Glen Canyon Dam - Knowledge

759: 1032:, sending a telegraph signal that set off the first blast of dynamite at the portal of the right diversion tunnel. Drilling the tunnels through the porous Navajo sandstone abutting the dam site posed major problems for the excavation crews of the Mountain States Construction Company, which won the contract for the diversion tunnels in 1956. Transporting workers and equipment to the bottom of the canyon was extremely difficult. Initially, transport was done by barge from Wahweap Creek, but the fast current of the Colorado River could be dangerous. After a barge capsized, spilling tons of machinery into the river, a much safer cable-car system was installed. During excavation, the rock frequently broke apart or "slabbed" and collapsed into the tunnels, and metal bolts had to be drilled into the rock to secure it. The largest such event, on August 5, 1958, sent 5,200 cubic yards (4,000 m) crashing down onto the upper portal of the left diversion tunnel. 588: 1154: 1484:, leading to lower lake levels. In winter 2005 (before the spring run-off) the lake reached its then-lowest level since filling, an elevation of 3,555.10 feet (1,083.59 m) above sea level, which was approximately 150 feet (46 m) below full pool. After 2005, the lake level slowly rebounded, although it has not filled completely since then. Summer 2011 saw the third largest June and the second largest July runoff since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam, and the water level peaked at nearly 3,661 feet (1,116 m), 77 percent of capacity, on July 30. Water years 2012 and 2013 were, respectively, the third and fourth-lowest runoff years recorded on the Colorado River. By April 9, 2014, the lake level had fallen to 3,574.31 feet (1,089.45 m), largely erasing the gains made in 2011. 1389:(65,310 ha) at its full pool elevation of 3,700 feet (1,100 m). The active, or useful capacity is 20.876 million acre-feet (25.750 km). The minimum water level required for power generation is 3,490 feet (1,060 m), corresponding to storage of 4.0 million acre-feet (4.9 km), and the "dead pool", the lowest point at which water can be released through the dam, is 3,370 feet (1,030 m) with storage of 1.9 million acre-feet (2.3 km). When Glen Canyon Dam was first built, the reservoir capacity was estimated at 28.04 million acre-feet (34.59 km), but some of this has since been lost to siltation. Because of the hundreds of bays and sinuous side canyons, including those formed by the 1229:

the left spillway reached 32,000 cubic feet per second (910 m/s), and the right spillway was opened to 15,000 cubic feet per second (420 m/s). At Lee's Ferry, the Colorado River peaked at 97,300 cubic feet per second (2,760 m/s), which was and still is the highest water flow recorded there since the dam was built. On July 14, Lake Powell reached 3,708.34 feet (1,130.30 m) elevation, a level that has not been exceeded since. Just as it seemed inevitable that the dam would fail, inflows fell and the dam was saved. Upon inspection, it was found that cavitation had caused massive gouging damage to both spillways, carrying away thousands of tons of concrete, steel rebar and huge chunks of rock.

816:, commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, was a vital figure in pushing the project through Congress and convincing politicians to take a pro-dam stance, and to assuage rising public concerns. Dominy realized that the USBR had considerable political clout in Western states, due to the economic contributions of its water projects. Reisner wrote that "Dominy cultivated Congress as if he were tending prize-winning orchids ... If some Senator was causing him trouble, money for his project could disappear mighty fast." With the necessary political support secured, the Colorado River Storage Project was authorized in April 1956, and groundbreaking of Glen Canyon Dam began in October of the same year. 1465: 632:. It was not able to weather the worst floods or droughts, and was filling with sediment at a rate that would render it useless in a few hundred years. But most importantly, Hoover only controlled the lower portion of the river. The Upper Basin states, whose rivers remained undammed, had no way to ensure they could fulfill their delivery obligation to the Lower Basin states while retaining enough water for their own use. Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a "call" on the Colorado River during drought years: they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights. 1103:

concrete was poured into modular 7.5-foot (2.3 m) high wooden blocks or "forms", the largest measuring up to 60 feet (18 m) by 210 feet (64 m); more than 3,000 of these blocks made up the main structure of the dam. Once the concrete cured, the wooden scaffolding was removed and shifted upwards to accommodate the next load of concrete. As more efficient methods of concrete pouring were installed, including conveyors and remotely controlled buckets, the workforce gradually decreased. By late 1962, concrete was being poured into the dam at a rate of 8,000 cubic yards (6,100 m) per day even as the workforce was scaled down to about 1,500.

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cubic feet per second (4,200 m/s) in early June. This time, the USBR had drawn down the reservoir enough that it absorbed most of the early high flows. Nevertheless, Lake Powell rapidly approached the top of the spillway gates and construction efforts were subsequently focused on the left spillway in order to get it in operation in time. On August 12, the left spillway gates were opened, releasing water at a rate of 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m/s). The spillway was undamaged, proving the worth of the re-engineering and suggesting that Glen Canyon Dam will also be able to hold against future floods with the magnitude of 1983.

1336: 1428:. Glen Canyon Dam must supply at least 8.23 million acre-feet (10.15 km) of this water; the remaining 770,000 acre-feet (0.95 km) comes from other tributaries of the Colorado River. The required release from Glen Canyon is averaged over a 10-year period, so releases in each year may be higher or lower depending on the amount of runoff. In wetter years, the Bureau of Reclamation may decide to release extra water from Glen Canyon Dam if the level of Lake Powell exceeds the "equalization tier", an elevation determined by the difference in storage between Lake Powell and Lake Mead. 1209:, the Bureau of Reclamation predicted an average runoff for the Colorado River basin based on snowpack measurements in the Rocky Mountains. Snowfall during April and May was exceptionally heavy; this combined with a sudden rise in temperatures and unusual rainstorms in June to produce major flooding across the western United States. With Lake Powell nearly full, the USBR did not have enough time to draw down the reservoir to accommodate extra runoff. By mid-June, water was pouring into Lake Powell at over 120,000 cubic feet per second (3,400 m/s). Even with the power plant and river 1444:

uncontrolled spilling, which would waste water that could have been used for power generation. Although the snowpack typically reaches its peak and begins to melt in April, the picture can occasionally change unexpectedly and dramatically – either due to a hot and dry spring that evaporates snow before it can melt, or an extremely wet spring as occurred in May 1983. After the near disaster in 1983, the USBR has maintained a minimum of 2.4 million acre-feet (3.0 km) of flood-storage space in Lake Powell at the beginning of each year, to guard against unanticipated high runoff.

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required 132,000 cubic yards (101,000 m) of excavation and another 110,000 cubic yards (84,000 m) of concrete lining. The circular, concrete-lined spillway tunnels plunge at a 55-degree angle, reducing in diameter from 48 to 41 feet (15 to 12 m), until they intersect with the old river diversion tunnels at sharp elbow joints before returning to the Colorado River. This was done as a cost-saving measure, but resulted in the destruction of both spillways during the 1983 flood releases. The repairs, in which air slots were installed to prevent

57: 1310:, the Reclamation Commissioner who had spearheaded the Colorado River Storage Project, maintained USBR's stance on the benefits of the dam project. Although Lake Powell loses water to evaporation and leakage, it continues to serve an important function capturing runoff during wet years, as "insurance" for droughts. During the 2000–2004 Colorado River drought, when the basin experienced its lowest five-year runoff on record, Lake Mead would likely have gone dry and the Lower Basin experienced massive cuts, were it not for releases from Lake Powell. 1473: 34: 1675: 1600:(GWh) per year, enough for about 400,000 homes. The highest was 8,703 GWh in 1984, and the lowest was 3,299 GWh in 2005. Power generation is affected not only by the volume of water passing through the dam, but also the depth of water in the reservoir, as a higher water level means more pressure (head) on the turbines. Hydropower generated at Glen Canyon serves about 5 million people in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, and is sold to utilities in these states as 20-year contracts. Power sales have been managed by the 1572: 935: 1013: 641: 1733: 1626: 973:, named for former Reclamation Commissioner John C. Page. By 1959, Page had a host of temporary buildings, electricity, and a small school serving workers' children. As the city grew, it gathered additional features, including numerous stores, a hospital, and even a jeweler. It was intended to serve a maximum population of eight thousand, accounting for the workers' families; the peak workforce would eventually exceed 2,500 in the busiest phases of construction. The engineer in charge of the project would be 1641:(silt), but because the Colorado is an especially muddy river, the dam has posed even more visible consequences for the river within the Grand Canyon. About 100 million US tons (90,700,000 metric tons) of sediment are trapped behind the dam annually, equal to about 30,000 dump truck loads per day. Because of the dam, sediment deposited by the Colorado and its tributaries is slowly filling up the canyon, and projections put the useful life of the reservoir at 300 to 700 years. If no action is taken such as 1770: 1314:

is greatly increased. Since the year 2000, Lake Mead has steadily declined toward the critical level at which a shortage would be declared for the Lower Basin states. A plan called "Fill Mead First", which would drain Lake Powell in order to refill Lake Mead, has gained traction in recent years. Glen Canyon Dam would remain in place (as total removal of the structure would be prohibitively expensive), but would only store water in wet seasons when runoff exceeds the capacity of Lake Mead to hold it.

1649:, in a few hundred years, sediment deposits will begin to build up at the foot of the dam and will gradually block the different outlets, reducing the dam's capacity to store and release water. Thus, it would become more difficult to maintain the required release of 8.23 million acre-feet (10.15 km) below the dam. The Colorado River would reduce to a trickle in dry seasons as it naturally did before the dam was built, potentially compromising the water supply of the Lower Basin states. 1519: 542: 786:

Canyon Dam would save 165 thousand acre-feet (0.204 km) of water per year over a "high" Glen Canyon Dam (which was ultimately the version to be built). While studying the figures, Brower discovered that the difference should be no more than 19 thousand acre-feet (0.023 km). Although it is unclear whether the discrepancy was due to a miscalculation or intentional manipulation, Brower said "it would be a great mistake when they cannot add, subtract, multiply and divide."

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effort to assist the recovery of the damaged riverine ecosystem by mimicking the floods that once swept through the canyons each spring. The flow appeared to have scoured clean numerous pockets of encroaching vegetation, carried away rockslides that had become dangerous to boaters, and rearranged sand and gravel bars along the river, and was initially believed to be an environmental success. However, in the following months it was discovered that the initial results were misleading.

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cubic feet per second (42 m/s). The minimum dam release was set to 8,000 cubic feet per second (230 m/s) during the day and 5,000 cubic feet per second (140 m/s) at night. Flood control releases are allowed to go higher, but must remain constant for the entire month. Because these criteria limit the flexibility of Glen Canyon Dam to meet grid demands, economic losses for the period 1997–2005 were estimated at $ 38 million to $ 58 million per year.

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apportioned in the 1922 Compact. The USBR predicted that by 2030 the annual water supply for the Lower Basin would fall by twenty-five percent, to 5.62 million acre-feet (6.93 km). To make up for this deficit, the USBR incorporated these proposals with the "Pacific Southwest Water Plan" on January 21, 1964, in which power sales from Glen, Marble and Bridge (often called "cash register dams") would be used to fund a diversion of water from the wetter

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Institute estimates that 860,000 acre-feet (1.06 km) is lost from the reservoir in an average year. This amounts to 6 percent of the Colorado River's flow, an increasingly valuable amount of water in an arid land for both humans and the animals and plants that live along the river. (This amount greatly decreases when Lake Powell is low; with the reservoir about half full in water year 2015, evaporation was 368,000 acre-feet (0.454 km).)

1021:(840 m) long and the left 2,900 feet (880 m). The right tunnel would be used for carrying the Colorado's normal flow around the dam site, while the left tunnel, 33 feet (10 m) above the water, would only be used during floods. The lower reaches of the tunnels would later be used to form the lower ends of the dam's spillways. About 182,000 cubic yards (139,000 m) of material would have to be excavated from the diversion tunnels. 6964: 1704:), there was only one boating fatality in the canyon, providing a strong challenge to views that the dam, by reducing and mediating river flows, increases the safety of canyon river users. The river water temperature in 1983 was significantly higher than normal, due to a large portion of the water having come from overflows of warmer surface water over the spillways of Glen Canyon Dam, rather than the colder lower levels which feed the penstocks. 1719:(Sea of Cortez) in Mexico. Prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, about 4 to 6 million acre-feet (4.9 to 7.4 km) reached the delta each year, despite heavy water use in California and Arizona. Because Glen Canyon Dam made possible an increased utilization of water from the Colorado River system, not enough water is left to flow to the delta in a normal year, and about 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) of ecologically productive 6958: 6946: 1903: 1318:

Upper Basin has released 107% of its obligation from Lake Powell since 2000; therefore, falling levels in Lake Mead are a result of water overuse and waste in the Lower Basin states – a "structural deficit". There are also arguments for storing water in Powell: Lake Mead, with its much lower elevation and hotter climate, has a considerably greater evaporation rate than Lake Powell. In addition, a 1983 study by Larry J. Paulson of the

1225:– the explosive collapse of vacuum pockets in water moving at high speed – which was damaging the concrete lining and eroding the rock spillway tunnels from the upper ends of the diversion tunnels, which connect to the bottom of the reservoir. This was rapidly being destroyed by the cavitation and it was feared that a connection would be made to the bottom of Lake Powell, compromising the dam's foundation and causing the dam to fail. 6952: 95: 64: 1917: 1162:

of water into the porous Navajo Sandstone aquifer. Between 1963 and 1969, as much as 655,000 acre-feet (0.808 km) leaked into the reservoir banks each year. Conversely, some of this "bank storage" flows back into the reservoir as springs and seeps when Lake Powell is low. Exactly how much of this water has potential to return to the reservoir, and how much "disappears" into the ground, is subject to debate.

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was within a few feet of his desk in Washington that day and witnessed how the forces long at work had their way. So a steel gate dropped, choking off the flow of the canyon's carotid artery, and from that moment the canyon's life force ebbed quickly. A huge reservoir, absolutely not needed in this century, almost certainly not needed in the next, and conceivably never to be needed at all, began to fill."

6940: 8384: 1761:. The high-flow experiments do not change the total amount of water outflow from Lake Powell on an annual basis, but as a consequence hydro-electric power releases during the rest of the year must be reduced. Some organizations, such as Living Rivers, continue to believe that the dam has too large and severe of an effect on the river's ecology to make restoration efforts worthwhile. 8408: 1116:

the lower ends of the diversion tunnels. This measure saved cost, but introduced a weak point where the two tunnels intersected. The upper ends of the diversion tunnels were then sealed with solid concrete. The first electricity was generated on September 4, 1964, with the power sent into the regional electric grid through a pair of long-distance transmission lines as far as

794:, and increasing the size of the proposed dam at Glen Canyon to replace the storage that would have been provided by Echo Park. A common misconception is that the environmentalists were given a choice between damming Echo Park and damming Glen Canyon, but the USBR "had always planned to build a dam at Glen Canyon, regardless of the outcome of the Echo Park debate". 1170:, the reservoir continues to lose about 380,000 acre-feet (0.47 km) each year due to leakage. According to USBR data for water year 2015 (a year when Lake Powell did not experience a significant overall gain or loss in volume), Lake Powell lost a total of 368,000 acre-feet (0.454 km) to evaporation and only 8,000 acre-feet (0.0099 km) to leakage. 857:, and lamenting the loss of the canyon before most of the American public had a chance to visit, or were even aware of its existence. Though little known to most Americans before Porter's book, Glen Canyon had been visited by a handful of hikers and boaters (such as Powell's expedition), and some had even been interviewed by Brower. As said to Brower by writer 828:, John Wesley Powell had named Glen Canyon for its characteristics: "So we have a curious ensemble of wonderful features – carved walls, royal arches, glens, alcove gulches, mounds and monuments. From which of these features shall we select a name? We decide to call it Glen Canyon." In addition to its variegated rock formations, Glen Canyon supported a rich 612:(the official dividing point of the upper and lower basins), 16 miles (26 km) downstream of present-day Glen Canyon Dam. As it turned out, the early 20th century was one of the wettest periods in the last 800 years. The dependable natural flow past Lees Ferry is now believed to be about 13.5 to 14.6 million acre-feet (16.7 to 18.0 km). 1356:, in contrast to the stronger granite at the Hoover Dam site, forcing the Glen Canyon design to follow more conservative lines by greatly thickening the abutments, thus increasing the surface area through which the weight of dam and reservoir would be transmitted to the rock and relieving the pressure on the highly breakable cliffs. 1838:, is now disused since the water level is usually too low for boats to launch there. Other facilities at Dangling Rope and Rainbow Bridge are accessible only by boat. Aside from the bridges at either end of the lake, a car-and-passenger ferry between Halls Crossing and Bullfrog is the only way for vehicles to cross Lake Powell. 4274: 621:

the time. The first Glen Canyon proposal lay upstream of the Lee's Ferry dividing line, and would be considered the Upper Basin's water. With its substantial Congressional clout, California refused to allow the "virtual faucets" of a Colorado River dam "to be built in what amounted to hostile territory."

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crest is 3,715 feet (1,132 m), and the elevation of the Colorado River below the dam is 3,132 feet (955 m). In total, the dam contains 5,370,000 cubic yards (4,110,000 m) of concrete and 28,900,000 pounds (13,100,000 kg) of reinforcing steel. The hydroelectric power station and river

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in July 2021, and by April 22, 2022 Lake Powell was at 3,522.24 feet (1,073.58 m) in elevation – just 22.88% of capacity. This marks the lowest water level for Lake Powell since it was filled in 1963. Peer-reviewed studies indicate that storing water in Lake Mead rather than in Lake Powell would

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criticized the political forces that resulted in Glen Canyon and hundreds of other dams being built in the 1960s and 1970s. Many of these projects had dubious economic justifications and hidden environmental costs, but the government agencies that built them – namely the Bureau of Reclamation and the

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Meanwhile, snow continued melting in the Rockies and Lake Powell continued to rise rapidly. To delay having to use the spillways, the USBR installed plywood flashboards (later replaced by steel) atop the gates to increase the lake level. Even this additional capacity was exhausted; discharges through

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David Brower visited Glen Canyon shortly after the decision to build the dam, and "realized once he arrived that this was not a place for a reservoir". Glen Canyon's springs, side canyons, and intricately sculpted rock formations were home to such features as Music Temple and Cathedral in the Desert,

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and Boulder Canyons lower on the Colorado, below Grand Canyon. These studies found that the lower Colorado sites had stronger foundation rock which might result in less reservoir seepage. The Glen Canyon site was so remote that delivering supplies and transporting workers there would be infeasible at

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According to biologist and river guide Michael P. Ghiglieri, many drowning deaths by boaters in the Grand Canyon have been caused or exacerbated by rapid hypothermia and hypothermic shock caused by entering the cold water. He further described that during the record post-dam high-flow season of 1983

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Glen Canyon's overall design was based on that of Hoover Dam – a massive concrete arch-gravity structure anchored in solid bedrock – with several significant changes. The engineers wanted the dam to rely predominantly on its arch shape to carry the tremendous pressure of the impounded water into the

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Repairs to the spillways commenced as soon as possible and continued well into 1984. Air slots were installed at the bottom of each spillway to break up and absorb the shock of the bubbles formed by cavitation. In 1984, the Colorado River basin produced even more runoff than 1983, peaking at 148,000

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The Bureau of Reclamation projected that once Lake Powell filled, the total bank storage would stabilize at approximately 6 million acre-feet (7.4 km), and henceforth would fluctuate depending on water levels in the reservoir. The actual loss was 13.4 million acre-feet (16.5 km),

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Construction continued and on September 13, 1963, the dam was topped out. Work on the power plant and spillways began directly after the dam wall was complete. The spillway tunnels were excavated around both abutments of the dam, dropping steeply from their control gates on Lake Powell to merge with

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capable of putting out 1,450 tons per hour was installed, and a pair of cableways with movable towers (with capacities of 50 and 25 tons respectively) spanned the canyon, carrying the 12-cubic-yard (9.2 m) concrete buckets to their final destinations on the steadily rising crest of the dam. The

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because of a wage reduction due to the completion of public facilities at Page. In December 1959, wages were raised by $ 4 a day, quelling the strikers. Concrete placement started on June 16, 1960, and started at a sluggish but growing pace. In 1962 the workforce topped out at nearly 2,500 employees

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In the face of public scrutiny, and wishing to avoid more questions about the Colorado River Storage Project as a whole, the Bureau of Reclamation dropped the Echo Park proposal in 1954. Even as construction began on the other dams, the drama of the Echo Park debate had shifted the American public's

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The EIS completed March 21, 1995 cemented some restrictions on dam operations, limiting the maximum power release to 25,000 cubic feet per second (710 m/s), the maximum hourly "ramp-up" (increase in river flow) to 4,000 cubic feet per second (110 m/s), and the maximum "ramp-down" to 1,500

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tunnels are excavated through the canyon walls on each side of the dam. Twin radial gates, each 40 feet (12 m) wide and 52.5 feet (16.0 m) high, control the flow of water into the spillways. Together, the spillways can pass up to 208,000 cubic feet per second (5,900 m/s). The tunnels

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The Glen Canyon Dam is 710 feet (220 m) high from the foundations and stands 583 feet (178 m) above the Colorado River. The crest of the dam is 1,560 feet (480 m) long and 25 feet (7.6 m) wide, while the maximum thickness of the base is 300 feet (91 m). The elevation at the

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Lake Powell and Lake Mead are currently operated under an "equalization" policy that governs releases from Glen Canyon Dam. In order to maintain hydropower generation at both Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams, the lakes must be kept at approximately the same level. By spreading out the water, evaporation

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At the beginning of June, dam operators opened the gates on the left spillway, sending 10,000 cubic feet per second (280 m/s), less than one-tenth of capacity, down the tunnel into the river below. After a few days, the entire dam suddenly began to shake violently. The spillway was closed down

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It took more than 17 years for Lake Powell to finally reach its full elevation of 3,700 feet (1,100 m) above sea level, which it crossed on June 22, 1980. One of the main reasons for this slow rise, in addition to the need to meet obligations to the Lower Basin, was the leakage of vast amounts

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With a capacity equal to almost two years' annual flow of the Colorado River, engineers were aware that Lake Powell would be difficult to fill, but more problems were encountered than expected. The original plan was to fill Lake Powell to 3,490 feet (1,060 m) above sea level, the minimum level

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Crews working in the Grand Canyon after the 1996 experiment found that the offensive vegetation had not been carried away as previously thought – only buried – and had mostly recovered within six months. The surface area of sandbars had been increased, but much of the material had been eroded from

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and islands, and these natural fluvial formations within the canyon have now suffered severe damage from erosion. The floods that once scoured the river each year are now contained behind the dam except in extraordinary cases such as 1983–84; the lack of floods has promoted vegetation encroachment

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Because of fluctuating demands on the electrical grid, the dam release into the Colorado River rises and falls dramatically on a daily basis. After the dam was completed in 1964, there were few restrictions on hydro-power generation. The minimum dam release was set at a meager 1,000 cubic feet per

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Colorado River levels returned to normal during water years 2014 and 2015 (pushing the lake to 3,606 feet (1,099 m) by the end of water year 2015. The Bureau of Reclamation in 2014 reduced the Lake Powell release from 8.23 to 7.48 million acre-feet, for the first time since the lake filled in

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begins to accumulate in late autumn. On April 1 of each year, the Bureau of Reclamation releases its official forecast of the April–July (snowmelt season) runoff, and adjusts releases from Glen Canyon Dam accordingly to maintain Lake Powell at a safe level. An accurate forecast is vital to prevent

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Much of the opposition to this plan is along political lines: Lake Powell is legally considered the Upper Basin's water, and Lake Mead belongs to the Lower Basin. The Friends of Lake Powell have called this an attempt to steal water from the Upper Basin, to avoid a shortage in the Lower Basin. The

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ordered the filling halted and extra releases made to Lake Mead, to the consternation of the Upper Basin states. In May, Udall changed his mind yet again to lower releases, gambling that the spring runoff would be enough to raise Powell to minimum power pool by autumn, by which time power releases

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in a last-ditch effort to delay Glen Canyon's inundation. Brower later said of that exchange: "On January 2, 1963, the last day on which the execution of one of the planet's greatest scenic antiquities could yet have been spared, the man who theoretically had the power to save the place did not. I

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As early as 1947, the Bureau of Reclamation had begun investigating two potential sites, both located in the narrow lower reaches of Glen Canyon shortly upstream of Lee's Ferry. The site originally favored by the USBR was just 4 miles (6.4 km) upstream, but the final decision was to build the

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In addition to its flooding of the scenic Glen Canyon, the dam's economic justification was questioned by some critics. It became "a catalyst for the modern environmental movement," and was one of the last dams of its size to be built in the United States. The dam has been criticized for the large

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effect in Lake Powell. The water typically released from hundreds of feet below the lake surface through the penstocks is insulated from temperature fluctuations by the thick layer of water above it. Nikolai Ramsey of the Grand Canyon Trust describes the clearer, colder river as a "death zone for

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made of chicken wire and metal grates. Vehicles had to make a 225-mile (362 km) journey in order to get from one side of the canyon to the other. A road link was urgently needed, in order to safely accommodate workers and heavy construction equipment. The contract for building the bridge was

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season), with a maximum of 31,500 cubic feet per second (890 m/s) during peak times; to respond to changing power demands, river flows could double or even triple in the space of an hour. This caused severe erosion of the Colorado River banks downstream, damaging habitat for native fish and

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is the highest in North America, and is a sacred site to the Navajo people. The environmental lobby wanted the Bureau of Reclamation to keep Lake Powell at or below a level of 3,600 feet (1,100 m), to prevent it from intruding into the monument. The Bureau of Reclamation proposed to build a

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At the beginning of 1963, the dam was high enough to begin impounding water; huge steel gates were closed over the right diversion tunnel on January 21, and Lake Powell began to rise. A minimal flow of 1,000 cubic feet per second (28 m/s) was allowed through the dam, to prevent the Colorado

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With the Colorado River safely diverted around the canyon, construction could begin on the actual concrete arch dam. The contract was given to the Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corporation for an "astoundingly low" $ 107,955,552, about $ 30 million less than USBR's own estimate. Then, right before

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The Bureau of Reclamation favored the Echo Park site over Glen Canyon, because its narrow canyons and high elevation (more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m), as compared to 3,700 feet (1,100 m) at Glen Canyon) would lead to less evaporation. It said that building Echo Park Dam and a "low" Glen

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to officially allocate the flow of the Colorado River and its tributaries. Each half of the Colorado River Basin – the Upper Basin, comprising Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming – and the Lower Basin, with California and Nevada – was allotted 7.5 million acre-feet (9.3 km) of water

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and two of the outlet works' bypass tubes at Glen Canyon Dam were opened to maximum capacity, causing a flood of 45,000 cubic feet per second (1,300 m/s) to move down the Colorado River. This was the first of the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program "high flow experiments", a controlled

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generation. It is the second-biggest producer of hydroelectric power in the Southwestern United States, after Hoover Dam. Revenues derived from power sales were integral in paying off the bonds used to build the dam and have also been used to fund other Bureau of Reclamation projects, including

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In 1956, work began on the two diversion tunnels that would carry the Colorado River around the dam site during construction. Each of the tunnels was 41 feet (12 m) in diameter, with a combined capacity of 200,000 cubic feet per second (5,700 m/s); the right-side tunnel was 2,740 feet

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The Bureau of Reclamation recognized a more serious problem. Construction of the Storage Project, and allowing the Upper Basin to develop its water supplies, would tip the whole Colorado River system toward a structural water deficit since the Colorado River's average flow is less than what was

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The general consensus among inhabitants of the Colorado River basin and government officials was that a high dam had to be built on the Colorado to control floods and provide carry-over water storage for times of drought. Possible locations for this dam were debated for years, and the Bureau of

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area of boats. Lake users are required by law to clean, drain and dry their vessels, both before and after taking a trip to Lake Powell. Mussel infestations tend to clog the hydroelectric intakes at the Glen Canyon Dam, as well as the propellers and exhaust pipes of boats, requiring expensive

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to divert the Colorado River, which were complete in February 1960. The upper cofferdam was 168 feet (51 m) high, and it alone could store several million acre-feet of water to protect the dam site from flooding in the event that inflows exceeded the capacity of the diversion tunnels. On

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and northwest Mexico; before massive dam projects tamed the river in the 20th century, its flow was far from dependable. Annual discharge from the Colorado River and its tributaries ranges from 4 to 22 million acre-feet (4.9 to 27.1 km), and 10-year averages may fluctuate as much as

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Because of its tremendous ecological effect on the Colorado River, the Glen Canyon Dam has been subject to decades of criticism from the environmental movement. Being located in a high desert climate amid porous geology, Lake Powell causes huge evaporation and seepage losses. The Glen Canyon

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lawn occupying the crescent between the dam and hydroelectric plant. At the time of construction in 1964, the steel penstocks feeding water to the power plant were exposed and they experienced severe vibration when in use. Engineers decided to bury them in soil to act as a buffer against the

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staged an anti-dam protest by unfurling a 300-foot (91 m) tapered black sheet of plastic down the face of the dam, making it appear as if a gigantic crack had appeared in the structure – a direct re-enactment of a scene from Abbey's book. Authorities were unable to find the individuals

1251:

barrier dam and pump system in order to keep water out of the monument. With the potential damage that would be caused to the remote environment, "the cure would be far worse than the disease." The proposal was fought over and litigated for years until it was permanently shelved in 1973.

951:

was itself a marvel of engineering: at 1,271 feet (387 m) long and rising 700 feet (210 m) above the river, it was the highest bridge of its kind in the United States and one of the highest in the world. The bridge soon became a major tourist attraction. The March 1959 issue of

668:

and Split Mountain. The 1956 Colorado River Storage Project Act authorized the purposes of "regulating the flow of the Colorado River, storing water for beneficial consumptive use, providing for reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands, providing flood control, and generating hydropower."

1670:

that pose a hazard to fish and boaters alike. Before damming, the Colorado commonly reached flows of more than 100,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m/s) during the spring; this has been limited to less than 25,000 cubic feet per second (710 m/s) most years with few exceptions.

1388:

With a capacity of 25,160,000 acre-feet (31.03 km), Lake Powell is the second largest man-made lake in the United States by total water capacity (after only Lake Mead), extending 186 miles (299 km) upstream through the canyons of Arizona and Utah. The lake covers 161,390 acres

680:, located hundreds of miles away from the Colorado in the center of the state. Glen Canyon Dam would regulate river flow between Lee's Ferry and Lake Mead, where the Colorado drops some 1,200 feet (370 m), allowing the future construction of two additional hydroelectric dams, at 604:

was signed in 1944 allocating 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 km) to Mexico. The third lower basin state, Arizona, did not ratify the Compact until 1944 because it was concerned that California might seek to appropriate a portion of its share before it could be put to use.

476:

Since first filling to capacity in 1980, Lake Powell water levels have fluctuated greatly depending on water demand and annual runoff. The operation of Glen Canyon Dam helps ensure an equitable distribution of water between the states of the Upper Colorado River Basin

1141:, with only the excess stored in Lake Powell. The spring runoff in 1963 was the lowest on record in ten years. By the beginning of 1964, Lake Powell had barely reached half the target level, and Lake Mead had seen a sharp decline. In March, Secretary of the Interior 872:

dams. The Sierra Club launched an extensive publicity campaign to sway public opinion against the plan; in response to the USBR's argument that new reservoirs would open up the Grand Canyon to recreational boaters as Lake Powell had, a full-page advertisement in the

879:

ran the slogan: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can float nearer the ceiling?" Faced with public outcry, the Bureau abandoned its Grand Canyon dams, effectively terminating most of the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, in 1968. The coal-fired

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Before the dam was built, Colorado River temperatures ranged from over 80 °F (27 °C) in the heat of summer to just above freezing in winter. Today, water released by Glen Canyon is a consistent 46 °F (8 °C) throughout the year due to a

601: 737:

air. In the spring, the swollen Green would flood the canyon bottom and leave lush meadows as it went. Echo Park was probably the most beautiful canyon flat in all of Utah, part of Dinosaur National Monument. It was also an ideal site for a dam.

1241:

Long after the Glen Canyon Dam was built and continuing to the present day, controversy remains between supporters of dam removal and those who believe it should be left in place. One of the earliest debates regarding the dam was its impact on

1604:

since 1977. Glen Canyon Dam generates enough power to offset 6.7 billion pounds (3 billion kg) of carbon dioxide emissions each year. Drought conditions in the 21st century have reduced the amount of hydropower available from Glen Canyon Dam.

1075:

laboring on the dam. Construction would ultimately claim eighteen lives and injure numerous other workers, but contrary to popular myth, no workers were buried alive in the concrete. Cement needed to make concrete for the dam came from the

460:

comprising the Colorado River Basin, the Bureau of Reclamation deemed the construction of additional reservoirs necessary. The Glen Canyon Dam remains a central issue for modern environmentalist movements. Beginning in the late 1990s, the

888:

tax-exempt status a day after the advertisement was released due to its disruptive political activities. The group's membership more than doubled in the next three years, many of them citizens unhappy with the IRS's apparent overreach.

505:). During years of drought, Glen Canyon guarantees a water delivery to the Lower Basin states, without the need for rationing in the Upper Basin. In wet years, it captures extra runoff for future use. The dam is also a major source of 1723:

have disappeared. In 2014 an intentional "pulse flow" was released into the delta to restore some of these wetlands; the viability of such flows have been controversial, considering the already high demand for Colorado River water.

1272:(1992) by Jimmie Killingsworth and Jacqueline Palmer, who write that Glen Canyon Dam became "the big symbol of all that blocked freedom in the interests of civilized progress." On March 21, 1981, the radical environmental group 1849:. The base of the dam can also be reached via boat from Lee's Ferry. Because of the cold, clear water released from Lake Powell, the stretch of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lee's Ferry has become an excellent 533:

from Lake Powell and its impact on the ecology of the Grand Canyon, which lies downstream; environmental groups continue to advocate for the dam's removal. Water managers and utilities state that the dam is a major source of

6446:

The annual water release requirement from Glen Canyon Dam is 8.23 million acre-feet (10.15 km); the average release between 2000 and 2015 was 8.83 million acre-feet (10.89 km), as measured at the

1749:

the submerged portions of the bars and deposited on top, making them unstable, rather than scoured from the riverbed as hoped. Subsequent releases in 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2014 were timed to take advantage of summer

1810:

or bring their own camping equipment, find a private spot somewhere in the canyons, and make their own camp (there are no restrictions on where visitors can stay). About 85,000 people per year travel via boat to

696:

to accomplish these goals. The state of California opposed the project, as it would eliminate the "surplus" water in the Colorado (really the Upper Basin's yet unused supplies) it had gotten accustomed to using.

1559:

is 510 feet (160 m). The units were installed between September 1964 and February 1966 at an original rating of 950 megawatts; an upgrade project between 1985 and 1997 brought it to its present capacity.

790:

perception on big government projects and their environmental consequences. Echo Park was considered a victory for the American environmental movement, but it only happened in exchange for a dam upstream at

4063:"Terrorists or Saviors? : Environment: U.S. claims that Earth First! engaged in criminal conspiracy to disrupt nuclear facilities. The defense says the government is out to discredit the organization" 692:. Glen, Marble and Bridge together would provide the power necessary to pump water to where it was needed in central Arizona. In 1963, Arizona's congressional delegation proposed these dams as part of the 1050:

It looked as if they were going to start losing money before they dropped a single man with a three-dollar shovel into that canyon. It was one thing to submit a low-ball bid, but it was quite another to

1629:

View of the Colorado immediately downstream of Glen Canyon Dam (right). The green, clear water is caused by the dam trapping sediment, which would naturally cause the river to have a reddish-brown color.

4455: 1661:

environment but has created problems for tourism, as hikers and boaters often cannot find good spots to camp due to overgrowth. Flood control has also caused an inability of the river to carry away the

1264:(1975), which tells the story of a fictional group of environmentalists fighting against industrial developers in the American Southwest, their ultimate target being Glen Canyon Dam. The novel gained a 1707:

Glen Canyon Dam has also impacted the Colorado River well downstream of the Grand Canyon. When the gates of the dam were closed in 1963, the resulting reductions in river flow effectively dried up the

1040:

February 11, 1959, the right diversion tunnel was completed and began to carry the flow of the Colorado. The left tunnel was finished over three months later on May 19, 1959, slightly behind schedule.

1352:

canyon walls instead of depending on the sheer weight of the structure to hold the reservoir back, as had been done at Hoover. The foundation rock at Glen Canyon consists of porous sandstone prone to

719:

that "in the Pacific Northwest there was a lot of suspicion that the Pacific Southwest Water Plan was merely a smokescreen for a much larger plan, long a gleam in the Colorado Basin's eye, to tap the

1794:, Lake Powell is "widely recognized by boating enthusiasts as one of the premier water-based recreation destinations in the world." Despite its remote location, the 1,250,000-acre (510,000 ha) 923:. Because of the isolated location, acquiring the land at the dam and reservoir sites was not particularly difficult, but there were a few disputes with ranchers and miners in the area (many of the 608:

The total, 16.5 million acre-feet (20.4 km), was based on only thirty years of streamflow records starting in the late 1890s. It was believed to represent the annual flow as measured at

5342: 1535:

environmental restoration programs in the Grand Canyon and elsewhere along the Colorado River. For this reason, it has long been known as a "cash register" dam. The dam also serves as a primary

1585:

causing danger for boaters, who could get stuck whenever the river flow dropped too quickly. In 1990 temporary restrictions were put in place on dam operations, before the release of a final

1401:, Lake Powell has an exceptionally long shoreline for a lake of its size – about 1,960 miles (3,150 km) at full pool, longer than the entire west coast of the continental United States. 820:

a giant cave-like natural amphitheater with a waterfall at its center. The Colorado River flowed gently across the bottom of the canyon, in sharp contrast to the roaring rapids upstream in

7972: 7923: 7741: 947:

awarded to Peter Kiewit Sons and the Judson Pacific Murphy Co. for $ 4 million and construction began in late 1956, reaching completion on August 11, 1957. When finished, the steel arch

7769: 2083: 1500:

yield a savings of 300,000 acre feet of water or more per year, leading to calls by environmentalists to drain Lake Powell and restore Glen Canyon to its natural, free-flowing state.

7918: 5193: 927:). Much of the land acquired for the dam was through an exchange with the Navajo, in which the tribe ceded Manson Mesa south of the dam site for a similar-sized chunk of land near 7789: 7784: 7721: 1412:

Glen Canyon Dam's most vital purpose is to provide storage to ensure enough water flows from the Upper Colorado River Basin to the lower, especially in drought years. The 1922

8219: 1166:

twice the initial prediction, but river flow data indicates that further leakage after 1980 has been negligible. According to a 2013 study by hydrologist Thomas Myers for the

8439: 7824: 7736: 1000:, in coordination with the Navajo Nation, to investigate historical artifacts. They discovered a petroglyph in the upper part of the canyon depicting the appearance of the 1284:

Low water levels on Lake Powell in April 2006, seen from Hole in the Rock. The water is 107 feet (33 m) below the top of the "bathtub ring" along the reservoir shore.

864:

Emboldened by Echo Park and desperate to prevent the Grand Canyon from reaching the same fate as Glen, Brower and the Sierra Club directed attention towards the proposed

7726: 2054: 1853:

fishery. Trout are not native to the Colorado River system; they were stocked in the river below Glen Canyon Dam after the dam was built. Other non-native fish such as

7829: 7774: 1417: 2425: 2253: 4275:"The One-Dam Solution: Preliminary report to the Bureau of Reclamation on proposed reoperation strategies for Glen Canyon and Hoover Dam under low water conditions" 2493:"The One-Dam Solution: Preliminary report to the Bureau of Reclamation on proposed reoperation strategies for Glen Canyon and Hoover Dam under low water conditions" 6711: 4299: 4512: 3969: 1845:

Visitor Center at Glen Canyon Dam each year. The Bureau of Reclamation provides guided tours of the dam; stringent security measures have been in place since the

758: 7809: 7764: 4582:"Criteria for Coordinated Long-Range Operation of Colorado River Reservoirs Pursuant to the Colorado River Basin Project Act of September 30, 1968 (P.L. 90-537)" 7804: 7799: 6716: 3439: 1488:

1980. This was done due to the "equalization" guideline which stipulates that an approximately equal amount of water must be retained in both Lake Powell and

7814: 7779: 2180: 1322:

showed that the cold water discharge from Glen Canyon Dam has led to a significant reduction of the water temperature, and thus evaporation, from Lake Mead.

7819: 7794: 6771: 6751: 1613:

potentially damaging vibrations. The grass was later planted to prevent the dirt from getting blown away – but also provides a mild cooling effect through

1492:, in order to preserve hydro-power generation capacity at both lakes. This resulted in Lake Mead declining to the lowest level on record since the 1930s. 7834: 7692: 7371: 2596: 465:

and other organizations renewed the call to dismantle the dam and drain Lake Powell in Lower Glen Canyon. Glen Canyon and Lake Powell are managed by the

4110: 8212: 7644: 6731: 5350: 8474: 7346: 6726: 6349: 3035: 2684: 996:. Crampton subsequently wrote several books and articles on his findings. The Museum of Northern Arizona funded an expedition by William Miller and 8484: 6243: 5552:"Experimental High-Flow Release from Glen Canyon Dam Benefits Important Physical and Biological Resources While Maintaining Water Responsibilities" 1951: 576:. In 1904, the Colorado River was accidentally redirected after it damaged a canal gate in Mexico, causing the river to flood part of California's 4111:"Goldwater, Brower and the disastrous damming of the Colorado River: How two bitter opponents came to a meeting of the minds on water in the West" 1268:

after its publication and established Glen Canyon Dam as a poster child of environmental destruction caused by dams. Abbey's book is discussed in

766:(left) joining the Green River. The USBR proposed damming the Green a short distance downstream, behind the large cliff (Steamboat Rock) at right. 7336: 6837: 6736: 4387: 4248: 1961: 1303:– were more interested in maintaining their size and influence. Reisner writes that "in the West, it is said, water flows uphill towards money." 5551: 2776: 2145: 8459: 4161: 974: 4886: 3502:"Let the River Run Through It: More than forty years ago David Brower made a mistake. Now he says it's time to bring Glen Canyon back to life" 2377: 1364:

are located at the foot of the dam. The outlet works consist of four 96-inch (240 cm) diameter pipes, each controlled by a ring gate and

8454: 8205: 4546: 4192: 2087: 1956: 5258: 733:... Echo Park was a pure indulgence in the most austere of deserts. In autumn, its groves of cottonwood and yellowing willow gave it a 4974: 3880: 1815:

in Utah, a large natural arch once very hard to access, but now easily reachable because one of the arms of the reservoir extends near it.

4717: 7639: 5204: 3577: 87: 4738: 2452:"Treaty Between the United States of America and Mexico: Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande" 2114: 1889:

de-contamination. Their impact on the lake ecology appears to be low, or even beneficial due to their providing a food source for fish.

884:

was built near Page, to make up for the electric power that was lost with the cancellation of the dam project. The Sierra Club lost its

7649: 3708: 2451: 1416:

requires annual delivery of 7.5 million acre-feet (9.3 km) to the Lower Basin states of Arizona, California and Nevada; the

1150:

minimum power pool. That gamble paid off, with Lake Powell barely inching over the 3,490-foot (1,060 m) mark on August 16, 1964.

141: 56: 7318: 7272: 7199: 6804: 1968: 1884:

species originating in eastern Europe. Mussels are most commonly transferred from lake to lake attached to the hulls, and inside the

774:

and would submerge 110 miles (180 km) of scenic canyons – a move that alarmed environmentalists. The environmental organization

4921: 4581: 7296: 6479: 2996: 466: 8494: 8489: 7685: 7277: 4136: 1481: 1453: 672:

The proposal for Glen Canyon Dam was most vocally supported by the state of Arizona, which wished to get Colorado River water to

3779: 2570: 587: 7850: 7242: 6794: 5577: 2282: 2058: 7988: 6422: 6403: 6384: 6338: 6319: 6298: 6279: 6260: 6227: 6204: 6182: 6163: 6142: 6123: 6104: 6085: 6066: 6043: 6024: 6005: 5986: 5967: 5948: 5373: 5070: 3294: 961:

Workers moved to the dam site beginning in the mid-late 1950s; the construction camp started out as a haphazardly organized

624:

With the Glen Canyon site out of the question, the initial need for a reservoir was realized in 1936 with the completion of

8324: 8228: 7962: 7581: 7164: 5402: 2257: 1795: 1785: 1774: 825: 522: 470: 5499: 4410: 2429: 1818:

Because most of the lake is surrounded by steep sandstone walls, access is limited to developed marinas. The heavily used

1798:, which surrounds the reservoir, receives more than three million visitors annually. Activities include boating, fishing, 8444: 7654: 6830: 6534:

Historical Physical and Chemical Data for Water in Lake Powell and from Glen Canyon Dam Releases, Utah-Arizona, 1964–2013

5166: 5044: 1973: 4306: 3409: 7678: 7619: 7591: 5458:

Rubin, David M.; Topping, David J.; Schmidt, John C.; Hazel, Joe; Kaplinski, Matt; Melis, Theodore S. (June 18, 2002).

3977: 2661: 4035: 7701: 7526: 7184: 2956: 1601: 1153: 849: 6213: 5525: 3150: 648:

To provide water for the Upper Basin and ensure delivery to the Lower Basin, the Bureau of Reclamation proposed the

8293: 6741: 5831: 4779: 3447: 2184: 1812: 1243: 903:

dam 16.5 miles (26.6 km) upstream because of stronger foundation rock and easier access to gravel deposits on

1187:

Glen Canyon Dam releasing floodwater in 1984, testing repairs of the spillways which were heavily damaged in 1983.

8479: 7065: 4000: 2028: 1390: 657: 513:

per year. The long and winding Lake Powell, known for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities including

5194:"Colorado River Native Riparian Vegetation in Grand Canyon: How Has Glen Canyon Dam Impacted These Communities?" 4357: 4223: 3662:

Myers, Tom (June 21, 2013). "Loss Rates from Lake Powell and Their Impact on Management of the Colorado River".

1459: 1200: 965:

that grew with the workforce. During the construction of the Glen Canyon Bridge, the USBR also began planning a

8075: 7531: 6823: 6574: 6565: 4484: 2925:"Drowned Heart: A Trip to Drought-Wracked Lake Powell Reveals the Lost Wonder of the "Cathedral in the Desert"" 1586: 1420:

obligates the U.S. to allow at least 1.5 million acre-feet (1.9 km) for use in the Mexican states of

1195:

The right spillway gates during 1983 flood, showing flashboards that were installed to increase the water level

649: 644:

Map showing locations of major dams in the Colorado River Basin, with Glen Canyon near the center of the basin.

5909: 2604: 8464: 6686: 6491: 4750: 2348: 2215: 616:

Reclamation's first study for a dam at Glen Canyon was made in 1924, in addition to studies for locations at

4860: 4832: 1806:, swimming and hiking. Prepared campgrounds can be found at each marina, but many visitors choose to rent a 1217:

had to be opened. Other than a brief test in 1980, this was the only time the spillways had ever been used.

572:

and navigation on the lower portion of the river. During droughts, there was too little water available for

8340: 7596: 7094: 7070: 6519: 6356: 4960:

Operation of Glen Canyon Dam: Colorado River Storage Project, Arizona: final environmental impact statement

3630: 1464: 1300: 661: 617: 584:. After this catastrophe, California and Arizona began to call for a dam to control the tempestuous river. 453: 4623: 2924: 2691: 2544: 1206: 847:

In 1963, when construction on the dam was well underway, the Sierra Club published a book on Glen Canyon,

836:

formed by the Colorado River, with as many as 316 bird species, 79 plant species and 34 kinds of mammals.

448:

A dam in Glen Canyon was studied as early as 1924, but these plans were initially dropped in favor of the

8113: 7957: 7913: 7576: 7134: 6192: 5613:"Foundation Document Overview: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Rainbow Bridge National Monument" 3846: 569: 4668: 4062: 8434: 7586: 7571: 7341: 6756: 6721: 1791: 993: 771: 706: 689: 560: 398: 222: 6415:

Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium October 21–22, 2010 Las Vegas, Nevada

5555: 4252: 3917:"Foundation Document Overview: Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Rainbow Bridge National Monument" 2149: 958:

reported that "motorists driving miles out of their way just to be thrilled by its dizzying height."

8026: 7941: 7746: 7566: 6467: 6191: 5007: 4485:"The Bureau showed the Right Stuff: How Lake Powell almost broke free of Glen Canyon Dam this summer" 2784: 1989: 1468:

Chart showing daily water volume observations for Lake Powell, from Jun 28, 1963 to December 16, 2023

881: 602:

Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande

6135:

Tony Hillerman's Navajoland: Hideouts, Haunts, and Havens in the Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee Mysteries

4805: 4169: 2730: 1339:

An aerial view of Glen Canyon Dam from upstream, showing the spillways to lower left and right, the

1137:

necessary to generate hydroelectric power by late 1964, after which water would be released down to

1035:

Material dug out of the tunnels and the dam abutments on the canyon walls was used to build the two

8449: 8247: 8141: 8136: 8086: 8080: 7119: 4894: 4645: 4553: 2635: 2385: 1368:. The discharge capacity of the river outlet works is 15,000 cubic feet per second (420 m/s). 885: 457: 129: 4200: 938:

Glen Canyon damsite from the air in November 1957, prior to construction of the Glen Canyon Bridge

7490: 7480: 7452: 7412: 7232: 6648: 6505: 5659: 5266: 3891: 3107: 1936: 1496: 1124:. It took two more years to complete all remaining aspects of the project. On September 22, 1966 693: 6543: 4981: 4692:

National Research Council & Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies, p. 56

3888:

Hydraulics Branch, Division of Research and Laboratory Services, Engineering and Research Center

8469: 8402: 8283: 8011: 7998: 7967: 7933: 7895: 7624: 7521: 7227: 6663: 6448: 5319: 5229: 4709: 4087: 3805: 3602: 3554: 2223:

Glen Canyon Dam Long-Term Experimental and Management Plan Draft Environmental Impact Statement

1750: 1580:

second (28 m/s) (increased to 3,000 cubic feet per second (85 m/s) during the summer

1413: 1260: 1121: 1076: 596: 545:

Panorama of Glen Canyon Dam showing Lake Powell, Glen Canyon Dam and Carl Hayden Visitor Center

6116:

The Wrong Hands: Popular Weapons Manuals and Their Historic Challenges to a Democratic Society

5141: 4547:"Colorado River System Facilities and Current River System Operations From Lake Powell to SIB" 3346: 1543:

power source for the Southwest electrical grid. The power plant has a total capacity of 1,320

8021: 7905: 7613: 7257: 7207: 7114: 6691: 6214:

National Research Council; Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (1996).

1758: 1344: 1167: 981: 414: 6529:

Geologic Map of the Glen Canyon Dam, 30ʹ x 60ʹ Quadrangle, Coconino County, Northern Arizona

5857: 5612: 4958: 4434:"Use of hydroelectric dams to control evaporation and salinity in the Colorado River system" 3916: 3715: 2458: 628:

in Black Canyon, storing 32 million acre-feet (39 km) in the mammoth reservoir of

8499: 8387: 8345: 8319: 7890: 7561: 7407: 7386: 7179: 7104: 6701: 6696: 6638: 6272:

Energy for the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide to Conventional and Alternative Services

5681: 5471: 5109: 3671: 3245: 1946: 1846: 1835: 1823: 1819: 1803: 1708: 1608:

An unusual feature of the Glen Canyon power plant is the 86,000 square feet (8,000 m)

1319: 1025: 665: 5883: 4588: 4224:"Unplugging the Colorado River: Could the end be near for one of the West's biggest dams?" 8: 7417: 7326: 6668: 6476: 5753: 4932: 1689: 1128:

gave the official dedication speech for Glen Canyon Dam, before a crowd of 3,000 people.

989: 984:

to document and recover artifacts of historical cultures along the river. These went to

652:, which would consist of a dam on the Colorado River at Glen Canyon, several dams on the 5805: 5475: 5113: 3675: 3249: 3000: 1495:

Long-term water level decline continued, forcing an emergency release of water from the

942:

In the early stages of construction, the only way to cross Glen Canyon was a suspension

8197: 8131: 7731: 7659: 7495: 7485: 7447: 7267: 7189: 6761: 6558: 6237: 6216: 6055: 5976: 3687: 3501: 2978: 1983: 1822:

and Antelope Point Marinas are located in Arizona, close to Page. Two other marinas at

1716: 1614: 1609: 1581: 1340: 1335: 1084: 1080: 985: 948: 916: 438: 363: 39: 6412: 5779: 3491:

The Place No One Knew, Glen Canyon on the Colorado, by Eliot Porter, Sierra Club, 1968

2852: 2574: 2492: 1666:

that are common along the canyons, leading to the creation of incrementally dangerous

8059: 7212: 7149: 6658: 6600: 6533: 6418: 6399: 6380: 6334: 6315: 6309: 6294: 6275: 6256: 6223: 6200: 6178: 6159: 6155:

A Story That Stands Like A Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West

6153: 6138: 6119: 6100: 6081: 6062: 6039: 6020: 6001: 5982: 5963: 5944: 5728: 5703: 5584: 5095: 3691: 2286: 1831: 1652:

The Colorado through Grand Canyon now lacks the source of sediment it needs to build

1563: 1472: 1398: 1125: 869: 865: 791: 702: 685: 681: 4433: 3258: 3233: 2982: 8054: 8016: 8006: 7536: 7109: 7009: 6615: 5479: 5117: 3679: 3253: 2968: 2384:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. May 25, 2006. Archived from 1978: 1531: 1117: 1029: 908: 799:

is useless to anyone ... I've seen all the wild rivers I ever wanted to see.

673: 535: 506: 394: 239: 8356: 3302: 8309: 8273: 7880: 7505: 7457: 7222: 7174: 7154: 7099: 7014: 6996: 6991: 6919: 6706: 6523: 6495: 6483: 6471: 5410: 5403:"Controlled Flood: Can Large Releases of Water Restore Habitats in Grand Canyon?" 5074: 1862: 1854: 1827: 1552: 1523: 1432: 1421: 1394: 1290: 1108: 953: 858: 821: 749: 715: 677: 577: 356: 3780:"USGS Gage #09380000 on the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry, AZ – Peak Streamflow" 2954: 2317: 2009: 1107:

River from drying up completely. On that day, David Brower confronted President

977:, who had worked on Hoover Dam and had previously designed six other USBR dams. 8363: 7875: 7634: 7376: 7291: 7247: 7124: 7075: 6846: 6799: 6789: 6746: 6590: 5374:"Balancing a Complex Set of Interests: Glen Canyon Dam and Adaptive Management" 5170: 5169:. Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. December 4, 2006. Archived from 3204: 2901: 2014: 1908: 1678:

The Colorado River is now much calmer and colder than before the dam was built.

1556: 1265: 1213:

running at full capacity, Lake Powell continued to rise to the point where the

1099: 875: 720: 653: 609: 402: 376: 319: 249: 5048: 3417: 1518: 541: 8428: 8411: 8125: 8049: 8044: 7281: 7217: 7144: 7139: 7129: 7033: 6620: 6551: 6094: 1877: 1866: 1850: 1693: 1658: 1597: 1536: 1191: 1142: 1071: 970: 924: 912: 904: 833: 829: 510: 410: 382: 350: 156: 143: 72: 33: 7670: 5834:. Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. April 4, 2013. Archived from 4863:. Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. April 4, 2013. Archived from 1872:

Like many U.S. lakes and reservoirs, Lake Powell has an active problem with

1365: 861:, who had been to the canyon in 1947, "Echo doesn't hold a candle to Glen." 8288: 8242: 7855: 7629: 7541: 7381: 7286: 7027: 6978: 6766: 6311:

Dead pool: Lake Powell, global warming, and the future of water in the West

5998:

Moon Four Corners: Including Navajo and Hopi Country, Moab, and Lake Powell

4388:"Critical to Arizona's Water Future: Fixing Lake Mead's Structural Deficit" 3036:"The Sierra Club Was Once the Victim of a Politically Motivated IRS Attack" 1922: 1873: 1858: 1684: 1551:

generators. Each generator is driven by a 254,000 horsepower vertical-axis

1480:

Colorado River flows have been below average since 2000 as a result of the

1361: 1307: 1295: 1273: 1255: 1247: 1210: 980:

Prior to and during construction, three separate grants were issued by the

966: 962: 854: 839: 813: 805: 779: 744: 710: 564:

1 million acre-feet (1.2 km). Flooding, and the river's enormous

518: 442: 5957: 5529: 1404: 1221:

for inspections and workers discovered that the flow of water was causing

8278: 8252: 7500: 7475: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7391: 7301: 7262: 7252: 7159: 7022: 7004: 6983: 6653: 6643: 6610: 6413:

Wiltshire, Richard L.; Gilbert, David R.; Rogers, Jerry R., eds. (2010).

6038:(1st, tenth revision ed.). Flagstaff: Puma Press. pp. 211–215. 5835: 5583:. Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program. March 2014. Archived from 5484: 5459: 5122: 5097: 2973: 1842: 1799: 1781: 1754: 1736:

River outlet works are open during high flow experiment in December 2012.

1540: 1510: 1001: 934: 928: 920: 775: 763: 734: 530: 462: 456:. By the 1950s, due to rapid population growth in the seven U.S. and two 430: 418: 304: 6815: 6078:

A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement

2853:"F. E. Dominy, Who Harnessed Water in the American West, Is Dead at 100" 1254:

Glen Canyon Dam became the subject of influential literature, including

1012: 441:, who in 1869 led the first expedition to traverse the Colorado River's 7885: 7870: 7366: 7356: 7331: 7237: 7169: 6893: 6872: 6605: 6195:; Hamlet, Alan F.; Kenney, Douglas S.; Redmond, Kelly T., eds. (2016). 6017:

The Bureau of Reclamation: From Developing to Managing Water, 1945–2000

3683: 1674: 1436: 1377: 1222: 1090: 997: 943: 625: 581: 573: 494: 486: 449: 6963: 5960:

Big dams of the New Deal era: a confluence of engineering and politics

5433: 1732: 915:– a new road had to be constructed, branching off from US 89 north of 640: 8257: 7860: 7432: 7361: 6957: 6945: 6630: 6528: 5979:

The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction

4365: 4137:"If You Only Read One Book About the Water Crisis: 'Cadillac Desert'" 3108:"A pre-bid look at site and construction problems of Glen Canyon Dam" 1807: 1663: 1625: 1596:

Between 1980 and 2013, Glen Canyon Dam generated an average of 4,717

1571: 1489: 1138: 1036: 629: 514: 426: 422: 6511: 5977:

Billington, David P.; Jackson, Donald C.; Melosi, Martin V. (2005).

5637: 5343:"Historic "Pulse Flow" Brings Water to Parched Colorado River Delta" 5291:

Minard, Anne (July 8, 2002). "Re-opening Glen Canyon's floodgates".

5096:

Graf, William L.; Wohl, Ellen; Sinha, Tushar; Sabo, John L. (2010).

4831:

Writer, Anna Skinner Senior; Assignment, General (August 10, 2023).

1930: 1869:

were planted in Lake Powell to provide sport fishing opportunities.

1431:

Most of Lake Powell's inflow originates as summer snowmelt from the

1016:

Architectural plans for the Glen Canyon Dam and ancillary structures

705:

to the Colorado Basin. In addition to the proposed diversion of the

6951: 6879: 6538: 2352: 2216:"Appendix K: Hydropower Systems Technical Information and Analysis" 1741: 1642: 1638: 1548: 1544: 1440: 1372: 1353: 1214: 478: 369: 6488: 6014: 5941:

Restoring Colorado River ecosystems: a troubled sense of immensity

4864: 3555:"Bureau of Reclamation Lake Powell Water Data for August 16, 1964" 2781:

A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin

2640:

A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin

2115:"Lake Powell's storage capacity updated for first time since 1986" 1769: 7705: 6907: 6865: 6573: 5098:"Sedimentation and sustainability of western American reservoirs" 4929:

Operation of Glen Canyon Dam Final Environmental Impact Statement

4364:. The Water Information Program. October 17, 2013. Archived from 4249:"Fill Mead First: A Common Sense Solution for the Colorado River" 4088:"Bureau of Reclamation Lake Powell Water Data for April 30, 2006" 2957:"Birds of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona" 1916: 1881: 1753:, and redistribute sediment carried into the Grand Canyon by the 1720: 1712: 1653: 502: 482: 406: 103: 6516: 5039: 5037: 4980:. Colorado River Energy Distributors Association. Archived from 3806:"Bureau of Reclamation Lake Powell Water Data for July 14, 1983" 3603:"Bureau of Reclamation Lake Powell Water Data for June 22, 1980" 2378:"Historic Colorado River streamflows reconstructed back to 1490" 1280: 591:

A boater on the river in Glen Canyon before damming, circa 1898.

559:

The Colorado River is the single largest source of water in the

6926: 6886: 5554:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. November 10, 2014. Archived from 5528:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. December 10, 2013. Archived from 3578:"Drought in the Colorado River Basin: Shrinkage of Lake Powell" 3416:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. November 25, 2008. Archived from 3301:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. November 25, 2008. Archived from 2783:. U.S. National Park Service. September 6, 2004. Archived from 2725: 2723: 2721: 1667: 1646: 1425: 911:– more than 30 miles (48 km) from the closest paved road, 498: 434: 234: 6939: 5704:"Glen Canyon Dam, Powerplant and Lake Powell Visitor Brochure" 4332:"USGS Gage #09380000 on the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry, AZ" 3714:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. October 14, 2015. Archived from 2603:. U.S. National Park Service. February 1, 2008. Archived from 2457:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. February 3, 1944. Archived from 2285:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. November 4, 2008. Archived from 6781: 6500: 5034: 4931:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. October 8, 1996. Archived from 4739:

Wyo looks to store, divert more water as Lake Powell dries up

3628: 2955:

Spence, John R.; LaRue, Charles T.; Grahame, John D. (2011).

1885: 824:

and downstream in the Grand Canyon. After his groundbreaking

6197:

Water Policy and Planning in a Variable and Changing Climate

6057:

Building the Next Ark: How NGOs Work to Protect Biodiversity

5409:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. April 21, 2005. Archived from 4669:"Dry soil to absorb some snowmelt heading to Colorado River" 2718: 2573:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. March 12, 2015. Archived from 6900: 6253:

Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest

5460:"Recent Sediment Studies Refute Glen Canyon Dam Hypothesis" 4438:

Aquatic Resource Management of the Colorado River Ecosystem

2351:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. June 29, 2016. Archived from 1834:

Marina, located at the upper end of the reservoir near the

1288:

In his comprehensive history of western water development,

907:. Because the dam site lay in a remote, rugged area of the 565: 490: 413:. The 710-foot-high (220 m) dam was built by the 6036:

Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (Revised and Updated)

4956: 4587:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. June 8, 1970. Archived from 4300:"Talking Points against the Fill Lake Mead First Proposal" 2148:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. May 29, 2009. Archived from 770:

The Echo Park dam would be inside the federally protected

568:

or sediment load, created problems for settlements in the

6582: 6464: 6033: 3234:"An earlier explosion date for the Crab Nebula supernova" 2256:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. May 4, 2010. Archived from 1460:

Lake Powell § 21st century drought and push to drain

425:

in the U.S. with a capacity of more than 25 million

8227: 6097:

Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics in America

6095:

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie; Palmer, Jacqueline S. (1992).

5457: 4036:"Defending Environmentalists' Punching Bag: Lake Powell" 1435:

of Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. Releases are made over a

1270:

Ecospeak: Rhetoric and Environmental Politics in America

1183: 3446:. Western News&Info. April 14, 2009. Archived from 3157:. Vol. 45, no. 11. March 16, 1959. p. 54 437:

now flooded by the reservoir; Lake Powell is named for

4576: 4574: 4518:. Arizona Department of Water Resources. February 2011 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 1575:

Inside the turbine hall at the Glen Canyon Power Plant

919:, and running through the dam site to its terminus at 5958:

Billington, David P.; Jackson, Donald Conrad (2006).

5526:"Glen Canyon Dam 2012 High Flow Experimental Release" 4411:"50 years later, Glen Canyon Dam still controversial" 1696:, which are adapted to survive in warm, silty water. 1146:

could begin, to prevent Lake Mead from falling below

808:, Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner, 1966 speech 8440:

Buildings and structures in Coconino County, Arizona

6132: 5684:. Utah Department of Transportation. August 12, 2016 4440:. Ann Arbor Scientific Publishers. pp. 439–456. 4001:"American Dreams: The World's Dirtiest Eco-Fighters" 2777:"Chapter IX: Dinosaur National Monument (continued)" 1898: 1043: 8361: 5340: 4760:. Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior 4571: 3703: 3701: 3664:

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

3583:. State University of New York – College at Oneonta 3086: 2961:

Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist

2682: 2571:"Hoover Dam Frequently Asked Questions and Answers" 969:to house the workers. This resulted in the town of 7645:Metropolitan Water District of Southern California 6331:Charles McGraw: Biography of a Film Noir Tough Guy 6215: 6075: 6054: 6052: 5167:"Sediment and River Sand Bars in the Grand Canyon" 4453: 4221: 3629:Murdock, J. Neil; Calder, Lloyd (September 1969). 3353:. Vol. 114, no. 4. pp. 117–121, 314 2636:"Effects of Proposed Projects on the Grand Canyon" 2007: 1070:construction began, about 750 workers organized a 1055:for the privilege of breaking the company's back. 6377:The earth around us: maintaining a livable planet 5135: 5133: 4431: 4108: 3494: 2428:. Southern Nevada Water Authority. Archived from 1383: 843:Near Music Temple in Glen Canyon during the 1870s 635: 521:, attracts millions of tourists each year to the 8426: 6034:Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2001). 5995: 5304: 5302: 5259:"Grand Canyon & Glen Canyon Dam: The Basics" 5253: 5251: 5203:. University of California Davis. Archived from 4830: 4621: 4134: 3698: 3575: 3127: 3125: 2884: 2882: 2277: 2275: 1952:List of dams and reservoirs in the United States 1617:, reducing temperatures inside the power plant. 8147:Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District 6250: 6151: 4833:"Inside a plan to completely drain Lake Powell" 4626:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4408: 3998: 3289: 3287: 3105: 2850: 2642:. U.S. National Park Service. September 6, 2004 2008:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 1962:List of largest reservoirs in the United States 1530:The other principal goal of Glen Canyon Dam is 5317: 5130: 4190: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3432: 3410:"Glen Canyon Dam – Frequently Asked Questions" 2922: 2762: 2760: 2736:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. January 21, 1964 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2001: 992:and anthropologist Jesse Jennings, and to the 8213: 7700: 7686: 6831: 6575:Colorado River Storage Project Infrastructure 6559: 6218:River resource management in the Grand Canyon 6015:Gahan, Andrew H.; Rowley, William D. (2013). 5299: 5248: 5005: 4193:"The Colorado River system: Dams and drought" 3122: 2896: 2894: 2879: 2826: 2272: 1957:List of the tallest dams in the United States 452:(completed in 1936) which was located in the 6374: 6355:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 6242:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6172: 6113: 5640:. U.S. National Park Service. March 10, 2010 5500:"Man-Made Flood Rushes Through Grand Canyon" 5464:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 5371: 4806:"Push to drain Lake Powell gaining momentum" 4743: 4666: 4552:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 4513:"Water Supply Status & Shortage Outlook" 3890:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 3657: 3655: 3331: 3329: 3284: 3033: 2799: 2690:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 2183:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2086:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 2084:"Glen Canyon Dam Hydraulics & Hydrology" 2078: 2076: 2057:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1657:which not only has considerably changed the 1439:of October 1–September 30, since the annual 8185:Sulphur Springs Valley Electric Cooperative 7640:International Boundary and Water Commission 5407:Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center 4539: 4478: 4476: 3756: 3754: 3617: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3370: 3368: 2757: 2199: 688:. These two dams would be partially inside 664:, the Colorado's major upper tributary, at 538:and provides a buffer for severe droughts. 8220: 8206: 8122:Hohokam Irrigation & Drainage District 7693: 7679: 6838: 6824: 6566: 6552: 5286: 5284: 5008:"Glen Canyon Dam's evaporating hydropower" 4855: 4853: 4482: 4449: 4447: 4251:. Colorado River Connected. Archived from 3661: 2891: 2225:. U.S. Department of Energy. December 2015 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2109: 2107: 2105: 1830:are located further upstream in Utah. The 291:208,000 cu ft/s (5,900 m/s) 6845: 6293:. Images of America. Arcadia Publishing. 6269: 5483: 5320:"Deciding About the Colorado River Delta" 5121: 3652: 3326: 3257: 3029: 3027: 2972: 2164: 2073: 2038: 1969:List of dams in the Colorado River system 726: 324:108,335 sq mi (280,590 km) 8475:United States Bureau of Reclamation dams 5682:"Lake Powell Ferry Crossing Information" 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4473: 4305:. Friends of Lake Powell. Archived from 4199:. Friends of Lake Powell. Archived from 4060: 3976:. Utah Education Network. Archived from 3844: 3751: 3471: 3365: 2372: 2370: 2117:. U.S. Geological Survey. March 21, 2022 1768: 1731: 1673: 1624: 1570: 1562: 1517: 1509: 1471: 1463: 1403: 1334: 1279: 1201:Risks to the Glen Canyon Dam § 1983 1190: 1182: 1152: 1094:Glen Canyon Dam under construction, 1962 1089: 1011: 933: 838: 757: 660:, and a pair of dams to be built on the 639: 586: 540: 429:(31 km). The dam is named for 8485:Energy infrastructure completed in 1966 6517:Glen Canyon Natural History Association 6393: 5607: 5605: 5578:"High Flow Releases at Glen Canyon Dam" 5281: 5073:. Glen Canyon Institute. Archived from 5047:. Glen Canyon Institute. Archived from 4916: 4914: 4912: 4850: 4720:from the original on September 24, 2016 4444: 4390:. Central Arizona Project. July 6, 2016 4280:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. July 2005 3967: 3878: 3344: 2999:. Glen Canyon Institute. Archived from 2318:"History of the Environmental Movement" 2129: 2102: 1620: 1482:southwestern North American megadrought 1454:Southwestern North American megadrought 1447: 314:25,160,000 acre⋅ft (31.03 km) 94: 63: 8427: 6347: 6307: 6158:(1 ed.). Henry Holt and Company. 5431: 5341:Howard, Brian Clark (March 24, 2014). 5290: 5191: 5139: 4891:Glen Canyon: A Dam, Water and the West 4166:Glen Canyon: A Dam, Water and the West 4109:VanDevelder, Paul (January 10, 2014). 3999:Rich, Nathaniel (September 26, 2015). 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3295:"Glen Canyon Dam Construction History" 3238:Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 3202: 3193:Billington, Jackson and Melosi, p. 184 3024: 2805:Billington, Jackson and Melosi, p. 398 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 1727: 1567:View of the power plant and grass lawn 1380:shock waves, cost about $ 15 million. 1131: 8460:Hydroelectric power plants in Arizona 8360: 8201: 7674: 6819: 6547: 6288: 5938: 5434:"Re-opening Glen Canyon's floodgates" 4695: 2367: 1236: 1079:plant constructed for the purpose in 931:, which the Navajo had long coveted. 554: 8455:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 8229:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 8137:San Carlos Indian Irrigation Project 8017:Morenci Water & Electric Company 7582:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 6512:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 6328: 5914:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5888:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5862:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5810:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5784:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5758:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 5602: 5234:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 4909: 4456:"Design Features of Glen Canyon Dam" 4409:Loomis, Brandon (October 14, 2013). 4358:"Fill Mead first idea has big flaws" 1796:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 1786:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 1715:formed by the Colorado River at the 1701: 1330: 897: 595:In 1922, six U.S. states signed the 523:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 471:Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 214:($ 969 million in 2023 dollars) 8055:City of Safford Electric Department 5910:"Mussel Frequently Asked Questions" 5381:Colorado River Project River Report 5192:Infalt, Susan B. (March 10, 2005). 4957:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (1995). 4824: 4798: 4772: 4338:. U.S. Geological Survey. 1922–2015 4222:Lustgarten, Abrahm (May 20, 2016). 4033: 3881:"Spillway Tests At Glen Canyon Dam" 3786:. U.S. Geological Survey. 1884–2015 3395: 3345:Stimson, Thomas E. (October 1960). 3231: 3212:United States Bureau of Reclamation 2601:Lake Mead: The Story of Boulder Dam 2237: 1974:Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad 1505: 417:(USBR) from 1956 to 1966 and forms 13: 8176:Graham County Electric Cooperative 8170:Duncan Valley Electric Cooperative 8161:Arizona Electric Power Cooperative 7620:Colorado River Board of California 7592:Lake Mead National Recreation Area 6489:Glen Canyon Before Flooding – 1962 6314:. University of California Press. 6080:. University of Washington Press. 5638:"Rainbow Bridge National Monument" 5140:Powell, James (July–August 2010). 4963:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 4648:. Wyoming Water Development Office 4622:Lindsey, Rebecca (June 15, 2015). 4135:Hertsgaard, Mark (July 10, 2015). 3970:"Rainbow Bridge National Monument" 3440:"Phoenix Cement: 50 & growing" 2851:Martin, Douglas (April 28, 2010). 2549:Lake Mead National Recreation Area 1841:More than 500,000 people tour the 1688:native fish", such as the endemic 1476:Lake Powell surface area shrinkage 1246:, whose 290-foot (88 m) high 1178: 1157:Lake Powell filling underway, 1965 1007: 762:Echo Park, looking south with the 14: 8511: 8325:Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch 6508:– USBR film about the 1983 floods 6458: 6396:Hoover Dam: An American Adventure 5506:. Associated Press. March 6, 2008 4336:National Water Information System 3784:National Water Information System 1637:Like all dams, Glen Canyon traps 1602:Western Area Power Administration 1514:Francis turbine runner on display 1044:Concrete placement and completion 8406: 8382: 8294:Rainbow Bridge National Monument 8119:Harquahala Valley Power District 8045:Mesa Energy Resources Department 7190:Gulf of California/Sea of Cortez 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6742:Navajo Indian Irrigation Project 6440: 6398:. University of Oklahoma Press. 5962:. University of Oklahoma Press. 5902: 5876: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5772: 5746: 5721: 5696: 5674: 5652: 5630: 5570: 5544: 5518: 5492: 5451: 5425: 5395: 5365: 5334: 5311: 5222: 5185: 5159: 5089: 5063: 5025: 4999: 4975:"Hydropower and Glen Canyon Dam" 4967: 4950: 4922:"Appendix G: Record of Decision" 4879: 4732: 4686: 4660: 4638: 4615: 4606: 4530: 4505: 4483:Wolf, T.J. (December 12, 1983). 4425: 4402: 4380: 4350: 4324: 4292: 4267: 4241: 4215: 4184: 4154: 4128: 4102: 4080: 4061:Morrison, Patt (June 16, 1991). 4054: 4027: 4024:Killingsworth and Palmer, p. 219 4018: 3992: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3879:Frizell, K. Warren (July 1985). 2349:"Colorado River Storage Project" 2254:"Colorado River Storage Project" 1929: 1915: 1901: 1522:A generator being repaired with 1244:Rainbow Bridge National Monument 1173: 1028:pressed a button on his desk in 93: 86: 62: 55: 32: 6308:Powell, James Lawrence (2008). 5265:. Living Rivers. Archived from 4667:Elliott, Dan (April 22, 2016). 3934: 3909: 3872: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3798: 3772: 3763: 3742: 3733: 3595: 3569: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3485: 3462: 3386: 3377: 3347:"The Dam That Spans the Canyon" 3338: 3317: 3275: 3266: 3225: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3143: 3134: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3015: 2989: 2948: 2939: 2916: 2870: 2844: 2835: 2817: 2808: 2769: 2748: 2709: 2676: 2654: 2628: 2619: 2589: 2563: 2545:"Storage Capacity of Lake Mead" 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2485: 2476: 2444: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2341: 2332: 2310: 2301: 2029:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1408:Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell 1024:On October 15, 1956, President 892: 21:Dam in Coconino County, Arizona 8495:1966 establishments in Arizona 8490:Colorado River Storage Project 8182:Navopache Electric Cooperative 7532:Colorado River Storage Project 6539:Lake Powell daily water levels 6375:Schneiderman, Jill S. (2003). 6255:. Princeton University Press. 6019:. Government Printing Office. 5981:. Government Printing Office. 5931: 5729:"Glen Canyon Dam Guided Tours" 5045:"Water Supply and Lake Powell" 5006:Guerin, Emily (July 7, 2013). 4040:James E. Rogers College of Law 3414:Colorado River Storage Project 3299:Colorado River Storage Project 2832:Billington and Jackson, p. 337 2731:"Pacific Southwest Water Plan" 1587:environmental impact statement 1384:Water storage and distribution 1062:A Story That Stands Like A Dam 650:Colorado River Storage Project 636:Colorado River Storage Project 421:, one of the largest man-made 332:161,390 acres (65,310 ha) 1: 8372: 8164:Columbus Electric Cooperative 7527:Colorado–Big Thompson Project 6687:Animas-La Plata Water Project 6175:Encounters with the Archdruid 6133:Linford, Laurance D. (2005). 5432:Minard, Anne (July 8, 2002). 3854:Colorado Plateau River Guides 3709:"October 2015 24-Month Study" 3631:"Bank Storage in Lake Powell" 3034:Cooper, Ryan (May 15, 2013). 2685:"The Central Arizona Project" 2010:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 1995: 1986:, an activist against the dam 1764: 549: 433:, a series of deep sandstone 77:Show map of the United States 8341:Risks to the Glen Canyon Dam 7597:Rocky Mountain National Park 6222:. National Academies Press. 6137:. University of Utah Press. 5916:. U.S. National Park Service 5890:. U.S. National Park Service 5864:. U.S. National Park Service 5812:. U.S. National Park Service 5786:. U.S. National Park Service 5760:. U.S. National Park Service 5734:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 5709:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 5662:. U.S. National Park Service 5618:. U.S. National Park Service 5383:. Water Education Foundation 5322:. San Diego State University 5236:. U.S. National Park Service 4861:"Frequently Asked Questions" 4624:"Water Level in Lake Powell" 3922:. U.S. National Park Service 2683:Zuniga, Jennifer E. (2000). 2551:. U.S. National Park Service 2055:"Glen Canyon Dam Dimensions" 1301:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 832:habitat on the numerous low 275:3,715 ft (1,132 m) 272:Elevation at crest 7: 8179:Mohave Electric Cooperative 8114:Gila River Indian Community 7577:Dead Horse Point State Park 7135:Lower Colorado River Valley 6451:stream gage at Lee's Ferry. 6394:Stevens, Joseph E. (1990). 6118:. Oxford University Press. 6076:Harvey, Mark W. T. (2011). 6053:Gunter, Michael M. (2004). 5858:"Nonnative Aquatic Species" 4780:"The Future of Lake Powell" 4751:"Monthly Reservoir Summary" 4454:Schultz, Ernest R. (1961). 1892: 1773:Map of Lake Powell and the 1347:to the right of the bridge. 1207:El Niño winter of 1982–1983 853:, featuring photographs by 570:Lower Colorado River Valley 509:, averaging over 4 billion 196:; 58 years ago 178:; 68 years ago 10: 8516: 8445:Dams on the Colorado River 8188:Trico Electric Cooperative 7655:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 7587:Grand Canyon National Park 7572:Colorado National Monument 6482:February 22, 2013, at the 6289:Parks, Timothy L. (2004). 6270:Nersesian, Roy L. (2010). 5832:"Lees Ferry Trout Fishery" 5142:"Calamity on the Colorado" 5071:"Sediment and Lake Powell" 4432:Paulson, Larry J. (1983). 3638:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 2664:. Arizona State University 2597:"Chapter 3 – The Benefits" 2498:. Living Rivers. July 2005 2146:"Glen Canyon Dam Overview" 1792:U.S. National Park Service 1779: 1457: 1451: 1198: 994:Museum of Northern Arizona 772:Dinosaur National Monument 690:Grand Canyon National Park 561:southwestern United States 467:Department of the Interior 399:southwestern United States 267:1,560 ft (480 m) 223:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 8397: 8391: 8375: 8370: 8333: 8302: 8266: 8235: 8154: 8110:Electrical District No. 8 8107:Electrical District No. 7 8104:Electrical District No. 6 8101:Electrical District No. 5 8098:Electrical District No. 4 8095:Electrical District No. 3 8092:Electrical District No. 2 8068: 8035: 8027:UniSource Energy Services 7997: 7981: 7950: 7932: 7904: 7843: 7755: 7712: 7605: 7567:Canyonlands National Park 7554: 7514: 7466: 7400: 7317: 7310: 7198: 7087: 6971: 6936: 6854: 6780: 6677: 6629: 6581: 6348:Rogers, Jedediah (2006). 5996:Bryant, Kathleen (2012). 5939:Adler, Robert W. (2007). 4714:Lakepowell.water-data.com 4162:"Interview: Floyd Dominy" 3974:Utah History Encyclopedia 3576:Baumann, Paul R. (2008). 3508:. Sierra Club. March 1997 3259:10.1088/1674-4527/18/4/37 3203:Rogers, Jedediah (2006). 1990:Navajo Generating Station 1325: 882:Navajo Generating Station 375: 362: 349: 341: 336: 328: 318: 310: 300: 295: 287: 279: 271: 263: 255: 245: 233: 228: 218: 208: 190: 172: 135: 125: 117: 49: 31: 26: 8128:Tribal Utility Authority 8081:Ak-Chin Indian Community 6506:Challenge at Glen Canyon 6465:Glen Canyon Dam Overlook 6433: 6251:Needham, Andrew (2014). 6152:Martin, Russell (1990). 5102:Water Resources Research 4887:"Interview: Barry Wirth" 3526:Gahan and Rowley, p. 716 3106:McClellan, L.N. (1957). 2823:Gahan and Rowley, p. 698 2181:"Glen Canyon Powerplant" 709:in Northern California, 259:710 ft (220 m) 256:Height (foundation) 130:Coconino County, Arizona 8076:Aha Macav Power Service 8007:Ajo Improvement Company 7491:Central Arizona Project 7481:Colorado River Aqueduct 7453:Theodore Roosevelt Lake 7413:Flaming Gorge Reservoir 6649:Flaming Gorge Reservoir 6522:April 12, 2013, at the 6494:April 27, 2017, at the 6470:March 18, 2014, at the 5318:Newcom, Joshua (1999). 5263:Save Grand Canyon Again 4042:. University of Arizona 3845:Weisheit, John (1996). 2923:Miller, Jeremy (2015). 2904:. Glen Canyon Institute 2320:. Glen Canyon Institute 1937:Renewable energy portal 1740:On March 26, 1996, the 1497:Flaming Gorge Reservoir 1418:1944 treaty with Mexico 694:Central Arizona Project 493:) and the Lower Basin ( 364:Installed capacity 173:Construction began 8480:Dams completed in 1966 8403:Glen Canyon Dam Bridge 8284:Gregory Natural Bridge 8012:Arizona Public Service 7999:Investor-owned utility 7625:Colorado River Compact 7522:Boulder Canyon Project 6757:San Juan–Chama Project 6664:Morrow Point Reservoir 6449:U.S. Geological Survey 6329:Rode, Alan K. (2007). 5308:Ghiglieri, pp. 211–215 4893:. KUED. Archived from 4168:. KUED. Archived from 2927:. Earth Island Journal 1777: 1759:Little Colorado Rivers 1737: 1679: 1630: 1576: 1568: 1527: 1515: 1477: 1469: 1414:Colorado River Compact 1409: 1348: 1285: 1261:The Monkey Wrench Gang 1196: 1188: 1158: 1122:Farmington, New Mexico 1095: 1077:Phoenix Cement Company 1057: 1017: 939: 844: 801: 767: 740: 727:Environmental concerns 645: 597:Colorado River Compact 592: 546: 377:Annual generation 288:Spillway capacity 209:Construction cost 157:36.93750°N 111.48444°W 8087:Colorado River Agency 8050:Page Electric Utility 8022:Tucson Electric Power 7614:Arizona v. California 7258:Little Colorado River 6692:Bostwick Park Project 6501:Glen Canyon Institute 6417:. ASCE Publications. 6173:McPhee, John (1977). 6114:Larabee, Ann (2015). 5660:"Lake Powell Marinas" 5558:on September 11, 2016 5372:Pitzer, Gary (2011). 5230:"Hydrologic Activity" 5201:Department of Geology 5077:on September 29, 2011 5051:on September 29, 2011 4758:Upper Colorado Region 4612:Miller et al., p. 305 4559:on September 27, 2012 4368:on September 18, 2016 4312:on September 14, 2016 4255:on September 11, 2016 4197:The Salt Lake Tribune 3450:on September 13, 2016 3205:"Glen Canyon Project" 2577:on September 12, 2016 2464:on September 21, 2012 2289:on September 21, 2012 1780:Further information: 1772: 1735: 1677: 1628: 1574: 1566: 1521: 1513: 1475: 1467: 1407: 1338: 1306:In a 2011 interview, 1283: 1199:Further information: 1194: 1186: 1168:Glen Canyon Institute 1156: 1093: 1060:—Russell Martin, 1048: 1015: 982:National Park Service 937: 850:The Place No One Knew 842: 797: 761: 731: 643: 590: 544: 415:Bureau of Reclamation 235:Type of dam 8465:Landmarks in Arizona 8346:Wahweap, Lake Powell 8320:Hite Crossing Bridge 7934:Solar thermal plants 7562:Arches National Park 7408:Fontenelle Reservoir 7105:Colorado River Basin 7045:Middle Granite Gorge 6717:Emery County Project 6702:Dallas Creek Project 6697:Central Utah Project 6639:Fontenelle Reservoir 6477:1995 Glen Canyon EIS 5838:on November 30, 2016 5485:10.1029/2002EO000191 5470:(27): 273, 277–278. 5173:on November 30, 2016 5123:10.1029/2009WR008836 4867:on November 26, 2016 4812:. September 19, 2023 4646:"Operating Criteria" 4461:. Nevada Legislature 3640:. riversimulator.org 3420:on February 26, 2013 3232:Abt, Helmut (2018). 3112:Western Construction 3038:. Washington Monthly 2974:10.3398/042.005.0102 2426:"Colorado River Law" 2187:on September 5, 2015 2152:on September 3, 2016 2090:on September 5, 2015 1947:List of tallest dams 1847:September 11 attacks 1836:Hite Crossing Bridge 1709:Colorado River Delta 1621:Environmental issues 1448:21st century drought 1320:University of Nevada 1026:Dwight D. Eisenhower 610:Lee's Ferry, Arizona 345:1964 (first 2 units) 342:Commission date 162:36.93750; -111.48444 38:Glen Canyon Dam and 8089:Electrical Services 8069:Government agencies 7951:Photovoltaic plants 7758:generating stations 7715:generating stations 7650:Rapids and features 7418:Blue Mesa Reservoir 7050:Lower Granite Gorge 6669:Blue Mesa Reservoir 6193:Miller, Kathleen A. 5590:on October 14, 2016 5476:2002EOSTr..83..273R 5347:National Geographic 5114:2010WRR....4612535G 4987:on October 14, 2016 4786:. September 4, 2015 4191:Keys, John W. III. 3980:on January 13, 2017 3958:Martin, pp. 304–307 3769:Schneiderman, p. 11 3676:2013JAWRA..49.1213M 3250:2018RAA....18...37A 2787:on November 3, 2013 2754:Reisner, p. 273–275 2031:figures follow the 1728:Restoration efforts 1690:Colorado pikeminnow 1547:from eight 165,000 1345:electric switchyard 1132:Filling Lake Powell 990:C. Gregory Crampton 409:, near the city of 320:Catchment area 311:Total capacity 153: / 108:Show map of Arizona 16:Dam in Arizona, USA 8380:Charles Hall Ferry 8132:Salt River Project 8060:Thatcher Utilities 8038:municipality owned 7896:Theodore Roosevelt 7844:Hydroelectric dams 7660:William Mulholland 7496:All-American Canal 7486:San Diego Aqueduct 7448:Imperial Reservoir 7268:Roaring Fork River 6772:Smith Fork Project 6762:Seedskadee Project 6752:Pine River Project 6379:. Westview Press. 6350:"Glen Canyon Unit" 5532:on October 1, 2016 4938:on October 7, 2016 4784:Grand Canyon Trust 4594:on October 7, 2016 4228:The New York Times 4203:on January 5, 2012 3684:10.1111/jawr.12081 3151:"A Span For A Dam" 2997:"Why Glen Canyon?" 2857:The New York Times 2516:Stevens, pp. 15–18 1778: 1738: 1717:Gulf of California 1680: 1631: 1615:evapotranspiration 1610:Kentucky bluegrass 1582:whitewater rafting 1577: 1569: 1528: 1516: 1478: 1470: 1410: 1399:Dirty Devil Rivers 1349: 1341:Glen Canyon Bridge 1286: 1237:Continuing debates 1197: 1189: 1159: 1096: 1018: 986:University of Utah 949:Glen Canyon Bridge 940: 917:Flagstaff, Arizona 845: 768: 646: 593: 555:The need for a dam 547: 531:evaporative losses 439:John Wesley Powell 280:Spillway type 8435:Arch-gravity dams 8422: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8362:Crossings of the 8354: 8353: 8195: 8194: 8144:Utility Authority 8116:Utility Authority 8083:Electric Utility 7722:Abitibi Snowflake 7668: 7667: 7550: 7549: 7213:Dirty Devil River 7150:Palo Verde Valley 7056:Grand Wash Canyon 7001:Horsethief Canyon 6813: 6812: 6659:Crystal Reservoir 6601:Flaming Gorge Dam 6424:978-0-7844-1141-4 6405:978-0-8061-2283-0 6386:978-0-8133-4091-3 6340:978-0-7864-7172-0 6321:978-0-520-25477-0 6300:978-0-7385-2875-5 6281:978-0-7656-2413-0 6262:978-1-4008-5240-6 6229:978-0-309-05448-5 6206:978-1-4822-2798-7 6184:978-0-374-70863-4 6165:978-0-8050-0822-7 6144:978-0-87480-848-3 6125:978-0-19-020117-3 6106:978-0-8093-1750-9 6087:978-0-295-80353-1 6068:978-1-58465-383-7 6045:978-0-9700973-1-6 6026:978-0-16-091364-8 6007:978-1-61238-260-9 6000:. Avalon Travel. 5988:978-0-16-072823-5 5969:978-0-8061-3795-7 5950:978-1-59726-057-2 5438:High Country News 5413:on April 11, 2013 5353:on March 24, 2014 5293:High Country News 5269:on March 24, 2012 5012:High Country News 4492:High Country News 4115:Los Angeles Times 4067:Los Angeles Times 3444:Verde Independent 3351:Popular Mechanics 3281:Powell, pp. 12–13 3175:Nersesian, p. 295 2482:Martin, pp. 25–29 1790:According to the 1331:Dam and spillways 1126:Lady Bird Johnson 898:Site preparations 703:Pacific Northwest 401:, located on the 388: 387: 329:Surface area 229:Dam and spillways 191:Opening date 8507: 8410: 8409: 8386: 8385: 8373: 8358: 8357: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8199: 8198: 7891:Stewart Mountain 7770:Arlington Valley 7695: 7688: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7555:Designated areas 7537:Grand Valley AVA 7401:Major reservoirs 7315: 7314: 7110:Colorado Plateau 7088:Natural features 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7010:Westwater Canyon 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6929: 6922: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6732:La Barge Project 6616:Morrow Point Dam 6568: 6561: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6452: 6444: 6428: 6409: 6390: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6362:on March 3, 2016 6361: 6354: 6344: 6325: 6304: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6241: 6233: 6221: 6210: 6188: 6169: 6148: 6129: 6110: 6091: 6072: 6060: 6049: 6030: 6011: 5992: 5973: 5954: 5943:. Island Press. 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5349:. Archived from 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5210:on June 22, 2015 5209: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5041: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4926: 4918: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4897:on April 2, 2012 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710:"Water Database" 4706: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4172:on April 2, 2012 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4090:. water-data.com 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3897:on June 22, 2015 3896: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3847:"The Confluence" 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3808:. water-data.com 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3721:on March 8, 2016 3720: 3713: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3670:(5): 1213–1224. 3659: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3605:. water-data.com 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3557:. water-data.com 3551: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3406: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3103: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3031: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2976: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2889: 2886: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2727: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2697:on March 7, 2016 2696: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2607:on April 3, 2013 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2388:on March 8, 2016 2374: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2355:on March 6, 2015 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2260:on March 4, 2016 2250: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2220: 2212: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2061:on March 3, 2016 2051: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2005: 1979:Colorado Plateau 1939: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1532:hydroelectricity 1506:Power generation 1366:hollow-jet valve 1118:Phoenix, Arizona 1065: 1030:Washington, D.C. 909:Colorado Plateau 809: 754: 536:renewable energy 507:hydroelectricity 395:arch-gravity dam 357:Francis turbines 240:Arch-gravity dam 204: 202: 197: 186: 184: 179: 168: 167: 165: 164: 163: 158: 154: 151: 150: 149: 146: 109: 97: 96: 90: 78: 71:Location in the 66: 65: 59: 44:looking upstream 36: 24: 23: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8450:Dams in Arizona 8425: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8393:Glen Canyon Dam 8383: 8381: 8379: 8366: 8355: 8350: 8329: 8315:Glen Canyon Dam 8310:Bullfrog Marina 8298: 8274:Cataract Canyon 8262: 8236:Bodies of water 8231: 8226: 8196: 8191: 8150: 8064: 8037: 8031: 7993: 7977: 7946: 7928: 7900: 7839: 7757: 7751: 7742:H. Wilson Sundt 7714: 7708: 7699: 7669: 7664: 7601: 7546: 7510: 7506:Coachella Canal 7468: 7462: 7458:San Carlos Lake 7396: 7327:Shadow Mountain 7306: 7223:Escalante River 7194: 7185:Montague Island 7175:Imperial Valley 7155:Colorado Desert 7100:Rocky Mountains 7083: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7015:Cataract Canyon 6997:De Beque Canyon 6992:Glenwood Canyon 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6920:Baja California 6918: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6850: 6844: 6814: 6809: 6776: 6727:Hammond Project 6722:Florida Project 6707:Dolores Project 6679: 6678:Water resources 6673: 6625: 6596:Glen Canyon Dam 6577: 6572: 6524:Wayback Machine 6496:Wayback Machine 6484:Wayback Machine 6472:Wayback Machine 6461: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6406: 6387: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6341: 6322: 6301: 6291:Glen Canyon Dam 6282: 6274:. M.E. Sharpe. 6263: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6207: 6185: 6166: 6145: 6126: 6107: 6088: 6069: 6046: 6027: 6008: 5989: 5970: 5951: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5884:"Mussel Update" 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5289: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5131: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4708: 4707: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4141:The Daily Beast 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4034:Gilmore, Jeff. 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4005:The Daily Beast 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3660: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3506:Sierra Magazine 3500: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3305:on July 1, 2011 3293: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3104: 3087: 3083:Linford, p. 207 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3003:on July 3, 2016 2995: 2994: 2990: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2876:Reisner, p. 228 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2766:Reisner, p. 284 2765: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2662:"Bridge Canyon" 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2432:on May 12, 2018 2424: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406:Reisner, p. 123 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2307:Needham, p. 202 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2039: 2020: 2018: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1863:largemouth bass 1855:smallmouth bass 1788: 1775:Glen Canyon NRA 1767: 1730: 1702:mentioned above 1623: 1553:Francis turbine 1508: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1433:Rocky Mountains 1422:Baja California 1386: 1333: 1328: 1291:Cadillac Desert 1239: 1203: 1181: 1179:The 1983 floods 1176: 1134: 1109:John F. Kennedy 1067: 1059: 1046: 1010: 1008:River diversion 900: 895: 859:Wallace Stegner 826:1869 expedition 822:Cataract Canyon 811: 803: 756: 750:Cadillac Desert 742: 729: 716:Cadillac Desert 638: 580:and create the 578:Imperial Valley 557: 552: 391:Glen Canyon Dam 355:8 x 254,000 hp 213: 200: 198: 195: 182: 180: 177: 161: 159: 155: 152: 147: 144: 142: 140: 139: 113: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 98: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 69: 68: 67: 45: 43: 27:Glen Canyon Dam 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8513: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8396: 8390: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8364:Colorado River 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8248:Horseshoe Bend 8245: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8225: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8173:Garkane Energy 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8142:Tohono O’odham 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8036:Community and 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7982:Nuclear plants 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7761: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7702:Power stations 7698: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7609: 7607: 7606:Related topics 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7515:Water projects 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7292:Las Vegas Wash 7289: 7284: 7275: 7273:San Juan River 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:Gunnison River 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7125:Sonoran Desert 7122: 7120:Horseshoe Bend 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076:Pyramid Canyon 7073: 7068: 7066:Boulder Canyon 7063: 7060: 7059:Iceberg Canyon 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6861:United States 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6847:Colorado River 6843: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6805:San Juan River 6802: 6800:Gunnison River 6797: 6792: 6790:Colorado River 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Paonia Project 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Fontenelle Dam 6587: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6514: 6509: 6503: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6460: 6459:External links 6457: 6454: 6453: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6410: 6404: 6391: 6385: 6372: 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6305: 6299: 6286: 6280: 6267: 6261: 6248: 6228: 6211: 6205: 6189: 6183: 6170: 6164: 6149: 6143: 6130: 6124: 6111: 6105: 6092: 6086: 6073: 6067: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6025: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5987: 5974: 5968: 5955: 5949: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5901: 5875: 5849: 5823: 5797: 5771: 5754:"Guided Tours" 5745: 5720: 5695: 5673: 5651: 5629: 5601: 5569: 5543: 5517: 5491: 5450: 5424: 5394: 5364: 5333: 5310: 5298: 5280: 5247: 5221: 5184: 5158: 5146:Orion Magazine 5129: 5108:(12): W12535. 5088: 5062: 5033: 5031:McPhee, p. 146 5024: 4998: 4966: 4949: 4908: 4878: 4849: 4823: 4797: 4771: 4742: 4731: 4694: 4685: 4659: 4637: 4614: 4605: 4570: 4538: 4536:Bryant, p. 223 4529: 4504: 4472: 4443: 4424: 4401: 4379: 4349: 4323: 4291: 4266: 4240: 4214: 4183: 4153: 4127: 4101: 4079: 4053: 4026: 4017: 3991: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3940:Powell, p. 132 3933: 3908: 3871: 3837: 3835:Martin, p. 323 3828: 3819: 3797: 3771: 3762: 3750: 3741: 3739:Martin, p. 315 3732: 3697: 3651: 3616: 3594: 3568: 3546: 3544:Martin, p. 257 3537: 3535:Martin, p. 253 3528: 3519: 3493: 3484: 3470: 3461: 3431: 3394: 3385: 3383:Martin, p. 153 3376: 3364: 3337: 3325: 3316: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3224: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3142: 3133: 3121: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3023: 3014: 2988: 2947: 2945:Martin, p. 119 2938: 2915: 2902:"David Brower" 2890: 2878: 2869: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2814:Harvey, p. 193 2807: 2798: 2768: 2756: 2747: 2717: 2708: 2675: 2653: 2627: 2618: 2588: 2562: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2484: 2475: 2443: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2366: 2340: 2331: 2309: 2300: 2271: 2236: 2198: 2163: 2128: 2101: 2072: 2037: 2033:MeasuringWorth 2027:United States 2015:MeasuringWorth 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1926: 1912: 1909:Arizona portal 1897: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1878:quagga mussels 1824:Halls Crossing 1813:Rainbow Bridge 1766: 1763: 1751:monsoon storms 1729: 1726: 1622: 1619: 1598:gigawatt hours 1557:hydraulic head 1507: 1504: 1449: 1446: 1385: 1382: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1266:cult following 1238: 1235: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1133: 1130: 1100:concrete plant 1047: 1045: 1042: 1009: 1006: 899: 896: 894: 891: 876:New York Times 834:river terraces 796: 730: 728: 725: 721:Columbia River 658:San Juan River 654:Gunnison River 637: 634: 600:annually, and 556: 553: 551: 548: 517:, fishing and 511:kilowatt hours 485:, and most of 458:Mexican states 445:by boat. 403:Colorado River 393:is a concrete 386: 385: 379: 373: 372: 366: 360: 359: 353: 347: 346: 343: 339: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 250:Colorado River 247: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 192: 188: 187: 174: 170: 169: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 101: 92: 91: 85: 84: 83: 82: 70: 61: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8512: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8470:U.S. Route 89 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8413: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8389: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8218: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Agua Caliente 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Childs-Irving 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467:Aqueducts and 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:Headgate Rock 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7319:Mainstem dams 7316: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Williams Fork 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7282:Tapeats Creek 7279: 7278:Thunder River 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7218:Dolores River 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Parker Valley 7143: 7141: 7140:Mohave Valley 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130:Mojave Desert 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7080:Mohave Canyon 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062:Virgin Canyon 7061: 7058: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7040:Granite Gorge 7038: 7035: 7034:Marble Canyon 7031: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019:Narrow Canyon 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855:Jurisdictions 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Lyman Project 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6621:Blue Mesa Dam 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333:. McFarland. 6332: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199:. CRC Press. 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177:. Macmillan. 6176: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6099:. SIU Press. 6098: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5730: 5724: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5655: 5639: 5633: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5586: 5579: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5240:September 17, 5235: 5231: 5225: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5028: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4913: 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2625:Martin, p. 54 2622: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2534:Martin, p. 28 2531: 2522: 2513: 2494: 2488: 2479: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2415:Martin, p. 21 2412: 2403: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2359:September 18, 2354: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2283:"Lake Powell" 2278: 2276: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1899: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1867:black crappie 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:rainbow trout 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 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The gross 1529: 1502: 1494: 1486: 1479: 1430: 1411: 1387: 1370: 1362:outlet works 1358: 1350: 1316: 1312: 1308:Floyd Dominy 1305: 1296:Marc Reisner 1289: 1287: 1274:Earth First! 1269: 1259: 1256:Edward Abbey 1253: 1248:natural arch 1240: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1211:outlet works 1204: 1164: 1160: 1147: 1135: 1114: 1105: 1097: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1034: 1023: 1019: 979: 975:Lem F. Wylie 967:company town 963:trailer park 960: 954: 941: 901: 893:Construction 874: 863: 855:Eliot Porter 848: 846: 818: 814:Floyd Dominy 812: 806:Floyd Dominy 802: 798: 788: 784: 780:David Brower 769: 748: 745:Marc Reisner 741: 732: 714: 711:Marc Reisner 699: 671: 647: 623: 614: 607: 594: 558: 527: 519:water skiing 515:houseboating 501:and most of 475: 454:Black Canyon 447: 443:Grand Canyon 405:in northern 390: 389: 102:Location in 18: 8500:Lake Powell 8279:Glen Canyon 8253:Lake Powell 8167:Dixie Power 7973:Red Horse 2 7963:Avra Valley 7924:Red Horse 2 7881:Mormon Flat 7866:Glen Canyon 7635:Lee's Ferry 7501:Alamo Canal 7476:Grand Ditch 7443:Lake Havasu 7438:Lake Mohave 7428:Lake Powell 7423:Navajo Lake 7352:Glen Canyon 7347:Price-Stubb 7311:Engineering 7263:Paria River 7253:Kanab Creek 7243:Green River 7228:Eagle River 7200:Tributaries 7160:Alamo River 7023:Glen Canyon 7005:Ruby Canyon 6984:Gore Canyon 6795:Green River 6654:Navajo Lake 6644:Lake Powell 6611:Crystal Dam 5932:Works cited 4764:October 10, 4413:. USA Today 3140:Parks, p. 8 1843:Carl Hayden 1800:waterskiing 1782:Lake Powell 1541:black start 1205:During the 1083:, south of 1002:Crab Nebula 929:Aneth, Utah 921:Kanab, Utah 776:Sierra Club 764:Yampa River 735:New England 662:Green River 463:Sierra Club 431:Glen Canyon 419:Lake Powell 305:Lake Powell 160: / 148:111°29′04″W 136:Coordinates 8429:Categories 8412:US 89 8399:Downstream 8303:Facilities 7989:Palo Verde 7906:Wind farms 7876:Horse Mesa 7790:Harquahala 7785:Gila River 7713:Coal-fired 7377:Palo Verde 7238:Gila River 7208:Blue River 7170:Salton Sea 7115:Grand Lake 6894:New Mexico 6873:California 6631:Reservoirs 6606:Navajo Dam 5920:August 31, 5894:August 31, 5868:August 31, 5816:August 31, 5780:"Kayaking" 5764:August 31, 5738:August 31, 5713:August 31, 5688:August 31, 5666:August 31, 5622:August 31, 5594:August 31, 5562:August 31, 5536:August 31, 5417:August 31, 5387:August 31, 5273:August 31, 5214:August 31, 5081:August 31, 5055:August 31, 5017:August 31, 4991:August 31, 4942:August 31, 4901:August 31, 4871:August 31, 4678:August 31, 4652:August 31, 4630:August 31, 4598:August 31, 4522:August 31, 4465:August 31, 4417:August 29, 4394:August 29, 4372:August 29, 4342:August 29, 4316:August 29, 4284:August 29, 4259:August 29, 4233:August 29, 4207:August 29, 4176:August 31, 4146:August 29, 4120:August 29, 4094:August 31, 4010:August 31, 3984:August 31, 3901:August 31, 3812:August 31, 3725:August 28, 3644:August 31, 3609:August 31, 3587:August 31, 3561:August 31, 3244:(4): 037. 3042:August 31, 2931:August 31, 2791:August 31, 2740:August 31, 2701:August 31, 2668:August 31, 2646:August 29, 2611:August 31, 2436:August 31, 2382:EurekAlert 2324:August 31, 2293:August 31, 2229:August 31, 2191:August 29, 2156:August 31, 2094:August 29, 2065:August 29, 1996:References 1804:jet-skiing 1765:Recreation 1664:rockslides 1539:plant and 1458:See also: 1452:See also: 1437:water year 1378:cavitation 1223:cavitation 1037:cofferdams 998:Helmut Abt 988:historian 944:footbridge 626:Hoover Dam 582:Salton Sea 574:irrigation 550:Background 495:California 487:New Mexico 450:Hoover Dam 423:reservoirs 145:36°56′15″N 8258:Padre Bay 7765:Agua Fria 7756:Gas-fired 7433:Lake Mead 7337:Windy Gap 7302:Río Hardy 7165:New River 6988:Red Gorge 6238:cite book 3692:128700962 3454:March 20, 3217:April 21, 1984:Katie Lee 1808:houseboat 1742:penstocks 1545:megawatts 1490:Lake Mead 1395:Escalante 1258:'s novel 1215:spillways 1139:Lake Mead 1085:Flagstaff 1081:Clarkdale 1004:in 1054. 778:, led by 713:wrote in 666:Echo Park 630:Lake Mead 427:acre-feet 296:Reservoir 8377:Upstream 7968:Mesquite 7914:Dry Lake 7856:Coolidge 7825:Sundance 7805:Ocotillo 7800:Mesquite 7737:Coronado 7382:Imperial 6880:Colorado 6680:projects 6520:Archived 6492:Archived 6480:Archived 6468:Archived 6061:. UPNE. 5644:June 24, 5504:Fox News 4837:Newsweek 4724:July 22, 4718:Archived 4673:phys.org 3118:: 27–32. 2983:85251858 2035:series. 1893:See also 1828:Bullfrog 1721:wetlands 1654:sandbars 1647:sluicing 1643:dredging 1639:sediment 1549:kilowatt 1441:snowpack 1391:San Juan 1373:spillway 1371:The two 1354:spalling 1343:and the 1294:(1986), 479:Colorado 351:Turbines 246:Impounds 219:Owner(s) 126:Location 8334:Related 8267:Geology 7815:Saguaro 7810:Redhawk 7780:Douglas 7706:Arizona 7392:Morelos 6972:Canyons 6915:Mexico 6908:Wyoming 6866:Arizona 6366:May 22, 5510:May 31, 5472:Bibcode 5443:May 31, 5177:May 27, 5151:May 27, 5110:Bibcode 4563:May 25, 4072:May 28, 4046:May 28, 3864:May 27, 3860:(3): 21 3672:Bibcode 3512:May 24, 3424:May 25, 3357:May 23, 3309:May 23, 3246:Bibcode 2502:May 22, 2468:May 22, 2392:May 22, 2264:May 22, 2121:June 6, 1882:bivalve 1820:Wahweap 1713:estuary 1589:(EIS). 1526:removed 1098:A huge 674:Phoenix 503:Arizona 483:Wyoming 469:within 407:Arizona 397:in the 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