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193:. Glauber (the method) rediscovers the law of acid-alkali reactions producing salts, given the qualities of substances and observed facts, the result of mixing substances. From that knowledge Glauber discovers that substances that taste bitter react with substances tasting sour, producing substances tasting salty.
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determined by a quality whose value distinguishes the substances in each class. In the experiment designed by its authors, the substances are partitioned in three classes based in the value of the taste quality based on their values: acids (sour), alkalis (bitter) and salts (salty).
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The modern notation with strings like: NaOH, HCl, etc., is used just as short substance names. Here they do not mean the chemical structure of the substances, which was not known at the time of the discovery; the program works with any name used in the 17th century like
479:: On success returns a generalized version of the Reacts predicate whose variables range over the equivalence classes and a new Class predicate which is like Has-Quality having a name-class instead of substance name: (Has-Quality {class-name} quality {value})
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Generate a new Has-Quality predicate set removing all the predicates in Has-Quality with the selected quality {value} and adding the predicate (Has-Quality {class-name} quality {value}) to the Class predicates where class-name is the name obtained in step
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The software were supplied with information about a variety of materials as they had been described by 17-18th century chemists, before most of modern chemical knowledge had been uncovered or invented. Qualitative descriptions like
552:: An intentional quantified class corresponding to the extensional class generated by Form-Class, a new Reacts predicate set extended with the appropriate quantifier of the last discovered class received from Form-Class
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information. The system examined chemical substances and all of their most likely reactions and correlates the expected taste and related acidity or saltiness according to the rule that acids and bases produce salts.
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in an attempt to have a computer automatically review a host of values and characteristics and make independent analyses from them. In the case of
Glauber, the goal was to have an autonomous
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Glauber is based in two procedures: Form-Class and
Determine-Quantifier. The procedure Form-Class generalize the Reacts predicates by replacing the substance names by variables ranging on
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Generate a new Reacts predicate set by replacing the name of the substance in the class formed in the step 2 by the name created in step 3
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Create a new class extension by associating the name generated on step 3 with the set of all substances on the class selected on step 2
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Generate Reacts predicates replacing each substance in the new class for its class-name in the Reacts predicates
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Select the quality value with the largest number of occurrences, which substances are in the Reacts predicates
560:(Has-Quality {class-name} quality {value}) => (∀ class-name (Has-Quality {class-name} quality {value}))
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Glauber uses two predicates: Reacts and Has-Quality, represented in Lisp lists as follows:
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were also provided. From this knowledge, Glauber was to figure out which substances were
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by comparing it to related substances. Langley formalized and compiled
Glauber in 1983.
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Count the number of occurrences of each quality {value} in the Has-Quality predicates
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all the predicates generated in the previous step are contained in the original set
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546:: the Reacts, Has-Quality and Class (generated by Form-Class) predicate sets
512:: a new substances class, a new Has-Quality and a new Reacts predicate set
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If there are no more substance names in the Reacts predicates then finish
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as performed by computer and it, along with similar systems developed by
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Their programs simulate historical scientific discoveries based on the
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Langley, Patrick; Simon, Herbert A.; Bradshaw, G.; Zytcow, J. (1987).
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Scientific
Discovery, Computational Explorations on the Creative Mind
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Scientific
Discovery, Computational Explorations on the Creative Mind
426:∀ alkali ∀ acid ∃ salt (Reacts Inputs {acid, alkali} Outputs {salt})
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that could estimate, even perfectly describe, the nature of a given
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process the result of the previous step with
Determine-Quantifier
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process the Reacts predicates with the Form-Class procedure
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For their experiment the authors used the following facts:
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that were known in that era and the distinction between
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Discovering the following law and equivalence classes:
435:∀ alkali (Has-Quality Object {alkali} Tastes {Bitter})
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Universally quantify the rule to determine the class
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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429:∀ salt (Has-Quality Object {salt} Tastes {Salty})
328:(Has-Quality Object {substance} quality {value})
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432:∀ acid (Has-Quality Object {acid} Tastes {Sour})
147:Glauber was written, among other programs, by
506:: the Reacts and Has-Quality predicate sets
301:Information representation (data structures)
374:(Has-Quality Object {NaOH} Tastes {Bitter})
380:(Has-Quality Object {NaCl} Tastes {Salty})
377:(Has-Quality Object {KOH} Tastes {Bitter})
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390:(Has-Quality Object {KCl} Tastes {Salty})
336:(Reacts Inputs {HCl NaOH} Outputs {NaCl})
268:Glauber was a very successful advance in
182:evidence known at the time of discovery.
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
364:(Has-Quality Object {HCl} Tastes {Sour})
236:, were programmed into the application.
132:written in the context of computational
614:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
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473:: Reacts and Has-Quality predicate sets
339:(Reacts Inputs {HCl KOH} Outputs {KCl})
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51:adding citations to reliable sources
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130:scientific discovery method
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383:(Has-Quality Object {NaNO
200:Acid + Alkali --> Salt
393:(Has-Quality Object {KNO
367:(Has-Quality Object {HNO
309:(Reacts Inputs {reactant
204:Glauber was designed by
185:Glauber was named after
18:Glauber (disambiguation)
196:In few words, the law:
171:methods, in their book
142:artificial intelligence
583:quantify existentially
465:Glauber main procedure
187:Johann Rudolph Glauber
317:...} Outputs {product
270:theoretical chemistry
134:philosophy of science
577:quantify universally
538:Determine-Quantifier
423:Alkalis: {NaOH, KOH}
165:scientific discovery
47:improve this article
16:For other uses, see
458:equivalence classes
353:(Reacts Inputs {HNO
346:NaOH} Outputs {NaNO
342:(Reacts Inputs {HNO
167:may be obtained by
163:to demonstrate how
136:. It is related to
642:Chemistry software
296:The Glauber method
288:(which calculates
238:Chemical reactions
397:} Tastes {Salty})
387:} Tastes {Salty})
371:} Tastes {Sour })
357:KOH} Outputs {KNO
218:chemical compound
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416:Acids: {HCl, HNO
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103:February 2013
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64: –
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58:Find sources:
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36:This article
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45:Please help
40:verification
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409:, KCl, NaNO
405:Salts: {KNO
214:application
206:Pat Langley
157:G. Bradshaw
149:Pat Langley
593:References
498:Form-Class
452:Procedures
442:aqua regia
276:including
210:heuristics
73:newspapers
282:oxidation
242:reactants
230:numerical
180:empirical
161:J. Zytkow
62:"Glauber"
636:Category
313:reactant
246:products
448:, etc.
413:, NaCl}
321:product
126:Glauber
87:scholar
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550:Output
510:Output
477:Output
286:DALTON
284:) and
256:, and
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544:Input
504:Input
471:Input
325:...})
278:Stahl
258:salts
254:bases
250:acids
226:taste
128:is a
94:JSTOR
80:books
616:ISBN
581:else
575:then
244:and
159:and
66:news
140:in
49:by
638::
569:if
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