5034:Reagan era 4940:Space Race 4873:Korean War 4814:home front 4646:Gilded Age 4614:Amendments 4059:US History 3751:2010-10-02 3382:Reagan Era 3277:World Bank 3269:free trade 3211:neoliberal 3203:World Bank 3182:Yugoslavia 3050:Democratic 2935:Reagan Era 2873:President 2871:Philippine 2835:Vietnamese 2805:mujahideen 2786:Mozambique 2612:nation of 2529:See also: 2307:See also: 2271:Bill Casey 2020:, opposed 1877:presidency 1855:'s Mayor, 1812:Democratic 1773:California 1711:INF Treaty 1686:, runaway 791:Journalism 743:Corruption 722:Government 673:Demography 660:Newspapers 551:Reagan Era 397:Gilded Age 235:until 1607 145:Chronology 98:Key events 62:Reagan Era 10877:FIRRE Act 9833:H-2B visa 9826:H-2A visa 9687:Reykjavík 9297:(brother) 9163:USS 8886:primaries 8854:primaries 8813:Elections 8712:Superfund 8513:DIDMC Act 8018:Wisconsin 7983:Tennessee 7888:Minnesota 7863:Louisiana 6230:Wisconsin 6195:Tennessee 6100:Minnesota 6075:Louisiana 5969:The South 5540:Air Force 5415:Education 5277:recession 5233:Las Vegas 5141:Columbine 5098:1991–2008 5026:1980–1991 4927:1964–1980 4838:1945–1964 4792:Dust Bowl 4720:1917–1945 4601:1865–1917 4579:Civil War 4572:Secession 4517:1849–1865 4440:1815–1849 4411:Quasi-War 4388:1789–1815 4308:1776–1789 4261:Sugar Act 3307:Economics 3170:Lithuania 3062:M1 Abrams 2888:, led by 2859:Funcinpec 2771:apartheid 2718:oligarchs 2702:Nicaragua 2677:Argentine 2669:Guatemala 2610:Caribbean 2537:arms race 2486:The U.S. 2421:Inflation 2383:Rust Belt 2359:Rust Belt 1951:Democrats 1800:Rust Belt 1789:Rust Belt 1781:Northeast 1765:Southeast 1761:Southwest 1688:inflation 1242:The South 826:Air Force 701:Education 577:1991–2008 562:1991–2008 555:1981–1991 540:1980–1991 533:1964–1975 522:1954–1968 507:1964–1980 500:1954–1968 489:1945–1964 474:1945–1964 467:1941–1945 456:1929–1941 445:1918–1929 434:1917–1918 419:1917–1945 412:1896–1917 401:1877–1896 390:1865–1877 375:1865–1917 368:1849–1865 353:1849–1865 346:1825–1849 335:1817–1825 320:1815–1849 313:1801–1817 302:1788–1801 287:1789–1815 280:1783–1788 269:1765–1783 254:1776–1789 247:1607–1765 58:Including 27:1980–1991 10757:Gulf War 10734:Helsinki 10659:Speeches 10510:Timeline 10487:Timeline 10432:template 9819:Form I-9 9664:2nd term 9657:1st term 9650:Cold War 9544:Speeches 9418:Timeline 9363:template 9349:Category 9309:(cousin) 9291:(sister) 9285:(sister) 9279:(mother) 9273:(father) 8906:election 8874:election 8759:Speeches 8193:Timeline 8174:timeline 8003:Virginia 7953:Oklahoma 7933:New York 7908:Nebraska 7898:Missouri 7883:Michigan 7873:Maryland 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Knowledge

History of the United States (1980–1991)

Index