1805:, the "socialist argument" defined "individual liberty" as " 'freedom from' obstacles". He argued that this definition only "confused" and obscured the aim of "securing individual freedom", because it permitted a possible "identification of freedom with power." The subsequent "collective power over circumstances" misappropriated "the physical 'ability to do what I want', the power to satisfy our wishes, or the extent of the choice of alternatives open to us." Hayek maintained that once any possible "identification of freedom with power is admitted," a "totalitarian state" coalesced where "liberty has been suppressed in the name of liberty."
1676:
1664:
58:
1991:
In Arendt's view, political action is an interruption of automatic process, either natural or historical. The freedom to begin anew is thus an extension of "the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before, which was not given, not even as an object of cognition or imagination, and
1862:
takes issue with
Friedman's concept of economic freedom, asserting that there will be infringements on the freedom of others whenever anyone exercises their own economic freedom. He argues that such infringements produce conflicts that are resolved through property rights systems, and therefore it is
1742:
societies. Political freedom has been described as freedom from oppression or coercion, the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions, or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society. Although political freedom
1959:
spoke of a compromise between positive and negative freedoms, saying that an agent must have full autonomy over themselves. In this view, freedom is a triadic relationship because it is about three things, namely the agent, the constraints they need to be free from and the goal they are aspiring to.
1854:
A study on 123 nations shows that the Hayek–Friedman hypothesis of the necessity of economic freedom for political freedom holds well. Only in few cases, there was relatively high political freedom without high economic freedom, and even those cases diminished over time. A later study found just one
1987:
or will-power since in ancient Greece and Rome the concept of freedom was inseparable from performance and did not arise as a conflict between the will and the self. Similarly, the idea of freedom as freedom from politics is a notion that developed in modern times. This is opposed to the idea of
1975:
politics. According to her study, the concept of freedom was historically inseparable from political action. Politics could only be practiced by those who had freed themselves from the necessities of life so that they could participate in the realm of political affairs. According to Arendt, the
1811:
see negative and positive liberty as complementary concepts of freedom. Such a view of rights may require utilitarian trade-offs, such as sacrificing the right to the product of one's labor or freedom of association for less racial discrimination or more subsidies for housing. Social anarchists
1826:
described it as "a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man's freedom of action in a social context". To such libertarians, positive liberty is contradictory since so-called rights must be traded off against each other, debasing legitimate rights which by definition trump other moral
1793:
or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential. In this sense, freedom may include freedom from poverty, starvation, treatable disease, and oppression as well as freedom from force and coercion, from whomever they may issue.
2528:
1980:, or inner freedom, around the 5th century CE and since then freedom as a form of political action has been neglected even though, as she says, freedom is "the raison d'ĂŞtre of politics".
1827:
considerations. Any alleged right which calls for an end result (e.g. housing, education, medical services and so on) produced by people is in effect a purported right to enslave others.
1242:
1755:
and possibilities for action and the exercise of social or group rights. The concept can also include freedom from internal constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social
1988:
freedom as the capacity to "begin anew", which Arendt sees as a corollary to the innate human condition of natality, or our nature as "new beginnings and hence beginners".
1863:
essential to decide what is a better or a worse property rights system, yet
Friedman simply takes for granted the existing property rights and does not question them.
1006:
2513:
2381:
2368:"You Have Nothing to Lose but Your Chains? Re-examining the Hayek-Friedman Hypothesis on the Relationship Between Capitalism and Political Freedom"
2294:
1031:
1001:
1881:
Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to and a condition of power relations, or the power of action upon actions, by
1706:
1083:
2970:
1915:. They maintain there is no such thing, for instance, as freedom to pollute or freedom to deforest given that such activities create
1036:
156:
1953:
stated: "The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities."
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posits that the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals, namely freedom as
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1759:, consistency, or inauthentic behaviour). The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of
1421:
1046:
801:
1699:
1456:
2265:"; Nikolas Kompridis, "Struggling Over the Meaning of Recognition: A Matter of Identity, Justice or Freedom?" in
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Nikolas
Kompridis, "The Idea of a New Beginning: A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom" in
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1885:. It has also been closely identified with certain kinds of artistic and cultural practice by
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as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action, it can also refer to the
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1919:, which violates other groups' liberty to not be exposed to pollution. The popularity of
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280:
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173:
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Michel
Foucault, "The Subject and Power" in Paul Rabinow and Nikolas S. Rose, eds.,
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clear counter-example, Belarus after 1991, and its freedom was lost over time.
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1767:, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the
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often argue that political freedoms should include some constraint on use of
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theorized freedom in terms of our social interdependence with other people.
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hold different views about what they believe constitutes political freedom.
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2345:"Examining the Hayek–Friedman hypothesis on economic and political freedom"
1928:
1875:
1859:
1764:
1638:
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876:
723:
553:
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346:
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political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of
2278:
Friedrich August von Hayek, "Freedom and
Coercion" in David Miller (ed),
1984:
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758:
743:
718:
513:
498:
405:
258:
206:
2366:
Gabriel
Benzecry, Nicholas Reinarts, and Daniel J. Smith (11 Feb 2024).
1935:
can clash. This leads at times to serious confrontations and clashes of
1675:
1851:, and that without economic freedom there cannot be political freedom.
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1756:
1594:
1560:
1555:
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and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning.
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2017:
1977:
1912:
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663:
183:
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2624:
2467:"Fur Challenge: Unzip That Collar and Expose Cruelty | Action"
2124:
1871:
1823:
1599:
1572:
1476:
1267:
518:
361:
2619:"Brief review of trends in political change: freedom and conflict"
1976:
concept of freedom became associated with the
Christian notion of
1847:
that there are two types of freedom, namely political freedom and
2661:
2342:
1735:
1731:
708:
314:
248:
1738:
and political thought and one of the most important features of
2707:
378:
2395:
Hahnel, R. (2009-03-01). "Why the Market
Subverts Democracy".
2310:
Alasdair MacIntyre, "The
Virtues of Acknowledged Dependence",
1983:
Arendt says that political freedom is historically opposed to
2546:
Between Past and Future: Eight exercises in political thought
2156:
Between Past and Future: Eight
Exercises in Political Thought
1940:
1924:
2630:
1992:
which therefore, strictly speaking, could not be known".
1944:
1931:
has been used as evidence that some ideas of freedom and
2613:"Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism"
2312:
Rational Dependent Animals: Why Humans Need the Virtues
2243:
Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers
1812:
describe the negative liberty-centric view endorsed by
2566:(Reprinted ed.). London: Penguin Books. pp.
1858:
In his article "Why the Market Subverts Democracy",
1007:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2559:
2325:
1939:reflected in advertising campaigns, e.g. that of
3023:
2349:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
2343:Robert A. Lawson & J.R. Clark (June 2010).
2167:Iris Marion Young, "Five Faces of Oppression",
30:"Freedoms" redirects here. For other uses, see
2646:
1700:
1032:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1002:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
2380:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1971:traces the conceptual origins of freedom to
1822:see negative rights as a consistent system.
2971:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2653:
2639:
2598:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?", p. 151.
2171:(Princeton University press, 1990), 39–65.
1707:
1693:
2511:
2408:
2241:, "What's Wrong With Negative Liberty?",
1037:International Federation of Liberal Youth
2323:
2031:, which is related to freedom of privacy
27:Concept in history and political thought
2494:The History of Freedom and Other Essays
1017:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
14:
3024:
2557:
2394:
2182:Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?
2169:Justice and the Politics of Difference
2976:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2634:
2625:"Freedom: The Great Gift of the West"
2490:
2075:Global Social Change Research Project
2267:European Journal of Political Theory
2150:
2148:
2615:(PDF). Harvard University and NBER.
2544:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?",
2443:(New York: Routledge, 2007), 32–59.
2269:July 2007 vol. 6 no. 3 pp. 277–289.
2154:Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?",
1057:Liberal South East European Network
24:
2184:(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010).
2029:unreasonable searches and seizures
25:
3053:
2605:
2145:
1047:Liberal Network for Latin America
480:(contributions to liberal theory)
2534:from the original on 2011-01-25.
1674:
1662:
56:
2611:Alberto Abadie (October 2004).
2592:
2551:
2538:
2514:"Negative and Positive Freedom"
2512:MacCallum, Gerald (July 1967).
2505:
2484:
2473:from the original on 2022-08-30
2459:
2446:
2433:
2388:
2359:
2336:
2317:
2304:
2285:
2085:Libertarianism (disambiguation)
2961:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
2332:. University of Chicago Press.
2272:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2200:
2187:
2174:
2161:
421:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
2497:. London: Macmillan. p.
2397:American Behavioral Scientist
2158:, (New York: Penguin, 1993).
2095:Negative and positive rights
7:
2825:Freedom from discrimination
2660:
2245:(Cambridge, 1985), 211–229.
2131:Two Treatises of Government
1995:
10:
3058:
3032:Civil rights and liberties
2686:Personification of Liberty
2548:(New York: Penguin, 1993).
2090:List of indices of freedom
2008:Civil and political rights
1963:
1801:philosopher and economist
29:
2966:All men are created equal
2953:
2777:
2731:
2668:
2441:Philosophical Romanticism
2324:Friedman, Milton (1962).
1779:Various groups along the
1644:Sexually liberal feminism
1551:Bias in American academia
1022:European Democratic Party
478:List of liberal theorists
2521:The Philosophical Review
2469:. PETA.org. 2016-02-09.
2419:10.1177/0002764208327672
2209:, "Alienated Labour" in
2138:
1774:
303:Labor theory of property
2558:Hannah, Arendt (1965).
2491:Acton, John D. (1907).
1957:Gerald C. MacCallum Jr.
1933:ecological conservation
1012:Arab Liberal Federation
202:Consent of the governed
2454:The Essential Foucault
2328:Capitalism and Freedom
2254:Ralph Waldo Emerson, "
2195:Development as Freedom
2045:Freedom of association
1917:negative externalities
1866:Political philosopher
1844:Capitalism and Freedom
1830:Political philosopher
1816:as "selfish freedom".
1027:European Liberal Youth
997:Africa Liberal Network
222:Economic globalization
2282:(1991) pp. 80, 85–86.
2197:(Anchor Books, 2000).
1887:Cornelius Castoriadis
1743:is often interpreted
1669:Liberalism portal
1541:Anti-authoritarianism
1042:Liberal International
3011:Right-libertarianism
2991:Civil libertarianism
2945:Water and sanitation
2681:Moral responsibility
2110:Political repression
2065:Freedom of the press
1751:exercise of rights,
473:Age of Enlightenment
426:Separation of powers
3001:Left-libertarianism
2996:Drug liberalization
2314:(Open Court, 2001).
2080:Internet censorship
2055:Freedom of religion
2050:Freedom of movement
2040:Freedom of assembly
1978:freedom of the will
1841:argues in his book
1820:Anarcho-capitalists
1681:Politics portal
384:Civil and political
357:Popular sovereignty
217:Economic liberalism
3037:Political concepts
2297:2019-10-06 at the
2261:2011-03-23 at the
2120:Scientific freedom
2105:Political prisoner
2100:Political equality
2070:Freedom of thought
1951:John Dalberg-Acton
1832:Alasdair MacIntyre
1781:political spectrum
1724:political autonomy
352:Permissive society
332:Limited government
3019:
3018:
2676:Cognitive liberty
2060:Freedom of speech
1909:Environmentalists
1868:Nikolas Kompridis
1809:Social anarchists
1720:Political freedom
1717:
1716:
1556:Bias in the media
1072:Regional variants
389:Natural and legal
16:(Redirected from
3049:
2703:Positive liberty
2698:Negative liberty
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2403:(7): 1006–1022.
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2023:Economic freedom
2013:Decentralization
2003:Academic freedom
1899:Jacques Rancière
1849:economic freedom
1791:positive liberty
1728:political agency
1709:
1702:
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1578:Radical centrism
416:Secular humanism
342:Natural monopoly
293:Internationalism
110:Internationalist
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2935:To be forgotten
2850:Internet access
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2292:"Anarchism FAQ"
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1895:Herbert Marcuse
1891:Antonio Gramsci
1883:Michel Foucault
1839:Milton Friedman
1803:Friedrich Hayek
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1730:) is a central
1722:(also known as
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2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1965:
1962:
1903:Theodor Adorno
1776:
1773:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:Utilitarianism
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:Libertarianism
1619:
1617:Land value tax
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Egalitarianism
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Anti-communism
1543:
1537:
1535:Related topics
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1489:Arizona School
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:United Kingdom
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
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1379:
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1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
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1337:
1332:
1327:
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1255:
1250:
1245:
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1203:
1198:
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1173:
1168:
1163:
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1146:
1136:
1131:
1126:
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1096:
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1086:
1081:
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1054:
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1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
584:Wollstonecraft
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
475:
469:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
449:
448:
443:
436:Social justice
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
376:
375:
374:
369:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Market economy
334:
329:
328:
327:
322:
312:
305:
300:
298:Invisible hand
295:
290:
288:Harm principle
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
246:
241:
240:
239:
234:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
153:
152:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
101:
100:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3054:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Morphological
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Morphological
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:9780140184211
2573:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:On revolution
2554:
2547:
2541:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2355:(3): 230–239.
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:Self-Reliance
2251:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2223:Isaiah Berlin
2219:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2193:Amartya Sen,
2190:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Right to arms
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Freedom House
2033:
2030:
2027:Freedom from
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:ancient Greek
1970:
1969:Hannah Arendt
1961:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:According to
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:Individualism
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:United States
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Latin America
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
989:Organizations
986:
985:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
768:
767:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
488:
487:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:
462:
461:
454:
451:
447:
446:Welfare state
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
311:
310:
309:Laissez-faire
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2910:Self-defense
2768:
2754:Intellectual
2594:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2507:
2493:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2129:
1990:
1982:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1929:urban sprawl
1907:
1880:
1876:independence
1865:
1860:Robin Hahnel
1857:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1778:
1765:human rights
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1639:Pirate Party
1499:Jeffersonian
1407:South Africa
897:Lloyd George
492:Philosophers
399:To bear arms
347:Open society
307:
78:Conservative
2855:Information
2820:Family life
2790:Association
1985:sovereignty
1467:Gladstonian
1427:Switzerland
1412:South Korea
1355:Philippines
1315:New Zealand
1310:Netherlands
967:Verhofstadt
962:Balcerowicz
771:Politicians
699:Collingwood
639:Tocqueville
514:Montesquieu
406:Rule of law
207:Due process
3026:Categories
2815:Fair trial
2477:2022-08-31
1943:regarding
1913:ecosystems
1837:Economist
1814:capitalism
1799:neoliberal
1757:conformity
1753:capacities
1745:negatively
1740:democratic
1595:Empiricism
1566:Democratic
1561:Capitalism
1472:Manchester
1305:Montenegro
1290:Luxembourg
1226:Venizelism
1156:Costa Rica
411:Secularism
244:Federalism
196:Principles
88:Democratic
50:Liberalism
2981:Anarchism
2915:Sexuality
2810:Education
2769:Political
2723:Free will
2405:CiteSeerX
2207:Karl Marx
2018:Dissident
1787:Left-wing
1610:Anarchist
1518:Venezuela
1494:Classical
1462:Cobdenism
1365:Cracovian
1320:Nicaragua
1285:Lithuania
1144:Hong Kong
1099:Australia
937:Roosevelt
907:StĂĄhlberg
902:Venizelos
857:Sarmiento
847:Gladstone
807:Lamartine
777:Jefferson
629:Martineau
579:De Gouges
564:Condorcet
549:Priestley
212:Democracy
184:Third Way
145:Christian
140:Religious
73:Classical
2986:Autonomy
2954:See also
2895:Religion
2885:Property
2870:Movement
2785:Assembly
2778:By right
2759:Internet
2749:Economic
2739:Academic
2691:Libertas
2669:Concepts
2586:25458723
2529:Archived
2471:Archived
2427:56576412
2376:cite web
2295:Archived
2259:Archived
2125:Suffrage
1996:See also
1872:autonomy
1824:Ayn Rand
1749:positive
1600:Humanism
1573:Centrism
1523:Zimbabwe
1477:Whiggism
1437:Thailand
1402:Slovenia
1397:Slovakia
1372:Portugal
1345:Paraguay
1268:Liberism
1233:Honduras
1151:Colombia
1124:Bulgaria
917:Rathenau
892:Milyukov
812:Macaulay
782:Kołłątaj
754:Kymlicka
734:Friedman
679:Cassirer
669:Hobhouse
604:Constant
599:Humboldt
559:Beccaria
524:Rousseau
519:Voltaire
362:Property
325:Positive
320:Negative
276:Religion
254:Economic
227:Equality
150:Catholic
120:National
115:Muscular
93:Feminist
83:Cultural
42:a series
40:Part of
18:Freedoms
2930:Thought
2920:Silence
2890:Protest
2880:Privacy
2845:Housing
2732:By type
2662:Liberty
2370:. SSRN.
2280:Liberty
2227:Liberty
1964:History
1736:history
1732:concept
1513:Uruguay
1452:Ukraine
1442:Tunisia
1387:Senegal
1377:Romania
1325:Nigeria
1300:Moldova
1243:Iceland
1238:Hungary
1216:Germany
1211:Georgia
1201:Finland
1196:Estonia
1186:Ecuador
1181:Denmark
1176:Czechia
1161:Croatia
1114:Bolivia
1109:Belgium
1104:Austria
1094:Armenia
1089:Albania
957:Jenkins
952:Kennedy
942:Pearson
927:Einaudi
912:Gokhale
872:Itagaki
867:Naoroji
862:Mommsen
842:Lincoln
832:Mazzini
817:Kossuth
802:Broglie
797:BolĂvar
792:Artigas
787:Madison
649:Spencer
634:Emerson
624:Bastiat
609:Ricardo
569:Bentham
509:Spinoza
466:History
367:Private
315:Liberty
249:Freedom
169:Secular
157:Islamic
135:Radical
67:Schools
32:Freedom
2925:Speech
2905:Resist
2900:Repair
2840:Health
2800:Choice
2795:Asylum
2708:Rights
2584:
2574:
2425:
2407:
1937:values
1506:Modern
1447:Turkey
1432:Taiwan
1422:Sweden
1392:Serbia
1382:Russia
1360:Poland
1340:Panama
1335:Norway
1295:Mexico
1280:Latvia
1258:Israel
1221:Greece
1206:France
1171:Cyprus
1129:Canada
1119:Brazil
1079:Europe
977:Macron
922:Madero
887:Deakin
877:Levski
852:Cavour
837:Juárez
827:Cobden
759:Badawi
749:Nozick
729:Berlin
719:Popper
694:Keynes
689:Ortega
654:Arnold
614:Guizot
574:Korais
539:Turgot
499:Milton
379:Rights
372:Public
281:Speech
259:Market
232:Gender
179:Techno
174:Social
162:Jewish
98:Equity
2940:Truth
2875:Press
2805:Death
2744:Civil
2532:(PDF)
2527:(3).
2517:(PDF)
2423:S2CID
2139:Notes
1775:Views
1769:state
1632:Right
1417:Spain
1275:Japan
1263:Italy
1248:India
1191:Egypt
1139:China
1134:Chile
972:Obama
947:Ohlin
882:Kemal
739:Rawls
714:Hayek
704:ÄŚapek
684:Mises
674:Croce
664:Weber
659:Acton
589:Staël
554:Paine
544:Burke
529:Smith
504:Locke
271:Press
264:Trade
237:Legal
105:Green
2860:Life
2830:Food
2582:OCLC
2572:ISBN
2382:link
1941:PETA
1927:and
1925:golf
1921:SUVs
1901:and
1763:and
1627:Left
1350:Peru
1253:Iran
1166:Cuba
932:King
822:Deák
724:Aron
644:Mill
619:List
534:Kant
130:Ordo
2835:Gun
2568:211
2415:doi
1945:fur
1874:or
1734:in
1726:or
744:Sen
594:Say
125:Neo
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2570:.
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2523:.
2519:.
2421:.
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2374:{{
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