635:
624:
706:. Females are more likely to have unusual or unexplained tiredness and nausea or vomiting as symptoms. Females having heart attacks are more likely to have palpitations, back pain, labored breath, vomiting, and left arm pain than males, although the studies showing these differences had high variability. Females are less likely to report chest pain during a heart attack and more likely to report nausea, jaw pain, neck pain, cough, and fatigue, although these findings are inconsistent across studies. Females with heart attacks also had more indigestion,
1665:
9786:"2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions"
1367:
2173:. The dose should be increased to the highest tolerated. Contrary to most guidelines, the use of beta blockers does not appear to affect the risk of death, possibly because other treatments for MI have improved. When beta blocker medication is given within the first 24–72 hours of a STEMI no lives are saved. However, 1 in 200 people were prevented from a repeat heart attack, and another 1 in 200 from having an abnormal heart rhythm. Additionally, for 1 in 91 the medication causes a
73:
2585:, and left ventricular impairment are all associated with poorer prognosis. Without treatment, about a quarter of those affected by MI die within minutes and about forty percent within the first month. Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has, however, improved over the years due to earlier and better treatment: in those who have a STEMI in the United States, between 5 and 6 percent die before leaving the hospital and 7 to 18 percent die within a year.
2417:
667:, is pain radiating to the right arm and shoulder. Similarly, chest pain similar to a previous heart attack is also suggestive. The pain associated with MI is usually diffuse, does not change with position, and lasts for more than 20 minutes. It might be described as pressure, tightness, knifelike, tearing, burning sensation (all these are also manifested during other diseases). It could be felt as an unexplained anxiety, and pain might be absent altogether.
1728:
1711:. ST elevation is associated with infarction, and may be preceded by changes indicating ischemia, such as ST depression or inversion of the T waves. Abnormalities can help differentiate the location of an infarct, based on the leads that are affected by changes. Early STEMIs may be preceded by peaked T waves. Other ECG abnormalities relating to complications of acute myocardial infarctions may also be evident, such as
2560:. It should start soon after discharge from the hospital. The program may include lifestyle advice, exercise, social support, as well as recommendations about driving, flying, sports participation, stress management, and sexual intercourse. Returning to sexual activity after myocardial infarction is a major concern for most patients, and is an important area to be discussed in the provision of holistic care.
1484:
1252:
2372:, with the dose depending on whether further surgical management or fibrinolysis is planned. Prasugrel and ticagrelor are recommended in European and American guidelines, as they are active more quickly and consistently than clopidogrel. P2Y12 inhibitors are recommended in both NSTEMI and STEMI, including in PCI, with evidence also to suggest improved mortality.
1850:
1832:
1321:. If there is ongoing inflammation, the cap may be thin or ulcerate. Exposed to the pressure associated with blood flow, plaques, especially those with a thin lining, may rupture and trigger the formation of a blood clot (thrombus). The cholesterol crystals have been associated with plaque rupture through mechanical injury and inflammation.
2428:(PCI) is the treatment of choice for STEMI if it can be performed in a timely manner, ideally within 90–120 minutes of contact with a medical provider. Some recommend it is also done in NSTEMI within 1–3 days, particularly when considered high-risk. A 2017 review, however, did not find a difference between early versus later PCI in NSTEMI.
1683:(ECGs) are a series of leads placed on a person's chest that measure electrical activity associated with contraction of the heart muscle. The taking of an ECG is an important part of the workup of an AMI, and ECGs are often not just taken once but may be repeated over minutes to hours, or in response to changes in signs or symptoms.
2128:, exercising, and trying to achieve a healthy weight. Exercise is both safe and effective even if people have had stents or heart failure, and is recommended to start gradually after 1–2 weeks. Counselling should be provided relating to medications used, and for warning signs of depression. Previous studies suggested a benefit from
541:
world, the risk of death in those who have had a STEMI is about 10%. Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010. In 2011, an MI was one of the top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations in the US, with a cost of about $ 11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays.
4526:"European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)"
3579:"ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
2862:
Depictions of heart attacks in popular media often include collapsing or loss of consciousness which are not common symptoms; these depictions contribute to widespread misunderstanding about the symptoms of myocardial infarctions, which in turn contributes to people not getting care when they should.
2518:
In the past, high flow oxygen was recommended for everyone with a possible myocardial infarction. More recently, no evidence was found for routine use in those with normal oxygen levels and there is potential harm from the intervention. Therefore, oxygen is currently only recommended if oxygen levels
1640:
for measuring injury to the heart muscle than other tests. A rise in troponin occurs within 2–3 hours of injury to the heart muscle, and peaks within 1–2 days. The level of the troponin, as well as a change over time, are useful in measuring and diagnosing or excluding myocardial infarctions, and the
2722:
Rates of death from ischemic heart disease (IHD) have slowed or declined in most high-income countries, although cardiovascular disease still accounted for one in three of all deaths in the US in 2008. For example, rates of death from cardiovascular disease have decreased almost a third between 2001
2477:
If PCI cannot be performed within 90 to 120 minutes in STEMI then fibrinolysis, preferably within 30 minutes of arrival to hospital, is recommended. If a person has had symptoms for 12 to 24 hours evidence for effectiveness of thrombolysis is less and if they have had symptoms for more than 24 hours
1583:
Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, where symptoms may suggest MI, an ECG may be taken with suggestive changes, or a blood clot is found in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but where blood samples could not be obtained, or at a time before the appearance of
2638:
as a result of the heart being unable to adequately pump blood may develop, dependent on infarct size, and is most likely to occur within the days following an acute myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock is the largest cause of in-hospital mortality. Rupture of the ventricular dividing wall or
1463:
Injury to the myocardium also occurs during re-perfusion. This might manifest as ventricular arrhythmia. The re-perfusion injury is a consequence of the calcium and sodium uptake from the cardiac cells and the release of oxygen radicals during reperfusion. No-reflow phenomenon—when blood is still
2272:
A myocardial infarction requires immediate medical attention. Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce
2019:
instead of saturated fats may reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, although there is not universal agreement. Dietary modifications are recommended by some national authorities, with recommendations including increasing the intake of wholegrain starch, reducing sugar intake (particularly of
540:
Worldwide, about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015. More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI, and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women. About one million people have an MI each year in the United States. In the developed
2054:
measures may also act at a population level to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, for example by reducing unhealthy diets (excessive salt, saturated fat, and trans-fat) including food labeling and marketing requirements as well as requirements for catering and restaurants and stimulating
2091:
has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction. Based on numerous studies in different groups (e.g. people with or without diabetes), there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh the risk of excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, many
1824:
Medical societies and professional guidelines recommend that the physician confirm a person is at high risk for
Chronic Coronary Syndrome before conducting diagnostic non-invasive imaging tests to make a diagnosis, as such tests are unlikely to change management and result in increased costs.
1854:
1853:
1837:
1835:
1165:) has been associated with MI and other acute cardiovascular events. For sudden cardiac deaths, every increment of 30 units in Pollutant Standards Index correlated with an 8% increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on the day of exposure. Extremes of temperature are also associated.
2580:
The prognosis after myocardial infarction varies greatly depending on the extent and location of the affected heart muscle, and the development and management of complications. Prognosis is worse with older age and social isolation. Anterior infarcts, persistent ventricular tachycardia or
1855:
1836:
6262:
1256:
1255:
702:, and these symptoms may also occur without any pain at all. Dizziness or lightheadedness is common and occurs due to reduction in oxygen and blood to the brain. In females, the most common symptoms of myocardial infarction include shortness of breath, weakness, and
2805:. Similarly, South Asians (including South Asians that have migrated to other countries around the world) experience higher rates of acute myocardial infarctions at younger ages, which can be largely explained by a higher prevalence of risk factors at younger ages.
5390:
Ho AF, Wah W, Earnest A, Ng YY, Xie Z, Shahidah N, et al. (November 2018). "Health impacts of the
Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-stratified case crossover study of the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in Singapore".
1852:
1834:
1257:
2895:
may be classified as line-of-duty injuries by statute or policy. In some countries or states, a person having had an MI may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people's lives at risk, for example driving a car or flying an airplane.
1329:
Atherosclerotic disease is not the only cause of myocardial infarction, but it may exacerbate or contribute to other causes. A myocardial infarction may result from a heart with a limited blood supply subject to increased oxygen demands, such as in fever,
658:
is one of the most common symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper
6861:
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013). "Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force".
6397:
Lipinski MJ, Escárcega RO, D'Ascenzo F, Magalhães MA, Baker NC, Torguson R, et al. (May 2014). "A systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis to determine the incremental value of copeptin for rapid rule-out of acute myocardial infarction".
371:. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms. Women more often present without chest pain and instead have neck pain, arm pain or feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause
2150:
is continued indefinitely, as well as another antiplatelet agent such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor ("dual antiplatelet therapy" or DAPT) for up to twelve months. If someone has another medical condition that requires anticoagulation (e.g. with
1652:, are discouraged. CK-MB is not as specific as troponins for acute myocardial injury, and may be elevated with past cardiac surgery, inflammation or electrical cardioversion; it rises within 4–8 hours and returns to normal within 2–3 days.
7954:
Jobs A, Mehta SR, Montalescot G, Vicaut E, Van't Hof AW, Badings EA, et al. (August 2017). "Optimal timing of an invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomised trials".
1254:
960:
or MI, particularly if one has a male first-degree relative (father, brother) who had a myocardial infarction before age 55 years, or a female first-degree relative (mother, sister) less than age 65 increases a person's risk of MI.
2239:
and a New York Heart
Association grade II or III after 40 days of the infarction. Defibrillators detect potentially fatal arrhythmia and deliver an electrical shock to the person to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle.
8346:
Sepehrvand N, James SK, Stub D, Khoshnood A, Ezekowitz JA, Hofmann R (October 2018). "Effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials".
3022:
4400:"Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology"
1277:
that blocks the artery; this can occur in minutes. Blockage of an artery can lead to tissue death in tissue being supplied by that artery. Atherosclerotic plaques are often present for decades before they result in symptoms.
1118:. Heart attacks appear to occur more commonly in the morning hours, especially between 6AM and noon. Evidence suggests that heart attacks are at least three times more likely to occur in the morning than in the late evening.
8813:
Weir RA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ (May 2006). "Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic importance".
4809:
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. (March 2014). "Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1432:
and cannot be predicted by the presence or absence of Q waves on an ECG. The position, size and extent of an infarct depends on the affected artery, totality of the blockage, duration of the blockage, the presence of
983:
that are implicated are within a non-coding region. The majority of these variants are in regions that have not been previously implicated in coronary artery disease. The following genes have an association with MI:
2819:
who are eligible for coverage remain uninsured because immigrant families face a range of enrollment barriers, including fear, confusion about eligibility policies, difficulty navigating the enrollment process, and
2563:
In the short-term, exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programs may reduce the risk of a myocardial infarction, reduces a large number of hospitalizations from all causes, reduces hospital costs, improves
4894:
2407:
found they do not change the risk of death when given to people with a suspected NSTEMI prior to PCI, nor do heparins change the risk of death. They do decrease the risk of having a further myocardial infarction.
2273:
blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future MIs. In addition, the main treatment for myocardial infarctions with ECG evidence of ST elevation (STEMI) include
9898:
9879:
6358:"2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines"
2155:) this may need to be adjusted based on risk of further cardiac events as well as bleeding risk. In those who have had a stent, more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death.
1706:
can be used to diagnose an ST segment myocardial infarction (STEMI). A rise must be new in V2 and V3 ≥2 mm (0,2 mV) for males or ≥1.5 mm (0.15 mV) for females or ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in two other
2506:. Situations in which thrombolysis may be considered, but with caution, include recent surgery, use of anticoagulants, pregnancy, and proclivity to bleeding. Major risks of thrombolysis are major bleeding and
1573:. STEMIs make up about 25–40% of myocardial infarctions. A more explicit classification system, based on international consensus in 2012, also exists. This classifies myocardial infarctions into five types:
1464:
unable to be distributed to the affected myocardium despite clearing the occlusion—also contributes to myocardial injury. Topical endothelial swelling is one of many factors contributing to this phenomenon.
1773:
scan of the heart, is able to visualize the heart, its size, shape, and any abnormal motion of the heart walls as they beat that may indicate a myocardial infarction. The flow of blood can be imaged, and
3693:"2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines"
2839:
and financial concerns about accessing care were associated with delays in seeking emergency care for acute myocardial infarction which can have significant, adverse consequences on patient outcomes.
8524:
Rahim L, Allana S, Steinke EE, Ali F, Khan AH (November 2017). "Level of knowledge among cardiac nurses regarding sexual counseling of post-MI patients in three tertiary care hospitals in
Pakistan".
4439:
Davis TM, Fortun P, Mulder J, Davis WA, Bruce DG (March 2004). "Silent myocardial infarction and its prognosis in a community-based cohort of Type 2 diabetic patients: the
Fremantle Diabetes Study".
2085:, drugs that act to lower blood cholesterol, decrease the incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarctions. They are often recommended in those at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases.
7509:"Impact of Aldosterone Antagonists on Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention in Heart Failure and Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
1424:
region, and tissue begins to die within 15–30 minutes of loss of blood supply. The dead tissue is surrounded by a zone of potentially reversible ischemia that progresses to become a full-thickness
647:
Chest pain that may or may not radiate to other parts of the body is the most typical and significant symptom of myocardial infarction. It might be accompanied by other symptoms such as sweating.
3284:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2630:
transmitted from the heart during PCI, as a result of bleeding following anticoagulation, or as a result of disturbances in the heart's ability to pump effectively as a result of the infarction.
8707:"Prognostic value of clinical variables at presentation in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results of the Proyecto de Estudio del PronĂłstico de la Angina (PEPA)"
4847:"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"
2510:. Pre-hospital thrombolysis reduces time to thrombolytic treatment, based on studies conducted in higher income countries; however, it is unclear whether this has an impact on mortality rates.
1580:
MI related to ischemia, such as from increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g., coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anemia, arrhythmias, high blood pressure, or low blood pressure
2498:. Thrombolysis is not recommended in a number of situations, particularly when associated with a high risk of bleeding or the potential for problematic bleeding, such as active bleeding, past
1851:
1833:
2096:
continue to recommend aspirin for primary prevention, and some researchers feel that those with very high cardiovascular risk but low risk of bleeding should continue to receive aspirin.
4567:"AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"
2797:
of risk factors that are unrecognized and therefore not treated, which places these individuals at a greater likelihood of experiencing adverse outcomes and therefore potentially higher
944:
intake affects heart attack risk. Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed.
7306:
Perez MI, Musini VM, Wright JM (October 2009). "Effect of early treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs on short and long-term mortality in patients with an acute cardiovascular event".
3014:
2235:, an electric device connected to the heart and surgically inserted under the skin, may be recommended. This is particularly if there are any ongoing signs of heart failure, with a low
1253:
2730:, IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004, accounting for 1.46 million deaths (14% of total deaths) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985–2015. Globally,
595:). When there is evidence of an MI, it may be classified as an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) based on the results of an
6098:
5355:
Mustafic H, Jabre P, Caussin C, Murad MH, Escolano S, Tafflet M, et al. (February 2012). "Main air pollutants and myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
940:
has been shown in studies to be associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, while other studies find little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing
9819:
Min Cho S, et al. (2021). "Machine learning compared with conventional statistical models for predicting myocardial infarction readmission and mortality: a systematic review".
8879:
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. (American Heart
Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee) (January 2012).
2711:
estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to
10006:
7171:
Hodis HN, Mack WJ (July 2014). "Hormone replacement therapy and the association with coronary heart disease and overall mortality: clinical application of the timing hypothesis".
9160:"Disentangling the relative importance of different socioeconomic resources for myocardial infarction incidence and survival: a longitudinal study of over 300,000 Finnish adults"
6813:
Clinical guideline 181: Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
2891:
if it results, for example, from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion. In addition, in some jurisdictions, heart attacks had by persons in particular occupations such as
2455:
is only considered when the affected area of heart muscle is large, and PCI is unsuitable, for example with difficult cardiac anatomy. After PCI, people are generally placed on
8766:"Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE)"
8391:
2588:
It is unusual for babies to experience a myocardial infarction, but when they do, about half die. In the short-term, neonatal survivors seem to have a normal quality of life.
2380:, help to prevent the enlargement of a clot, and are also given in myocardial infarction, owing to evidence suggesting improved mortality rates. In very high-risk scenarios,
4905:
4226:
Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (November–December 2011). "Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2352:
to reduce the clot size and reduce further clotting in the affected artery. It is known to decrease mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction by at least 50%.
6263:"Rapid Rule-out of Acute Myocardial Infarction With a Single High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Measurement Below the Limit of Detection: A Collaborative Meta-analysis"
5673:
Lonn E (September 2007). "Homocysteine in the prevention of ischemic heart disease, stroke and venous thromboembolism: therapeutic target or just another distraction?".
2329:. Morphine or other opioid medications may also be used, and are effective for the pain associated with STEMI. There is poor evidence that morphine shows any benefit to
1996:
Physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and people at risk are advised to engage in 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
4165:
Canto JG, Goldberg RJ, Hand MM, Bonow RO, Sopko G, Pepine CJ, Long T (December 2007). "Symptom presentation of females with acute coronary syndromes: myth vs reality".
8477:"Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy and Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Without Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7712:
7777:
McCarthy CP, Mullins KV, Sidhu SS, Schulman SP, McEvoy JW (June 2016). "The on- and off-target effects of morphine in acute coronary syndrome: A narrative review".
2541:
with evaluation for implementation of hypothermia protocols. Furthermore, those with cardiac arrest, and ST elevation at any time, should usually have angiography.
7568:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations"
6577:
Schinkel AF, Valkema R, Geleijnse ML, Sijbrands EJ, Poldermans D (May 2010). "Single-photon emission computed tomography for assessment of myocardial viability".
5630:
Clarke R, Halsey J, Bennett D, Lewington S (February 2011). "Homocysteine and vascular disease: review of published results of the homocysteine-lowering trials".
4340:
2812:(SES) areas, which is close to 25% of the US population, myocardial infarctions (MIs) occurred twice as often compared with people who lived in higher SES areas.
9691:
Gaziano TA, Gaziano JM (15 September 2016). "Global
Evolving Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment Trends of Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
2734:(DALYs) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5% of total DALYs in 2030, making it the second-most-important cause of disability (after
2249:
1641:
diagnostic accuracy of troponin testing is improving over time. One high-sensitivity cardiac troponin can rule out a heart attack as long as the ECG is normal.
2020:
refined sugar), consuming five portions of fruit and vegetables daily, consuming two or more portions of fish per week, and consuming 4–5 portions of unsalted
10766:
7228:
6807:
6603:
8039:
Dalal F, Dalal HM, Voukalis C, Gandhi MM (July 2017). "Management of patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction".
2062:
Most guidelines recommend combining different preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that such an approach might help with
640:
Areas where pain is experienced in myocardial infarction, showing common (dark red) and less common (light red) areas on the chest (top) and back (bottom).
9009:"Individual education, area income, and mortality and recurrence of myocardial infarction in a Medicare cohort: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study"
4379:
8662:
Papneja K, Chan AK, Mondal TK, Paes B (March 2017). "Myocardial
Infarction in Neonates: A Review of an Entity with Significant Morbidity and Mortality".
5488:
Chatzidimitriou D, Kirmizis D, Gavriilaki E, Chatzidimitriou M, Malisiovas N (October 2012). "Atherosclerosis and infection: is the jury still not in?".
3331:
Coventry LL, Finn J, Bremner AP (2011). "Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2572:. Longer-term studies indicate that exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programs may reduce cardiovascular mortality and myocardial infarction.
1821:
scans can visualize the perfusion of heart muscle. SPECT may also be used to determine viability of tissue, and whether areas of ischemia are inducible.
7734:
Yadlapati A, Gajjar M, Schimmel DR, Ricciardi MJ, Flaherty JD (December 2016). "Contemporary management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction".
7024:"Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials"
3149:
2653:
may develop as a long-term consequence, with an impaired ability of heart muscle to pump, scarring, and an increase in the size of the existing muscle.
967:
have found 27 genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. The strongest association of MI has been found with
948:
do appear to increase risk. Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks (3–4 or more daily) increases the risk of a heart attack.
11192:
4261:
Chen W, Woods SL, Puntillo KA (July–August 2005). "Sex differences in symptoms associated with acute myocardial infarction: a review of the research".
2290:
2183:
therapy should be started within 24 hours and continued indefinitely at the highest tolerated dose. This is provided there is no evidence of worsening
2205:
therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and subsequent cardiac events and should be commenced to lower LDL cholesterol. Other medications, such as
6910:
6555:
4114:
Marcus GM, Cohen J, Varosy PD, Vessey J, Rose E, Massie BM, et al. (January 2007). "The utility of gestures in patients with chest discomfort".
3422:
3108:(1st ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3–18.
2952:
2125:
1755:
has no role in the acute diagnostic algorithm; however, it can confirm a clinical suspicion of
Chronic Coronary Syndrome when the patient's history,
9060:"Relation of socioeconomic position to the case fatality, prognosis and treatment of myocardial infarction events; the FINMONICA MI Register Study"
3240:"Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
3119:
2104:
There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction, and those that may be adopted as
1975:
There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction, and those that may be adopted as
8127:"Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
606:, where the heart is not contracting at all or so poorly that all vital organs cease to function, thus leading to death. It is also distinct from
571:, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Unlike the other type of acute coronary syndrome,
3282:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
2989:
2325:) may improve blood supply to the heart. It is an important part of therapy for its pain relief effects, though there is no proven benefit to
1743:
may assist in modifying clinical suspicion of ongoing myocardial infarction in patients that can't be ruled out or ruled in following initial
7814:"Reappraisal of thienopyridine pretreatment in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1565:
A myocardial infarction is usually clinically classified as an ST-elevation MI (STEMI) or a non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). These are based on
6090:
5434:
Sun Z, Chen C, Xu D, Li T (October 2018). "Effects of ambient temperature on myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2922:
6302:"Association of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Concentration With Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome"
1553:
1045:
797:, occur more frequently in females, the elderly, those with diabetes, in people who have just had surgery, and in critically ill patients.
7073:"Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews"
4296:
DeVon HA, Zerwic JJ (July–August 2002). "Symptoms of acute coronary syndromes: are there gender differences? A review of the literature".
2719:. Worldwide, more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year. STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women.
10054:
8964:
Gupta R, Joshi P, Mohan V, Reddy KS, Yusuf S (January 2008). "Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India".
6720:
2770:
is associated with an increased risk of poorer survival. There are well-documented disparities in myocardial infarction survival by
2223:) may be used if there is evidence of left ventricular dysfunction after an MI, ideally after beginning treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
1979:
after an initial myocardial infarction, because of shared risk factors and an aim to reduce atherosclerosis affecting heart vessels. The
813:
after a person has died. Such silent myocardial infarctions represent between 22 and 64% of all infarctions, and are more common in the
10407:
7485:
6826:
Stradling C, Hamid M, Taheri S, Thomas GN (2014). "A review of dietary influences on cardiovascular health: part 2: dietary patterns".
3790:
3503:
675:, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor
9580:
9601:
1017:
1122:
is also associated with a higher risk of MI. One analysis has found an increase in heart attacks immediately following the start of
10097:
6501:"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation"
1053:
7124:"Review of guidelines on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with aspirin: how much evidence is needed to turn a tanker?"
4662:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy"
873:, the primary cause of myocardial infarction, with other risk factors including male sex, low levels of physical activity, a past
602:
The phrase "heart attack" is often used non-specifically to refer to myocardial infarction. An MI is different from—but can cause—
10031:
9712:
Morrow DA, Bohula EA (15 September 2016). "Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock After Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
9628:
Allison TG, Murphy JG (6 December 2012). "Stress Test Selection". In Murphy JG, Lloyd MA, Brady PA, Olsen LJ, Shields RC (eds.).
9410:"Health care insurance, financial concerns in accessing care, and delays to hospital presentation in acute myocardial infarction"
2793:
have a greater burden of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events. On a population level, there is a higher overall
2775:
1037:
9383:
6728:
11185:
10824:
10141:
7077:
1616:
1229:
1065:
1293:. Atherosclerosis is characterized by progressive inflammation of the walls of the arteries. Inflammatory cells, particularly
10042:
9765:
9744:
9723:
9702:
9681:
9660:
9639:
8863:
8459:
8432:
6669:
6472:
6447:
6194:
6132:
5891:
4491:
4373:
4055:
3998:
3561:
3113:
2267:
1194:
among others have been linked to atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. As of 2013, there is no evidence of benefit from
1134:
521:, with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes,
9733:
Morrow DA, Braunwald E (15 September 2016). "Classification and Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes". In Morrow DA (ed.).
1217:
is associated with premature atherosclerosis; whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is controversial.
10628:
10465:
10012:
1499:(labelled LCA and RCA). A myocardial infarction (2) has occurred with blockage of a branch of the left coronary artery (1).
1444:
alter the normal conduction pathways of the heart and weaken affected areas. The size and location put a person at risk of
7704:
6633:
2657:
develops in about 10% of MI and is itself a risk factor for heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and the development of
1735:
Noninvasive imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterisation of myocardial infarction. Tests such as
10819:
10633:
10623:
10212:
7234:
Clinical guideline 172: Secondary prevention in primary and secondary care for patients following a myocardial infarction
2692:
2597:
2556:
benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction, even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant
1887:, and other muscles, bones and nerves surrounding the chest. In addition to myocardial infarction, other causes include
920:. Lack of physical activity has been linked to 7–12% of cases. Less common causes include stress-related causes such as
11320:
10930:
10761:
10375:
4332:
2425:
2278:
2196:
1598:
1473:
1347:
498:
254:
9201:"Income and short-term case fatality after myocardial infarction in the whole middle-aged population of Malmö, Sweden"
5259:"Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data"
4613:"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data"
1133:
have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the presence of other risk factors. The use of
11178:
10801:
7656:"Diagnostic accuracy of the TIMI risk score in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis"
3375:"Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature"
2712:
7427:
Safi S, Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (December 2019).
1825:
Patients who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, most likely do not merit routine imaging.
1686:
ECG readouts produce a waveform with different labeled features. In addition to a rise in biomarkers, a rise in the
11330:
10796:
8881:"Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association"
3190:"ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation"
2381:
1130:
682:
Typically, chest pain because of ischemia, be it unstable angina or myocardial infarction, lessens with the use of
368:
4931:"Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: from epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms"
10665:
10446:
9754:
Morrow DA (15 September 2016). "Clinical Approach to Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction". In Morrow DA (ed.).
9557:
8567:
Jaarsma T, Steinke EE, Gianotten WL (2010). "Sexual problems in cardiac patients: how to assess, when to refer".
2538:
2452:
1896:
980:
964:
1317:
and other cells move into the plaque and act to stabilize it. A stable plaque may have a thick fibrous cap with
1202:, however, calling the association into question. Myocardial infarction can also occur as a late consequence of
10741:
10736:
10660:
9670:
Dwight J (16 June 2016). "Chest pain, breathlessness, fatigue". In Warrell D, Cox T, Firth J, Dwight J (eds.).
9565:
2829:
2565:
2553:
805:"Silent" myocardial infarctions can happen without any symptoms at all. These cases can be discovered later on
522:
153:
6914:
1213:. Calcium seen in coronary arteries can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors.
11087:
10963:
10892:
10724:
10460:
3141:
2731:
33:
6183:
Kloner R, Hale SL (15 September 2016). "Reperfusion Injury: Prevention and Management". In Morrow DA (ed.).
2074:. However, there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardio-vascular events.
1636:, measured through a blood test, are considered to be the best, and are preferred because they have greater
11335:
11082:
10875:
10858:
10791:
10711:
10090:
9291:"Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in Other Countries"
8392:"How Much Evidence Is Needed to Conclude against the Use of Oxygen Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction?"
2483:
1794:
1752:
1610:
1351:
885:. Risk factors for myocardial disease are often included in risk factor stratification scores, such as the
17:
8082:
Lassen JF, Bøtker HE, Terkelsen CJ (January 2013). "Timely and optimal treatment of patients with STEMI".
6547:
6148:
Kutty RS, Jones N, Moorjani N (November 2013). "Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction".
3414:
2055:
physical activity. This may be part of regional cardiovascular disease prevention programs or through the
1297:, move into affected arterial walls. Over time, they become laden with cholesterol products, particularly
1273:
supplying heart muscle. Plaques can become unstable, rupture, and additionally promote the formation of a
10925:
10370:
7812:
Bellemain-Appaix A, Kerneis M, O'Connor SA, Silvain J, Cucherat M, Beygui F, et al. (October 2014).
5523:
Charakida M, Tousoulis D (2013). "Infections and atheromatous plaque: current therapeutic implications".
2403:
There is varying evidence on the mortality benefits in NSTEMI. A 2014 review of P2Y12 inhibitors such as
2093:
1637:
837:
factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms. In heart transplantation, the
9459:"Low Educational Attainment is a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease"
5558:
Sánchez-Manubens J, Bou R, Anton J (February 2014). "Diagnosis and classification of Kawasaki disease".
3100:
10907:
10395:
10380:
3734:"The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study"
2302:
1049:
758:
10454:
6300:
Chapman AR, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Cullen L, Greenslade JH, Parsonage W, et al. (November 2017).
1265:
can lead to a heart attack and how blocked blood flow in a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack.
908:
Many risk factors for myocardial infarction are potentially modifiable, with the most important being
497:
or shortness of breath. In a STEMI, treatments attempt to restore blood flow to the heart and include
10985:
10682:
10650:
10577:
10304:
2735:
2708:
2602:
Complications may occur immediately following the myocardial infarction or may take time to develop.
2318:
874:
676:
634:
5591:"Prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4611:
Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, Fransson EI, Heikkilä K, Alfredsson L, et al. (October 2012).
4398:
Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Crea F, Falk V, et al. (December 2008).
3188:
Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blömstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, et al. (October 2012).
2981:
1114:
The risk of having a myocardial infarction increases with older age, low physical activity, and low
11325:
11109:
10935:
10865:
10655:
10552:
10533:
10363:
10136:
9913:
9058:
Salomaa V, Miettinen H, Niemelä M, Ketonen M, Mähönen M, Immonen-Räihä P, et al. (July 2001).
7388:"Clinical outcomes with β-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials"
6356:
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR, et al. (December 2014).
5716:
Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, et al. (January 2017).
2884:
2726:
In contrast, IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world. For example, in
2615:
2557:
2056:
1716:
1699:
1523:
1428:
infarct. The initial "wave" of infarction can take place over 3–4 hours. These changes are seen on
1269:
The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on an
1190:
1174:
898:
889:. At any given age, men are more at risk than women for the development of cardiovascular disease.
866:
782:
419:
8764:
Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, et al. (November 2006).
8307:"Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis"
7339:"Extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7249:"Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews"
7071:
Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, et al. (September 2013).
5718:"ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries"
610:, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. However, an MI may lead to heart failure.
11229:
11142:
11116:
11104:
11092:
11077:
10811:
10753:
10557:
10538:
10190:
10130:
10083:
9408:
Smolderen KG, Spertus JA, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, Tang F, Ross JS, et al. (April 2010).
5958:"Cholesterol crystal induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque"
3238:
O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, Diercks D, Egan J, Ghaemmaghami C, et al. (November 2010).
2930:
2704:
2611:
2542:
2478:
it is not recommended. Thrombolysis involves the administration of medication that activates the
2444:
1496:
1221:
1109:
917:
894:
870:
568:
550:
391:
340:
that classically radiates to the left shoulder, arm, or jaw. The pain may occasionally feel like
196:
164:
95:
formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream to the heart muscle.
9290:
8922:"Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association"
6499:
Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthélémy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL, et al. (April 2021).
3875:
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. (October 2012).
3691:
O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, de Lemos JA, et al. (January 2013).
623:
10731:
10697:
10640:
10618:
10440:
10422:
10358:
10225:
10178:
10106:
8920:
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. (January 2015).
8449:
6973:
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, et al. (January 2013).
2766:
play an important role in myocardial infarction risk and survival. Studies have shown that low
2640:
2212:
1967:. There are many different causes of fatigue, and myocardial infarction is not a common cause.
1880:
1457:
1398:
1355:
957:
10051:
9953:
9784:
Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, et al. (March 2016).
8610:
Dibben G, Faulkner J, Oldridge N, Rees K, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, Taylor RS (November 2021).
8125:
Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. (November 2015).
7566:
Hazinski MF, Nolan JP, Aickin R, Bhanji F, Billi JE, Callaway CW, et al. (October 2015).
5102:
Vyas MV, Garg AX, Iansavichus AV, Costella J, Donner A, Laugsand LE, et al. (July 2012).
4363:
2883:. This can create coverage issues in the administration of no-fault insurance schemes such as
2439:
into the blood vessels of the heart. The probes are then used to identify and clear blockages
10495:
10490:
10385:
10300:
9650:
8422:
8305:
Abuzaid A, Fabrizio C, Felpel K, Al Ashry HS, Ranjan P, Elbadawi A, et al. (June 2018).
8264:
Hofmann R, James SK, Jernberg T, Lindahl B, Erlinge D, Witt N, et al. (September 2017).
6875:
3732:
Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flaxman A, et al. (April 2014).
1810:
1669:
1460:
following infarction, and rupture of the heart wall that can have catastrophic consequences.
886:
822:
431:
415:
228:
9336:"Association of Low Socioeconomic Status With Premature Coronary Heart Disease in US Adults"
7477:
3495:
10991:
10519:
10500:
10400:
10311:
10254:
9577:
7520:
7337:
Elmariah S, Mauri L, Doros G, Galper BZ, O'Neill KE, Steg PG, et al. (February 2015).
5443:
5257:
Bally M, Dendukuri N, Rich B, Nadeau L, Helin-Salmivaara A, Garbe E, Brophy JM (May 2017).
2809:
2771:
2767:
2654:
2631:
2105:
1976:
1932:
1928:
1756:
1588:
1492:
1488:
1453:
1214:
1123:
1115:
890:
830:
778:
718:
is a common, and sometimes the only symptom, occurring when damage to the heart limits the
683:
588:
482:
451:
446:) and extreme cold, among others. Many tests are helpful to help with diagnosis, including
274:
244:
9981:
9597:
7654:
Hess EP, Agarwal D, Chandra S, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Hollander JE, et al. (July 2010).
7386:
Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, Thakur K, Toklu B, Katz SD, et al. (October 2014).
6210:
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD (January 2019).
4524:
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, et al. (July 2012).
4079:
Gupta R, Munoz R (August 2016). "Evaluation and Management of Chest Pain in the Elderly".
2169:
is recommended to be started within 24 hours, provided there is no acute heart failure or
1416:
Cells in the area with the worst blood supply, just below the inner surface of the heart (
8:
11340:
11282:
11267:
11239:
10996:
10853:
10848:
10771:
10675:
10645:
10604:
10230:
10147:
9902:
7998:
Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. (October 2010).
7022:
Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, et al. (May 2009).
4845:
de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, et al. (August 2015).
4365:
Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Students and Faculty
2607:
2569:
2440:
2322:
2071:
1760:
1744:
1712:
1441:
1184:
941:
715:
664:
564:
348:
125:
8475:
Dahal K, Hendrani A, Sharma SP, Singireddy S, Mina G, Reddy P, et al. (July 2018).
7524:
6261:
Pickering JW, Than MP, Cullen L, Aldous S, Ter Avest E, Body R, et al. (May 2017).
5447:
3782:
3577:
Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, et al. (December 2011).
2634:
is possible, particularly if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle.
1503:
A myocardial infarction, according to current consensus, is defined by elevated cardiac
1374:
If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the
11287:
11099:
10897:
10719:
10670:
10295:
10242:
10152:
9844:
9532:
9507:
9483:
9458:
9434:
9409:
9360:
9335:
9266:
9241:
9135:
9110:
9086:
9059:
9035:
9008:
8989:
8790:
8765:
8746:
8687:
8636:
8611:
8592:
8549:
8501:
8476:
8372:
8241:
8216:
8192:
8167:
8107:
8064:
7980:
7890:
7865:
7838:
7813:
7759:
7680:
7655:
7543:
7508:
7453:
7428:
7363:
7338:
7283:
7248:
7196:
7153:
7099:
7048:
7023:
6999:
6974:
6950:
6929:
6887:
6776:
6751:
6326:
6301:
6063:
6038:
5933:
5908:
5853:
5698:
5655:
5467:
5416:
5332:
5307:
5283:
5258:
5234:
5201:
5182:
5128:
5103:
5084:
4955:
4930:
4871:
4846:
4781:
4756:
4734:
4686:
4661:
4637:
4612:
4464:
3758:
3733:
3647:
3622:
3472:
3445:
3308:
3283:
3073:
3048:
2716:
2677:
2507:
2326:
2282:
2129:
2033:
1964:
1924:
1900:
1405:. ATP is required for the maintenance of electrolyte balance, particularly through the
806:
711:
703:
699:
671:, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching one or both fists over their
439:
376:
173:
116:
109:
10028:
9257:
9126:
7968:
7863:
7624:
7354:
7039:
6839:
6752:"Influenza vaccine as a coronary intervention for prevention of myocardial infarction"
5841:
5200:
Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM (August 2015).
4677:
4628:
3749:
3638:
3299:
3256:
3239:
2000:
a week. Keeping a healthy weight, drinking alcohol within the recommended limits, and
11159:
11010:
10968:
10883:
10701:
10599:
10316:
10259:
10157:
10024:— Information and resources for preventing, recognizing, and treating a heart attack.
9924:
9848:
9836:
9807:
9761:
9740:
9719:
9698:
9677:
9656:
9635:
9537:
9488:
9439:
9365:
9310:
9271:
9222:
9181:
9140:
9091:
9040:
8981:
8943:
8902:
8859:
8831:
8795:
8738:
8723:
8706:
8679:
8641:
8584:
8541:
8506:
8455:
8428:
8364:
8328:
8287:
8246:
8197:
8168:"Pre-hospital versus in-hospital thrombolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction"
8148:
8099:
8056:
8021:
7972:
7936:
7895:
7843:
7794:
7751:
7685:
7636:
7628:
7589:
7548:
7507:
Le HH, El-Khatib C, Mombled M, Guitarian F, Al-Gobari M, Fall M, et al. (2016).
7458:
7409:
7368:
7319:
7288:
7188:
7145:
7104:
7053:
7004:
6955:
6930:"Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease"
6879:
6843:
6781:
6702:
6665:
6586:
6522:
6478:
6468:
6443:
6415:
6379:
6331:
6282:
6243:
6190:
6165:
6128:
6068:
6019:
5979:
5938:
5887:
5845:
5739:
5690:
5647:
5612:
5571:
5540:
5505:
5459:
5408:
5372:
5337:
5288:
5239:
5202:"Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke"
5186:
5174:
5133:
5076:
5041:
5006:
4960:
4876:
4827:
4786:
4726:
4691:
4642:
4588:
4565:
Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Fonarow GC, et al. (May 2006).
4547:
4487:
4456:
4421:
4369:
4313:
4278:
4243:
4182:
4131:
4096:
4061:
4051:
4004:
3994:
3898:
3763:
3714:
3652:
3600:
3557:
3477:
3396:
3348:
3313:
3261:
3211:
3109:
3078:
2888:
2790:
2635:
2627:
2523:
2448:
2345:
2174:
2109:
2001:
1980:
1936:
1920:
1790:
1680:
1515:
1434:
858:
826:
818:
774:
529:. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long-term treatment with aspirin,
494:
447:
403:
380:
321:
240:
235:
216:
177:
149:
100:
9907:
9457:
Kelli HM, Mehta A, Tahhan AS, Liu C, Kim JH, Dong TA, et al. (September 2019).
8993:
8750:
8691:
8596:
8492:
8111:
8068:
7864:
Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, Magee K (June 2014).
7763:
7200:
7157:
6891:
5857:
5471:
5420:
5323:
5088:
4738:
4468:
4200:
2281:, although PCI is also ideally conducted within 1–3 days for NSTEMI. In addition to
1559:
936:
in the development of myocardial infarctions. Eating polyunsaturated fat instead of
489:
may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes.
11234:
11132:
11024:
10917:
10613:
10039:
9964:
9828:
9797:
9527:
9519:
9478:
9470:
9429:
9421:
9355:
9347:
9302:
9261:
9253:
9212:
9171:
9130:
9122:
9111:"Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Life Expectancy After Acute Myocardial Infarction"
9081:
9071:
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9020:
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8933:
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8777:
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8496:
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8376:
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8277:
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8228:
8187:
8183:
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8091:
8048:
8011:
7984:
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7926:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7833:
7825:
7786:
7743:
7675:
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7620:
7608:
7579:
7538:
7528:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7399:
7358:
7350:
7315:
7311:
7278:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7180:
7135:
7094:
7086:
7043:
7035:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6871:
6835:
6771:
6763:
6694:
6512:
6407:
6369:
6321:
6313:
6274:
6233:
6223:
6157:
6058:
6050:
6011:
5969:
5928:
5920:
5837:
5729:
5702:
5682:
5659:
5639:
5602:
5563:
5532:
5497:
5451:
5400:
5364:
5327:
5319:
5278:
5270:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5164:
5123:
5115:
5068:
5033:
4996:
4950:
4942:
4866:
4858:
4819:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4718:
4681:
4673:
4632:
4624:
4578:
4537:
4448:
4411:
4305:
4270:
4235:
4174:
4123:
4088:
3888:
3753:
3745:
3704:
3642:
3634:
3590:
3467:
3457:
3386:
3340:
3303:
3295:
3251:
3201:
3068:
3060:
2843:
2836:
2759:
2603:
2545:
appear to be useful in people who have had an STEMI and do not have heart failure.
2377:
2353:
2113:
1997:
1818:
1766:
1740:
1708:
1445:
1375:
1203:
1154:
1149:
is also an important modifiable risk. Short-term exposure to air pollution such as
976:
921:
913:
790:
738:
668:
407:
220:
8827:
8705:
López de Sá E, López-Sendón J, Anguera I, Bethencourt A, Bosch X (November 2002).
7931:
7914:
6411:
6015:
1983:
also appear to protect against myocardial infarction with a benefit of 15 to 45%.
849:
The most prominent risk factors for myocardial infarction are older age, actively
454:. An ECG, which is a recording of the heart's electrical activity, may confirm an
11292:
11154:
10546:
10527:
10514:
10321:
10200:
10075:
10058:
10046:
10035:
10001:
9918:
9802:
9785:
9755:
9734:
9713:
9692:
9671:
9629:
9584:
9561:
9351:
8938:
8921:
8897:
8880:
8580:
8537:
8360:
8323:
8306:
8143:
8126:
7584:
7567:
7533:
7404:
7387:
6767:
6374:
6357:
6184:
5686:
5455:
5404:
5037:
4274:
4239:
4178:
4127:
3893:
3876:
3783:"National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011"
3709:
3692:
3344:
2431:
PCI involves small probes, inserted through peripheral blood vessels such as the
2330:
2286:
2067:
2008:
1948:
1912:
1888:
1429:
1335:
1290:
1286:
1246:
1150:
909:
785:. When the brain was without oxygen for too long due to a myocardial infarction,
766:
731:
686:, but nitroglycerin may also relieve chest pain arising from non-cardiac causes.
572:
427:
423:
399:
212:
157:
88:
81:
9967:
8781:
7184:
6517:
6500:
6054:
5487:
5153:"Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction"
4946:
2530:
on the ECG recording after 90 minutes, then rescue PCI is indicated emergently.
1919:
and other musculoskeletal injuries. Rarer severe differential diagnoses include
1695:
1577:
Spontaneous MI related to plaque erosion and/or rupture fissuring, or dissection
1527:
1379:
916:). Smoking appears to be the cause of about 36% and obesity the cause of 20% of
11262:
11224:
11147:
11055:
10953:
10945:
10843:
10353:
10346:
10333:
9970:
9832:
9334:
Hamad R, Penko J, Kazi DS, Coxson P, Guzman D, Wei PC, et al. (May 2020).
8016:
7999:
6928:
Ebrahim S, Taylor F, Ward K, Beswick A, Burke M, Davey Smith G (January 2011).
6664:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 535, 539.
6625:
6228:
6211:
5974:
5957:
5734:
5717:
5607:
5590:
5567:
5536:
4583:
4566:
4542:
4525:
4416:
4399:
3595:
3578:
3391:
3374:
3206:
3189:
2892:
2851:
2802:
2755:
2680:
2673:
2534:
2432:
2255:
2250:
Management of acute coronary syndrome § Patient-dependent initial measures
2216:
2184:
2063:
1944:
1225:
1158:
1009:
838:
762:
754:
750:
723:
719:
603:
490:
384:
185:
40:
9929:
8733:
8675:
8095:
7790:
7747:
6698:
6161:
5924:
5643:
5072:
5059:
Shaw E, Tofler GH (July 2009). "Circadian rhythm and cardiovascular disease".
4452:
4092:
3556:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 588–599.
3064:
1664:
1354:(CABG) may cause a myocardial infarction. Spasm of coronary arteries, such as
430:
is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs are less commonly caused by
11314:
11137:
11048:
10183:
9997:
9025:
7632:
7140:
7123:
6482:
6442:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 529–30.
4755:
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS (August 2020).
4722:
4065:
4008:
2747:
2669:
2650:
2491:
2436:
2232:
2188:
2180:
2141:
2117:
2051:
1916:
1668:
A 12-lead ECG showing an inferior STEMI due to reduced perfusion through the
1318:
1314:
1310:
1146:
1140:
937:
933:
902:
672:
607:
530:
372:
169:
44:
9892:
9888:
9474:
9217:
9200:
9176:
9159:
8977:
6317:
5886:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 577–9.
5828:
Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP (January 2017). "Acute myocardial infarction".
5589:
Hulten EA, Carbonaro S, Petrillo SP, Mitchell JD, Villines TC (March 2011).
4660:
Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).
4309:
1739:
can be used to explore and exclude alternate causes of a person's symptoms.
1366:
11170:
11069:
11043:
10887:
10835:
10508:
10484:
10431:
10290:
10064:
10021:
9840:
9811:
9541:
9492:
9443:
9369:
9314:
9306:
9275:
9226:
9185:
9144:
9095:
9044:
8985:
8947:
8906:
8835:
8799:
8742:
8683:
8645:
8588:
8545:
8510:
8368:
8332:
8291:
8250:
8201:
8152:
8103:
8060:
8025:
7976:
7940:
7899:
7847:
7798:
7755:
7689:
7640:
7593:
7552:
7462:
7413:
7372:
7323:
7292:
7192:
7149:
7108:
7057:
7008:
6959:
6883:
6847:
6785:
6706:
6590:
6526:
6419:
6383:
6335:
6286:
6247:
6238:
6169:
6072:
6023:
5983:
5942:
5849:
5743:
5694:
5651:
5616:
5575:
5544:
5509:
5463:
5412:
5376:
5341:
5292:
5243:
5178:
5137:
5080:
5045:
5010:
4964:
4880:
4831:
4790:
4730:
4695:
4646:
4592:
4551:
4460:
4425:
4317:
4282:
4247:
4186:
4135:
4100:
3902:
3767:
3718:
3656:
3604:
3481:
3400:
3352:
3317:
3265:
3215:
3082:
2684:
2665:
2644:
2622:
can arise as a result of ischemia, cardiac scarring, and infarct location.
2527:
2503:
2495:
2479:
2472:
2393:
2369:
2349:
2274:
2192:
2158:
2016:
1908:
1775:
1703:
1604:
Associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy
1566:
1420:), are most susceptible to damage. Ischemia first affects this region, the
1409:. This leads to an ischemic cascade of intracellular changes, necrosis and
1402:
968:
854:
794:
506:
463:
395:
333:
258:
208:
72:
9523:
9425:
9076:
8282:
8265:
7811:
6608:
6127:(4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 88–89.
5368:
5001:
4984:
3805:
11004:
10902:
10692:
10609:
10591:
10417:
10390:
10341:
10282:
9948:
8704:
7233:
6812:
6463:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
5169:
5152:
4709:
Steptoe A, Kivimäki M (April 2012). "Stress and cardiovascular disease".
4046:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
3989:
Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015).
2763:
2751:
2619:
2582:
2460:
2404:
2357:
2306:
2170:
2121:
2045:
2021:
1814:
1802:
1779:
1736:
1449:
1417:
1406:
1343:
1331:
1282:
1199:
882:
862:
742:
695:
526:
471:
360:
203:
145:
9508:"Symptom expectations and delay in acute myocardial infarction patients"
8215:
Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, Bayliss SE, Quinn T (December 2016).
7671:
4142:
2416:
2376:, particularly in the unfractionated form, act at several points in the
2040:
and mineral supplements are of no proven benefit, and neither are plant
924:, which accounts for about 3% of cases, and chronic high stress levels.
769:
can occur in myocardial infarctions due to inadequate blood flow to the
11251:
11205:
11032:
10582:
9976:
7273:
6907:"Prevention of cardiovascular disease – NICE public health guidance 25"
6396:
6039:"Why is the subendocardium more vulnerable to ischemia? A new paradigm"
5225:
4397:
2872:
2794:
2688:
2365:
2285:, risk stratification may be used to guide treatment, such as with the
2220:
2166:
2162:
1872:
1770:
1687:
1673:
1558:"STEMI" redirects here. For the Christian evangelist organization, see
1519:
1504:
1378:; the heart cells in the territory of the blocked coronary artery die (
1294:
1195:
1169:
1119:
945:
834:
746:
655:
584:
580:
576:
560:
556:
356:
329:
265:
141:
121:
105:
9554:
8052:
7866:"Heparin versus placebo for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes"
7829:
7429:"Beta-blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction"
5501:
5274:
5119:
5024:
Culić V (April 2007). "Acute risk factors for myocardial infarction".
4862:
841:
heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient.
11201:
9959:
9587:. Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
9157:
7090:
7072:
6278:
5104:"Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis"
4978:
4976:
4974:
4895:"Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee"
4823:
2832:
are ineligible for coverage options due to their immigration status.
2816:
2798:
2779:
2487:
2459:
indefinitely and on dual antiplatelet therapy (generally aspirin and
2397:
2361:
2301:
The pain associated with myocardial infarction is often treated with
2206:
2012:
1940:
1904:
1798:
1727:
1649:
1629:
1536:
1410:
1302:
1262:
1179:
727:
707:
509:, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a
341:
285:
137:
9871:
5306:
Mu F, Rich-Edwards J, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Missmer SA (May 2016).
4484:
Rubin's Pathology — Clinicopathological Foundations of Medicine
2846:, those with lower educational attainment appeared to have a higher
1656:
may be useful to rule out MI rapidly when used along with troponin.
567:, the lack of oxygen delivery to myocardial tissue. It is a type of
11299:
11213:
10958:
10115:
6906:
6002:
Buja LM (July 2005). "Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury".
3462:
2825:
2821:
2658:
2314:
2152:
1892:
1806:
1786:
1748:
1653:
1633:
1387:
1383:
1306:
1274:
1101:
869:
levels. Many risk factors of myocardial infarction are shared with
592:
467:
317:
133:
92:
84:
9506:
Perry K, Petrie KJ, Ellis CJ, Horne R, Moss-Morris R (July 2001).
9407:
9158:
Kilpi F, Silventoinen K, Konttinen H, Martikainen P (April 2016).
8952:
From 2001 to 2011, death rates attributable to CVD declined 30.8%.
8612:"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease"
4971:
2887:. In general, a heart attack is not covered; however, it may be a
2195:. Those who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors may be treated with an
1507:
with a rising or falling trend and at least one of the following:
9242:"Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States"
7121:
6576:
3909:
3446:"Clinical review: Major consequences of illicit drug consumption"
2876:
2783:
2526:, continued severe chest pain, or less than a 50% improvement in
2456:
2373:
2341:
2147:
2140:
Following a heart attack, nitrates, when taken for two days, and
2088:
2037:
1952:
1540:
1210:
1105:
1061:
1005:
878:
850:
814:
810:
660:
518:
478:
435:
411:
364:
278:
270:
224:
7733:
6043:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
5199:
3015:"Heart Attack or Sudden Cardiac Arrest: How Are They Different?"
11038:
11018:
10173:
10016:
9883:
9757:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9736:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9715:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
9694:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
8454:. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 1758.
7122:
Matthys F, De Backer T, De Backer G, Stichele RV (March 2014).
7021:
6186:
Myocardial Infarction: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
5715:
5588:
4808:
4500:
2880:
2623:
2499:
2310:
2202:
2082:
2041:
2032:
per week. The dietary pattern with the greatest support is the
2029:
1956:
1763:) ECG, and cardiac biomarkers suggest coronary artery disease.
1691:
1394:
1339:
1270:
1209:
Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with
1081:
1029:
1025:
1021:
534:
486:
352:
337:
129:
9590:
9057:
7478:"Beta Blockers for Acute Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)"
6975:"Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
5955:
4757:"Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease"
4482:
Rubin E, Gorstein F, Rubin R, Schwarting R, Strayer D (2001).
3821:
3237:
2519:
are found to be low or if someone is in respiratory distress.
9198:
8474:
8304:
7070:
6685:
Boie ET (November 2005). "Initial evaluation of chest pain".
6659:
6498:
6437:
6212:"Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018)"
5956:
Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK, Abela GS (July 2016).
5881:
3690:
3551:
3102:
Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control
2727:
2108:
after an initial myocardial infarct. Recommendations include
1884:
1843:
Poor movement of the heart due to an MI as seen on ultrasound
1783:
1645:
1592:
1483:
1370:
Cross section showing anterior left ventricle wall infarction
1162:
1089:
1085:
1057:
1041:
1013:
997:
989:
985:
770:
502:
325:
9783:
9199:
Rosvall M, Gerward S, Engström G, Hedblad B (October 2008).
8427:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57.
8345:
8214:
7776:
7385:
5629:
5305:
4486:. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 549.
4481:
2923:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?"
2808:
Socioeconomic status: Among individuals who live in the low-
1393:
forms in their place. When an artery is blocked, cells lack
663:. The pain most suggestive of an acute MI, with the highest
8919:
8263:
7506:
6750:
MacIntyre CR, Mahimbo A, Moa AM, Barnes M (December 2016).
6355:
6209:
5101:
4844:
4610:
3921:
2847:
2236:
2025:
1960:
1876:
1437:, oxygen demand, and success of interventional procedures.
1390:
1143:
in women under the age of 40 is an identified risk factor.
1077:
1073:
1069:
1001:
993:
786:
761:, which occurs in response to pain and, where present, low
181:
9109:
Bucholz EM, Ma S, Normand SL, Krumholz HM (October 2015).
8878:
8609:
7953:
6825:
6299:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3874:
3731:
3049:"Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors"
2842:
Education: Researchers found that compared to people with
2687:
of two or greater), ST-segment deviation, diabetes, serum
2639:
left ventricular wall may occur within the initial weeks.
753:. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of
481:
is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI.
8853:
8266:"Oxygen Therapy in Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction"
8124:
7565:
7173:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
6828:
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Drug Targets
6749:
6260:
5354:
4523:
1632:
used to determine the presence of cardiac muscle damage.
1570:
1298:
1033:
793:
can occur. Cardiac arrest, and atypical symptoms such as
596:
9108:
8763:
8038:
7997:
7426:
7336:
6972:
6927:
6660:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
6438:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
5882:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
5557:
5256:
3552:
Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, Davidson LS (2010).
9007:
Coady SA, Johnson NJ, Hakes JK, Sorlie PD (July 2014).
9006:
8566:
7912:
7705:"Nitrates in the management of acute coronary syndrome"
7653:
4432:
4113:
4015:
3933:
2738:), as well as the leading cause of death by this date.
2175:
temporary decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood
2144:
decrease the risk of death. Other medications include:
1895:) to the heart muscles without evidence of cell death,
1137:(NSAIDs), even for as short as a week, increases risk.
7913:
Bagai A, Dangas GD, Stone GW, Granger CB (June 2014).
6860:
6462:
4438:
4164:
4045:
3988:
2664:
Risk factors for complications and death include age,
2643:, a reaction following larger infarcts and a cause of
1569:, a portion of a heartbeat graphically recorded on an
9673:
Oxford Textbook of Medicine: Cardiovascular Disorders
9600:. Nova Scotia Registry of Regulations. May 24, 2000.
9505:
8812:
8661:
8523:
8081:
7229:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
6808:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
6604:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
5909:"Monocytes in atherosclerosis: subsets and functions"
4754:
4659:
3877:"Third universal definition of myocardial infarction"
3576:
1289:
or other arteries, typically over decades, is termed
979:
21, which contains genes CDKN2A and 2B, although the
501:(PCI), where the arteries are pushed open and may be
9861:
9333:
8963:
7915:"Reperfusion strategies in acute coronary syndromes"
6122:
6036:
4564:
1224:, possible causes for the myocardial infarction are
9456:
6609:
Clinical guideline cg94: Unstable angina and NSTEMI
4225:
3372:
3330:
3281:
3187:
3098:
555:
Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death (
32:"Heart attack" redirects here. For other uses, see
10105:
10022:American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site
9648:
8389:
8165:
6147:
5522:
5308:"Endometriosis and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease"
4982:
4368:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 172.
3915:
2815:Immigration status: In 2018 many lawfully present
2703:Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of
1861:Pulmonary edema due to an MI as seen on ultrasound
1532:Changes in the motion of the heart wall on imaging
932:There is varying evidence about the importance of
9598:"Classification of Drivers' Licenses Regulations"
8420:
7305:
6911:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
6655:
6653:
6651:
6433:
6431:
6429:
5906:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
4260:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
2443:, which are dragged through the blocked segment,
2132:supplementation but this has not been confirmed.
2112:, a gradual return to exercise, eating a healthy
1947:generally involve the lungs or heart – including
1778:may be given to improve image. Other scans using
1285:and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of the
91:and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophic
11312:
8451:Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine
8217:"Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction"
6351:
6349:
6347:
6345:
5312:Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
4207:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
2741:
2333:, and there is some evidence of potential harm.
2191:, low blood pressure, or known narrowing of the
1215:High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine
9732:
8424:A practical approach to cardiovascular medicine
8166:McCaul M, Lourens A, Kredo T (September 2014).
7606:
7015:
6118:
6116:
5827:
4708:
4519:
4517:
4515:
3827:
3811:
2632:Regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve
438:, significant emotional stress (often known as
66:Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart attack
9690:
7246:
6662:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
6648:
6440:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
6426:
6084:
6082:
6037:Algranati D, Kassab GS, Lanir Y (March 2011).
5884:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
5864:
5389:
4506:
4032:
3554:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3046:
2548:
466:is present. Commonly used blood tests include
11186:
10091:
9627:
8560:
7607:Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP (January 2017).
7559:
7500:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6342:
6088:
5595:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4928:
4702:
4571:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
4558:
4148:
3993:. McGraw Hill Education. pp. 1593–1610.
3945:
3518:
3277:
3275:
2522:If despite thrombolysis there is significant
1702:can be used to diagnose an AMI. In addition,
737:Other less common symptoms include weakness,
11200:
9711:
9548:
9064:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
8849:
8847:
8845:
8000:"Guidelines on myocardial revascularization"
7469:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6678:
6113:
5900:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5150:
4935:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
4512:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4107:
3927:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3373:Valensi P, Lorgis L, Cottin Y (March 2011).
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3047:Mehta PK, Wei J, Wenger NK (February 2015).
2209:, may also be added with this goal in mind.
1554:Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction
9676:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–47.
8616:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8221:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8172:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7870:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7859:
7857:
7433:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7308:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7253:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
6979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6687:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
6079:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5551:
5483:
5481:
5433:
5206:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4804:
4802:
4800:
4761:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4606:
4604:
4602:
4295:
4201:"Heart Attack Symptoms, Risk, and Recovery"
4081:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3686:
3616:
3614:
3443:
3009:
3007:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2875:, in general, a myocardial infarction is a
2254:Taking aspirin helps to reduce the risk of
2004:reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
583:, which can be estimated by measuring by a
517:) are often managed with the blood thinner
11193:
11179:
10408:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
10098:
10084:
8806:
7906:
6533:
6465:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
6182:
6176:
6123:Aaronson PI, Ward JP, Connolly MJ (2013).
5907:Woollard KJ, Geissmann F (February 2010).
5058:
4078:
4048:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3991:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3272:
3136:
3134:
3132:
2480:enzymes that normally dissolve blood clots
2126:drinking alcohol within recommended limits
2059:of regional and local plans and policies.
1346:. Damage or failure of procedures such as
1340:too few red blood cells in the bloodstream
893:is a known risk factor, particularly high
825:. In people with diabetes, differences in
726:, with breathlessness arising either from
336:. The most common symptom is retrosternal
87:slowly builds up in the inner lining of a
71:
9801:
9531:
9482:
9463:Journal of the American Heart Association
9433:
9359:
9265:
9216:
9175:
9134:
9085:
9075:
9034:
9024:
8937:
8896:
8856:The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update
8842:
8789:
8732:
8722:
8635:
8500:
8414:
8322:
8281:
8240:
8191:
8142:
8015:
7930:
7889:
7837:
7805:
7679:
7583:
7542:
7532:
7452:
7403:
7362:
7282:
7272:
7170:
7139:
7128:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
7098:
7047:
6998:
6949:
6904:
6898:
6792:
6775:
6620:
6618:
6516:
6373:
6325:
6237:
6227:
6141:
6062:
5973:
5932:
5733:
5606:
5331:
5282:
5233:
5168:
5127:
5017:
5000:
4954:
4922:
4870:
4780:
4685:
4636:
4582:
4541:
4415:
4386:
4072:
4050:. McGraw Hill Education. pp. 98–99.
3892:
3757:
3708:
3646:
3620:
3594:
3471:
3461:
3390:
3307:
3255:
3205:
3164:
3094:
3092:
3072:
3042:
3040:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2655:Aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium
2382:inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein α
1866:
290:STEMI 10% risk of death (developed world)
152:; arm, neck, back, jaw, or stomach pain,
9631:Mayo Clinic Cardiology: Concise Textbook
7854:
7207:
6876:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729
6597:
5990:
5750:
5516:
5478:
5095:
5052:
4983:O'Donnell CJ, Nabel EG (December 2011).
4797:
4599:
4158:
3833:
3611:
3570:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3004:
2963:
2415:
1731:ECG : AMI with ST elevation in V2-4
1726:
1663:
1482:
1365:
1309:forms as foam cells die. In response to
1261:The animation shows plaque buildup or a
1250:
9818:
8159:
7247:Anderson L, Taylor RS (December 2014).
6494:
6492:
6467:. McGraw Hill Education. p. 1457.
4330:
3663:
3359:
3129:
2099:
781:, frequently due to the development of
80:A myocardial infarction occurs when an
14:
11313:
10142:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
9753:
9669:
9239:
8757:
8657:
8655:
8447:
7702:
7475:
6905:McPherson K, et al. (June 2010).
6615:
5632:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
4904:. Feb 2015. p. 17. Archived from
4152:
4026:
3939:
3815:
3099:Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B (2011).
3089:
3037:
2906:
2857:
2626:is also a risk, either as a result of
2420:Inserting a stent to widen the artery.
2258:in people with myocardial infarction.
1875:, which can originate from the heart,
1690:, changes in the shape or flipping of
1617:spontaneous coronary artery dissection
525:(CABG) may be recommended rather than
511:non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
11174:
10079:
9571:
9288:
8858:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
8698:
8569:The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
8390:Singh A, Hussain S, Antony B (2020).
7600:
7488:from the original on 22 December 2015
6554:. Choosing Wisely. 28 February 2017.
6125:The cardiovascular system at a glance
5023:
4929:Krenz M, Korthuis RJ (January 2012).
4750:
4748:
4475:
4361:
3780:
3425:from the original on 18 February 2015
3222:
3152:from the original on 24 February 2015
3025:from the original on 24 February 2015
2992:from the original on 19 February 2015
2866:
2268:Management of acute coronary syndrome
1986:
1676:can be seen in leads II, III and aVF.
1623:
1135:non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
613:
477:Treatment of an MI is time-critical.
10466:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
10071:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
10052:HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events
8421:Ardehali R, Perez M, Wang P (2011).
6684:
6489:
6089:Bolooki HM, Askari A (August 2010).
6001:
5672:
4985:"Genomics of cardiovascular disease"
2929:. September 29, 2014. Archived from
2695:, and elevation of cardiac markers.
2502:or bleeds into the brain, or severe
1939:. The chest pain in an MI may mimic
1659:
1491:by the two major blood vessels, the
1446:abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
27:Interruption of cardiac blood supply
9604:from the original on April 20, 2007
9578:SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS Subject Index
8652:
8270:The New England Journal of Medicine
6626:"UOTW #36 – Ultrasound of the Week"
5393:International Journal of Cardiology
5157:The New England Journal of Medicine
5151:Janszky I, Ljung R (October 2008).
5026:International Journal of Cardiology
4989:The New England Journal of Medicine
3379:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2598:Myocardial infarction complications
1961:acute respiratory distress syndrome
24:
10762:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
9776:
9649:Blumenthal RS, Margolis S (2007).
8854:World Health Organization (2008).
8816:The American Journal of Cardiology
6400:The American Journal of Cardiology
6101:from the original on 28 April 2017
4745:
3793:from the original on 14 March 2017
3506:from the original on 11 April 2017
3142:"How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?"
2426:percutaneous coronary intervention
2368:are given concurrently, also as a
2336:
2279:percutaneous coronary intervention
2237:left ventricular ejection fraction
2197:angiotensin II receptor antagonist
1599:percutaneous coronary intervention
1474:Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
1348:percutaneous coronary intervention
1240:
809:, using blood enzyme tests, or at
499:percutaneous coronary intervention
255:Percutaneous coronary intervention
25:
11352:
9857:
9258:10.2174/1573403X11666141122220003
9205:European Journal of Public Health
9164:European Journal of Public Health
9127:10.1161/circulationaha.115.017009
7715:from the original on 28 July 2017
6840:10.2174/1871529x14666140701095426
6558:from the original on 28 July 2017
4343:from the original on 11 July 2017
3750:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004046
3621:White HD, Chew DP (August 2008).
3257:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028
3053:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
2835:Health care access: Lack of
1131:combined oral contraceptive pills
694:Chest pain may be accompanied by
9499:
9450:
9401:
9376:
9327:
9282:
9233:
9192:
9151:
9102:
9051:
9000:
8957:
8913:
8872:
8724:10.1097/00005792-200211000-00004
8603:
8517:
8468:
8441:
8383:
8339:
8311:The American Journal of Medicine
8298:
8257:
8208:
8118:
8075:
8032:
7991:
7947:
7770:
7727:
7696:
7647:
7420:
7392:The American Journal of Medicine
7379:
7330:
7299:
7240:
7164:
7115:
7064:
6966:
6921:
6917:from the original on 2014-03-29.
6854:
6819:
6727:. 17 August 2016. Archived from
6548:"American College of Cardiology"
4382:from the original on 2017-07-28.
4116:The American Journal of Medicine
3125:from the original on 2014-08-17.
2953:"Heart Attack Symptoms in Women"
2591:
1848:
1830:
1454:aneurysm of the heart ventricles
891:High levels of blood cholesterol
633:
622:
369:decreased level of consciousness
10447:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
9566:Prairie View A&M University
9384:"Health Coverage of Immigrants"
8493:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0850
7736:Internal and Emergency Medicine
6743:
6713:
6636:from the original on 9 May 2017
6570:
6456:
6390:
6293:
6254:
6203:
6030:
5949:
5709:
5666:
5623:
5582:
5427:
5383:
5348:
5324:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002224
5299:
5250:
5193:
5144:
5061:Current Atherosclerosis Reports
4887:
4838:
4653:
4355:
4324:
4289:
4254:
4219:
4193:
3774:
3725:
3488:
3437:
3407:
3324:
2723:and 2011 in the United States.
2698:
2539:targeted temperature management
2466:
2453:Coronary artery bypass grafting
1897:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1584:cardiac biomarkers in the blood
1535:Demonstration of a thrombus on
1361:
1324:
981:single nucleotide polymorphisms
965:Genome-wide association studies
844:
9821:Canadian Journal of Cardiology
9718:. Elsevier. pp. 295–313.
9568:. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
8628:10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub4
8233:10.1002/14651858.CD007160.pub4
8184:10.1002/14651858.CD010191.pub2
7882:10.1002/14651858.CD003462.pub3
7445:10.1002/14651858.CD012484.pub2
7316:10.1002/14651858.CD006743.pub2
7265:10.1002/14651858.CD011273.pub2
6991:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5
6942:10.1002/14651858.cd001561.pub3
6189:. Elsevier. pp. 286–288.
5218:10.1002/14651858.CD011054.pub2
4773:10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3
3916:Blumenthal & Margolis 2007
2945:
2850:of heart attack, dying from a
2732:disability adjusted life years
2566:health-related quality of life
2135:
1458:inflammation of the heart wall
1168:A number of acute and chronic
544:
523:coronary artery bypass surgery
13:
1:
10964:Pulseless electrical activity
10893:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
10767:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
8828:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.005
7969:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31490-3
7932:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302744
7703:Reeder G (27 December 2016).
7625:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30677-8
7609:"Acute myocardial infarction"
7355:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62052-3
7040:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1
6412:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.01.436
6091:"Acute Myocardial Infarction"
6016:10.1016/j.carpath.2005.03.006
5842:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30677-8
5675:Current Opinion in Hematology
5525:Current Pharmaceutical Design
4678:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
4629:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5
4167:Archives of Internal Medicine
3639:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61237-4
3623:"Acute myocardial infarction"
3415:"What Causes a Heart Attack?"
3300:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2899:
2742:Social determinants of health
2604:Disturbances of heart rhythms
2581:fibrillation, development of
2261:
2077:
1970:
1891:, insufficient blood supply (
1511:Symptoms relating to ischemia
1352:coronary artery bypass grafts
714:, and loss of consciousness.
537:, are typically recommended.
493:is recommended in those with
422:. The complete blockage of a
34:Heart attack (disambiguation)
9803:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000336
9760:. Elsevier. pp. 55–65.
9697:. Elsevier. pp. 11–21.
9652:Heart Attack Prevention 2007
9634:. OUP US. pp. 196–202.
9352:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1458
8939:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152
8898:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46
8581:10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181c60e7c
8538:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.09.002
8361:10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313089
8324:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.027
8144:10.1161/cir.0000000000000252
7585:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000270
7534:10.1371/journal.pone.0145958
7405:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.05.032
7078:Health Technology Assessment
6768:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309983
6375:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000134
6095:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com
5687:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282c48bd8
5456:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.045
5405:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070
5038:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.05.011
4337:www.clevelandclinicmeded.com
4275:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.12.004
4240:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
4179:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2405
4128:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.045
3894:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826e1058
3710:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6
3444:Devlin RJ, Henry JA (2008).
3345:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2011.05.001
2746:Social determinants such as
2736:unipolar depressive disorder
2713:lower respiratory infections
2575:
2568:, and has a small effect on
2484:tissue plasminogen activator
2482:. These medications include
2411:
2243:
2094:clinical practice guidelines
1991:
1753:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1709:adjacent chest or limb leads
1560:Stephen Tong § Ministry
1467:
1235:
7:
9739:. Elsevier. pp. 1–10.
8782:10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55
7476:Newman D (19 August 2010).
7185:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.011
6864:Annals of Internal Medicine
6267:Annals of Internal Medicine
6055:10.1152/ajpheart.00473.2010
4947:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.011
4812:Annals of Internal Medicine
3828:Morrow & Braunwald 2016
3812:Morrow & Braunwald 2016
2693:peripheral vascular disease
2549:Rehabilitation and exercise
1638:sensitivity and specificity
1478:
951:
791:persistent vegetative state
514:
347:Other symptoms may include
158:total loss of consciousness
10:
11357:
10908:Wandering atrial pacemaker
10455:non-infective endocarditis
10396:Endocardial fibroelastosis
9833:10.1016/j.cjca.2021.02.020
9827:(8). Elsevier: 1207–1214.
9620:
9246:Current Cardiology Reviews
8084:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
5913:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
5608:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.011
5568:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.010
5537:10.2174/138161213805219658
4711:Nature Reviews. Cardiology
4584:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.04.026
4507:Gaziano & Gaziano 2016
3392:10.1016/j.acvd.2010.11.013
2957:American Heart Association
2854:event, and overall death.
2595:
2513:
2470:
2265:
2247:
2226:
1722:
1557:
1551:
1471:
1386:, and do not grow back. A
1244:
1230:coronary artery dissection
1220:In people without evident
1099:
1095:
800:
759:sympathetic nervous system
698:, nausea or vomiting, and
548:
459:
426:caused by a rupture of an
38:
31:
11321:Aging-associated diseases
11250:
11212:
11125:
11068:
10986:hexaxial reference system
10977:
10944:
10931:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
10916:
10874:
10833:
10810:
10784:
10752:
10710:
10691:
10590:
10576:
10476:
10461:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
10430:
10416:
10332:
10281:
10274:
10211:
10166:
10123:
10114:
9939:
9865:
9555:Workers' Compensation FAQ
8676:10.1007/s00246-016-1556-7
8096:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.156
7791:10.1016/j.ahj.2016.04.004
7748:10.1007/s11739-016-1550-3
6699:10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.007
6585:(Supplement G): G115–22.
6518:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
6162:10.1016/j.ccl.2013.07.004
5925:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.228
5644:10.1007/s10545-010-9235-y
5073:10.1007/s11883-009-0044-4
4453:10.1007/s00125-004-1344-4
4149:Allison & Murphy 2012
4093:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.006
3065:10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.005
2982:"What Is a Heart Attack?"
2782:, and census-tract-level
2709:World Health Organization
2296:
1959:, and pulmonary embolus,
1943:. Causes of sudden-onset
1871:There are many causes of
1628:There are many different
1489:blood supply to the heart
1313:secreted by macrophages,
677:positive predictive value
294:
284:
264:
250:
234:
202:
191:
163:
115:
99:
79:
70:
62:
57:
10866:Ventricular fibrillation
10137:Coronary artery aneurysm
9655:. Johns Hopkins Health.
9026:10.1186/1471-2458-14-705
8396:Res Pract Thromb Haemost
8017:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq277
7141:10.1177/2047487312472077
6229:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462
6004:Cardiovascular Pathology
5975:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv653
5735:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw149
4723:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45
4543:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
4417:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn416
3928:Morrow & Bohula 2016
3596:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr236
3250:(18 Suppl 3): S787–817.
3207:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs215
2879:but may sometimes be an
2558:left ventricular failure
2057:health impact assessment
1717:ventricular fibrillation
1700:left bundle branch block
1547:
1524:left bundle branch block
1435:collateral blood vessels
1191:Porphyromonas gingivalis
1175:Chlamydophila pneumoniae
899:high-density lipoprotein
867:high-density lipoprotein
783:ventricular fibrillation
689:
450:(ECGs), blood tests and
420:excessive alcohol intake
338:chest pain or discomfort
39:Not to be confused with
11331:Ischemic heart diseases
11143:Diastolic heart failure
11117:Athletic heart syndrome
11078:Ventricular hypertrophy
10812:Pre-excitation syndrome
10666:Left posterior fascicle
10191:Acute coronary syndrome
10131:Coronary artery disease
10007:considered for deletion
9475:10.1161/JAHA.119.013165
9240:Graham G (2015-05-14).
8978:10.1136/hrt.2007.132951
8448:Jindal SK, ed. (2011).
8137:(18 Suppl 2): S315–67.
6721:"Assessment of fatigue"
6318:10.1001/jama.2017.17488
6156:(4): 519–31, vii–viii.
5560:Journal of Autoimmunity
5436:Environmental Pollution
4310:10.1067/mhl.2002.126105
3781:Torio C (August 2013).
2830:undocumented immigrants
2705:coronary artery disease
2612:ventricular tachycardia
2543:Aldosterone antagonists
2463:) for at least a year.
2449:the insertion of stents
2317:. Nitroglycerin (given
2213:Aldosterone antagonists
1903:, tumors of the lungs,
1497:right coronary arteries
1281:The gradual buildup of
1222:coronary artery disease
1110:996 working hour system
927:
918:coronary artery disease
895:low-density lipoprotein
871:coronary artery disease
745:, and abnormalities in
728:low oxygen in the blood
650:
569:acute coronary syndrome
559:) of the heart muscle (
551:Acute coronary syndrome
394:. Risk factors include
392:coronary artery disease
320:or stops in one of the
312:), commonly known as a
197:coronary artery disease
10661:Left anterior fascicle
10441:infective endocarditis
10226:Hibernating myocardium
10107:Cardiovascular disease
9307:10.1001/jama.297.3.286
9289:Joshi P (2007-01-17).
8481:JAMA Internal Medicine
8004:European Heart Journal
7779:American Heart Journal
6630:Ultrasound of the Week
6552:www.choosingwisely.org
6505:European Heart Journal
6216:European Heart Journal
5962:European Heart Journal
5722:European Heart Journal
4530:European Heart Journal
4404:European Heart Journal
3583:European Heart Journal
3194:European Heart Journal
2828:challenges. Uninsured
2717:lower-income countries
2554:Cardiac rehabilitation
2445:dragging away the clot
2421:
1881:gastrointestinal tract
1867:Differential diagnosis
1732:
1677:
1500:
1371:
1266:
958:ischemic heart disease
434:, which may be due to
432:coronary artery spasms
428:atherosclerotic plaque
416:high blood cholesterol
390:Most MIs occur due to
332:(tissue death) to the
229:high blood cholesterol
10825:Wolff–Parkinson–White
10785:Premature contraction
10683:Adams–Stokes syndrome
10386:Loeffler endocarditis
10196:Myocardial infarction
10013:Myocardial infarction
9982:Myocardial infarction
9524:10.1136/heart.86.1.91
9426:10.1001/jama.2010.409
9218:10.1093/eurpub/ckn059
9177:10.1093/eurpub/ckv202
9077:10.1136/jech.55.7.475
8283:10.1056/nejmoa1706222
7578:(16 Suppl 1): S2–39.
5369:10.1001/jama.2012.126
5002:10.1056/NEJMra1105239
3421:. December 17, 2013.
3148:. December 17, 2013.
2988:. December 17, 2013.
2885:workers' compensation
2508:intracranial bleeding
2419:
2248:Further information:
1730:
1670:right coronary artery
1667:
1644:Other tests, such as
1486:
1369:
1263:coronary artery spasm
1260:
1245:Further information:
887:Framingham Risk Score
823:heart transplantation
767:Loss of consciousness
591:(the cardiac protein
579:occurs when there is
444:broken heart syndrome
306:myocardial infarction
243:(ECGs), blood tests,
58:Myocardial infarction
10992:Right axis deviation
10954:Sudden cardiac death
10312:Pericardial effusion
10255:Ventricular aneurysm
8664:Pediatric Cardiology
7919:Circulation Research
5170:10.1056/NEJMc0807104
4339:. Cleveland Clinic.
3294:(10053): 1545–1602.
2772:socioeconomic status
2768:socioeconomic status
2668:parameters (such as
2441:using small balloons
2323:injected into a vein
2313:medications such as
2106:secondary prevention
2100:Secondary prevention
1977:secondary prevention
1933:pericardial effusion
1929:tension pneumothorax
1757:physical examination
1589:coronary angioplasty
1487:Diagram showing the
1397:, needed to produce
1358:may cause blockage.
1124:daylight saving time
1116:socioeconomic status
831:autonomic neuropathy
452:coronary angiography
318:blood flow decreases
245:coronary angiography
11336:Medical emergencies
10997:Left axis deviation
10854:Atrial fibrillation
10849:Ventricular flutter
10772:Torsades de pointes
10646:Bundle branch block
10605:Sick sinus syndrome
10391:Cardiac amyloidosis
10376:Tachycardia-induced
10231:Myocardial stunning
10179:Prinzmetal's angina
10148:Coronary thrombosis
7672:10.1503/cmaj.092119
7525:2016PLoSO..1145958L
6632:. 5 February 2015.
5490:Future Microbiology
5448:2018EPoll.241.1106S
4331:Ashton R, Raman D.
3502:. 9 December 2016.
3496:"Electrocardiogram"
2933:on 24 February 2015
2889:work-related injury
2858:Society and culture
2641:Dressler's syndrome
2608:atrial fibrillation
2570:all-cause mortality
2533:Those who have had
2072:waist circumference
1761:cardiac examination
1672:. Elevation of the
1619:in young, fit women
1442:myocardial scarring
1413:of affected cells.
1382:), chiefly through
1356:Prinzmetal's angina
1185:Helicobacter pylori
942:polyunsaturated fat
855:high blood pressure
716:Shortness of breath
491:Supplemental oxygen
396:high blood pressure
377:irregular heartbeat
349:shortness of breath
298:15.9 million (2015)
209:High blood pressure
174:irregular heartbeat
126:shortness of breath
11100:Atrial enlargement
10898:Pacemaker syndrome
10820:Lown–Ganong–Levine
10742:Junctional ectopic
10737:AV nodal reentrant
10243:Myocardial rupture
10153:Coronary vasospasm
10057:2016-10-28 at the
10045:2009-03-19 at the
10034:2016-11-05 at the
9940:External resources
9583:2006-12-06 at the
9560:2007-07-11 at the
8734:20.500.13003/14561
7963:(10096): 737–746.
7619:(10065): 197–210.
6150:Cardiology Clinics
5836:(10065): 197–210.
2867:Legal implications
2789:Race: In the U.S.
2647:is also possible.
2422:
2283:clinical judgement
2130:omega-3 fatty acid
2034:Mediterranean diet
1987:Primary prevention
1965:metabolic acidosis
1925:esophageal rupture
1901:pulmonary embolism
1733:
1681:Electrocardiograms
1678:
1624:Cardiac biomarkers
1501:
1372:
1344:low blood pressure
1267:
956:Family history of
807:electrocardiograms
614:Signs and symptoms
472:creatine kinase MB
448:electrocardiograms
440:Takotsubo syndrome
241:Electrocardiograms
110:emergency medicine
11308:
11307:
11168:
11167:
11160:Obstructive shock
11064:
11063:
11011:Short QT syndrome
10978:Other / ungrouped
10969:Sinoatrial arrest
10884:Ectopic pacemaker
10780:
10779:
10600:Sinus bradycardia
10572:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10317:Cardiac tamponade
10270:
10269:
10260:Dressler syndrome
10158:Myocardial bridge
9991:
9990:
9767:978-0-323-35943-6
9746:978-0-323-35943-6
9725:978-0-323-35943-6
9704:978-0-323-35943-6
9683:978-0-19-871702-7
9662:978-1-933087-47-4
9641:978-0-19-991571-2
9013:BMC Public Health
8865:978-92-4-156371-0
8461:978-93-5025-073-0
8434:978-1-4443-9387-3
8355:(20): 1691–1698.
8276:(13): 1240–1249.
8053:10.1136/bmj.j3237
7830:10.1136/bmj.g6269
7034:(9678): 1849–60.
6762:(24): 1953–1956.
6731:on 28 August 2021
6725:BMJ Best Practice
6671:978-0-7020-3085-7
6511:(14): 1289–1367.
6474:978-0-07-180215-4
6449:978-0-7020-3085-7
6312:(19): 1913–1924.
6196:978-0-323-35943-6
6134:978-0-470-65594-8
5893:978-0-7020-3085-7
5502:10.2217/fmb.12.87
5275:10.1136/bmj.j1909
5120:10.1136/bmj.e4800
4863:10.1136/bmj.h3978
4493:978-0-7817-4733-2
4410:(23): 2909–2945.
4375:978-1-4698-1668-5
4362:Lilly LS (2012).
4173:(22): 2405–2413.
4057:978-0-07-180215-4
4029:, pp. 59–60.
4000:978-0-07-180215-4
3942:, pp. 59–61.
3589:(23): 2999–3054.
3563:978-0-7020-3085-7
3419:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
3146:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
3115:978-92-4-156437-3
2986:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2927:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2791:African Americans
2636:Cardiogenic shock
2537:may benefit from
2524:cardiogenic shock
2346:antiplatelet drug
2293:scoring systems.
1981:influenza vaccine
1937:cardiac tamponade
1921:aortic dissection
1856:
1838:
1782:contrast include
1660:Electrocardiogram
1516:electrocardiogram
1440:Tissue death and
1332:a fast heart rate
1287:coronary arteries
1258:
971:on the short arm
859:diabetes mellitus
819:diabetes mellitus
775:cardiogenic shock
495:low oxygen levels
418:, poor diet, and
381:cardiogenic shock
322:coronary arteries
302:
301:
236:Diagnostic method
178:cardiogenic shock
52:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
11348:
11195:
11188:
11181:
11172:
11171:
11133:Cardiac fibrosis
11025:T wave alternans
10918:Long QT syndrome
10712:Supraventricular
10708:
10707:
10641:Intraventricular
10588:
10587:
10428:
10427:
10279:
10278:
10124:Coronary disease
10121:
10120:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10010:
9863:
9862:
9852:
9815:
9805:
9771:
9750:
9729:
9708:
9687:
9666:
9645:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9594:
9588:
9575:
9569:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9535:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9486:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9437:
9420:(14): 1392–400.
9405:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9363:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9321:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9269:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9220:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9179:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9138:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9089:
9079:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9038:
9028:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8941:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8900:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8851:
8840:
8839:
8822:(10A): 13F–25F.
8810:
8804:
8803:
8793:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8736:
8726:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8659:
8650:
8649:
8639:
8622:(11): CD001800.
8607:
8601:
8600:
8564:
8558:
8557:
8526:Heart & Lung
8521:
8515:
8514:
8504:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8326:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8285:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8244:
8227:(12): CD007160.
8212:
8206:
8205:
8195:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8146:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8019:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7934:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7861:
7852:
7851:
7841:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7742:(8): 1107–1113.
7731:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7709:www.uptodate.com
7700:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7587:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7536:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7456:
7439:(12): CD012484.
7424:
7418:
7417:
7407:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7366:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7276:
7259:(12): CD011273.
7244:
7238:
7226:
7205:
7204:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7143:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7102:
7091:10.3310/hta17430
7068:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7002:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6823:
6817:
6805:
6790:
6789:
6779:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6657:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6622:
6613:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6579:EuroIntervention
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6544:
6531:
6530:
6520:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6435:
6424:
6423:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6377:
6368:(25): e344–426.
6353:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6279:10.7326/M16-2562
6258:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6231:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6049:(3): H1090–100.
6034:
6028:
6027:
5999:
5988:
5987:
5977:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5879:
5862:
5861:
5825:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5562:. 48–49: 113–7.
5555:
5549:
5548:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5172:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5004:
4995:(22): 2098–109.
4980:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4899:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4824:10.7326/M13-1788
4806:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4672:(9838): 219–29.
4657:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4623:(9852): 1491–7.
4608:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4536:(13): 1635–701.
4521:
4510:
4509:, p. 11-22.
4504:
4498:
4497:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4298:Heart & Lung
4293:
4287:
4286:
4263:Heart & Lung
4258:
4252:
4251:
4228:Heart & Lung
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4162:
4156:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4043:
4030:
4024:
4013:
4012:
3986:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3872:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3814:, pp. 1–3;
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3744:(14): 1493–501.
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3688:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3633:(9638): 570–84.
3618:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3549:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3465:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3333:Heart & Lung
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3235:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3200:(20): 2569–619.
3185:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3107:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3021:. Jul 30, 2014.
3011:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2978:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2919:
2844:graduate degrees
2837:health insurance
2762:, and access to
2760:social isolation
2754:status, lack of
2378:clotting cascade
2354:P2Y12 inhibitors
2348:, is given as a
2331:overall outcomes
2319:under the tongue
2161:therapy such as
2110:stopping smoking
2009:unsaturated fats
2002:quitting smoking
1998:aerobic exercise
1858:
1857:
1840:
1839:
1819:nuclear medicine
1767:Echocardiography
1741:Echocardiography
1615:Associated with
1609:Associated with
1597:Associated with
1587:Associated with
1526:, or pathologic
1376:ischemic cascade
1307:cholesterol core
1259:
1204:Kawasaki disease
1155:nitrogen dioxide
914:secondhand smoke
817:, in those with
739:light-headedness
712:loss of appetite
665:likelihood ratio
637:
626:
408:lack of exercise
221:lack of exercise
75:
55:
54:
21:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11326:Causes of death
11311:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11246:
11240:Small intestine
11235:Large intestine
11208:
11199:
11169:
11164:
11155:Rheumatic fever
11121:
11060:
10973:
10940:
10912:
10870:
10829:
10806:
10776:
10748:
10695:
10687:
10581:
10564:
10472:
10421:
10412:
10328:
10322:Hemopericardium
10266:
10207:
10201:Unstable angina
10174:Angina pectoris
10167:Active ischemia
10162:
10110:
10104:
10063:
10059:Wayback Machine
10047:Wayback Machine
10036:Wayback Machine
10027:TIMI Score for
9995:
9992:
9987:
9986:
9935:
9934:
9874:
9860:
9855:
9796:(11): 1135–47.
9779:
9777:Further reading
9774:
9768:
9747:
9726:
9705:
9684:
9663:
9642:
9623:
9618:
9617:
9607:
9605:
9596:
9595:
9591:
9585:Wayback Machine
9576:
9572:
9562:Wayback Machine
9553:
9549:
9504:
9500:
9469:(17): e013165.
9455:
9451:
9406:
9402:
9393:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9377:
9340:JAMA Cardiology
9332:
9328:
9319:
9317:
9287:
9283:
9238:
9234:
9197:
9193:
9156:
9152:
9121:(14): 1338–46.
9107:
9103:
9056:
9052:
9005:
9001:
8962:
8958:
8918:
8914:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8852:
8843:
8811:
8807:
8762:
8758:
8703:
8699:
8660:
8653:
8608:
8604:
8565:
8561:
8522:
8518:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8388:
8384:
8344:
8340:
8303:
8299:
8262:
8258:
8213:
8209:
8178:(9): CD010191.
8164:
8160:
8123:
8119:
8080:
8076:
8037:
8033:
8010:(20): 2501–55.
7996:
7992:
7952:
7948:
7925:(12): 1918–28.
7911:
7907:
7876:(6): CD003462.
7862:
7855:
7810:
7806:
7775:
7771:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7716:
7701:
7697:
7666:(10): 1039–44.
7652:
7648:
7605:
7601:
7564:
7560:
7519:(2): e0145958.
7505:
7501:
7491:
7489:
7474:
7470:
7425:
7421:
7398:(10): 939–953.
7384:
7380:
7349:(9970): 792–8.
7335:
7331:
7310:(4): CD006743.
7304:
7300:
7245:
7241:
7237:. London, 2013.
7227:
7208:
7169:
7165:
7120:
7116:
7069:
7065:
7020:
7016:
6985:(1): CD004816.
6971:
6967:
6936:(1): CD001561.
6926:
6922:
6903:
6899:
6859:
6855:
6824:
6820:
6816:. London, 2014.
6806:
6793:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6658:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6612:. London, 2010.
6602:
6598:
6575:
6571:
6561:
6559:
6546:
6545:
6534:
6497:
6490:
6475:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6436:
6427:
6395:
6391:
6354:
6343:
6298:
6294:
6273:(10): 715–724.
6259:
6255:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6181:
6177:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6121:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6087:
6080:
6035:
6031:
6000:
5991:
5968:(25): 1959–67.
5954:
5950:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5880:
5865:
5826:
5751:
5714:
5710:
5671:
5667:
5628:
5624:
5601:(10): 1237–47.
5587:
5583:
5556:
5552:
5521:
5517:
5496:(10): 1217–30.
5486:
5479:
5432:
5428:
5388:
5384:
5353:
5349:
5304:
5300:
5255:
5251:
5212:(8): CD011054.
5198:
5194:
5149:
5145:
5100:
5096:
5057:
5053:
5022:
5018:
4981:
4972:
4927:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4843:
4839:
4807:
4798:
4767:(8): CD011737.
4753:
4746:
4707:
4703:
4658:
4654:
4609:
4600:
4563:
4559:
4522:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4437:
4433:
4396:
4387:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4329:
4325:
4294:
4290:
4259:
4255:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4163:
4159:
4151:, p. 197;
4147:
4143:
4112:
4108:
4077:
4073:
4058:
4044:
4033:
4025:
4016:
4001:
3987:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3918:, pp. 4–5.
3914:
3910:
3887:(16): 2020–35.
3873:
3834:
3830:, pp. 1–3.
3826:
3822:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3703:(4): e362–425.
3689:
3664:
3619:
3612:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3550:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3371:
3360:
3329:
3325:
3280:
3273:
3236:
3223:
3186:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3045:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2979:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2907:
2902:
2893:police officers
2869:
2860:
2764:health services
2744:
2701:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2551:
2516:
2475:
2469:
2414:
2389:
2385:
2339:
2337:Antithrombotics
2299:
2270:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2229:
2138:
2102:
2080:
2070: and
2068:body mass index
1994:
1989:
1973:
1949:pulmonary edema
1913:costochondritis
1869:
1862:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1831:
1811:Fludeoxyglucose
1725:
1662:
1626:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1518:(ECG), such as
1481:
1476:
1470:
1430:gross pathology
1364:
1336:hyperthyroidism
1327:
1291:atherosclerosis
1251:
1249:
1247:Atherosclerosis
1243:
1241:Atherosclerosis
1238:
1151:carbon monoxide
1112:
1098:
954:
930:
910:tobacco smoking
847:
803:
732:pulmonary edema
692:
653:
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
638:
629:
628:
627:
616:
575:, a myocardial
573:unstable angina
553:
547:
470:and less often
456:ST elevation MI
424:coronary artery
154:decreased level
142:lightheadedness
89:coronary artery
82:atherosclerotic
53:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11354:
11344:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11302:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11256:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11218:
11216:
11210:
11209:
11198:
11197:
11190:
11183:
11175:
11166:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11151:
11150:
11148:Cardiac asthma
11145:
11135:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11107:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11074:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11058:
11056:Strain pattern
11053:
11052:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11015:
11014:
11013:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10994:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10950:
10948:
10946:Cardiac arrest
10942:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10926:Andersen–Tawil
10922:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10880:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10851:
10846:
10844:Atrial flutter
10840:
10838:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10822:
10816:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10758:
10756:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10716:
10714:
10705:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10685:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10643:
10638:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10616:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10594:
10585:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10555:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10536:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10505:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10480:
10478:
10474:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10436:
10434:
10425:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10354:Cardiomyopathy
10351:
10350:
10349:
10347:Chagas disease
10338:
10336:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10326:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10298:
10287:
10285:
10276:
10272:
10271:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10247:
10246:
10245:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10217:
10215:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10181:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10134:
10127:
10125:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10103:
10102:
10095:
10088:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10065:"Heart Attack"
10061:
10049:
10025:
10019:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9973:
9956:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9921:
9910:
9895:
9875:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9866:Classification
9859:
9858:External links
9856:
9854:
9853:
9816:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9772:
9766:
9751:
9745:
9730:
9724:
9709:
9703:
9688:
9682:
9667:
9661:
9646:
9640:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9589:
9570:
9547:
9498:
9449:
9400:
9375:
9346:(8): 899–908.
9326:
9301:(3): 286–294.
9281:
9232:
9191:
9150:
9101:
9050:
8999:
8956:
8932:(4): e29–322.
8912:
8871:
8864:
8841:
8805:
8776:(7578): 1091.
8756:
8697:
8670:(3): 427–441.
8651:
8602:
8559:
8532:(6): 412–416.
8516:
8487:(7): 913–920.
8467:
8460:
8440:
8433:
8413:
8382:
8338:
8317:(6): 693–701.
8297:
8256:
8207:
8158:
8117:
8074:
8031:
7990:
7946:
7905:
7853:
7804:
7769:
7726:
7695:
7646:
7599:
7558:
7499:
7468:
7419:
7378:
7329:
7298:
7239:
7206:
7163:
7114:
7063:
7014:
6965:
6920:
6897:
6870:(12): 824–34.
6853:
6818:
6791:
6742:
6712:
6677:
6670:
6647:
6614:
6596:
6569:
6532:
6488:
6473:
6455:
6448:
6425:
6406:(9): 1581–91.
6389:
6341:
6292:
6253:
6222:(3): 237–269.
6202:
6195:
6175:
6140:
6133:
6112:
6078:
6029:
5989:
5948:
5899:
5892:
5863:
5749:
5728:(3): 143–153.
5708:
5665:
5622:
5581:
5550:
5531:(9): 1638–50.
5515:
5477:
5426:
5382:
5347:
5298:
5249:
5192:
5163:(18): 1966–8.
5143:
5094:
5051:
5016:
4970:
4921:
4886:
4837:
4818:(6): 398–406.
4796:
4744:
4701:
4652:
4598:
4577:(10): 2130–9.
4557:
4511:
4499:
4492:
4474:
4447:(3): 395–399.
4431:
4385:
4374:
4354:
4323:
4304:(4): 235–245.
4288:
4269:(4): 240–247.
4253:
4234:(6): 477–491.
4218:
4192:
4157:
4141:
4106:
4071:
4056:
4031:
4014:
3999:
3944:
3932:
3930:, p. 295.
3920:
3908:
3832:
3820:
3804:
3773:
3724:
3662:
3610:
3569:
3562:
3517:
3487:
3463:10.1186/cc6166
3436:
3406:
3358:
3323:
3271:
3221:
3163:
3128:
3114:
3088:
3036:
3003:
2962:
2944:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2852:cardiovascular
2756:social support
2750:disadvantage,
2743:
2740:
2700:
2697:
2681:blood pressure
2676:on admission,
2674:cardiac arrest
2596:Main article:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2574:
2550:
2547:
2535:cardiac arrest
2515:
2512:
2471:Main article:
2468:
2465:
2433:femoral artery
2413:
2410:
2387:
2383:
2338:
2335:
2298:
2295:
2266:Main article:
2263:
2260:
2245:
2242:
2228:
2225:
2217:spironolactone
2193:renal arteries
2189:high potassium
2185:kidney failure
2142:ACE-inhibitors
2137:
2134:
2101:
2098:
2079:
2076:
2064:blood pressure
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1969:
1955:reactions and
1945:breathlessness
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1829:
1724:
1721:
1661:
1658:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1530:
1514:Changes on an
1512:
1480:
1477:
1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1422:subendocardial
1363:
1360:
1326:
1323:
1311:growth factors
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1226:coronary spasm
1159:sulfur dioxide
1129:Women who use
1097:
1094:
953:
950:
938:saturated fats
929:
926:
875:family history
846:
843:
827:pain threshold
802:
799:
763:blood pressure
755:catecholamines
751:blood pressure
724:left ventricle
691:
688:
652:
649:
639:
632:
631:
630:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
615:
612:
604:cardiac arrest
549:Main article:
546:
543:
385:cardiac arrest
316:, occurs when
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
268:
262:
261:
252:
248:
247:
238:
232:
231:
206:
200:
199:
193:
189:
188:
186:cardiac arrest
167:
161:
160:
119:
113:
112:
103:
97:
96:
77:
76:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
51:
41:Cardiac arrest
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11353:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11301:
11298:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11249:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11196:
11191:
11189:
11184:
11182:
11177:
11176:
11173:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11138:Heart failure
11136:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11098:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11067:
11057:
11054:
11050:
11049:ST depression
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10864:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10832:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10787:
10783:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10751:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10730:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10694:
10690:
10684:
10681:
10677:
10676:Trifascicular
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10579:
10575:
10559:
10558:regurgitation
10556:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10539:regurgitation
10537:
10535:
10532:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10520:regurgitation
10518:
10516:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10501:regurgitation
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10475:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10419:
10415:
10409:
10406:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10331:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10280:
10277:
10273:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10251:
10248:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10210:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10189:
10185:
10184:Stable angina
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10165:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10132:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10108:
10101:
10096:
10094:
10089:
10087:
10082:
10081:
10078:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10044:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9994:
9993:
9983:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9966:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9955:
9951:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9942:
9938:
9931:
9927:
9926:
9922:
9920:
9916:
9915:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9876:
9873:
9868:
9864:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9769:
9763:
9759:
9758:
9752:
9748:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9731:
9727:
9721:
9717:
9716:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9696:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9675:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9574:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9551:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9494:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9453:
9445:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9371:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9252:(3): 238–45.
9251:
9247:
9243:
9236:
9228:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9187:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9154:
9146:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9070:(7): 475–82.
9069:
9065:
9061:
9054:
9046:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8908:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8891:(1): 188–97.
8890:
8886:
8882:
8875:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8809:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8760:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8717:(6): 434–42.
8716:
8712:
8708:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8658:
8656:
8647:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8606:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8575:(2): 159–64.
8574:
8570:
8563:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8471:
8463:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8444:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8417:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8386:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8342:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7950:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7858:
7849:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7773:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7699:
7691:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7562:
7554:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7382:
7374:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7134:(3): 354–65.
7133:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:(43): 1–253.
7084:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7018:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6693:(4): 937–57.
6692:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6528:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6493:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6239:10044/1/73052
6235:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6136:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6117:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6083:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5442:: 1106–1114.
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5363:(7): 713–21.
5362:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:(3): 257–64.
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5067:(4): 289–95.
5066:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4941:(1): 93–104.
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4911:on 2016-05-03
4907:
4903:
4896:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4717:(6): 360–70.
4716:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4155:, p. 60.
4154:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:(3): 523–42.
4086:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3818:, p. 41.
3817:
3813:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:Critical Care
3447:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3385:(3): 178–88.
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:(6): 477–91.
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:(2): 140–51.
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3024:
3020:
3019:www.heart.org
3016:
3010:
3008:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2810:socioeconomic
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:heart failure
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Heart failure
2648:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2592:Complications
2589:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:streptokinase
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:radial artery
2434:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2400:may be used.
2399:
2395:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:nitroglycerin
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:defibrillator
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:ACE inhibitor
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:saturated fat
2115:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:Public health
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:Substituting
2005:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:, pneumonia,
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:heart failure
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1846:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:contrast dyes
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:changes, new
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1320:
1319:calcification
1316:
1315:smooth muscle
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:, and become
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1248:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Air pollution
1144:
1142:
1141:Endometriosis
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:saturated fat
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
903:triglycerides
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
835:psychological
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
684:nitroglycerin
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:Levine's sign
666:
662:
657:
648:
636:
625:
611:
609:
608:heart failure
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
542:
538:
536:
532:
531:beta blockers
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Nitroglycerin
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:heart failure
370:
366:
365:feeling tired
362:
358:
357:feeling faint
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
280:
276:
275:nitroglycerin
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Heart failure
168:
166:
165:Complications
162:
159:
155:
151:
150:feeling tired
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
46:
45:Heart failure
42:
35:
30:
19:
11277:
11070:Cardiomegaly
11044:ST elevation
11031:
11017:
11003:
10984:
10888:Ectopic beat
10836:fibrillation
10671:Bifascicular
10545:
10526:
10507:
10483:
10453:
10439:
10432:Endocarditis
10371:Hypertrophic
10305:Constrictive
10291:Pericarditis
10249:
10237:
10220:
10195:
10068:
10000:
9975:
9958:
9947:
9923:
9912:
9897:
9878:
9824:
9820:
9793:
9789:
9756:
9735:
9714:
9693:
9672:
9651:
9630:
9606:. Retrieved
9592:
9573:
9550:
9515:
9511:
9501:
9466:
9462:
9452:
9417:
9413:
9403:
9392:. Retrieved
9390:. 2020-03-18
9387:
9378:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9318:. Retrieved
9298:
9294:
9284:
9249:
9245:
9235:
9211:(5): 533–8.
9208:
9204:
9194:
9170:(2): 260–6.
9167:
9163:
9153:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9067:
9063:
9053:
9016:
9012:
9002:
8972:(1): 16–26.
8969:
8965:
8959:
8951:
8929:
8925:
8915:
8888:
8884:
8874:
8855:
8819:
8815:
8808:
8773:
8769:
8759:
8714:
8710:
8700:
8667:
8663:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8484:
8480:
8470:
8450:
8443:
8423:
8416:
8404:. Retrieved
8399:
8395:
8385:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8314:
8310:
8300:
8273:
8269:
8259:
8224:
8220:
8210:
8175:
8171:
8161:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7873:
7869:
7821:
7817:
7807:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7717:. Retrieved
7708:
7698:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7575:
7571:
7561:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7490:. Retrieved
7481:
7471:
7436:
7432:
7422:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7346:
7342:
7332:
7307:
7301:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7232:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7131:
7127:
7117:
7082:
7076:
7066:
7031:
7027:
7017:
6982:
6978:
6968:
6933:
6923:
6900:
6867:
6863:
6856:
6834:(1): 50–63.
6831:
6827:
6821:
6811:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6729:the original
6724:
6715:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6661:
6638:. Retrieved
6629:
6607:
6599:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6560:. Retrieved
6551:
6508:
6504:
6464:
6458:
6439:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6365:
6361:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6185:
6178:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6124:
6103:. Retrieved
6094:
6046:
6042:
6032:
6010:(4): 170–5.
6007:
6003:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5919:(2): 77–86.
5916:
5912:
5902:
5883:
5833:
5829:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5681:(5): 481–7.
5678:
5674:
5668:
5638:(1): 83–91.
5635:
5631:
5625:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5559:
5553:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5493:
5489:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5032:(2): 260–9.
5029:
5025:
5019:
4992:
4988:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4913:. Retrieved
4906:the original
4901:
4889:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4815:
4811:
4764:
4760:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4620:
4616:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4533:
4529:
4502:
4483:
4477:
4444:
4441:Diabetologia
4440:
4434:
4407:
4403:
4364:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4336:
4326:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4204:
4195:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4144:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4047:
3990:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3884:
3880:
3823:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3786:
3776:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3700:
3696:
3630:
3626:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3553:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3382:
3378:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3291:
3287:
3247:
3243:
3197:
3193:
3154:. Retrieved
3145:
3101:
3056:
3052:
3027:. Retrieved
3018:
2994:. Retrieved
2985:
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2926:
2870:
2861:
2841:
2834:
2814:
2807:
2788:
2748:neighborhood
2745:
2725:
2721:
2702:
2699:Epidemiology
2685:Killip class
2663:
2649:
2645:pericarditis
2616:fibrillation
2606:, including
2601:
2587:
2583:heart blocks
2579:
2562:
2552:
2532:
2528:ST elevation
2521:
2517:
2504:hypertension
2496:tenecteplase
2476:
2473:Thrombolysis
2467:Fibrinolysis
2430:
2423:
2402:
2394:eptifibatide
2370:loading dose
2350:loading dose
2340:
2300:
2275:thrombolysis
2271:
2253:
2230:
2211:
2201:
2179:
2159:Beta blocker
2157:
2146:
2139:
2103:
2087:
2081:
2061:
2050:
2017:rapeseed oil
2006:
1995:
1974:
1909:rib fracture
1870:
1823:
1765:
1737:chest X-rays
1734:
1704:ST elevation
1685:
1679:
1643:
1627:
1567:ST elevation
1564:
1502:
1462:
1439:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1403:mitochondria
1373:
1362:Tissue death
1328:
1325:Other causes
1280:
1268:
1219:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1113:
972:
969:chromosome 9
963:
955:
931:
907:
861:, and total
848:
845:Risk factors
804:
795:palpitations
779:sudden death
743:palpitations
736:
693:
681:
654:
646:
601:
563:) caused by
554:
539:
510:
507:thrombolysis
476:
464:ST elevation
455:
443:
389:
346:
334:heart muscle
314:heart attack
313:
309:
305:
303:
259:thrombolysis
204:Risk factors
49:
29:
18:Heart Attack
11268:Hemorrhagic
10936:Romano–Ward
10903:Parasystole
10802:Ventricular
10754:Ventricular
10693:Tachycardia
10610:Heart block
10592:Bradycardia
10418:Endocardium
10381:Restrictive
10342:Myocarditis
10283:Pericardium
10069:MedlinePlus
9949:MedlinePlus
9790:Circulation
9518:(1): 91–3.
9115:Circulation
8926:Circulation
8885:Circulation
8131:Circulation
8090:(1): 41–8.
7572:Circulation
7492:11 December
7274:10871/19152
6362:Circulation
5399:: 352–358.
5226:1874/340787
4153:Morrow 2016
4122:(1): 83–9.
4027:Morrow 2016
3940:Morrow 2016
3881:Circulation
3816:Dwight 2016
3738:Circulation
3697:Circulation
3429:24 February
3244:Circulation
3156:24 February
3029:24 February
2996:24 February
2937:23 February
2752:immigration
2666:hemodynamic
2620:heart block
2461:clopidogrel
2405:clopidogrel
2358:clopidogrel
2307:vasodilator
2171:heart block
2136:Medications
2122:cholesterol
2120:and low in
1815:rubidium-82
1803:tetrofosmin
1780:radioactive
1759:(including
1698:, or a new
1450:heart block
1418:endocardium
1407:Na/K ATPase
1295:macrophages
1283:cholesterol
1200:vaccination
1196:antibiotics
912:(including
901:, and high
883:alcohol use
863:cholesterol
545:Terminology
527:angioplasty
63:Other names
11341:Acute pain
11315:Categories
11252:Infarction
11206:infarction
10834:Flutter /
10797:Junctional
10732:Junctional
10725:Multifocal
10698:paroxysmal
10614:Sinoatrial
10583:arrhythmia
10578:Conduction
10334:Myocardium
9977:Patient UK
9925:DiseasesDB
9394:2021-04-09
9320:2023-11-16
9019:(1): 705.
7785:: 114–21.
7613:The Lancet
7574:(Review).
7482:TheNNT.com
6909:. London:
6152:(Review).
4915:2015-03-05
4902:health.gov
3500:NHLBI, NIH
3456:(1): 202.
2900:References
2873:common law
2817:immigrants
2795:prevalence
2689:creatinine
2366:ticagrelor
2262:Management
2221:eplerenone
2167:carvedilol
2163:metoprolol
2078:Medication
1971:Prevention
1873:chest pain
1799:MIBI scans
1771:ultrasound
1688:ST segment
1674:ST segment
1630:biomarkers
1552:See also:
1520:ST segment
1505:biomarkers
1426:transmural
1380:infarction
1303:foam cells
1275:blood clot
1172:including
1170:infections
1120:Shift work
1100:See also:
1046:MNF1ASM283
946:Trans fats
922:job stress
821:and after
747:heart rate
656:Chest pain
589:biomarkers
585:blood test
581:cell death
577:infarction
561:myocardium
557:infarction
361:cold sweat
330:infarction
328:, causing
266:Medication
146:cold sweat
122:Chest pain
106:Cardiology
11274:Location
11221:Location
11202:Ischaemia
11093:Pulmonary
10876:Pacemaker
10547:pulmonary
10528:tricuspid
10364:Alcoholic
10029:UA/NSTEMI
10005:is being
9968:emerg/327
9960:eMedicine
9849:232141652
9608:April 22,
8402:(Suppl 1)
8047:: j3237.
7824:: g6269.
7633:0140-6736
7179:: 68–75.
6483:923181481
5269:: j1909.
5187:205040478
5114:: e4800.
4857:: h3978.
4333:"Dyspnea"
4066:923181481
4009:923181481
2803:mortality
2799:morbidity
2780:education
2576:Prognosis
2488:reteplase
2412:Angiogram
2398:tirofiban
2362:prasugrel
2327:mortality
2256:mortality
2244:First aid
2207:ezetimibe
2116:, low in
2013:olive oil
1992:Lifestyle
1941:heartburn
1905:pneumonia
1795:sestamibi
1751:testing.
1650:myoglobin
1634:Troponins
1537:angiogram
1468:Diagnosis
1411:apoptosis
1350:(PCI) or
1236:Mechanism
1180:influenza
1161:(but not
757:from the
708:dizziness
342:heartburn
295:Frequency
286:Prognosis
251:Treatment
138:dizziness
101:Specialty
11300:Gangrene
11214:Ischemia
10959:Asystole
10859:Familial
10553:stenosis
10534:stenosis
10515:stenosis
10496:stenosis
10491:prolapse
10213:Sequelae
10116:Ischemia
10055:Archived
10043:Archived
10032:Archived
9998:template
9971:ped/2520
9965:med/1567
9841:33677098
9812:26490017
9602:Archived
9581:Archived
9558:Archived
9542:11410572
9493:31476920
9444:20388895
9370:32459344
9315:17227980
9276:25418513
9227:18621776
9186:26585783
9145:26369354
9096:11413176
9045:25011538
8994:27117207
8986:18083949
8948:25520374
8907:22215894
8836:16698331
8800:17032691
8751:10268606
8743:12441900
8711:Medicine
8692:20779415
8684:28238152
8646:34741536
8597:25806176
8589:20168196
8546:28988654
8511:29799995
8369:29599378
8333:29355510
8292:28844200
8251:27991651
8202:25208209
8153:26472989
8112:21955018
8104:23165072
8069:46847680
8061:28729460
8026:20802248
7977:28778541
7941:24902975
7900:24972265
7848:25954988
7799:27264228
7764:23759756
7756:27714584
7713:Archived
7690:20530163
7641:27502078
7594:26472854
7553:26891235
7513:PLOS ONE
7486:Archived
7463:31845756
7414:24927909
7373:25467565
7324:19821384
7293:25503364
7201:30838065
7193:23851166
7158:28350632
7150:23610452
7109:24074752
7058:19482214
7009:23440795
6960:21249647
6915:Archived
6892:17366251
6884:24217421
6848:24993125
6786:27686519
6707:16199332
6634:Archived
6591:20542817
6556:Archived
6527:32860058
6420:24731654
6384:25249585
6336:29127948
6287:28418520
6248:30165617
6170:24188218
6099:Archived
6073:21169398
6024:16009313
5984:26705388
5943:20065951
5858:33523662
5850:27502078
5744:28158518
5695:17934354
5652:21069462
5617:21145688
5576:24485156
5545:23016720
5510:23030426
5472:51705159
5464:30029319
5421:52282745
5413:30223374
5377:22337682
5342:27025928
5293:28487435
5244:26310586
5179:18971502
5138:22835925
5089:43626425
5081:19500492
5046:16860887
5011:22129254
4965:22041278
4881:26268692
4832:24723079
4791:32827219
4739:27925226
4731:22473079
4696:22818936
4647:22981903
4593:16697342
4552:22555213
4469:12567614
4461:14963648
4426:19004841
4380:Archived
4341:Archived
4318:12122387
4283:16027643
4248:22000678
4211:July 20,
4187:18071161
4136:17208083
4101:27475013
3903:22923432
3791:Archived
3768:24573351
3719:23247304
3657:18707987
3605:21873419
3510:10 April
3504:Archived
3482:18279535
3423:Archived
3401:21497307
3353:22000678
3318:27733282
3266:20956226
3216:22922416
3150:Archived
3120:Archived
3083:25453985
3023:Archived
2990:Archived
2826:literacy
2822:language
2678:systolic
2424:Primary
2392:such as
2390:receptor
2374:Heparins
2356:such as
2315:morphine
2153:warfarin
2038:Vitamins
2011:such as
1953:allergic
1935:causing
1893:ischemia
1817:. These
1807:PET scan
1791:thallium
1787:CT-scans
1749:Troponin
1654:Copeptin
1479:Criteria
1388:collagen
1384:necrosis
1211:CT scans
1102:Overwork
952:Genetics
700:fainting
696:sweating
593:troponin
565:ischemia
468:troponin
404:diabetes
217:diabetes
195:Usually
134:vomiting
117:Symptoms
93:thrombus
10359:Dilated
10301:Chronic
10109:(heart)
9919:D009203
9621:Sources
9533:1729795
9484:6755831
9435:3020978
9361:7254448
9267:4558355
9136:5097251
9087:1731938
9036:4227052
8791:1661748
8637:8571912
8554:4277993
8502:6145720
8406:28 July
8377:4472549
8242:6463792
8193:6823254
7985:4489347
7891:6769062
7839:4208629
7681:2900327
7544:4758660
7521:Bibcode
7454:6915833
7364:4386690
7284:7087435
7100:4781046
7049:2715005
7000:6481400
6951:4160097
6777:5256393
6327:5710293
6064:3064294
5934:2813241
5703:8734056
5660:8714058
5444:Bibcode
5333:4940126
5284:5423546
5235:6494192
5129:3406223
4956:3246046
4872:4532752
4782:8092457
4687:3645500
4638:3486012
4205:CDC.gov
3759:4181601
3648:1931354
3473:2374627
3309:5055577
3074:4336825
2877:disease
2784:poverty
2500:strokes
2457:aspirin
2342:Aspirin
2148:Aspirin
2089:Aspirin
2083:Statins
2066:,
2046:sterols
2042:stanols
2030:legumes
1805:; or a
1723:Imaging
1696:Q waves
1692:T waves
1541:autopsy
1528:Q waves
1106:Karoshi
1062:ADAMTS7
1018:MTHFDSL
1006:PHACTR1
879:obesity
851:smoking
815:elderly
811:autopsy
801:Absence
722:of the
704:fatigue
673:sternum
661:abdomen
535:statins
519:heparin
503:stented
487:opioids
479:Aspirin
436:cocaine
412:obesity
400:smoking
324:of the
279:heparin
271:Aspirin
225:obesity
213:smoking
11288:Spleen
11263:Anemic
11259:Types
11039:J wave
10792:Atrial
10720:Atrial
10509:aortic
10485:mitral
10477:Valves
10423:valves
10275:Layers
10144:(SCAD)
10017:Curlie
10011:
10002:Curlie
9954:000195
9847:
9839:
9810:
9764:
9743:
9722:
9701:
9680:
9659:
9638:
9540:
9530:
9491:
9481:
9442:
9432:
9368:
9358:
9313:
9274:
9264:
9225:
9184:
9143:
9133:
9094:
9084:
9043:
9033:
8992:
8984:
8946:
8905:
8862:
8834:
8798:
8788:
8749:
8741:
8690:
8682:
8644:
8634:
8595:
8587:
8552:
8544:
8509:
8499:
8458:
8431:
8375:
8367:
8331:
8290:
8249:
8239:
8200:
8190:
8151:
8110:
8102:
8067:
8059:
8024:
7983:
7975:
7957:Lancet
7939:
7898:
7888:
7846:
7836:
7797:
7762:
7754:
7719:24 May
7688:
7678:
7639:
7631:
7592:
7551:
7541:
7461:
7451:
7412:
7371:
7361:
7343:Lancet
7322:
7291:
7281:
7199:
7191:
7156:
7148:
7107:
7097:
7056:
7046:
7028:Lancet
7007:
6997:
6958:
6948:
6890:
6882:
6846:
6784:
6774:
6735:6 June
6705:
6668:
6640:27 May
6589:
6562:24 May
6525:
6481:
6471:
6446:
6418:
6382:
6334:
6324:
6285:
6246:
6193:
6168:
6131:
6105:24 May
6071:
6061:
6022:
5982:
5941:
5931:
5890:
5856:
5848:
5830:Lancet
5742:
5701:
5693:
5658:
5650:
5615:
5574:
5543:
5508:
5470:
5462:
5419:
5411:
5375:
5340:
5330:
5291:
5281:
5242:
5232:
5185:
5177:
5136:
5126:
5087:
5079:
5044:
5009:
4963:
4953:
4879:
4869:
4830:
4789:
4779:
4737:
4729:
4694:
4684:
4666:Lancet
4645:
4635:
4617:Lancet
4591:
4550:
4490:
4467:
4459:
4424:
4372:
4347:24 May
4316:
4281:
4246:
4185:
4134:
4099:
4064:
4054:
4007:
3997:
3901:
3766:
3756:
3717:
3655:
3645:
3627:Lancet
3603:
3560:
3480:
3470:
3399:
3351:
3316:
3306:
3288:Lancet
3264:
3214:
3112:
3081:
3071:
2881:injury
2707:. The
2624:Stroke
2494:, and
2311:opioid
2203:Statin
1957:asthma
1931:, and
1889:angina
1809:using
1789:using
1713:atrial
1694:, new
1593:stents
1539:or at
1395:oxygen
1271:artery
1188:, and
1157:, and
1108:, and
1082:SLC5A3
1054:HHIPC1
1050:COL4A1
1026:CDKN2A
1022:ZC3HC1
897:, low
881:, and
833:, and
777:, and
720:output
515:NSTEMI
462:), if
367:, and
353:nausea
192:Causes
130:nausea
85:plaque
11283:Brain
11278:Heart
11230:Heart
11225:Brain
11126:Other
11110:Right
11088:Right
10702:sinus
10651:Right
10401:Viral
10296:Acute
10250:weeks
10221:hours
10133:(CAD)
10040:STEMI
9996:‹The
9845:S2CID
9512:Heart
8990:S2CID
8966:Heart
8747:S2CID
8688:S2CID
8593:S2CID
8550:S2CID
8373:S2CID
8349:Heart
8108:S2CID
8086:. 1.
8065:S2CID
7981:S2CID
7760:S2CID
7197:S2CID
7154:S2CID
6888:S2CID
6756:Heart
5854:S2CID
5699:S2CID
5656:S2CID
5468:S2CID
5417:S2CID
5183:S2CID
5085:S2CID
4909:(PDF)
4898:(PDF)
4735:S2CID
4465:S2CID
3797:1 May
3123:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
2728:India
2683:, or
2659:clots
2628:clots
2514:Other
2447:, or
2344:, an
2309:, or
2291:GRACE
2227:Other
2028:, or
2026:seeds
1885:aorta
1877:lungs
1801:) or
1784:SPECT
1769:, an
1646:CK-MB
1601:(PCI)
1548:Types
1342:, or
1163:ozone
1096:Other
1090:KCNE2
1086:MRPS6
1058:SMAD3
1042:APOA5
1038:PDGF0
1014:TCF21
998:WDR12
990:SORT1
986:PCSK9
977:locus
839:donor
771:brain
690:Other
505:, or
460:STEMI
375:, an
326:heart
11293:Limb
11204:and
11105:Left
11083:Left
10700:and
10656:Left
10238:days
10038:and
9930:8664
9914:MeSH
9903:9-CM
9837:PMID
9808:PMID
9762:ISBN
9741:ISBN
9720:ISBN
9699:ISBN
9678:ISBN
9657:ISBN
9636:ISBN
9610:2007
9538:PMID
9489:PMID
9440:PMID
9414:JAMA
9366:PMID
9311:PMID
9295:JAMA
9272:PMID
9223:PMID
9182:PMID
9141:PMID
9092:PMID
9041:PMID
8982:PMID
8944:PMID
8903:PMID
8860:ISBN
8832:PMID
8796:PMID
8739:PMID
8680:PMID
8642:PMID
8620:2021
8585:PMID
8542:PMID
8507:PMID
8456:ISBN
8429:ISBN
8408:2020
8365:PMID
8329:PMID
8288:PMID
8247:PMID
8225:2016
8198:PMID
8176:2014
8149:PMID
8100:PMID
8057:PMID
8022:PMID
7973:PMID
7937:PMID
7896:PMID
7844:PMID
7795:PMID
7752:PMID
7721:2017
7686:PMID
7660:CMAJ
7637:PMID
7629:ISSN
7590:PMID
7549:PMID
7494:2015
7459:PMID
7410:PMID
7369:PMID
7320:PMID
7289:PMID
7257:2021
7189:PMID
7146:PMID
7105:PMID
7054:PMID
7005:PMID
6956:PMID
6880:PMID
6844:PMID
6782:PMID
6737:2017
6703:PMID
6666:ISBN
6642:2017
6587:PMID
6564:2017
6523:PMID
6479:OCLC
6469:ISBN
6444:ISBN
6416:PMID
6380:PMID
6332:PMID
6306:JAMA
6283:PMID
6244:PMID
6191:ISBN
6166:PMID
6129:ISBN
6107:2017
6069:PMID
6020:PMID
5980:PMID
5939:PMID
5888:ISBN
5846:PMID
5740:PMID
5691:PMID
5648:PMID
5613:PMID
5572:PMID
5541:PMID
5506:PMID
5460:PMID
5409:PMID
5373:PMID
5357:JAMA
5338:PMID
5289:PMID
5240:PMID
5210:2015
5175:PMID
5134:PMID
5077:PMID
5042:PMID
5007:PMID
4961:PMID
4877:PMID
4828:PMID
4787:PMID
4765:2020
4727:PMID
4692:PMID
4643:PMID
4589:PMID
4548:PMID
4488:ISBN
4457:PMID
4422:PMID
4370:ISBN
4349:2017
4314:PMID
4279:PMID
4244:PMID
4213:2021
4183:PMID
4132:PMID
4097:PMID
4062:OCLC
4052:ISBN
4005:OCLC
3995:ISBN
3899:PMID
3799:2017
3787:HCUP
3764:PMID
3715:PMID
3653:PMID
3601:PMID
3558:ISBN
3512:2017
3478:PMID
3431:2015
3397:PMID
3349:PMID
3314:PMID
3262:PMID
3212:PMID
3158:2015
3110:ISBN
3079:PMID
3031:2015
2998:2015
2939:2015
2848:risk
2824:and
2801:and
2776:race
2618:and
2614:and
2364:and
2305:, a
2297:Pain
2289:and
2287:TIMI
2114:diet
2022:nuts
2015:and
1963:and
1747:and
1611:CABG
1495:and
1493:left
1391:scar
1305:. A
1078:LDLR
1074:SNF8
1070:SMG6
1066:RAS1
1002:MRAS
994:MIA3
928:Diet
865:and
789:and
787:coma
773:and
651:Pain
587:for
533:and
359:, a
182:coma
10015:at
9908:410
9899:ICD
9893:I22
9889:I21
9880:ICD
9829:doi
9798:doi
9794:133
9528:PMC
9520:doi
9479:PMC
9471:doi
9430:PMC
9422:doi
9418:303
9388:KFF
9356:PMC
9348:doi
9303:doi
9299:297
9262:PMC
9254:doi
9213:doi
9172:doi
9131:PMC
9123:doi
9119:132
9082:PMC
9072:doi
9031:PMC
9021:doi
8974:doi
8934:doi
8930:131
8893:doi
8889:125
8824:doi
8786:PMC
8778:doi
8774:333
8770:BMJ
8729:hdl
8719:doi
8672:doi
8632:PMC
8624:doi
8577:doi
8534:doi
8497:PMC
8489:doi
8485:178
8357:doi
8353:104
8319:doi
8315:131
8278:doi
8274:377
8237:PMC
8229:doi
8188:PMC
8180:doi
8139:doi
8135:132
8092:doi
8049:doi
8045:358
8041:BMJ
8012:doi
7965:doi
7961:390
7927:doi
7923:114
7886:PMC
7878:doi
7834:PMC
7826:doi
7822:349
7818:BMJ
7787:doi
7783:176
7744:doi
7676:PMC
7668:doi
7664:182
7621:doi
7617:389
7580:doi
7576:132
7539:PMC
7529:doi
7449:PMC
7441:doi
7400:doi
7396:127
7359:PMC
7351:doi
7347:385
7312:doi
7279:PMC
7269:hdl
7261:doi
7181:doi
7177:142
7136:doi
7095:PMC
7087:doi
7044:PMC
7036:doi
7032:373
6995:PMC
6987:doi
6946:PMC
6938:doi
6872:doi
6868:159
6836:doi
6772:PMC
6764:doi
6760:102
6695:doi
6513:doi
6408:doi
6404:113
6370:doi
6366:130
6322:PMC
6314:doi
6310:318
6275:doi
6271:166
6234:hdl
6224:doi
6158:doi
6059:PMC
6051:doi
6047:300
6012:doi
5970:doi
5929:PMC
5921:doi
5838:doi
5834:389
5730:doi
5683:doi
5640:doi
5603:doi
5564:doi
5533:doi
5498:doi
5452:doi
5440:241
5401:doi
5397:271
5365:doi
5361:307
5328:PMC
5320:doi
5279:PMC
5271:doi
5267:357
5263:BMJ
5230:PMC
5222:hdl
5214:doi
5165:doi
5161:359
5124:PMC
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