886:
slow overall tectonic up lift. The process of karst formation is divided into five stages, the second of which is the formation of the distinctive do line karst. This is followed by the development of fengcong karst, which can be seen in the groups of hills on Bo Hon and Dau Be Inland. These cones with sloping sides average 100m in height with the tallest exceeding 200m. Fenglin karst is characterized by steep separate towers. The hundreds of rocky islands that form the beautiful and famous landscape of the Bay are the individual towers of a classic
Fenglin landscape where the intervening plains have been submerged by the sea. Most towers reach a height of between 50 and 100m with a height to width ratio of about 6. The karst dolines were flooded by the sea, becoming the abundance of lakes that lie within the limestone islands. For example, Dau Be island at the mouth of the Bay has six enclosed lakes including those of the Ba Ham lakes lying within its fengcong karst. The Bay contains examples of the landscape elements of fengcong, fenglin and karst plain. These are not separate evolutionary stages but the result of natural non – uniform processes in the denudation of a large mass of limestone. Marine erosion created the notches which in some places have been enlarged into caves. The marine notch is a feature of limestone coastline but, in Hạ Long Bay, it has created the mature landscape.
568:
924:
south. Tam Cung is a large phreatic fissure cave that developed in the bedding planes of the limestone dividing the fissure cave into three chambers. Lau Dai is a cave with a complex of passages extending over 300 meters on the south side of Con Ngua Island. Thien Cung and Dau Go are remnants of the same old cave system. They both survive in the northern part of Dau Go Island at between 20 and 50m above sea level. Thien Cung has one large chamber more than 100m long, blocked at its ends and almost subdivided into smaller chambers by a massive wall of stalactites and stalagmites. Dau Go is a single large tunnel descending along a major set of fractures to a massive choke.
1682:
relocated fishing households living on floating villages to the mainland to protect the water environment of Ha Long Bay. Furthermore, the extraction of coal and stone within the heritage area has been banned to prevent coal and mud pollution in the bay as advised by UNESCO. In the bay area, some local residents have voluntarily taken action to preserve the landscape by organizing volunteer groups to collect and handle waste. Starting from
September 1, 2019, the People's Committee of Ha Long City strictly banned the use of single-use plastic products in the bay area. This is a resolute and significant step towards conserving the bay's environment.
936:
Some of them preserved the development of old karstic foot caves in mainland environments or preserved the remnants of older phreatic caves. One of the most unusual features of Hạ Long Bay is the Bo Ham lake group of hidden lakes and their connecting tunnel – notch caves in Dau Be Island. From the island's perimeter cliff a cave, 10m wide at water level and curving so that it is almost completely dark, extends about 150m to Lake 1. Luon Cave is on Bo Hon Island and extends 50m meters to an enclosed tidal lake. It has a massive stalactite hanging 2m down and truncated at the modern tidal level. It has passed through many stages in its formation.
542:, is bordered on the south and southeast by Lan Ha Bay, on the north by Hạ Long city, and on the west by Bai Tu Long Bay. The bay has a 120-kilometre-long (75 mi) coastline and is approximately 1,553 km (600 sq mi) in size with about 2,000 islets. The area designated by UNESCO as the World Natural Heritage Site incorporates 434 km (168 sq mi) with 775 islets, of which the core zone is delimited by 69 points: Dau Go island on the west, Ba Ham lake on the south and Cong Tay island on the east. The protected area is from the Cái Dăm petrol store to Quang Hanh ward, Cẩm Phả city and the surrounding zone.
500:
361:
912:
1351:
1673:, and the implementation of eco-tourism standards and heritage conservation regulations for the surrounding waters of the heritage site are significant challenges for the local government. The stalactites in the cave system of Ha Long Bay have been vandalized, cut, and taken away for use in decorating artificial landscapes (2016). Some caves have even been covered with concrete to serve as banquet venues. Moreover, the activities of fishing boats and tourists also generate significant amounts of waste pollution that the authorities have yet to effectively manage.
747:
576:
Fish require feeding every other day for up to three years, when they are eventually sold to local seafood restaurants for up to 300,000 Vietnamese dong per kilogram. Today, the lives of Hạ Long Bay inhabitants have much improved due to new travel businesses. Residents of the floating villages around Hạ Long Bay now offer bedrooms for rent, boat tours, and fresh seafood meals to tourists. While this is an isolating, back-breaking lifestyle, floating village residents are considered wealthy compared to residents of other Hạ Long Bay islands.
376:. These jewels turned into the islands and islets dotting the bay, linking together to form a great wall against the invaders. Under magics, numerous rock mountains abruptly appeared on the sea, ahead of invaders' ships; the forward ships struck the rocks and each other. After winning the battle, the dragons were interested in peaceful sightseeing of the Earth, and then decided to live in this bay. The place where the mother dragon descended was named Hạ Long, the place where the dragon's children attended upon their mother was called
151:
244:
928:
draining from larger cave systems within the limestone. They are distinguished by the main elements of their passages being close to the horizontal and are commonly related to denuded or accumulated terraces at the old base levels. Trinh Nu, which is one of the larger foot caves in Hạ Long Bay with its ceiling at about 12m above sea level and about 80m in length, was developed in multiple stages. Bo Nau, a horizontal cave containing old stalactite deposits, cuts across the 25o dip of the bedding plane.
1565:
3146:
642:
866:
2932:
1508:
49:
1454:
1686:
activities, extending beyond the boundaries of Ha Long Bay. Some experts suggest considering the expansion of the conservation area, not only limiting it to the small area of Ha Long Bay but also encompassing the surrounding sea area, including the areas close to the
Vietnam-China border. With a length of about 300 km and a width of about 60 km, the entire area can be seen and conserved as a unique marine ecosystem of Vietnam.
464:
424:
158:
181:
589:
944:, in China. However, Hạ Long Bay has also been invaded by the sea so that the geomorphology of its limestone islands are, at least in part, the consequence of marine erosion. The marine invasion distinguishes Hạ Long Bay and makes it unique in the world. There are other areas of submerged karst towers which were invaded by the sea, but none is as extensive as Hạ Long Bay.
3626:
333:, in which he called it "a rock wonder in the sky". In 1962, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Hạ Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication. In 1994, the core zone of Hạ Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site under Criterion VII, and was listed for a second time under Criterion VIII.
1657:
becoming turbid and sedimented, prompting scientists to warn of the possibility of Ha Long Bay becoming "swamped." Additionally, as Ha Long Bay is surrounded by thousands of limestone islands, which are mostly good construction materials, they are susceptible to private exploitation, leading to landscape distortion.
853:
carbonate materials account for more than 90%. The intertidal zone sediments are various, from clay mud to sand and gravel, depending on distinguished sedimentary environments such as mangrove marshes, tidal flats, beaches etc. At the small beaches, the sand sediments may be dominated quartz or carbonate materials.
613:), some freshwater water mollusc and some rudimentary labour tools. The main way of life of Soi Nhụ's inhabitants included catching fish and shellfish, collecting fruits and digging for bulbs and roots. Their living environment was a coastal area unlike other Vietnamese cultures, for example, those found in
852:
The bottom surface sediments are various from clay mud to sand, however, silty mud and clay mud dominate in distribution. Especially, the carbonate materials originated from organisms make up 60 to 65% sedimentary content. The surface sediments of coral reefs are mainly sand and pebbles, of which the
579:
At present , the Quảng Ninh provincial government has a policy to relocate the households living in the bay to resettle, in order to stabilize their life and to protect the landscape of the heritage zone. More than 300 households living in fishing villages in Hạ Long Bay have been relocated ashore in
575:
The population of Hạ Long Bay is about 1,540, mainly in Cửa Vạn, Ba Hang and Cặp Dè fishing villages (Hùng Thắng Ward, Hạ Long City). Residents of the bay mostly live on boats and rafts buoyed by tires and plastic jugs to facilitate the fishing, cultivating and breeding of aquatic and marine species.
885:
Hạ Long Bay is a mature karst landscape developed during a warm, wet, tropical climate. The sequence of stages in the evolution of a karst landscape over a period of 20 million years requires a combination of several distinct elements including a massive thickness of limestone, a hot wet climate and
873:
Due to a simultaneous combination of ideal factors such as thick, pale, grey, and strong limestone layers, which are formed by fine-grained materials; hot and moist climate and slow tectonic process as a whole; Hạ Long Bay has had a complete karst evolution for 20 million years. There are many types
471:
A community of around 1,600 people live on Hạ Long Bay in four fishing villages: Cua Van, Ba Hang, Cong Tau and Vong Vieng in Hung Thang ward, Hạ Long city. They live on floating houses and are sustained through fishing and marine aquaculture (cultivating marine biota), plying the shallow waters for
316:
Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistoric human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago. The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhụ culture around 18,000–7,000 BC, the Cái Bèo culture 7,000–5,000 BC and the Hạ Long culture 5,000–3,500 years ago. Hạ Long Bay also
1550:
Hang Trống and Hang Trinh Nữ (Male cave and Virgin cave): the tale's about a beautiful woman had fallen in love with a fisherman whom must sail to the sea not so long after their engagement, the landlord saw this beautiful girl and captured her, but with her resistance, the landlord exiled the girl
1069:
The formation of the limestone layer more than 1,000 m thick. A shallow and warm sea reformed, which existed for approximately 100 million years. It created two kinds of limestone: the Cát Bà layer of the early
Carboniferous period (450 m thick); and the Quang Hanh layer of the middle Carboniferous
927:
The second group of caves is the old karstic foot caves which include Trinh Lu, Bo Nau, Tien Ong and Trong caves. Foot caves are a ubiquitous feature of karst landscapes which have reached a stage of widespread lateral undercutting at base level. They may extend back into maze caves of stream caves
935:
A distinguishing feature of marine notch caves is an absolutely smooth and horizontal ceiling cut through the limestone. Some marine notch caves had not been not formed at present sea level, but old sea levels related to sea level changes in
Holocene transgression, event to Pleistocene sea levels.
856:
The sediment layers of the intertidal zone, the upper sea bed with a plain surface conserving ancient rivers, the systems of caves and their sediments, traces of ancient marine action forming distinctive notches, beaches and marine terraces, and mangrove swamps are important evidence of geological
757:
In 2000, UNESCO's World
Heritage Committee inscribed Hạ Long Bay in the World Heritage List according to its outstanding examples representing major stages of the Earth's history and its original limestone karstic geomorphologic features. Hạ Long Bay and its adjacent areas consist of a part of the
435:
monolithic islands each topped with thick jungle vegetation, rising spectacularly from the ocean. Several of the islands are hollow, with enormous caves. Hang Dau Go (Wooden Stakes cave) is the largest grotto in the Hạ Long area. French tourists visited in the late 19th century, and named the cave
923:
caves which include Sung Sot, Tam Cung, Lau Dai, Thien Cung, Dau Go, Hoang Long, Thien Long. Nowadays, these caves lie at various heights. Sung Sot cave is on Bo Hon Island. From its truncated entrance chambers on a ledge high on the cliff, a passage of more than 10m high and wide descends to the
1685:
The similarity in landscape, geology, biodiversity, as well as cultural and archaeological values of the entire region, including not only Ha Long Bay but also Cat Ba
Archipelago and Bai Tu Long Bay, has led to scientific research in geology, archaeology, culture, and tourism, as well as fishing
1546:
Con Cóc islet (Frog islet): a frog-like isle. According to ancient tales, in a year of severe drought, a frog directed all animals to the Heaven and protested against the God. They demonstrated in favour of making rain. As a result, the God must accept the frog as his uncle. Since then, whenever
952:
Some of the most remarkable geological events in Hạ Long Bay's history have occurred in the last 1,000 years, include the advance of the sea, the raising of the bay area, strong erosion that has formed coral, and, pure blue and heavily salted water. This process of erosion by seawater has deeply
939:
The karst landscape of Hạ Long Bay is of international significance and of fundamental importance to the science of geomorphology. The fenglin tower karst, which is the type present in much of Hạ Long Bay, is the most extreme form of limestone landscape development. If these karst landscapes are
931:
The third group is the marine notch caves which're a special feature of the karst of Hạ Long Bay. The dissolution process of sea water acting on the limestone and erosion by wave action creates notches at the base of the cliffs. In advantageous conditions, dissolution of the limestone allows the
563:
Of the 1,969 islands in Hạ Long, only approximately 40 are inhabited. These islands range from tens to thousands of hectares in size, mainly in the East and
Southeast of Hạ Long Bay. In recent decades, thousands of villagers have been starting to settle down on the pristine islands and build new
550:
The climate of the bay is tropical, wet, sea islands, with two seasons: hot and moist summer, dry and cold winter. The average temperature is from 15–25 °C (59–77 °F), and annual rainfall is between 2 and 2.2 metres (6.6 and 7.2 ft). Hạ Long Bay has the typical diurnal tide system
1656:
practices, have not only become threats but have also caused alarming levels of environmental pollution and landscape changes in Ha Long Bay. Due to pollution, the once thriving coral reefs in the deep sea of Ha Long Bay are deteriorating. The formerly clear waters of the bay are increasingly
1681:
In an effort to prevent the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment of Ha Long Bay, the authorities of Quang Ninh province have prohibited high-speed motorboats serving tourists in the bay area to protect the environment and biodiversity. Additionally, the province has
1668:
have complained about is the lack of environmental awareness among both tourists and local communities. The modern, civilized, and courteous image of Ha Long tourism has not been fully established as desired. There are still instances of beggars harassing tourists, which affects the tourism
1554:
Thiên Cung cave (literally: Paradise cave): this cave is one of the places associated with the ancient dragon king. It told that Thiên Cung cave was the place where the Dragon King's seven-day marriage took place. To congratulate the couple, many dragons and elephants visited to dance and
1448:
Nguyên Ngọc: "...to form this first- rate wonder, nature only uses: Stone and Water...There are just only two materials themselves chosen from as much as materials, in order to write, to draw, to sculpture, to create everything...It is quite possible that here is the image of the future
1103:
These motions remain continuous and stable, while strong processes of erosion began, and after millions of years, a form of semi-highland topography took shape. The continuation of this erosion has progressively cut the highlands into blocks with altitudes similar to today's mountains.
352:
Before the 19th century, the name Hạ Long Bay had not been recorded in the old books of the country. It has been called other names such as An Bang, Lục Thủy, and Vân Đồn. In the late 19th century, the name Hạ Long Bay appeared on the
Maritime Map of France. The French-language
1551:
to remote island. After being left to starve, the girl died and turned into a statue people called Hang Trinh Nữ (Virgin Cave). Her betrothed ran to the girl's island and when he found out what had happened, he turned into an islet situated nearby called Hang Trống (Male cave).
301:
in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments. The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate. The geo-diversity of the environment in the area has created
1660:
On another aspect, global climate change with rising sea levels will strongly impact the landscape, island systems, caves, and biodiversity of Ha Long Bay. Vietnam currently lacks the necessary human and material resources to adequately respond to these challenges.
1165:
The islands of today's Hạ Long Bay are basically remnants of these mountains, flooded. Rainwater flowed into crevices in the limestone that had formed from tectonic activity. This steady erosion constantly widened the cracks, eventually creating today's formations.
1542:
in the combat against Ming invaders from China. Next, with the approval of the Sea King, Golden Turtle continued to fight against monsters in this marine area. The turtle became exhausted and died in a cave. Consequently, the cave was named after the Golden
1375:
Local government and businesses are aware of the problems and many measures have been taken to minimise the impact of tourism on the bay environment for sustainable economic growth like introducing eco-friendly tours and tight waste control on resorts.
956:
Due to all these factors, tourists visiting Hạ Long Bay are not only treated to one of the natural wonders of the world, but also to a precious geological museum that has been naturally preserved in the open air for the last 300 million years.
1604:(ADB) has warned that constructing new ports in the Hạ Long Bay area could lead to increased maritime traffic in the region, posing threats to the bay's infrastructure and the social infrastructure supporting tourism. Pollution from
296:
Hạ Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km (600 sq mi), including 1,969 islets, most of which are limestone. The core of the bay has an area of 334 km (129 sq mi) with a high density of 775 islets. The
1616:
also pose significant threats. Some argue that there is a need for cautious consideration of development in the bay area through effective management structures, given its crucial environmental significance for the entire region.
580:
Khe Cá Resettlement Area, now known as Zone 8 (Hà Phong Ward, Hạ Long City) since May 2014. This project will continue to be implemented. The province will only retain a number of fishing villages for sightseeing tours.
1039:
The area was subjected to powerful forces of erosion from the hot and dry climate. At this point, Hạ Long was part of a wide mainland that comprised most of today's South China Sea and the
Chinese continental shelf.
2705:
368:
According to local legend, when Vietnam had just started to develop into a country, they had to fight against invaders. To assist the Vietnamese in defending their country, the gods sent a family of
245:
1588:
are significant urban centers driving the economic development in northern Vietnam. The economic growth in these urban areas, coupled with the rapid rise of the southern regions in China, including
2321:
838:
of hydrothermal origin. Additionally, there is surface water, groundwater and thermal mineral water on the shore of the Hạ Long – Bái Tử Long Bays, as well as other environmental resources.
2012:
953:
engraved the stone, contributing to its fantastic beauty. Present-day Hạ Long Bay is the result of this long process of geological evolution that has been influenced by so many factors.
2356:
514:
Another specific feature of Hạ Long Bay is the abundance of lakes inside the limestone islands. For example, Dau Be island has six enclosed lakes. All these island lakes occupy drowned
2635:
2453:
932:
cliff notches to be steadily deepened and extended into caves. Many of these at sea level extend right through the limestone hills into drowned dolinas which are now tidal lakes.
2492:
2158:
2736:
2422:
1977:
798:(fenglin) with many remnants of old phreatic caves, old karstic foot caves, and marine notch caves forming magnificent limestone karst landforms unique to the world. The
2767:
1600:
City have experienced rapid growth in infrastructure development, particularly in transportation, shipping, coal mining, and tourism-related industries. Since 1999, the
629:
Located in Hạ Long and Cát Bà island its inhabitants developed to the level of sea exploitation. Cái Bèo culture is a link between Soi Nhụ culture and Hạ Long culture.
3094:
1207:
The level of the water once again increased, forming a marshy floor of canals and streams, and creating the water marks that can be seen on the stone cliffs of today.
2862:
1731:
2826:
1523:Đầu Gỗ cave ("the end of wooden bars" cave): these wooden bars in this cave are the remnants of sharped wooden columns built under the water level by the order of
3789:
2827:
Vietnamese Sea and Islands – position Resources, and typical geological and ecological wonders. Publisher Science and Technology. Ha Noi, Editor: Nguyen Khoa Son
1801:
2203:
1907:
1880:
460:, that have permanent inhabitants, as well as tourist facilities including hotels and beaches. There are a number of beautiful beaches on the smaller islands.
2697:
2107:
1669:
environment of the heritage site. Efforts in education and propaganda to raise awareness among the local population, restrictions on resort development on
802:
geology was developed through 5 cycles with the intercalation of marine and continental environments. The present Hạ Long Bay, in fact, appeared after the
889:
Within Hạ Long Bay, the main accessible caves are the older passages that survive from the time when the karst was evolving through its various stages of
2380:
841:
In terms of marine geology, this area is recorded as an especially coastal sedimentary environment. In the alkaline seawater environment, the chemical
113:
2325:
940:
broadly compared in terms of their height, steepness and number of their limestone towers, Hạ Long Bay is probably second in the entire world only to
2295:
601:
Located within Hạ Long and Bái Tử Long are archaeological sites such as Mê Cung and Thiên Long. There are remains from mounds of mountain shellfish (
3012:
2679:
530:
Hạ Long Bay is located in northeastern Vietnam, from E106°55' to E107°37' and from N20°43' to N21°09'. The bay stretches from Quang Yen town, past
683:
Hạ Long Bay was the setting for historical naval battles against Vietnam's coastal neighbors. On three occasions, in the labyrinth of channels in
2963:
2683:
2016:
2523:
3170:
2348:
3779:
2855:
476:. Many of the islands have acquired their names as a result of their unusual shapes. Such names include Voi Islet (elephant), Ga Choi Islet (
1398:
additionally recognised Hạ Long Bay for its outstanding geological and geomorphological value, and its World Heritage Listing was updated.
2627:
2461:
2397:
2579:
2484:
1136:
The process of erosion began dissolving the limestone-rich region of Hạ Long, after that, forming the limestone plain was most active.
758:
Sino-Vietnamese composite terrane having its development history from pre-Cambrian up to present day. During Phanerozoic, terrigenous,
2728:
511:
in a classic fenglin landscape with heights ranging from 50–100 metres (160–330 ft), and height/width ratios of up to about six.
2812:
712:
1855:
1779:
1755:
3794:
2848:
610:
3769:
2871:
890:
2426:
1936:
3105:
2602:
1981:
194:
2916:
2759:
2269:
1089:
Hạ Long Bay existed in the environment of a high mountainous mainland due to the influence of strong mountain-forming phases.
2834:
2820:
2377:
1384:
In 1962, the Vietnam Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism designated Hạ Long Bay a 'Renowned National Landscape Monument'.
1218:
Two ecosystems coexist in Ha Long Bay: a tropical, moist, evergreen rainforest ecosystem and a marine and coastal ecosystem.
678:
3784:
2813:
Environmental capacity Hạ Long Bay – Bai Tu Long. Publisher: Natural Science and Technology. Hanoi. Editor: Nguyen Khoa Son
2956:
2211:
1728:
198:
1534:
Kim Quy cave ("Golden Turtle" cave): it is told that the Golden Turtle swam toward the Eastern Sea (international name:
695:
ships from sailing up the nearby Bạch Đằng River by placing steel-tipped wooden stakes at high tide, sinking the Mongol
150:
3595:
3590:
3525:
1798:
3235:
2921:
1904:
1877:
1237:
The many islands that dot the bay are home to a great many other species, including (but likely not limited to): 477
2882:
806:
maximum transgression, leaving ultimate zone of lateral undercutting in the limestone cliffs bearing many shells of
2802:
2184:
3662:
3220:
56:
3115:
2949:
2299:
3759:
3110:
3100:
2887:
1834:
567:
3677:
1014:
The area of north-east Vietnam was akin to deep sea, subjected to the constant activity of tectonic plates.
66:
3702:
3230:
3063:
2892:
2162:
106:
1445:: "Here is the unfinished works of the Beings...Here is the stones which the Giant played and threw away".
1409:, citing pressure from tourism and associated developments as threats to the site that must be addressed.
986:
The area, which now forms Hạ Long Bay, was mostly mainland, subject to a process of rain-induced erosion.
790:
has been considered as continuous. The limestone karstic geomorphology of the bay has developed since the
653:
313:
and a seashore biosystem. Hạ Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species.
3634:
3570:
3125:
3078:
1050:
Due to tectonic activity, the Hạ Long area and the entire north-east region were raised from the depths.
484:), and Mai Nha Islet (roof). 989 of the islands have been given names. Birds and land animals including
3240:
1524:
1466:
1406:
688:
38:
17:
1519:
have transmitted numerous ancient tales explaining names given to various isles and caves in the bay.
684:
393:
3725:
3720:
2545:
2515:
539:
274:
3764:
3715:
3480:
3410:
3130:
2226:"Report of the 18th Session of the World Heritage Committee, Phuket, Thailand, 12–17 December 1994"
1499:
overflowed with emotion: "Mountains are glistened by water shadow, water spills all over the sky".
1395:
724:
360:
90:
687:
near the islands, the Vietnamese army stopped the Chinese invaders from landing. In 1288, General
3774:
3215:
3135:
2972:
2906:
1916:
1889:
1810:
1413:
1230:, and Alpinia calcicola are among the seven endemic species found in the bay. There is also some
602:
258:
2911:
782:, and flora, separated from one from another by 10 stratigraphic gaps, but the boundary between
618:
499:
3160:
2806:
1601:
810:, having the 14C age as 2280 to >40,000 y. BP. Geological resources are abundant, including
614:
392:: dragon), and the place where the dragon's children wriggled their tails violently was called
281:
and islets in various shapes and sizes. Hạ Long Bay is a center of a larger zone that includes
1350:
911:
3550:
3360:
2454:"What is Vietnam preparing for the scenario of Ha Long Bay being affected by climate change?"
2393:
1665:
1223:
1219:
708:
2571:
3667:
3405:
1496:
1402:
1227:
893:. Three main types of caves can be recognized in the limestone islands (Waltham, T. 1998):
2931:
2141:
2055:
1074:
period (750 m thick). These two layers constitute the majority of the islands of the Bay.
8:
3647:
3445:
3073:
1931:
1850:
1774:
1750:
1539:
1391:
1338:
564:
communities such as Sa Tô Island (Hạ Long City) and Thắng Lợi Island (Vân Đồn district).
254:
238:
226:
210:
188:
1484:
3730:
3430:
3385:
3190:
3058:
3050:
3038:
2901:
827:
735:
457:
318:
286:
1472:
1469:: "Is it one scenery or many sceneries? Is it the scenery in the world or somewhere?".
1436:
324:
3545:
3365:
3225:
2983:
2830:
2816:
2673:
2185:"'Massive' creature found lurking in underwater tunnel and discovered as new species"
2089:
2077:
1625:
1325:
846:
835:
746:
369:
1999:"Report of Twenty-fourth session of the World Heritage Committee, Cairns, Australia"
1394:
in 1994, in recognition of its outstanding, universal aesthetic value. In 2000, the
1024:
It underwent a phase of inverse-motion that created mountains deep under the water.
3395:
2273:
2038:
1695:
1645:
1609:
1605:
875:
485:
265:. The name Hạ Long means "descending dragon". Administratively, the bay belongs to
2840:
2225:
1442:
1366:
beds have been cleared and jetties and wharves have been built for tourist boats.
453:
3560:
3277:
3264:
3007:
2457:
2120:
2042:
1940:
1911:
1884:
1859:
1805:
1783:
1759:
1735:
1535:
1412:
In 2012, the New 7 Wonders Foundation officially named Hạ Long Bay as one of the
1231:
1197:
With the sea in a steady process of recession, Hạ Long culture began to develop.
966:
803:
535:
282:
270:
3575:
3120:
3068:
1475:: "Only mountains accept to be old, but Hạ Long sea and wave are young forever".
1419:
Hạ Long Bay is also a part of the Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World.
1187:
The movement of the sea reached its peak and began forming today's Hạ Long Bay.
738:, some of which continue to pose threats to shipping routes in the present day.
3017:
1978:"Official website of Communist Party of Vietnam – Introduction of Ha Long City"
720:
289:
to the southwest. These larger zones share a similar geological, geographical,
3465:
3310:
1592:, have led to increasing human pressures on Ha Long Bay. The coastal areas of
346:
206:
202:
3753:
3682:
3672:
3610:
3083:
2093:
1309:
1059:
787:
477:
412:
290:
128:
115:
1568:
Tourism development in Ha Long Bay and its impact on the regional landscape.
321:, with many artifacts found in Bài Thơ mountain, Đầu Gỗ cave, and Bãi Cháy.
3515:
3455:
3375:
3345:
3180:
3145:
2997:
2987:
2656:
1369:
775:
303:
3580:
2941:
2140:
Trần Văn Trị, Trần Đức Thạnh, Tony Waltham, Lê Đức An, Lại Huy Anh, 2003.
1738:
Website chính thức của Ủy ban tổ chức Đại lễ Phật đản Liên Hiệp Quốc 2008
1372:, often near coral reefs, is threatening many endangered species of fish.
794:, especially the cone-shaped hills (fengcong), or isolated high limestone
3697:
3470:
3390:
3340:
3320:
3185:
3175:
3002:
1653:
1613:
1564:
1516:
1478:
1460:
1238:
1145:
1126:
879:
795:
731:
696:
531:
508:
266:
3380:
865:
641:
3692:
3510:
3505:
3485:
3425:
3350:
3195:
1710:
1621:
1593:
1572:
1432:
In writings about Hạ Long Bay, the following Vietnamese writers wrote:
1269:
1246:
1130:
1083:
1071:
1004:
842:
811:
799:
779:
771:
767:
445:
441:
1507:
555:
is from 31 to 34.5MT in the dry season and lower in the rainy season.
48:
3642:
3520:
3400:
3370:
3355:
3305:
2796:
2247:
1998:
1956:
1641:
1633:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1491:"Hạ Long, Bái Tử Long - Dragons were hidden, only stones still remain
1453:
1439:: "This wonder is ground raising up into the middle of the high sky".
1359:
1297:
1097:
823:
819:
734:, many of the channels between the islands were heavily mined by the
432:
310:
307:
298:
79:
2349:"Thap dien mai phuc Vinh Ha Long - Ky cuoi: Khai thac kieu tan diet"
2204:"HSC Online – Ha Long Bay, Vietnam – a coastal ecosystem in Vietnam"
372:
as protectors. This family of dragons began spitting out jewels and
3605:
3565:
3555:
3535:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3460:
3420:
3335:
3315:
3295:
3290:
3165:
1547:
frogs grind their teeth, the God has to pour water down the ground.
1363:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1159:
1033:
1008:
980:
941:
920:
898:
831:
783:
552:
515:
489:
473:
449:
2729:"Từ 1.9, cấm sử dụng sản phẩm nhựa dùng một lần trên vịnh Hạ Long"
2698:"Từ 1/9, cấm sử dụng sản phẩm nhựa dùng một lần trên vịnh Hạ Long"
2159:"Experience Bioluminescent Plankton Kayak & Halong Bay Cruise"
1342:, was discovered in underwater caves attached to the bay in 2023.
849:
proceeds rapidly, creating wide, strangely shaped marine notches.
3687:
3657:
3540:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3415:
3330:
3325:
3285:
1649:
1637:
1577:
1528:
1112:
1063:
815:
791:
759:
606:
262:
1905:"Từ hơn 500 năm trước, vịnh Hạ Long đã được tôn vinh là kỳ quan"
857:
events and processes taking place during the Quaternary Period.
715:
on 5 June 1948 during the signing of the Halong Bay Agreements (
403:: white-color of the foam made when Dragon's children wriggled,
3615:
3600:
3475:
3300:
1700:
1670:
1388:
1317:
1277:
1242:
807:
692:
493:
481:
463:
251:
2658:
2272:. Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World. Archived from
592:
Statue of Buddha inside a cave, erected in the 16–17th century
3585:
3530:
3262:
3088:
2628:"Quảng Ninh cấm sản phẩm nhựa dùng một lần trên Vịnh Hạ Long"
2485:"Thap dien mai phuc Vinh Ha Long - Ky 1: Tan hoang hang dong"
2142:
The Ha Long Bay World Heritage: Outstanding geological values
1705:
1585:
1289:
763:
750:
551:(tide amplitude ranges from 3.5–4 metres or 11–13 feet). The
519:
423:
327:
praised the beauty of Hạ Long Bay 500 years ago in his verse
278:
2791:
1629:
1258:
996:
The area was flooded, bringing Hạ Long Bay into existence.
588:
373:
3095:
The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy
2760:"Hạ Long ngừng sử dụng đồ nhựa để phục vụ khách trên vịnh"
2075:
707:
Hạ Long Bay was the site of the first ever raising of the
2031:
1538:) after returning the holy sword which had assisted King
2572:"Vietnam bans coal shipping in Halong Bay heritage area"
2130:(806): 1–41 – via Nottingham Trent University. UK.
1226:, Chirita halongensis, Chirita hiepii, Chirita modesta,
3625:
2603:"Volunteering to Collect Waste for the Love of Ha Long"
1151:
Period when the caves and grottoes of the area formed.
1493:
On the moonlight nights, stones meditate as men do..."
1463:: "It is the wonder that one cannot impart to others".
2078:"The outstanding value of the geology of Ha Long Bay"
3028:
2883:
Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
2600:
2201:
2001:. UNESCO World Heritage Committee. 27 November 2000.
1573:
Impacts of Human and Natural Factors on the Bay Area
1032:
End of the Silurian Period and throughout the whole
2870:
2037:Réalités vietnamiennes (Les réalités permanentes),
1177:This period is notable for the advance of the sea.
596:
1664:In terms of community culture, an issue that many
440:. Its three large chambers contain large numerous
431:The bay consists of a dense cluster of some 1,600
2657:Tran Duc Thanh; Waltham Tony (1 September 2001).
2076:Tran Duc Thanh; Waltham Tony (1 September 2001).
1511:Panorama of the bay, taken on Monkey Island, 2013
1268:Common aquatic species found in the bay include:
947:
632:
624:
3751:
2296:"Ha Long bay- the beauty from tales and history"
2182:
328:
2797:UNESCO's World Heritage Convention: Hạ Long Bay
1814:. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2007, 17:26GMT
1481:: "Night breathes, stars wave Hạ Long's water".
472:200 species of fish and 450 different kinds of
2386:
2957:
2856:
2448:
2446:
2444:
1993:
1991:
1898:
1835:Master plan for Ha Long city to 2040 approved
766:-carbonate sediments containing in abundance
2678:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2516:"Vinh Ha Long moi ngay vot 2 tan rac ven bo"
1752:Giá trị địa chất – địa mạo của vịnh Hạ Long.
860:
741:
2971:
2726:
2482:
2423:"Ha Long Bay: Glory accompanies challenges"
2346:
1852:Giá trị lịch sử – văn hóa của vịnh Hạ Long.
1722:
1118:The development of the Hạ Long depression.
507:Almost all these islands are as individual
3790:Tourist attractions in Quảng Ninh province
2964:
2950:
2863:
2849:
2757:
2682:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2441:
2248:"Hạ Long Bay – UNESCO World Heritage Site"
2121:"Limestone karst of Ha Long Bay, Viet Nam"
1988:
1949:
1776:Giá trị đa dạng sinh học của vịnh Hạ Long.
1379:
357:reported "Dragon appears on Hạ Long Bay".
277:. The bay features thousands of limestone
47:
2601:Quang Ninh Newspaper (18 November 2007).
1873:
1871:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1792:
713:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
2594:
2513:
2417:
2415:
2071:
2069:
1943:– Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long
1933:Vị trí địa lý, khí hậu của vịnh Hạ Long.
1925:
1862:– Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long
1844:
1841:(in Vietnamese). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
1786:– Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long
1768:
1762:– Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long
1744:
1563:
1506:
1452:
1349:
910:
864:
745:
587:
566:
498:
462:
422:
359:
2118:
1676:
1345:
411:: tail), present-day Tra Co peninsula,
199:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3752:
3037:
2650:
2270:"The Most Beautiful Bays in the World"
1868:
1820:
1799:Bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học vịnh Hạ Long"
1559:
3261:
3036:
2945:
2844:
2412:
2322:"Environmental pollution - Red Alert"
2066:
237:
27:UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam
2632:Báo điện tử - Đảng cộng sản Việt Nam
2314:
1531:invaders' ships in the 13th century.
1204:Beginning of the late Holocene Epoch
636:
293:, climate, and cultural characters.
2400:from the original on 18 August 2006
2394:"Ecosystem of Ha Long Bay - Part 1"
2298:. www.daidoanket.vn. Archived from
672:
157:
24:
3106:Munster pilchard fishery 1570–1750
2739:from the original on 18 March 2020
2708:from the original on 18 March 2020
2638:from the original on 18 March 2020
1422:
1387:Hạ Long Bay was first listed as a
1358:With an increasing tourist trade,
822:, limestone and cement additives,
571:Làng Chài Floating Fishing Village
496:also live on some of the islands.
257:and popular travel destination in
166:Location of Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam
25:
3806:
3013:Puerto Princesa Underground River
2917:Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park
2785:
2546:"No more jet-skis on Ha Long Bay"
2396:(in Vietnamese). 28 August 2007.
2228:. UNESCO World Heritage Committee
2183:Aspen Pflughoeft (29 June 2023).
2108:Geological History of Ha Long Bay
830:, quartzite of exogenous origin,
452:). There are two bigger islands,
349:: 下龍) means "descending dragon".
3780:Landforms of Quảng Ninh province
3624:
3144:
2930:
2803:The Emerald Isles of Hạ Long Bay
2770:from the original on 7 June 2020
2582:from the original on 7 June 2020
2526:from the original on 7 June 2020
2495:from the original on 7 June 2020
2483:Hoang Duong (15 November 2016).
2460:. 4 January 2008. Archived from
2359:from the original on 7 June 2020
2347:Hoang Duong (16 November 2016).
2013:"Cultural and Historical Values"
1502:
1354:A cruise ship docking in the bay
919:The first group consists of old
702:
640:
597:Soi Nhụ culture (16,000–5000 BC)
448:(as well as 19th-century French
317:marked some important events in
179:
156:
149:
3795:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
3221:Morecambe Bay cockling disaster
2872:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
2751:
2720:
2690:
2620:
2564:
2538:
2507:
2476:
2371:
2340:
2324:. December 2005. Archived from
2288:
2262:
2240:
2218:
2195:
2176:
2151:
2148:, Series B. No. 22/2003. p.1–18
2134:
2112:
2100:
2048:
2005:
1970:
1515:The inhabitants of the bay and
3770:Fishing communities in Vietnam
3236:Steveston Fisherman's Memorial
2378:Ha Long Bay: Mass coral deaths
2250:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre
948:Timeline of geologic evolution
633:Hạ Long culture (2500–1500 BC)
625:Cái Bèo culture (5000–3000 BC)
364:Drone shot of limestone cliffs
33:Hạ Long Bay and Cát Bà Islands
13:
1:
3111:Pearling in Western Australia
3101:Migratory Fishery of Labrador
2727:Nguyễn Hùng (8 August 2019).
1716:
1427:
558:
3231:Moray Firth fishing disaster
3064:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
2758:Kiểu Dương (2 August 2019).
2082:Advances in Natural Sciences
1878:"Có một nền văn hóa Hạ Long"
1620:Currently, the expansion of
336:
7:
3785:Places with bioluminescence
3126:Scottish east coast fishery
3116:S'Argamassa Roman fish farm
3079:Fishery Protection Squadron
1689:
1527:commander in order to sink
1336:. A new species of sponge,
525:
418:
10:
3811:
3241:Stotfield fishing disaster
2922:Tràng An Landscape Complex
2202:Charles Sturt University.
2128:Engineering Geology Report
1407:2012 World Monuments Watch
1213:
1047:End of the Devonian Period
1021:End of the Silurian Period
993:End of the Cambrian Period
717:Accords de la baie d’Along
679:Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
676:
583:
545:
40:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3711:
3633:
3622:
3276:
3272:
3257:
3204:
3153:
3142:
3049:
3045:
3032:
2979:
2928:
2888:Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty
2878:
2514:Duc Hieu (7 March 2017).
861:Karst geomorphology value
742:Geology and geomorphology
144:
105:
97:
85:
75:
71:Natural: vii, viii, ix, x
65:
55:
46:
37:
3716:List of fishing villages
3131:Traditional fishing boat
2893:Complex of Huế Monuments
2607:Tuoi Tre Online (repost)
2191:– via Yahoo! News.
1939:16 February 2009 at the
1910:20 February 2009 at the
1883:20 February 2009 at the
1858:20 February 2009 at the
1804:20 February 2009 at the
1640:and service activities,
1405:included the bay on the
1396:World Heritage Committee
503:Floating fishing village
3216:1959 Escuminac disaster
3136:Yorkshire coast fishery
2973:New 7 Wonders of Nature
1782:15 January 2009 at the
1758:15 January 2009 at the
1414:New 7 Wonders of Nature
1380:Awards and designations
1055:340,000,000–240,000,000
1029:420,000,000–340,000,000
1001:500,000,000–400,000,000
976:570,000,000–500,000,000
719:) by High Commissioner
306:, including a tropical
273:city, and is a part of
239:[vînˀhâːˀlawŋm]
3161:Bering Sea Arbitration
2807:NASA Earth Observatory
2119:Waltham, Tony (1998).
2106:Tran Duc Thanh, 1998.
1734:7 January 2009 at the
1602:Asian Development Bank
1569:
1512:
1458:
1355:
916:
904:Old karstic foot caves
870:
754:
593:
572:
504:
468:
428:
365:
329:
285:to the northeast, and
230:
187:This article contains
3668:Newfoundland outports
2998:Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls
1666:International tourism
1567:
1510:
1456:
1401:In October 2011, the
1353:
1224:Impatiens halongensis
1220:Livistona halongensis
1109:26,000,000–10,000,000
914:
868:
749:
605:), spring shellfish (
591:
570:
502:
466:
438:Grotte des Merveilles
426:
363:
3760:ASEAN heritage parks
1839:www.quangninh.gov.vn
1677:Conservation Efforts
1403:World Monuments Fund
1346:Environmental damage
1228:Paraboea halongensis
891:fengcong and fenglin
878:in the bay, such as
3074:Fishing in Cornwall
2907:Hội An Ancient Town
2576:Vietnam News Agency
2550:Vietnam News Agency
2429:on 24 February 2009
2328:on 21 February 2009
2302:on 11 November 2011
1984:on 1 November 2013.
1560:Conservation Issues
1392:World Heritage Site
1339:Cladocroce pansinii
1304:), parapenaeopsis (
259:Quảng Ninh province
255:World Heritage Site
125: /
34:
3191:Pacific Salmon War
3059:History of fishing
3039:History of fishing
2902:Cát Bà Archipelago
2634:. 15 August 2019.
2146:Journal of Geology
2041:, 1969, p. 52 (in
2019:on 2 February 2012
1628:, construction of
1570:
1513:
1459:
1356:
917:
907:Marine notch caves
871:
755:
736:United States Navy
652:. You can help by
594:
573:
505:
469:
429:
366:
319:Vietnamese history
32:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3546:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3226:Eyemouth disaster
3026:
3025:
2984:Amazon rainforest
2939:
2938:
2835:978-604-913-063-2
2821:978-604-913-063-2
2704:. 8 August 2019.
2489:Tien Phong Online
2456:(Press release).
2381:Saigon Giai Phong
2353:Tien Phong Online
1626:population growth
1517:its adjacent city
1326:charonia tritonis
1211:
1210:
979:Beginning of the
847:calcium carbonate
709:new national flag
670:
669:
467:Fisherman's house
427:Thiên Cung grotto
195:rendering support
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
3802:
3628:
3278:Fishing villages
3274:
3273:
3265:fishing villages
3259:
3258:
3148:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2912:Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2792:Official website
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2552:. 15 August 2007
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:on 28 March 2023
2450:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2425:. Archived from
2419:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:on 30 April 2013
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2214:on 31 July 2008.
2210:. Archived from
2199:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
2009:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1980:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1818:
1817:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1646:industrial waste
1610:overexploitation
1606:industrial waste
1144:Middle and late
1123:2,000,000–11,000
960:
959:
897:Remnants of old
876:karst topography
869:Limestone islets
673:Classical period
665:
662:
644:
637:
540:Vân Đồn District
518:within fengcong
332:
291:geomorphological
275:Vân Đồn district
249:
248:
247:
241:
236:
201: instead of
183:
182:
160:
159:
153:
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
51:
41:
35:
31:
21:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3765:Bays of Vietnam
3750:
3749:
3748:
3735:
3707:
3678:Póvoa de Varzim
3629:
3620:
3406:Kaunolu Village
3268:
3267:and communities
3245:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3149:
3140:
3041:
3027:
3022:
2975:
2970:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2874:
2869:
2837:– in Vietnamese
2823:– in Vietnamese
2788:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2520:Tuoi Tre Online
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2458:Radio Free Asia
2452:
2451:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2200:
2196:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2074:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1945:(in Vietnamese)
1944:
1941:Wayback Machine
1930:
1926:
1921:(in Vietnamese)
1920:
1917:Tuổi Trẻ Online
1912:Wayback Machine
1903:
1899:
1894:(in Vietnamese)
1893:
1890:Tuổi Trẻ Online
1885:Wayback Machine
1876:
1869:
1864:(in Vietnamese)
1863:
1860:Wayback Machine
1849:
1845:
1832:
1821:
1816:(in Vietnamese)
1815:
1811:Tuổi Trẻ Online
1806:Wayback Machine
1797:
1793:
1788:(in Vietnamese)
1787:
1784:Wayback Machine
1773:
1769:
1764:(in Vietnamese)
1763:
1760:Wayback Machine
1749:
1745:
1740:(in Vietnamese)
1739:
1736:Wayback Machine
1727:
1723:
1719:
1692:
1679:
1575:
1562:
1536:South China Sea
1505:
1494:
1492:
1457:View of the bay
1430:
1425:
1423:Popular culture
1382:
1348:
1216:
967:Geologic period
950:
863:
826:, silica sand,
804:Middle Holocene
744:
725:Nguyễn Văn Xuân
705:
685:Bạch Đằng River
681:
675:
666:
660:
657:
650:needs expansion
635:
627:
599:
586:
561:
548:
528:
492:, monkeys, and
421:
384:: attend upon,
339:
330:Lộ nhập Vân Đồn
283:Bai Tu Long Bay
243:
242:
234:
216:
215:
214:
193:Without proper
184:
180:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
163:
162:
161:
133:
131:
127:
124:
119:
116:
114:
112:
111:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Gulf of Tonkin
3772:
3767:
3762:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3018:Table Mountain
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2786:External links
2784:
2782:
2781:
2750:
2719:
2689:
2649:
2619:
2593:
2563:
2537:
2506:
2475:
2440:
2411:
2385:
2370:
2339:
2313:
2287:
2261:
2239:
2217:
2194:
2175:
2150:
2133:
2111:
2099:
2065:
2060:www.idm.gov.vn
2047:
2030:
2004:
1987:
1969:
1948:
1924:
1897:
1867:
1843:
1819:
1791:
1767:
1743:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1574:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1504:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1381:
1378:
1347:
1344:
1310:sipunculoideas
1232:bioluminescent
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:Holocene Epoch
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:Middle of the
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
984:
977:
973:
972:
969:
964:
949:
946:
909:
908:
905:
902:
862:
859:
776:foraminiferans
743:
740:
723:and President
721:Emile Bollaert
704:
701:
674:
671:
668:
667:
647:
645:
634:
631:
626:
623:
609:, also called
598:
595:
585:
582:
560:
557:
547:
544:
527:
524:
480:), Khi Islet (
420:
417:
355:Hai Phong News
338:
335:
197:, you may see
185:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
165:
164:
155:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
129:20.9°N 107.2°E
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3807:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Palabuhanratu
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Walraversijde
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3206:Disasters and
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Scania Market
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Fishing stage
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Komodo Island
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:, May 7, 2022
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2659:"sapa travel"
2653:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2383:July 25, 2006
2382:
2379:
2374:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1957:"Hạ Long Bay"
1952:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:Vịnh Hạ Long.
1725:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:province and
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:Trần Hưng Đạo
1522:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1503:Ancient tales
1500:
1498:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:Phạm Văn Đồng
1465:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:); cyclinae (
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:flora; and 4
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1141:68,000–11,000
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:epoch of the
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:early Permian
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:Carboniferous
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
990:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
962:
961:
958:
954:
945:
943:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
915:Sửng Sốt cave
913:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
894:
892:
887:
883:
881:
877:
867:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:, phosphate,
817:
814:, petroleum,
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Carboniferous
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
752:
748:
739:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:Modern period
700:
698:
694:
690:
689:Trần Hưng Đạo
686:
680:
664:
655:
651:
648:This section
646:
643:
639:
638:
630:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
590:
581:
577:
569:
565:
556:
554:
543:
541:
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:fighting cock
475:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
362:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
334:
331:
326:
322:
320:
314:
312:
309:
305:
300:
294:
292:
288:
287:Cát Bà Island
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
246:
240:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
152:
143:
138:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
42:
36:
30:
19:
3652:
3516:Portmahomack
3456:Old Perlican
3346:Dunmore East
3181:Newlyn riots
3093:
3069:Chasse-marée
2992:
2897:
2772:. Retrieved
2763:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2701:
2692:
2662:. Retrieved
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2519:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2431:. Retrieved
2427:the original
2402:. Retrieved
2388:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2220:
2212:the original
2207:
2197:
2189:Miami Herald
2188:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2153:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2114:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2059:
2050:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2007:
1982:the original
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1932:
1927:
1915:
1900:
1888:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1809:
1794:
1775:
1770:
1751:
1746:
1724:
1684:
1680:
1663:
1659:
1619:
1576:
1514:
1490:
1485:Chế Lan Viên
1431:
1418:
1411:
1400:
1386:
1383:
1374:
1370:Game fishing
1368:
1357:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1292:(penaeidea (
1285:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1236:
1217:
1171:11,000–7,000
955:
951:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
888:
884:
872:
855:
851:
840:
796:karst towers
770:, bivalves,
760:volcanogenic
756:
729:
716:
706:
682:
661:October 2019
658:
654:adding to it
649:
628:
600:
578:
574:
562:
549:
529:
513:
506:
470:
437:
430:
408:
404:
400:
395:Bạch Long Vĩ
394:
389:
388:: children,
385:
381:
377:
367:
354:
351:
342:
340:
323:
315:
304:biodiversity
295:
231:Vịnh Hạ Long
222:
218:
217:
211:chữ Quốc ngữ
186:
29:
3653:Hạ Long Bay
3635:Communities
3481:Peggys Cove
3391:Hondarribia
3341:Cullercoats
3321:Catalan Bay
3311:Bolungarvík
3186:Oyster Wars
3176:Lobster War
3003:Jeju Island
2993:Hạ Long Bay
2898:Hạ Long Bay
2612:2 September
2499:18 November
2468:10 November
2306:12 November
1654:aquaculture
1622:urban areas
1614:overfishing
1497:Trịnh Cương
1473:Nguyễn Tuân
1461:Ho Chi Minh
1437:Nguyễn Trãi
1239:magnoliales
1192:4,000–3,000
1182:7,000–4,000
1146:Pleistocene
1127:Pleistocene
1082:End of the
880:karst field
845:process of
780:radiolarias
772:brachiopods
768:graptolites
732:Vietnam War
730:During the
697:Kublai Khan
603:Cyclophorus
446:stalagmites
442:stalactites
378:Bái Tử Long
325:Nguyễn Trãi
219:Hạ Long Bay
134:20.9; 107.2
132: /
107:Coordinates
89:1994 (18th
86:Inscription
3754:Categories
3551:Saint Malo
3511:Portavogie
3506:Port Isaac
3486:Pittenweem
3426:Marsaxlokk
3196:Turbot War
2702:Vietnamnet
2254:18 January
2232:18 January
2208:csu.edu.au
2168:20 October
1717:References
1711:Matsushima
1594:Quang Ninh
1540:Lê Thái Tổ
1428:Literature
1308:), etc.);
1270:cuttlefish
1247:salt marsh
1234:plankton.
1131:Quaternary
1084:Cretaceous
1079:67,000,000
1005:Ordovician
843:denudation
812:anthracite
800:Quaternary
778:, corals,
774:, fishes,
753:formations
699:'s fleet.
677:See also:
559:Population
407:: dragon,
227:Vietnamese
223:Halong Bay
189:Vietnamese
101:2000, 2023
98:Extensions
18:Halong Bay
3643:Atlit Yam
3581:Suðureyri
3571:Steveston
3521:Portofino
3401:Huanchaco
3371:Gilleleje
3356:Elantxobe
3306:Bethsaida
3263:Historic
3208:memorials
3171:Crab Wars
3154:Conflicts
2764:VnExpress
2094:0866-708X
1642:household
1634:factories
1598:Hai Phong
1590:Hong Kong
1582:Hai Phong
1529:Mongolian
1443:Xuân Diệu
1360:mangroves
1298:panulirus
1098:Paleogene
963:Years ago
820:oil shale
490:antelopes
454:Tuần Châu
433:limestone
341:The name
337:Etymology
311:biosystem
308:evergreen
299:limestone
76:Reference
3721:Glossary
3703:more ...
3683:Sørvágur
3663:Makassan
3606:Vernazza
3566:Staithes
3556:Sayulita
3536:Sa Riera
3501:Polperro
3496:Po Toi O
3491:Plentzia
3461:Ondarroa
3446:Newhaven
3431:Moskenes
3421:Lekeitio
3386:Gümüşlük
3381:Guéthary
3336:Clovelly
3316:Cadgwith
3296:Ardglass
3291:Algajola
3166:Cod Wars
2768:Archived
2743:18 March
2737:Archived
2733:Lao Động
2712:18 March
2706:Archived
2674:cite web
2664:6 August
2642:18 March
2636:Archived
2586:14 March
2580:Archived
2556:14 March
2524:Archived
2493:Archived
2433:19 March
2404:12 March
2398:Archived
2357:Archived
2332:12 March
2163:Marriott
1962:24 April
1937:Archived
1908:Archived
1881:Archived
1856:Archived
1802:Archived
1780:Archived
1756:Archived
1732:Archived
1690:See also
1364:seagrass
1330:ốc tù và
1263:mammalia
1261:, and 4
1255:reptilia
1251:amphibia
1160:Holocene
1070:and the
1034:Devonian
1009:Silurian
981:Cambrian
942:Yangshuo
921:phreatic
899:phreatic
832:antimony
828:dolomite
784:Devonian
691:stopped
615:Hòa Bình
553:salinity
538:city to
526:Location
474:mollusks
450:graffiti
419:Overview
413:Móng Cái
380:island (
120:107°12′E
67:Criteria
57:Location
3731:Outline
3688:Tlingit
3658:Lofoten
3596:Trinity
3591:Tilting
3576:Súðavík
3541:St Abbs
3526:Red Bay
3451:Nyksund
3441:Mutriku
3436:Mundaka
3416:Lamorna
3366:Getaria
3331:Ciboure
3326:Chorkor
3286:Akwidaa
3051:History
1696:El Nido
1671:islands
1650:fishing
1638:tourism
1578:Ha Long
1543:Turtle.
1479:Huy Cận
1449:world".
1332:); and
1314:sá sùng
1306:tôm sắt
1302:tôm hùm
1214:Ecology
1113:Neogene
1066:periods
1064:Permian
1011:periods
971:Events
836:mercury
816:lignite
808:oysters
792:Miocene
711:of the
619:Bắc Sơn
607:Melania
584:History
546:Climate
536:Cẩm Phả
532:Hạ Long
516:dolines
494:lizards
486:bantams
370:dragons
347:chữ Hán
343:Hạ Long
271:Cẩm Phả
267:Hạ Long
263:Vietnam
250:) is a
207:chữ Hán
203:chữ Nôm
117:20°54′N
91:Session
61:Vietnam
3616:Zumaia
3601:Udappu
3476:Pasaia
3411:Ladner
3396:Hovden
3361:Findon
3301:Bermeo
2833:
2819:
2774:7 June
2530:7 June
2363:7 June
2280:15 May
2092:
2043:French
2039:Saigon
2023:7 June
1701:Guilin
1612:, and
1584:, and
1389:UNESCO
1334:cà sáy
1322:ốc đĩa
1318:nerita
1294:tôm he
1290:prawns
1278:oyster
1243:pteris
1158:Early
1133:period
1115:Period
1100:Period
1086:Period
1058:Later
1036:Period
983:Period
834:, and
824:kaolin
764:cherty
693:Mongol
611:Thiana
534:city,
509:towers
482:monkey
458:Cát Bà
397:island
279:karsts
269:city,
252:UNESCO
3726:Index
3586:Tai O
3561:Sigri
3531:Reine
3089:Garum
2988:river
2124:(PDF)
2088:(3).
2056:"t1a"
1706:Krabi
1630:ports
1586:Hanoi
1495:Lord
1257:, 40
1253:, 10
1245:, 20
1241:, 12
1162:Epoch
1148:Epoch
901:caves
751:Karst
520:karst
191:text.
3698:Vezo
3693:Uros
3648:Bhoi
3471:Orio
3376:Grip
2986:and
2831:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2776:2020
2745:2020
2714:2020
2684:link
2680:link
2666:2023
2644:2020
2614:2015
2588:2008
2558:2008
2532:2020
2501:2016
2470:2011
2435:2008
2406:2008
2365:2020
2334:2008
2308:2011
2282:2013
2256:2009
2234:2009
2170:2020
2090:ISSN
2025:2015
1964:2015
1652:and
1644:and
1632:and
1624:and
1555:fly.
1362:and
1286:ngán
1259:aves
1062:and
1007:and
786:and
762:and
617:and
456:and
444:and
405:Long
401:Bạch
390:Long
374:jade
235:IPA:
209:and
3466:Ona
2805:at
1837:".
1324:);
1316:);
1296:),
1288:);
1282:hào
1276:);
1274:mực
874:of
656:.
382:Bái
221:or
80:672
3756::
3351:Ea
2829:,
2815:,
2766:.
2762:.
2735:.
2731:.
2700:.
2676:}}
2672:{{
2630:.
2605:.
2578:.
2574:.
2548:.
2522:.
2518:.
2491:.
2487:.
2443:^
2414:^
2355:.
2351:.
2206:.
2187:.
2161:.
2144:.
2126:.
2084:.
2080:.
2068:^
2058:.
2045:).
1990:^
1914:–
1887:–
1870:^
1822:^
1808:–
1648:,
1636:,
1608:,
1580:,
1416:.
1265:.
1222:,
882:.
727:.
621:.
522:.
488:,
415:.
409:Vĩ
386:Tử
261:,
233:,
229::
205:,
2965:e
2958:t
2951:v
2900:–
2864:e
2857:t
2850:v
2799:*
2778:.
2747:.
2716:.
2686:)
2668:.
2646:.
2616:.
2590:.
2560:.
2534:.
2503:.
2472:.
2437:.
2408:.
2367:.
2336:.
2310:.
2284:.
2258:.
2236:.
2172:.
2096:.
2086:2
2062:.
2027:.
1966:.
1833:"
1487::
1328:(
1320:(
1312:(
1300:(
1280:(
1272:(
663:)
659:(
399:(
345:(
225:(
213:.
93:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.