632:. Then, for each of those macroblocks, the reconstructed reference frame is searched to find a 16 by 16 area that closely matches the content of the macroblock being compressed. The offset is encoded as a "motion vector". Frequently, the offset is zero, but if something in the picture is moving, the offset might be something like 23 pixels to the right and 4-and-a-half pixels up. In MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, motion vector values can either represent integer offsets or half-integer offsets. The match between the two regions will often not be perfect. To correct for this, the encoder takes the difference of all corresponding pixels of the two regions, and on that macroblock difference then computes the DCT and strings of coefficient values for the four 8Γ8 areas in the 16Γ16 macroblock as described above. This "residual" is appended to the motion vector and the result sent to the receiver or stored on the DVD for each macroblock being compressed. Sometimes no suitable match is found. Then, the macroblock is treated like an I-frame macroblock.
593:
or fine, as selected by the encoder. If the quantization is not too coarse and one applies the inverse transform to the matrix after it is quantized, one gets an image that looks very similar to the original image but is not quite the same. Next, the quantized coefficient matrix is itself compressed. Typically, one corner of the 8Γ8 array of coefficients contains only zeros after quantization is applied. By starting in the opposite corner of the matrix, then zigzagging through the matrix to combine the coefficients into a string, then substituting
1336:β a family of tapeless video recording formats, which, in particular, includes formats based on MPEG-2 Part 2. These are: standard definition MPEG IMX (see above), high definition MPEG HD, high definition MPEG HD422. MPEG IMX and MPEG HD422 employ 4:2:2 color subsampling, MPEG HD employs 4:2:0 color subsampling. Most subformats use selectable constant video data rate from 25 to 50 Mbit/s, although there is also a variable bitrate mode with maximum 18 Mbit/s data rate.
243:, but also provides support for interlaced video (an encoding technique used in analog NTSC, PAL and SECAM television systems). MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low bit-rates (e.g., less than 1 Mbit/s), but somewhat outperforms MPEG-1 at higher bit rates (e.g., 3 Mbit/s and above), although not by a large margin unless the video is interlaced. All standards-conforming MPEG-2 Video decoders are also fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams.
392:
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A common (and old) trick to reduce the amount of data is to separate each complete "frame" of video into two "fields" upon broadcast/encoding: the "top field", which is the odd numbered horizontal lines, and the "bottom field", which is the even numbered lines. Upon reception/decoding, the two fields
592:
the coefficients. Many of the transform coefficients, usually the higher frequency components, will be zero after the quantization, which is basically a rounding operation. The penalty of this step is the loss of some subtle distinctions in brightness and color. The quantization may either be coarse
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An I-frame is a separately-compressed version of a single uncompressed (raw) frame. The coding of an I-frame takes advantage of spatial redundancy and of the inability of the eye to detect certain changes in the image. Unlike P-frames and B-frames, I-frames do not depend on data in the preceding or
587:
values. The transform converts spatial variations into frequency variations, but it does not change the information in the block; if the transform is computed with perfect precision, the original block can be recreated exactly by applying the inverse cosine transform (also with perfect precision).
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The processing of B-frames is similar to that of P-frames except that B-frames use the picture in a subsequent reference frame as well as the picture in a preceding reference frame. As a result, B-frames usually provide more compression than P-frames. B-frames are never reference frames in MPEG-2
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is practical because the data in pictures is often redundant in space and time. For example, the sky can be blue across the top of a picture and that blue sky can persist for frame after frame. Also, because of the way the eye works, it is possible to delete or approximate some data from video
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While the discussion below in this section generally describes MPEG-2 video compression, there are many details that are not discussed, including details involving fields, chrominance formats, responses to scene changes, special codes that label the parts of the bitstream, and other pieces of
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MPEG-2 video supports a wide range of applications from mobile to high quality HD editing. For many applications, it is unrealistic and too expensive to support the entire standard. To allow such applications to support only subsets of it, the standard defines profiles and levels.
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A MPEG application then specifies the capabilities in terms of profile and level. For example, a DVD player may say it supports up to main profile and main level (often written as MP@ML). It means the player can play back any MPEG stream encoded as MP@ML or less.
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The conversion from 8-bit integers to real-valued transform coefficients actually expands the amount of data used at this stage of the processing, but the advantage of the transformation is that the image data can then be approximated by
543:. The MPEG-2 Video document considers all three sampling types, although 4:2:0 is by far the most common for consumer video, and there are no defined "profiles" of MPEG-2 for 4:4:4 video (see below for further discussion of profiles).
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The tables below summarizes the limitations of each profile and level, though there are constraints not listed here. Note that not all profile and level combinations are permissible, and scalable modes modify the level restrictions.
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Temporal-scalability inserts extra frames between every base frame, to raise the frame rate or add a 3D viewpoint. This is the only MPEG-2 profile allowing adaptive frame references, a prominent feature of
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SNR-scalability sends the transform-domain differences to a lower quantization level of each block, raising the quality and bitrate when both streams are combined. A main stream can be recreated losslessly.
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camera with 8-bit sampling generates a raw video stream of 25 Γ 1920 Γ 1080 Γ 3 = 155,520,000 bytes per second for 25 frame-per-second video (using the
605:
data that is broadcast or that is put on DVDs. In the receiver or the player, the whole process is reversed, enabling the receiver to reconstruct, to a close approximation, the original frame.
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defines sets of features such as B-pictures, 3D video, chroma format, etc. The level limits the memory and processing power needed, defining maximum bit rates, frame sizes, and frame rates.
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Spatial-scalability encodes the difference between the HD and the upscaled SD streams, which is combined with the SD to recreate the HD stream. A Main stream cannot be recreated losslessly.
628:. To generate a P-frame, the previous reference frame is reconstructed, just as it would be in a TV receiver or DVD player. The frame being compressed is divided into 16 pixel by 16 pixel
1324:β a standard definition professional video recording format. Uses intraframe compression, 4:2:2 color subsampling and user-selectable constant video data rate of 30, 40 or 50 Mbit/s.
296:
In 1996, it was extended by two amendments to include the registration of copyright identifiers and the 4:2:2 Profile. ITU-T published these amendments in 1996 and ISO in 1997.
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specifies both several scanning formats (480i, 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p) and frame/field rates at 4:2:0 color subsampling, with up to 19.4 Mbit/s data rate per channel.
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There are also other amendments published later by ITU-T and ISO/IEC. The most recent edition of the standard was published in 2013 and incorporates all prior amendments.
483:(US/NTSC) fields per second, corresponding to 25 (Europe/PAL) or 29.97 (North America/NTSC) whole frames per second. If the video is not interlaced, then it is called
251:
The ISO/IEC approval process was completed in
November 1994. The first edition was approved in July 1995 and published by ITU-T and ISO/IEC in 1996. Didier LeGall of
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information. Aside from features for handling fields for interlaced coding, MPEG-2 Video is very similar to MPEG-1 Video (and even quite similar to the earlier
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is used for video with the chroma subsampled by 2:1 both vertically and horizontally. Video that has luma and chroma at the same resolution is called
405:
Specifically, this is not the place to explain the general concept of video compression in such detail; focus should be kept on the H.262 video codec.
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format). This stream of data must be compressed if digital TV is to fit in the bandwidth of available TV channels and if movies are to fit on DVDs.
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Typically, every 15th frame or so is made into an I-frame. P-frames and B-frames might follow an I-frame like this, IBBPBBPBBPBB(I), to form a
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Digital television requires that these pictures be digitized so that they can be processed by computer hardware. Each picture element (a
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XF Codec β a professional tapeless video recording format, similar to MPEG HD and MPEG HD422 but stored in a different container file.
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are displayed alternately with the lines of one field interleaving between the lines of the previous field; this format is called
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picture coding). Briefly, the raw frame is divided into 8 pixel by 8 pixel blocks. The data in each block is transformed by the
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1330:β a tape-based high definition video recording format. Uses 4:2:0 color subsampling and 19.4 or 25 Mbit/s total data rate.
1318:β a standard definition consumer video format. Uses 4:2:0 color subsampling and variable video data rate up to 9.8 Mbit/s.
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P-frames provide more compression than I-frames because they take advantage of the data in a previous I-frame or P-frame β a
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2077:"ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000 β Information technology β Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video"
1872:"ISO/IEC 13818-2:1996 β Information technology β Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video"
1777:"ISO/IEC 13818-2:2013 β Information technology β Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video"
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the following frames, and so their coding is very similar to how a still photograph would be coded (roughly similar to
616:; however, the standard is flexible about this. The encoder selects which pictures are coded as I-, P-, and B-frames.
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1741:"H.262 : Information technology β Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video"
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H.262 (07/95) Information
Technology β Generic Coding of Moving Picture and Associated Audio Information: Video
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A few common MPEG-2 Profile/Level combinations are presented below, with particular maximum limits noted:
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232:(MPEG), and developed with the involvement of many companies. It is the second part of the ISO/IEC
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Information technology β Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video
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better resolves details of brightness than details in the hue and saturation of colors. The term
506:). Thus, each digitized picture is initially represented by three rectangular arrays of numbers.
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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10,368,000, except in High-profile: constraint is 14,475,600 for 4:2:0 and 11,059,200 for 4:2:2
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The standard is available for a fee from the ITU-T and ISO. MPEG-2 Video is very similar to
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The following organizations have held patents for MPEG-2 video technology, as listed at
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standard. The ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818-2 documents are identical.
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865:. A Main stream may be recreated losslessly only if extended references are not used.
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1747:. International Telecommunication Union β Telecommunication Standardization Sector (
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to that result, one reduces the matrix to a smaller quantity of data. It is this
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is used for video with the chroma subsampled by a ratio of 2:1 horizontally, and
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2006:
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Broadcast TV β in some countries MPEG-2 Part 2 is used for digital broadcast in
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1403:. All of these patents are now expired in the US and most other territories.
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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The technology was developed with contributions from a number of companies.
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standard), so the entire description below applies equally well to MPEG-1.
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Another common practice to reduce the amount of data to be processed is to
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video and each picture is a complete frame. MPEG-2 supports both options.
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was the ITU-T coordinator and chaired the agreements on its requirements.
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to be essential for implementing the standard came from three companies:
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270:) developed the first MPEG-2 SAVI (System/Audio/Video) decoder in 1995.
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MPEG-2 includes three basic types of coded frames: intra-coded frames (
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numbers. These describe the brightness and the color of the pixel (see
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62,668,800, except in High-profile: constraint is 83,558,400 for 4:2:0
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47,001,600, except in High-profile: constraint is 62,668,800 for 4:2:0
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pictures with little or no noticeable degradation in image quality.
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Convergent Design
Nanoflash recorder (up to 160 Mbit/s)
583:(DCT). The result is an 8Γ8 matrix of coefficients that have
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chaired the development of the standard and Sakae Okubo of
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1702:"MPEG-2 patent expiration opens door for royalty-free use"
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2055:"ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000/Amd 3 β New level for 1080@50p/60p"
1922:
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for consecutive zeros in that string, and then applying
4559:
4913:
Part 1: Transport and
Storage of Genomic Information
4021:
1507:Alcatel Lucent (including Multimedia Patent Trust)
554:
202:(formally known as ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and
2025:
2023:
2005:Leonardo Chiariglione β Convenor (October 2000).
375:H.262 (02/12), incorporating Amendment 1 (03/13)
5025:
1345:β defunct high definition consumer video format.
567:), and bidirectionally-predictive-coded frames (
5001:Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding
2020:
1835:
1735:
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1290:(50 Mbit/s), Canon XF Codec (50 Mbit/s),
4954:Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)
635:
2068:
1720:
894:(approximately height x width x framerate)
4964:Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format
4552:
4538:
4014:
4000:
2165:
2151:
1858:
1819:
1763:
847:
845:
1894:"Didier LeGall, Executive Vice President"
437:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Video compression format, succeeds MPEG-1
1936:
1351:β high definition consumer video format.
1005:23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60
982:23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60
854:
4897:Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding
4855:Part 2: Description definition language
842:
214:standardised and jointly maintained by
14:
5026:
4980:Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266)
4804:Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264)
4040:List of ITU-T V-series recommendations
2091:
1696:
1694:
835:
833:
831:
4918:Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information
4533:
3995:
2146:
1311:Some applications are listed below.
385:
4814:Part 12: ISO base media file format
4561:MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
1691:
828:
449:
188:https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.262
24:
4876:Part 5: Rights Expression Language
3956:Comparison of audio coding formats
1809:– via mpeg.chiariglione.org.
1798:The Moving Picture Experts Group.
25:
5065:
4520:All articles beginning with "ITU"
4294:G.9700, G.9701, G.9710 and G.9711
2125:
1372:
2029:
892:Max luminance samples per second
555:I-frames, P-frames, and B-frames
390:
2074:
2052:
2046:
1998:
1968:
1869:
1774:
1306:
381:
5044:ITU-T H Series Recommendations
4996:Part 1: Essential Video Coding
4871:Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item
4839:Part 33: Internet Video Coding
4824:Part 17: Streaming text format
4059:Category:ITU-T recommendations
4054:Category:ITU-R recommendations
3518:ISO/IEC base media file format
1911:
1886:
1813:
1791:
1634:Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
619:
308:H.262 / MPEG-2 Video editions
277:that were later asserted in a
13:
1:
4765:Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding
2137:MPEG-2 Video Encoding (H.262)
1684:
1461:Technology Development, Inc.
494:) is then represented by one
4949:Part 1: MPEG media transport
1820:P.N. Tudor (December 2005).
1198:ATSC (18.3 Mbit/s), SD
563:), predictive-coded frames (
475:. The typical field rate is
419:Knowledge's inclusion policy
230:Moving Picture Experts Group
7:
4025:recommendations (standards)
302:
10:
5070:
4928:Part 4: Reference Software
4809:Part 11: Scene description
4712:Part 1: Systems (H.222.0)
3961:Comparison of video codecs
2471:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
2007:"Short MPEG-2 description"
1822:"MPEG-2 Video compression"
1604:British Telecommunications
1376:
748:Spatially Scalable profile
525:). This works because the
246:
219:Video Coding Experts Group
5009:
4988:
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4834:Part 22: Open Font Format
4773:
4705:
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4465:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
4457:
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2139:β The Library of Congress
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1077:
1068:
953:23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30
918:23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30
896:
891:
888:
883:
880:
877:
636:Video profiles and levels
581:discrete cosine transform
183:
175:
165:
135:
121:
104:
90:
73:
58:
50:
42:
37:
4819:Part 14: MP4 file format
4045:List of ITU letter codes
4959:Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio
3785:Alliance for Open Media
1644:ARRIS Technology, Inc.
1515:Cisco Technology, Inc.
614:Group of Pictures (GOP)
2705:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
2132:Official MPEG web site
1239:Broadcast Contribution
1135:(9.8 Mbit/s), SD
5039:ITU-T recommendations
4892:Part 1: MPEG Surround
4728:Part 2: Video (H.262)
3723:QuickTime File Format
1470:Panasonic Corporation
1202:(31 Mbit/s), HD
372:ISO/IEC 13818-2:2013
356:ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000
339:ISO/IEC 13818-2:1996
325:ITU-T Recommendation
33:H.262 / MPEG-2 Part 2
3982:Compression software
3539:MPEG media transport
2616:Sorenson Video/Spark
2099:"MPEG-2 Patent List"
1976:"MPEG-2 Patent List"
1112:Set-top boxes (STB)
1044:Example Application
1035:Framerate max. (Hz)
728:SNR Scalable profile
671:Picture Coding Types
216:ITU-T Study Group 16
109:ITU-T Study Group 16
77:ISO/IEC 13818-2:2013
4933:Part 5: Conformance
3980:for techniques and
3978:Compression methods
2474:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
1675:Enterprise Company
1534:Columbia University
1524:Toshiba Corporation
1498:Samsung Electronics
1479:CIF Licensing, LLC
1439:Mitsubishi Electric
1206:(50.3 Mbit/s)
874:
680:Intra DC Precision
661:
527:human visual system
309:
291:Mitsubishi Electric
264:Hyundai Electronics
212:video coding format
34:
4365:H.262/MPEG-2 Video
2034:. chiariglione.org
1956:on 5 February 2021
1708:. 15 February 2018
1594:General Instrument
1064:Wireless handsets
872:
808:Multi-view profile
659:
519:low-pass filtering
307:
289:(198 patents) and
32:
5021:
5020:
4753:MPEG Multichannel
4527:
4526:
4380:H.265/MPEG-H HEVC
3989:
3988:
3763:
3762:
3681:DivX Media Format
3469:
3468:
3254:
3253:
2654:
2653:
2544:Microsoft Video 1
2479:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
2465:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
1682:
1681:
1663:Sharp Corporation
1584:Robert Bosch GmbH
1304:
1303:
1170:(25 Mbit/s)
1139:(15 Mbit/s)
1041:Bitrate (Mbit/s)
1021:
1020:
824:
823:
464:Video compression
447:
446:
439:
379:
378:
322:ISO/IEC standard
319:Latest amendment
193:
192:
170:Video compression
136:Related standards
79:October 2013
16:(Redirected from
5061:
4716:Transport stream
4660:Part 1: Systems
4554:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4400:H.323 Gatekeeper
4385:H.266/MPEG-I VVC
4375:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
4318:H series (ITU-T)
4068:G series (ITU-T)
4016:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3755:VOB, IFO and BUP
3529:Motion JPEG 2000
3480:
3479:
3267:
3266:
3226:aptX Low Latency
3003:Chinese Standard
2667:
2666:
2456:Chinese Standard
2228:Motion JPEG 2000
2197:
2196:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2032:"MPEG standards"
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1952:. Archived from
1944:"History: 1990s"
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1772:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1751:). February 2000
1737:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1624:KDDI Corporation
1418:Sony Corporation
1406:
1405:
1396:
1377:This section is
1365:Digital cable TV
1032:Resolution (px)
1029:Profile @ Level
1026:
1025:
964:
958:
941:
935:
929:
923:
875:
871:
866:
858:
852:
849:
840:
837:
662:
660:MPEG-2 Profiles
658:
595:run-length codes
485:progressive scan
479:(Europe/PAL) or
473:interlaced video
450:Picture sampling
442:
435:
431:
428:
422:
394:
393:
386:
310:
306:
273:The majority of
206:, also known as
86:
84:
69:
67:
35:
31:
21:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5005:
4984:
4968:
4937:
4901:
4880:
4859:
4843:
4769:
4701:
4649:
4563:
4558:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4509:
4470:ITU-R BS.1534-1
4453:
4414:
4313:
4063:
4047:
4026:
4020:
3990:
3985:
3970:
3944:
3789:
3759:
3617:
3594:
3566:
3543:
3465:
3384:
3282:
3261:
3250:
3046:
3018:(GB/T 33475.3)
3012:(GB/T 20090.10)
2998:
2975:
2947:
2889:
2851:
2766:
2762:MPEG-H 3D Audio
2688:MPEG-1 Layer II
2678:
2661:
2650:
2482:
2451:
2402:
2364:
2312:
2208:
2191:
2184:
2171:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1739:
1738:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1673:Hewlett-Packard
1397:
1386:
1375:
1358:. For example,
1356:high definition
1309:
1291:
1241:(I&P only)
962:
956:
939:
933:
927:
921:
898:
893:
889:Max resolution
885:
870:
869:
859:
855:
850:
843:
838:
829:
638:
626:reference frame
622:
557:
498:number and two
452:
443:
432:
426:
423:
409:Please help by
408:
395:
391:
384:
347:Second edition
305:
293:(119 patents).
285:(311 patents),
249:
204:ISO/IEC 13818-2
179:Expired patents
160:ISO/IEC 14496-2
82:
80:
78:
65:
63:
59:First published
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Part 20: LASeR
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4760:Part 6: DSM CC
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4721:Program stream
4718:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:Part 3: Audio
4679:
4678:
4677:
4670:Part 2: Video
4668:
4667:
4666:
4664:Program stream
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:ITU-R BT.470-7
4482:
4480:ITU-R BT.470-6
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4042:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3966:List of codecs
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3768:Collaborations
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:MPEG-21 Part 9
3531:
3526:
3523:MPEG-4 Part 14
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3492:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Monkey's Audio
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:(SJ/T 11299.4)
3038:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2700:MPEG-1 Layer I
2697:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2682:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:Part 2 / LCEVC
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2126:External links
2124:
2121:
2120:
2090:
2067:
2045:
2019:
1997:
1967:
1935:
1910:
1898:Ambarella Inc.
1885:
1857:
1834:
1812:
1800:"MPEG-2 Video"
1790:
1762:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:Sanyo Electric
1649:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:LG Electronics
1540:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1374:
1373:Patent holders
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
960:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
916:
913:
909:
908:
905:
901:
900:
895:
890:
887:
882:
879:
873:MPEG-2 Levels
868:
867:
853:
841:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
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688:Simple profile
686:
682:
681:
678:
677:Scalable modes
675:
672:
669:
666:
637:
634:
621:
618:
599:Huffman coding
556:
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517:planes (after
460:4:4:4 sampling
451:
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398:
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389:
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364:Third edition
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359:H.262 (02/00)
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342:H.262 (07/95)
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330:First edition
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122:Base standards
119:
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92:
88:
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75:
74:Latest version
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4794:Part 3: Audio
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4781:Part 2: Video
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3300:CCITT Group 4
3298:
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2277:Part 2 / HEVC
2275:
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2265:Part 33 / IVC
2263:
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2260:Part 10 / AVC
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2100:
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2008:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1955:
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1924:
1920:
1919:"Sakae Okubo"
1914:
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1745:ITU-T Website
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1409:Organization
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899:MP@ (Mbit/s)
876:
864:
857:
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832:
827:
819:
816:
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800:8, 9, 10, 11
799:
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788:4:2:2 profile
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780:8, 9, 10, 11
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674:Chroma Format
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603:entropy coded
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402:
399:This section
397:
388:
387:
374:
371:
369:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
318:
316:Release date
315:
312:
311:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:MPEG-2 Part 2
197:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:ISO/IEC JTC 1
96:
93:
89:
76:
72:
62:May 1996
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5034:Video codecs
4989:MPEG-5 Parts
4973:MPEG-I Parts
4942:MPEG-H Parts
4923:Part 3: APIs
4906:MPEG-G Parts
4885:MPEG-D Parts
4848:MPEG-7 Parts
4799:Part 6: DMIF
4774:MPEG-4 Parts
4727:
4706:MPEG-2 Parts
4654:MPEG-1 Parts
4515:
4495:ITU-R BT.709
4490:ITU-R BT.601
4364:
4049:
4048:
4035:
4034:
3032:(GB/T 22726)
2693:Multichannel
2549:MSU Lossless
2463:AVS1 P2/AVS+
2417:TrueMotion S
2355:H.265 / HEVC
2339:
2301:Part 1 / EVC
2289:Part 3 / VVC
2255:Part 2 / ASP
2242:
2111:. Retrieved
2105:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2010:. Retrieved
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1913:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1849:, retrieved
1843:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1753:. Retrieved
1744:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:TechRepublic
1705:
1398:
1368:Satellite TV
1349:Blu-ray Disc
1310:
1307:Applications
1022:
897:Max bit rate
856:
777:SNR, spatial
768:High-profile
757:SNR, spatial
708:Main profile
654:
650:
643:
639:
623:
611:
607:
573:
558:
545:
540:
536:
530:
508:
489:
469:
453:
433:
424:
411:spinning off
404:
400:
382:Video coding
298:
295:
272:
261:
250:
238:
208:MPEG-2 Video
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
91:Organization
51:Year started
29:
4050:Categories:
3750:MOD and TOD
3691:Flash Video
3629:3GP and 3G2
3310:HEIC / HEIF
3262:compression
3022:Audio Vivid
2757:MPEG-D USAC
2752:MPEG-4 CELP
2747:MPEG-4 HVXC
2662:compression
2494:Apple Video
2410:and AOMedia
2360:H.266 / VVC
2350:H.264 / AVC
2192:compression
2177:compression
1712:13 December
1564:Orange S.A.
1488:JVC Kenwood
1379:transcluded
1274:1920 Γ 1080
1257:1440 Γ 1080
1186:1920 Γ 1080
1155:1440 Γ 1080
1002:High Level
950:Main Level
904:horizontal
884:Frame rates
630:macroblocks
620:Macroblocks
585:real number
279:patent pool
221:(VCEG) and
5028:Categories
3984:for codecs
3931:Daubechies
3906:Transforms
3808:Arithmetic
3475:Containers
3180:True Audio
3024:(GY/T 363)
2742:MPEG-4 DST
2737:MPEG-4 SLS
2732:MPEG-4 ALS
2606:SheerVideo
2580:QuickTime
2408:TrueMotion
2174:Multimedia
2012:1 November
1928:27 January
1901:Retrieved
1851:3 November
1827:1 November
1685:References
1614:Canon Inc.
1430:Licensing
1297:1280 Γ 720
1288:MPEG HD422
1254:422P@H-14
1237:(I only),
1211:1280 Γ 720
1175:1280 Γ 720
979:High 1440
915:Low Level
590:quantizing
415:relocating
5015:MPEG-DASH
4785:based on
4748:Layer III
4695:Layer III
4673:based on
4516:See also:
3733:RealMedia
3335:JPEG 2000
3138:RealAudio
3118:OptimFROG
2596:RealVideo
2584:Animation
2554:OMS Video
2181:container
1755:13 August
1316:DVD-Video
1246:720 Γ 576
1222:720 Γ 480
1144:720 Γ 576
1120:720 Γ 480
1100:352 Γ 288
1089:320 Γ 240
1072:352 Γ 288
1052:176 Γ 144
1038:Sampling
936:3,041,280
907:vertical
863:H.264/AVC
820:8, 9, 10
760:8, 9, 10
740:8, 9, 10
720:8, 9, 10
700:8, 9, 10
521:to avoid
511:subsample
105:Committee
4743:Layer II
4690:Layer II
4420:V series
3852:Lossless
3818:Modified
3711:Matroska
3590:Matroska
3501:MPEG-PES
3113:Musepack
3010:AVS1 P10
2589:Graphics
2539:Lagarith
1949:SK Hynix
1412:Patents
1322:MPEG IMX
1271:422P@HL
1235:Sony IMX
1219:422P@ML
1152:MP@H-14
817:Temporal
745:Spatial
569:B-frames
565:P-frames
561:I-frames
523:aliasing
513:the two
427:May 2020
313:Edition
303:Editions
268:SK Hynix
253:Bellcore
46:In force
4738:Layer I
4685:Layer I
4422:(ITU-T)
4330:H.225.0
4325:H.222.0
4269:G.993.2
4264:G.993.1
4257:Annex M
4252:G.992.5
4247:G.992.4
4240:Annex L
4235:Annex J
4230:G.992.3
4225:G.992.2
4220:G.992.1
4215:G.991.2
4210:G.991.1
4150:G.723.1
4140:G.729.1
4135:G.722.2
4130:G.722.1
3926:Wavelet
3867:DEFLATE
3813:Huffman
3803:Entropy
3795:Methods
3780:MPEG LA
3669:Smacker
3557:H.222.0
3513:MPEG-TS
3508:MPEG-PS
3496:MPEG-ES
3380:TIFF/IT
3375:TIFF/EP
3360:JPEG XT
3355:JPEG XS
3350:JPEG XR
3345:JPEG XL
3340:JPEG-LS
3221:aptX HD
3201:WavPack
3143:RTAudio
3083:Codec 2
3016:AVS2 P3
2943:GSM-EFR
2913:AMR-WB+
2847:G.729.1
2827:G.723.1
2817:G.722.2
2812:G.722.1
2611:Smacker
2601:RTVideo
2529:Huffyuv
2509:Cinepak
2469:AVS2 P2
2183:formats
2107:MPEG LA
2083:24 July
2060:24 July
2038:24 July
1984:MPEG LA
1878:24 July
1805:15 June
1783:24 July
1574:Fujitsu
1554:Hitachi
1449:Philips
1428:Thomson
1401:MPEG LA
1393:history
1391:|
811:I, P, B
791:I, P, B
771:I, P, B
751:I, P, B
731:I, P, B
711:I, P, B
646:profile
609:Video.
287:Thomson
275:patents
247:History
210:) is a
184:Website
176:License
140:H.222.0
83:2013-10
81: (
66:1996-05
64: (
5054:MPEG-2
4572:MPEG-1
4309:G.9972
4304:G.9970
4299:G.9960
4289:G.8262
4284:G.7043
4279:G.7042
4274:G.7041
4036:Lists:
3728:RatDVD
3622:Others
3389:Others
3191:VMR-WB
3186:TwinVQ
3051:Others
2938:GSM-FR
2933:GSM-HR
2923:EVRC-B
2908:AMR-WB
2880:Vorbis
2720:AAC-LD
2715:HE-AAC
2621:Theora
2564:ProRes
2559:Pixlet
2487:Others
2296:MPEG-5
2284:MPEG-I
2272:MPEG-H
2250:MPEG-4
2243:Part 2
2238:MPEG-2
2233:MPEG-1
2113:7 July
2030:MPEG.
1990:7 July
1960:6 July
1903:2 June
1636:(NTT)
1383:MPEG-2
1343:HD DVD
1183:MP@HL
1117:MP@ML
1097:MP@LL
1081:0.384
1069:SP@ML
1061:0.096
1049:SP@LL
878:Abbr.
515:chroma
500:chroma
241:MPEG-1
234:MPEG-2
166:Domain
130:MPEG-2
43:Status
5049:H.26x
5010:Other
4787:H.263
4675:H.261
4458:ITU-R
4410:H.450
4405:H.324
4395:H.323
4390:H.320
4370:H.263
4360:H.261
4355:H.248
4350:H.245
4345:H.241
4340:H.239
4335:H.235
4205:G.988
4200:G.987
4195:G.984
4190:G.983
4185:G.811
4180:G.806
4175:G.798
4170:G.783
4165:G.729
4160:G.728
4155:G.726
4145:G.723
4125:G.722
4120:G.719
4115:G.718
4110:G.711
4105:G.709
4100:G.707
4095:G.706
4090:G.704
4085:G.703
4080:G.165
4075:G.114
3949:Lists
3894:ADPCM
3889:Β΅-law
3884:A-law
3857:Lossy
3830:ACELP
3775:NETVC
3600:SMPTE
3562:T.802
3549:ITU-T
3525:(MP4)
3325:JBIG2
3288:ITU-T
3260:Image
3196:VSELP
3173:SVOPC
3163:Siren
3133:RCELP
3128:QCELP
3073:ATRAC
3058:ACELP
2875:Speex
2842:G.729
2837:G.728
2832:G.726
2822:G.723
2807:G.722
2802:G.719
2797:G.718
2790:Β΅-law
2785:A-law
2780:G.711
2772:ITU-T
2660:Audio
2534:Indeo
2514:Daala
2370:SMPTE
2345:H.263
2340:H.262
2335:H.261
2330:H.120
2318:ITU-T
2223:MJPEG
2190:Video
2102:(PDF)
2079:. ISO
2075:ISO.
2053:ISO.
1979:(PDF)
1874:. ISO
1870:ISO.
1847:, ITU
1779:. ISO
1775:ISO.
1749:ITU-T
1381:from
1334:XDCAM
1286:Sony
1280:4:2:2
1263:4:2:2
1228:4:2:2
1192:4:2:0
1161:4:2:0
1126:4:2:0
1106:4:2:0
1084:PDAs
1078:4:2:0
1058:4:2:0
976:H-14
886:(Hz)
881:Name
814:4:2:0
754:4:2:0
734:4:2:0
714:4:2:0
694:4:2:0
665:Abbr.
549:H.261
541:4:4:4
537:4:2:0
532:4:2:2
504:YCbCr
492:pixel
481:59.94
367:2013
353:2010
350:2000
336:2000
333:1995
266:(now
196:H.262
156:H.266
152:H.265
148:H.264
144:H.263
126:H.261
95:ITU-T
18:H.262
4449:V.92
4444:V.24
4439:V.23
4434:V.11
4429:V.10
3976:See
3921:MDCT
3899:DPCM
3845:WLPC
3835:CELP
3738:RIFF
3716:WebM
3706:M2TS
3696:HEIF
3664:Bink
3644:AIFF
3572:IETF
3461:WebP
3456:WBMP
3451:QTVR
3431:ICER
3426:FLIF
3416:DjVu
3406:AVIF
3396:APNG
3370:TIFF
3330:JPEG
3320:JBIG
3315:HEVC
3292:JPEG
3279:IETF
3246:LLAC
3241:LHDC
3236:LDAC
3216:aptX
3177:TTA
3158:SILK
3098:MELP
3093:Lyra
3088:iSAC
3078:CELT
3068:Asao
3063:ALAC
3041:ExAC
3036:L2HC
2966:AC-4
2961:AC-3
2953:ETSI
2918:EVRC
2895:3GPP
2885:FLAC
2870:iLBC
2865:Opus
2857:IETF
2680:MPEG
2646:YULS
2626:Thor
2574:4444
2524:FFV1
2504:Bink
2398:VC-6
2393:VC-5
2388:VC-3
2383:VC-2
2378:VC-1
2322:VCEG
2210:MPEG
2179:and
2115:2019
2085:2014
2062:2014
2040:2014
2014:2009
1992:2019
1962:2019
1930:2017
1905:2017
1880:2014
1853:2009
1829:2009
1807:2019
1785:2014
1757:2009
1714:2021
1443:119
1433:198
1422:311
1389:edit
1360:ATSC
1283:300
1011:1152
1008:1920
988:1152
985:1440
805:MVP
797:none
785:422
725:SNR
717:none
697:none
691:I, P
668:Name
577:JPEG
496:luma
456:HDTV
283:Sony
116:MPEG
112:VCEG
54:1995
4023:ITU
3936:DWT
3916:FFT
3911:DCT
3879:PCM
3872:LZW
3840:LSP
3825:LPC
3743:WAV
3701:IFF
3686:EVO
3676:BMP
3659:BPG
3649:AVI
3639:ASF
3634:AMV
3613:MXF
3608:GXF
3585:Ogg
3580:RTP
3488:IEC
3484:ISO
3446:QOI
3441:PGF
3436:MNG
3421:EXR
3411:BPG
3401:AV1
3365:PNG
3305:GIF
3284:W3C
3275:ISO
3271:IEC
3211:MQA
3206:WMA
3168:SMV
3153:SHN
3148:SD2
3123:OSQ
3108:MT9
3030:DRA
2994:LC3
2989:SBC
2971:DTS
2928:EVS
2903:AMR
2710:AAC
2675:IEC
2671:ISO
2641:XEB
2636:WMV
2569:422
2519:DVI
2499:AVS
2447:AV1
2442:VP9
2437:VP8
2432:VP7
2427:VP6
2422:VP3
2205:IEC
2201:ISO
1923:ITU
1518:13
1510:33
1502:38
1492:39
1482:44
1474:55
1464:75
1453:99
1328:HDV
1300:60
1266:80
1249:25
1231:50
1214:60
1204:DVB
1200:DVB
1195:80
1178:30
1168:HDV
1164:60
1158:30
1147:25
1137:DVB
1133:DVD
1129:15
1092:24
1017:80
999:HL
994:60
971:15
965:576
959:720
947:ML
930:288
924:352
912:LL
765:HP
737:SNR
705:MP
685:SP
571:).
454:An
413:or
257:NTT
227:IEC
223:ISO
198:or
5030::
4597:21
3862:LZ
3654:AU
3486:,
3290:,
3286:,
3281:,
3277:,
3273:,
2673:,
2631:Ut
2320:,
2218:DV
2207:,
2203:,
2104:.
2022:^
1981:.
1946:.
1921:.
1896:.
1860:^
1765:^
1743:.
1722:^
1704:.
1693:^
1678:1
1667:1
1657:1
1647:2
1639:2
1628:2
1618:2
1608:3
1598:4
1588:5
1578:6
1568:7
1558:7
1548:8
1538:9
1528:9
1459:GE
1385:.
1277:30
1260:30
1225:30
1189:30
1123:30
1109:4
1103:30
1075:15
1055:15
942:4
844:^
830:^
644:A
477:50
403:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
128:,
114:,
97:,
4645:5
4640:I
4635:H
4631:U
4628:M
4625:V
4621:G
4617:E
4613:D
4609:C
4606:B
4602:A
4592:7
4587:4
4582:3
4577:2
4553:e
4546:t
4539:v
4015:e
4008:t
4001:v
2677:,
2166:e
2159:t
2152:v
2117:.
2087:.
2064:.
2042:.
2016:.
1994:.
1964:.
1932:.
1907:.
1882:.
1831:.
1787:.
1759:.
1716:.
1395:)
1387:(
963:0
957:0
940:0
934:0
928:0
922:0
440:)
434:(
429:)
425:(
421:.
407:.
225:/
85:)
68:)
20:)
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