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agriculture. Slash-and-burn agriculture is still common across much of tropical Africa, Asia and South
America. For small farmers, controlled fires are a convenient way to clear overgrown areas and release nutrients from standing vegetation back into the soil. However, this useful strategy is also problematic. Growing population, fragmentation of forests and warming climate are making the earth's surface more prone to ever-larger escaped fires. These harm ecosystems and human infrastructure, cause health problems, and send up spirals of carbon and soot that may encourage even more warming of the atmosphere – and thus feed back into more fires. Globally today, as much as 5 million square kilometres – an area more than half the size of the United States – burns in a given year.
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476:. Although this evidence shows that fire may have been used in a controlled fashion about 1 million years ago, other sources put the date of regular use at 400,000 years ago. Evidence becomes widespread around 50 to 100 thousand years ago, suggesting regular use from this time; interestingly, resistance to
847:
activities. They include knowledge of which fuel to burn; how to arrange the fuel; how to stoke the fire both in early phases and in maintenance phases; how to modulate the heat, flame, and smoke as suited to the desired application; how best to bank a fire to be revived later; how to choose, design,
212:. Fire is a significant process that influences ecological systems worldwide. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological systems. Its negative effects include hazard to life and property, atmospheric pollution, and water contamination. When fire removes
531:
or "cool fires", as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires", which damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities. This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are
536:
that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable. Another human use for fire in regards to landscape management is its use to clear land for
468:
food, simultaneously increasing the variety and availability of nutrients and reducing disease by killing pathogenic microorganisms in the food. The heat produced would also help people stay warm in cold weather, enabling them to live in cooler climates. Fire also kept nocturnal predators at bay.
1358:
from combustion does not disperse as readily in micro gravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.
2255:
Bowman, D. M. J. S.; Balch, J. K.; Artaxo, P.; Bond, W. J.; Carlson, J. M.; Cochrane, M. A.; d'Antonio, C. M.; Defries, R. S.; Doyle, J. C.; Harrison, S. P.; Johnston, F. H.; Keeley, J. E.; Krawchuk, M. A.; Kull, C. A.; Marston, J. B.; Moritz, M. A.; Prentice, I. C.; Roos, C. I.; Scott, A. C.;
415:, charcoal is present ever since. The level of atmospheric oxygen is closely related to the prevalence of charcoal: clearly oxygen is the key factor in the abundance of wildfire. Fire also became more abundant when grasses radiated and became the dominant component of many ecosystems, around
744:
were deliberately caused in which a ring of fire surrounding each city was drawn inward by an updraft caused by a central cluster of fires. The United States Army Air Force also extensively used incendiaries against
Japanese targets in the latter months of the war, devastating entire cities
1367:
in micro gravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in micro gravity when compared to normal gravity conditions. These discoveries have potential applications in
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proportions, increasing fuel and oxidizer input in this balanced mix, increasing the ambient temperature so the fire's own heat is better able to sustain combustion, or providing a catalyst, a non-reactant medium in which the fuel and oxidizer can more readily react.
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1079:
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.
1068:. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a
1091:, which removes combustion products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from the air, which exclude oxygen and
1145:
application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end);
480:
started to evolve in human populations at a similar point in time. The use of fire became progressively more sophisticated, as it was used to create charcoal and to control wildlife from tens of thousands of years ago.
1516:. Different species of plants, animals, and microbes specialize in exploiting a particular stage, and by creating these different types of patches, fire allows a greater number of species to exist within a landscape.
1237:. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. Usually oxygen is involved, but
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Fire prevention is intended to reduce sources of ignition. Fire prevention also includes education to teach people how to avoid causing fires. Buildings, especially schools and tall buildings, often conduct
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and are quickly recycled into the soil. This loss of nitrogen caused by a fire produces a long-term reduction in the fertility of the soil, which can be recovered as atmospheric nitrogen is
2509:
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covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO
2704:
3371:
Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C (2006).
1121:
by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stove-top burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following:
1320:
in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and infrared bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the
671:, first used by German troops against entrenched French troops near Verdun in February 1915. They were later successfully mounted on armoured vehicles in the Second World War.
1354:, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it may go out if not moved steadily, as the CO
392:
in the atmosphere as never before, as the new hordes of land plants pumped it out as a waste product. When this concentration rose above 13%, it permitted the possibility of
1994:
189:
is the visible portion of the fire. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce
585:
There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on Earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of
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in some countries as of 2023) to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction.
1300:, showing variations in the flame color due to temperature. The hottest parts near the ground appear yellowish-white, while the cooler upper parts appear red.
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2522:
Early humans harnessed fire as early as a million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, suggests evidence unearthed in a cave in South Africa.
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3128:
1161:
In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do this include balancing the input of fuel and oxidizer to
2418:
Gowlett, J. A. J.; Wrangham, R. W. (2013). "Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis".
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348:. The current spelling of "fire" has been in use since as early as 1200, but it was not until around 1600 that it completely replaced the
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is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also
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1621:. To maximize passive fire protection of buildings, building materials and furnishings in most developed countries are tested for
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such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-oxygen oxidizers exist), is exposed to a source of heat or ambient
3968:
3813:
2930:
2019:
2536:"Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa"
1845:
1508:, and the organisms in those ecosystems are adapted to or dependent upon that fire regime. Fire creates a mosaic of different
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2795:
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in inertial flight. This does not apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection.
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2725:
1394:
The adiabatic flame temperature of a given fuel and oxidizer pair is that at which the gases achieve stable combustion.
2454:
2118:
Jones, Timothy P.; Chaloner, William G. (1991). "Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance".
852:; and so on. Detailed expositions of fire management are available in various books about blacksmithing, about skilled
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818:
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to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes
800:
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1943:
Morris, S. E.; Moses, T. A. (1987). "Forest Fire and the
Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range".
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721:
109:
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3317:
Population and
Building Factors That Impact Residential Fire Rates in Large U.S. Cities. Applied Research Project
1680:
444:
81:
2153:
Glasspool, I.J.; Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (2004). "Charcoal in the
Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire".
279:, in agriculture for clearing land, for cooking, generating heat and light, for signaling, propulsion purposes,
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835:, and the more advanced forms of it, as traditionally (and sometimes still) practiced by skilled cooks,
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523:, during the introduction of grain-based agriculture, people all over the world used fire as a tool in
221:
95:
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198:
183:. At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. The
2193:"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"
1617:
systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. The most common form of active fire protection is
559:
3818:
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services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained
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of the burning material and intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of
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Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North
American Mediterranean-climate zone." in
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which allowed for the more rapid spread of fire. These widespread fires may have initiated a
372:
62:
31:
17:
3443:
2749:
2701:"Farmers, Flames and Climate: Are We Entering an Age of 'Mega-Fires'? – State of the Planet"
1150:
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Fire has also been used for centuries as a method of torture and execution, as evidenced by
377:
The fossil record of fire first appears with the establishment of a land-based flora in the
213:
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3373:"Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects"
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is below the flame temperature, so that it fuses and then solidifies as it cools, and
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reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
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2015:
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are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions.
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831:
Controlling a fire to optimize its size, shape, and intensity is generally called
102:
4163:
3650:
3519:
3323:
3274:
Baars, Hans; Smulders, Andre; Hintzbergen, Kees; Hintzbergen, Jule (2015-04-15).
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2431:
2322:
Retallack, Gregory J. (1997). "Neogene expansion of the North
American prairie".
1791:
1556:
1533:
1529:
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1364:
1293:
1285:, emits intense green flame, leading to its informal nickname of "Green Dragon".
1118:
1006:
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702:
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generally conducted in the spring and autumn. They clear undergrowth, burning up
528:
460:
The ability to control fire was a dramatic change in the habits of early humans.
3486:
Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems
1853:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. October 2007. p. 70. Archived from
1092:
1060:/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a
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3620:
2197:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of
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process, whereby they produced a warmer, drier climate more conducive to fire.
349:
2984:
2466:
1906:"What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?"
1880:"What is the State of Matter of Fire or Flame? Is it a Liquid, Solid, or Gas?"
1525:
1338:
The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on
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4125:
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1990:
1964:
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205:
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or they might use A and B class foam depending on what is feeding the fire.
1564:
refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn.
1549:
Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as
4322:
4244:
4239:
4072:
4037:
3985:
3851:
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2664:. Historical Ecology Series. University of Columbia Press. pp. 78–84.
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2404:
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1735:
1700:
1685:
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1626:
1587:
1499:
1458:
1226:
1087:, or of some similar force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce
1044:
or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an
750:
686:
in the 1930s. Also during that war, incendiary bombs were deployed against
664:
656:, a flame-thrower weapon dating to around 1000 CE which was a precursor to
576:
512:
288:
276:
3333:
Community
Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia
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Where fire prevention and fire protection have failed to prevent damage,
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1505:
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Fire is affected by gravity. Left: Flame on Earth; Right: Flame on the
1278:
1249:(HCl). Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many, are
1222:
1181:
1096:
1088:
987:
977:
900:
states that nearly 80% of the world's power has consistently come from
893:
840:
836:
653:
642:
265:
233:
168:
164:
3155:"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain"
2372:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
193:. Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the
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4342:
4290:
4205:
4200:
4195:
3998:
3993:
3866:
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3655:
3132:, Third Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
2174:
1821:
1786:
1781:
1634:
1434:
1428:
1412:
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constructed primarily of wood and paper houses. The incendiary fluid
741:
729:
649:
524:
471:
417:
402:
383:
292:
249:
229:
208:, which can lead to physical damage, which can be permanent, through
156:
3922:
3388:
2343:
1201:
A flame is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible,
951:
solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire is called
770:
44:
4297:
4285:
4190:
4090:
3834:
3273:
3215:
2736:
1715:
1638:
1487:
1438:
1317:
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1250:
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1238:
1202:
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1073:
1069:
1045:
872:
408:
393:
280:
237:
225:
3277:
Foundations of Information Security Based on ISO27001 and ISO27002
4280:
4254:
4215:
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4003:
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1817:
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produce the familiar red-orange glow of "fire". This light has a
1084:
991:
921:
853:
614:
572:
533:
465:
454:
284:
245:
209:
2367:"The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process"
353:
3681:
2777:
1543:
1454:
1408:
1398:
1343:
1342:, as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a
1309:
1191:
1026:
746:
508:
423:
389:
257:
253:
146:
1029:, other compounds are able to fulfill the role. For instance,
500:
and then heated over an open fire to the agony of the wearer.
204:
Fire, in its most common form, has the potential to result in
4111:
4065:
3738:
3696:
3691:
1599:
1327:
1270:
1195:
1175:
1014:
844:
610:
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for a large percentage of humanity by igniting fuels such as
194:
185:
176:
3088:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
3069:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
1142:, smothering the flame by displacing the available oxidizer;
4248:
3686:
3676:
2502:"Were Early Humans Cooking Their Food a Million Years Ago?"
1313:
1266:
1230:
1057:
1034:
1002:
948:
913:
889:
885:
753:, although its use did not gain public attention until the
598:
579:
raids in July 1943, which killed an estimated 50,000 people
497:
217:
172:
160:
3963:
1125:
turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;
848:
or modify stoves, fireplaces, bakery ovens, or industrial
464:
to generate heat and light made it possible for people to
3871:
3470:
Between Two Fires: A Fire History of Contemporary America
2256:
Swetnam, T. W.; Van Der Werf, G. R.; Pyne, S. J. (2009).
1424:
698:
air forces that had been created specifically to support
602:
493:
333:
326:
261:
3440:
Tending fire : coping with America's wildland fires
2694:
2692:
2016:"How Do Wildfires Affect Soil? - Applied Earth Sciences"
3547:
2819:"Napalm in US Bombing Doctrine and Practice, 1942-1975"
1072:, a substance that is not consumed, when added, in any
449:
2658:"Forged in Fire: History, Land and Anthropogenic Fire"
1273:
and its compounds, evaluated in mid-20th century as a
311: 'Fire, a fire', which can be traced back to the
2689:
2589:
2254:
1773:, the Greek mythological figure who gave mankind fire
963:
if its melting point is above the flame temperature.
928:
to produce electricity. Fire is also used to provide
1519:
589:
vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal
316:
3339:. Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from
2152:
1346:in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In
609:, then using the resultant heat to boil water into
224:. Additionally, the burning of vegetation releases
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3129:Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities
2778:David P. Barash; Charles P. Webel (10 July 2008).
2455:"Million-year-old ash hints at origins of cooking"
1979:"SCIENCE WATCH; Burning Plants Adding to Nitrogen"
920:is used to heat water, creating steam that drives
3488:(2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors
2120:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1945:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1451:) 1,300 to 1,600 °C (2,400 to 2,900 °F)
1383:
1095:the fire. Because of this, the risk of fire in a
469:Evidence of occasional cooked food is found from
4360:
3142:Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan
3126:Begon, M., J.L. Harper and C.R. Townsend. 1996.
358:(which is still preserved in the word "fiery").
3460:Burning bush : a fire history of Australia
3450:Awful splendour : a fire history of Canada
2917:
2915:
2771:
2533:
2417:
3430:World fire : the culture of fire on earth
2985:"Ask Astronaut Greg Chamitoff: Light a Match!"
2585:
2583:
2581:
2190:
1641:used in vehicles and vessels are also tested.
1269:flames are similarly pale blue, while burning
749:was used in July 1944, towards the end of the
678:improvised from glass bottles, later known as
658:projectile weapons driven by burning gunpowder
411:plants. Apart from a controversial gap in the
3949:
3563:
3048:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3009:
2534:Francesco Berna; et al. (May 15, 2012).
2499:
2315:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2117:
2071:"The microfossil record of early land plants"
228:into the atmosphere, unlike elements such as
2982:
2912:
2186:
2184:
1504:Every natural ecosystem on land has its own
1474:which includes fire behavior, dynamics, and
1149:application of a retardant chemical such as
1025:. Although the oxidizing agent is typically
867:
3135:
2578:
2146:
2068:
2062:
1942:
888:converts chemical energy into heat energy;
799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3956:
3942:
3570:
3556:
2243:
295:, and as a weapon or mode of destruction.
3605:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
3536:"20 Things You Didn't Know About... Fire"
2816:
2590:Bowman, D. M. J. S.; et al. (2009).
2561:
2551:
2420:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
2394:
2384:
2321:
2226:
2216:
2181:
2111:
2094:
1021:, does not proceed directly and involves
819:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3425:(University of Washington Press, 2001).
2849:
1537:
1326:
1287:
1185:
1105:
981:
871:
716:during the Second World War, notably on
502:
448:
433:
140:
3814:International Flame Research Foundation
3012:"How does fire behave in zero gravity?"
2698:
2364:
1903:
1877:
1478:. Applications of fire science include
986:The balanced chemical equation for the
527:management. These fires were typically
488:as well as torture devices such as the
14:
4361:
3377:International Journal of Wildland Fire
3255:from the original on February 16, 2022
3010:Inglis-Arkell, Esther (8 March 2011).
2964:from the original on February 19, 2023
2900:U.S. Energy Information Administration
2452:
1602:and is a crime in most jurisdictions.
1512:patches, each at a different stage of
1221:, for example wood, or the incomplete
1001:Fire is a chemical process in which a
966:
540:
438:
3937:
3551:
3329:
3238:Fire Officer: Principles and Practice
3018:from the original on 13 November 2015
2933:from the original on February 2, 2023
2852:Alternative fuels and the environment
1847:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
620:
27:Rapid and hot oxidation of a material
3907:
3234:
2951:
2655:
2512:from the original on 4 February 2020
1824:are not included by this definition.
797:adding citations to reliable sources
764:
492:, which could be filled with water,
396:. Wildfire is first recorded in the
303:The word "fire" originated from
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
3357:Kosman, Admiel (January 13, 2011).
3280:(3rd revised ed.). Van Haren.
2699:Krajick, Kevin (16 November 2011).
2481:from the original on 1 October 2019
1648:can mitigate the financial impact.
916:in the past decades. The fire in a
24:
3415:
2850:Sterrett, Frances S., ed. (1995).
2081:(1398): 717–31, discussion 731–2.
2075:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1957:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00156.x
760:
25:
4390:
3526:–based science tutorial from the
3495:
3241:. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
2952:Lowe, Derek (February 26, 2008).
2191:Scott, AC; Glasspool, IJ (2006).
2069:Wellman, C. H.; Gray, J. (2000).
1582:, water supply resources such as
1520:Prevention and protection systems
1245:also produces a flame, producing
708:Incendiary bombs were dropped by
388:, permitting the accumulation of
3917:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3218:Office of the Fire Commissioner
3212:Fire & Life Safety Education
3190:. SmokeyBear.com. Archived from
2839:from the original on 2020-09-04.
2817:Guillaume, Marine (2016-12-01).
2798:from the original on 27 May 2024
2500:O'Carroll, Eoin (5 April 2012).
1816:Slower oxidative processes like
1670:The Chemical History of a Candle
1542:An abandoned convent on fire in
1461:) 1,000 °C (1,800 °F).
1304:The glow of a flame is complex.
769:
558:
549:
366:
43:
3595:Control of fire by early humans
3294:from the original on 2021-04-11
3267:
3228:
3205:
3180:
3169:from the original on 2011-07-16
3147:
3120:
3109:from the original on 2014-04-17
3091:
3072:
3053:
3030:
3003:
2991:from the original on 2021-12-11
2983:NASA Johnson (29 August 2008).
2976:
2954:"Sand Won't Save You This Time"
2945:
2888:
2868:
2843:
2810:
2760:from the original on 2024-05-27
2742:
2726:In Pictures: German destruction
2718:
2707:from the original on 2012-05-26
2678:from the original on 2024-05-27
2649:
2638:from the original on 2024-05-27
2527:
2493:
2446:
2411:
2358:
2304:from the original on 2024-05-27
2051:from the original on 2024-05-27
2022:from the original on 2024-05-27
1997:from the original on 2024-05-27
1912:from the original on 2009-01-24
1681:Control of fire by early humans
1493:
1465:
1441:) 2,200 °C (4,000 °F)
445:Control of fire by early humans
275:and has been used by humans in
54:needs additional citations for
3159:International Forest Fire News
2896:"How electricity is generated"
2662:Advances in Historical Ecology
2033:
2008:
1971:
1936:
1923:
1897:
1871:
1838:
1810:
1384:Typical adiabatic temperatures
1064:. This is commonly called the
322:, which itself comes from the
13:
1:
3037:Spiral flames in microgravity
1798:
1431:2,534 °C (4,600 °F)
1421:2,800 °C (5,100 °F)
1415:3,480 °C (6,300 °F)
1405:4,990 °C (9,000 °F)
1348:micro gravity or zero gravity
667:were used by infantry in the
248:by natural phenomena such as
4318:Potentially hazardous object
3235:Ward, Michael (March 2005).
2432:10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754
2140:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90180-Y
1831:
1470:Fire science is a branch of
1350:, such as an environment in
971:
924:. The turbines then spin an
892:has been used as fuel since
633:. Fire was the basis of all
298:
220:can contribute to increased
197:of the flame and the fire's
7:
3423:Fire : a brief history
2703:. Columbia Climate School.
2660:. In Balée, William (ed.).
2045:Online Etymology Dictionary
1882:. About.com. Archived from
1651:
1390:Adiabatic flame temperature
1136:application of an inert gas
1017:. This process, known as a
942:internal combustion engines
898:International Energy Agency
682:, were deployed during the
453:Bushman starting a fire in
10:
4395:
3309:
2781:Peace and Conflict Studies
2592:"Fire in the Earth system"
2365:Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016).
2258:"Fire in the Earth system"
1526:Wildfire § Prevention
1523:
1497:
1387:
1179:
1173:
975:
740:; in the latter two cases
507:Here, food is cooked in a
442:
370:
361:
29:
4310:
4273:
4232:
4214:
4183:
4176:
4144:
4110:
4103:
4081:
4051:
4017:
3984:
3975:
3890:
3827:
3806:
3780:
3752:
3731:
3705:
3669:
3613:
3585:
3477:California: A Fire Survey
3326:. Texas State University.
3222:December 6, 2008, at the
2876:World Energy Outlook 2022
2656:Pyne, Stephen J. (1998).
2467:10.1038/nature.2012.10372
1904:Helmenstine, Anne Marie.
1878:Helmenstine, Anne Marie.
1265:. Hydrogen and hydrazine/
868:Productive use for energy
843:, and others, are highly
645:to attack ships and men.
422:; this kindling provided
3819:The Combustion Institute
3577:
3079:LSP-1 experiment results
3060:CFM-1 experiment results
2826:The Asia-Pacific Journal
2750:"Flamethrower in action"
1803:
1691:Fire (classical element)
1376:, especially concerning
1213:of which depends on the
1169:
878:coal-fired power station
569:The Great Fire of London
271:Fire is one of the four
3165:: 80–81. January 1998.
2616:10.1126/science.1163886
2553:10.1073/pnas.1117620109
2282:10.1126/science.1163886
2218:10.1073/pnas.0604090103
1611:passive fire protection
1312:emission by de-excited
1229:solid particles called
474: million years ago
405: million years ago
386: million years ago
354:
335:
328:
318:
179:, and various reaction
3661:Spontaneous combustion
3330:Karki, Sameer (2002).
2386:10.1098/rstb.2015.0164
2087:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612
1615:active fire protection
1546:
1335:
1301:
1198:
1114:
998:
881:
516:
457:
149:
3511:What exactly is fire?
2854:. Boca Raton: Lewis.
2784:. SAGE. p. 365.
2453:Kaplan, Matt (2012).
1756:List of light sources
1625:, combustibility and
1541:
1330:
1298:Northwest Territories
1291:
1189:
1109:
985:
875:
635:early thermal weapons
506:
452:
434:Human control of fire
373:Fossil record of fire
222:soil erosion by water
214:protective vegetation
144:
32:Fire (disambiguation)
3346:on February 25, 2009
3099:"Flame temperatures"
2999:– via YouTube.
1306:Black-body radiation
1215:chemical composition
1099:is small when it is
1031:chlorine trifluoride
793:improve this section
663:The earliest modern
652:in China led to the
613:, which then drives
521:Neolithic Revolution
236:which remain in the
167:chemical process of
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4374:Terrestrial plasmas
3315:Haung, Kai (2009).
2608:2009Sci...324..481B
2546:(20): E1215–E1220.
2336:1997Palai..12..380R
2274:2009Sci...324..481B
2209:2006PNAS..10310861S
2167:2004Geo....32..381G
2132:1991PPP....97...39J
1235:continuous spectrum
1040:Fires start when a
1019:combustion reaction
967:Physical properties
625:The use of fire in
587:internal combustion
541:Later human control
439:Early human control
324:Proto-Indo-European
201:will be different.
159:of a material (the
4379:Cooking techniques
3969:list by death toll
3322:2012-03-08 at the
3188:"Prescribed Fires"
3084:2007-03-12 at the
3065:2007-09-12 at the
3042:2010-03-19 at the
2881:2022-10-27 at the
2731:2019-12-13 at the
2379:(1696): 20150164.
1983:The New York Times
1886:on 24 January 2009
1706:Fire lookout tower
1696:Fire investigation
1547:
1484:fire investigation
1336:
1302:
1263:nitrogen tetroxide
1211:frequency spectrum
1199:
1115:
1033:is able to ignite
999:
926:electric generator
882:
621:Use of fire in war
517:
458:
273:classical elements
150:
4356:
4355:
4333:Geomagnetic storm
4306:
4305:
4172:
4171:
4099:
4098:
4043:Soil liquefaction
3965:Natural disasters
3931:
3930:
3840:List of wildfires
3515:The Straight Dope
3475:Pyne, Stephen J.
3468:Pyne, Stephen J.
3458:Pyne, Stephen J.
3448:Pyne, Stephen J.
3438:Pyne, Stephen J.
3428:Pyne, Stephen J.
3421:Pyne, Stephen J.
2874:(October 2022), "
2861:978-0-87371-978-0
2791:978-1-4129-6120-2
2754:nzhistory.govt.nz
1761:Phlogiston theory
1659:Aodh (given name)
1562:Wildland fire use
1551:wildland fire use
1247:hydrogen chloride
934:thermal expansion
858:military scouting
829:
828:
821:
684:Spanish Civil War
680:Molotov cocktails
648:The invention of
428:positive feedback
420:million years ago
379:Middle Ordovician
244:and converted to
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4386:
4265:Tropical cyclone
4259:Tornado outbreak
4181:
4180:
4108:
4107:
4061:Pyroclastic flow
4053:Volcano eruption
3982:
3981:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3744:Death by burning
3706:Individual fires
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3399:. Archived from
3354:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
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3199:
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3139:
3133:
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3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
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3051:
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3028:
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3007:
3001:
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2746:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2602:(5926): 481–84.
2587:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2175:10.1130/G20363.1
2150:
2144:
2143:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1825:
1814:
1746:Life Safety Code
1566:Controlled burns
1557:controlled burns
1472:physical science
1403:dicyanoacetylene
1365:diffusion flames
1322:emission spectra
1275:high energy fuel
1205:, and sometimes
1066:fire tetrahedron
1009:react, yielding
824:
817:
813:
810:
804:
773:
765:
751:Second World War
676:incendiary bombs
562:
553:
529:controlled burns
486:death by burning
475:
421:
418:6 to 7
407:, by fossils of
406:
387:
357:
347:
344:
341:
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331:
321:
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127:
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4388:
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4384:
4383:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4302:
4269:
4233:Cyclonic storms
4228:
4210:
4168:
4164:Limnic eruption
4140:
4114:
4095:
4083:Natural erosion
4077:
4047:
4021:
4013:
3971:
3962:
3932:
3927:
3886:
3823:
3802:
3776:
3748:
3727:
3701:
3665:
3651:Fire protection
3609:
3581:
3576:
3498:
3418:
3416:Further reading
3406:
3404:
3389:10.1071/WF05097
3383:(15): 319–345.
3349:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3324:Wayback Machine
3312:
3307:
3306:
3297:
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3224:Wayback Machine
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3086:Wayback Machine
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3067:Wayback Machine
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3044:Wayback Machine
3035:
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3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2923:"What is fire?"
2921:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2883:Wayback Machine
2873:
2869:
2862:
2848:
2844:
2836:
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2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2776:
2772:
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2743:
2733:Wayback Machine
2723:
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2416:
2412:
2363:
2359:
2344:10.2307/3515337
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2268:(5926): 481–4.
2253:
2244:
2203:(29): 10861–5.
2189:
2182:
2151:
2147:
2116:
2112:
2067:
2063:
2054:
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2039:
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2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1977:
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1972:
1941:
1937:
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1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:Self-immolation
1654:
1623:fire-resistance
1619:fire sprinklers
1536:
1534:Fire protection
1530:Fire prevention
1524:Main articles:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1480:fire protection
1468:
1392:
1386:
1378:fuel efficiency
1370:applied science
1359:Experiments by
1357:
1294:controlled burn
1184:
1178:
1172:
1131:
1007:oxidizing agent
980:
974:
969:
930:mechanical work
870:
833:fire management
825:
814:
808:
805:
790:
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763:
761:Fire management
669:First World War
623:
583:
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543:
470:
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441:
436:
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400:fossil record,
382:
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256:plants such as
135:
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72:
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28:
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15:
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11:
5:
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4177:Meteorological
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4033:Seismic hazard
4029:
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3888:
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3884:
3879:
3877:Slash-and-burn
3874:
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3631:Dust explosion
3628:
3623:
3621:Chain reaction
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Historic fires
3597:
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3574:
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3545:
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3508:
3502:How Fire Works
3497:
3496:External links
3494:
3493:
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3446:
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3103:www.derose.net
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2410:
2357:
2314:
2242:
2180:
2161:(5): 381–383.
2145:
2126:(1–2): 39–50.
2110:
2061:
2032:
2018:. 2019-11-12.
2007:
1985:. 1990-08-14.
1970:
1935:
1922:
1896:
1870:
1836:
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1666:
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1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:fire insurance
1607:building codes
1580:fire apparatus
1555:prescribed or
1521:
1518:
1498:Main article:
1495:
1492:
1467:
1464:
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1452:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1355:
1283:rocket engines
1219:organic matter
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1163:stoichiometric
1159:
1158:
1155:largely banned
1147:
1143:
1140:carbon dioxide
1133:
1129:
1126:
1062:chain reaction
1011:carbon dioxide
976:Main article:
973:
970:
968:
965:
869:
866:
827:
826:
777:
775:
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622:
619:
591:power stations
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511:above fire in
443:Main article:
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371:Main article:
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350:Middle English
332:from the root
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42:
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4349:
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4331:
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4328:Meteor shower
4326:
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4150:
4149:
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4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Coastal flood
4124:
4123:
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4118:
4113:
4109:
4106:
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4092:
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3997:
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3807:Organizations
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3506:HowStuffWorks
3503:
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3403:on 2014-08-12
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:"Sacred fire"
3356:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3293:
3289:
3287:9789401805414
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3248:9780763722470
3244:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3194:on 2008-10-20
3193:
3189:
3183:
3168:
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3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3108:
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3094:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2927:New Scientist
2924:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2871:
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2857:
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2813:
2797:
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2783:
2782:
2774:
2759:
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2745:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2671:0-231-10632-7
2667:
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2609:
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2597:
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2586:
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2511:
2507:
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2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
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2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:(4): 380–90.
2329:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2299:
2295:
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2279:
2275:
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2198:
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2097:
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2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:(2): 245–54.
1950:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1908:. About.com.
1907:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1860:on 2008-08-21
1856:
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1809:
1793:
1790:
1788:
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1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Piano burning
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:List of fires
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Fire triangle
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1588:fire hydrants
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:Fire fighting
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:Bunsen burner
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
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1290:
1286:
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1276:
1272:
1268:
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1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:intermediates
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
984:
979:
964:
962:
958:
957:melting point
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:power station
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
874:
865:
863:
862:domestic arts
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
823:
820:
812:
802:
798:
794:
788:
787:
783:
778:This section
776:
772:
767:
766:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
665:flamethrowers
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
578:
574:
570:
561:
552:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
514:
510:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
479:
478:air pollution
473:
467:
463:
456:
451:
446:
431:
429:
425:
419:
414:
413:Late Devonian
410:
409:charcoalified
404:
399:
398:Late Silurian
395:
391:
385:
380:
374:
367:Fossil record
359:
356:
351:
337:
330:
325:
320:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:conflagration
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:is the rapid
154:
148:
143:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4323:Impact event
4311:Astronomical
4245:Thunderstorm
4240:Bomb cyclone
4104:Hydrological
4073:Volcanic ash
4038:Seismic risk
3986:Mass wasting
3852:Firefighting
3793:Fire worship
3636:Fire ecology
3578:
3539:
3528:
3485:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3422:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:the original
3380:
3376:
3362:
3348:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3332:
3296:. Retrieved
3276:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3237:
3230:
3207:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3162:
3158:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3074:
3055:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2957:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2903:. Retrieved
2899:
2890:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2780:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2680:. Retrieved
2661:
2651:
2640:. Retrieved
2599:
2595:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2521:
2514:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2458:
2448:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2265:
2261:
2200:
2196:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1873:
1862:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1846:
1840:
1812:
1736:Fire worship
1701:Fire lookout
1686:Deflagration
1676:Colored fire
1668:
1643:
1627:flammability
1604:
1592:
1576:firefighters
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1503:
1500:Fire ecology
1494:Fire ecology
1490:management.
1469:
1466:Fire science
1393:
1363:reveal that
1337:
1303:
1227:incandescent
1200:
1160:
1119:extinguished
1117:Fire can be
1116:
1082:
1078:
1039:
1000:
960:
952:
946:
932:directly by
902:fossil fuels
883:
860:, and about
832:
830:
815:
806:
791:Please help
779:
707:
703:Nationalists
674:Hand-thrown
673:
662:
647:
624:
584:
577:fire-bombing
518:
513:South Africa
483:
459:
376:
308:
302:
289:incineration
270:
203:
184:
171:, releasing
152:
151:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
4338:Solar flare
4224:Megadrought
4184:Temperature
4157:Megatsunami
4136:Storm surge
4131:Flash flood
4009:Debris flow
3882:Fire making
3798:Terra preta
3772:Firefighter
3646:Flash point
3641:Fire piston
3531:(TV series)
3524:Adobe Flash
3022:30 December
2995:30 December
2968:November 5,
2937:November 5,
2802:2 September
2426:(1): 5–30.
1777:Pyrokinesis
1721:Fire safety
1711:Fire making
1596:fire drills
1584:water mains
1506:fire regime
1449:natural gas
1419:Oxyhydrogen
1352:outer space
1241:burning in
1209:light, the
1207:ultraviolet
1112:tetrahedron
1054:flash point
1050:temperature
996:hydrocarbon
910:natural gas
841:ironmasters
837:blacksmiths
755:Vietnam War
690:by Fascist
641:fleet used
629:has a long
607:natural gas
595:electricity
575:after four
571:(1666) and
462:Making fire
305:Old English
266:green beans
4363:Categories
4019:Earthquake
3977:Geological
3923:Wiktionary
3862:Fire whirl
3760:Pyromanias
3718:By country
3670:Components
3626:Combustion
3407:2010-02-04
3350:2009-02-13
3298:2020-10-25
3198:2008-11-21
3173:2011-09-03
3113:2007-07-09
2905:2023-11-02
2764:2023-11-02
2711:2012-05-23
2682:2023-03-19
2642:2024-01-26
2516:10 January
2308:2024-01-26
2055:2023-03-24
2026:2023-11-02
2001:2023-11-02
1916:2009-01-21
1890:2009-01-21
1864:2008-12-18
1799:References
1771:Prometheus
1741:Flame test
1731:Fire whirl
1631:Upholstery
1514:succession
1476:combustion
1340:convection
1223:combustion
1182:Flame test
1180:See also:
1097:spacecraft
1093:extinguish
1089:convection
1052:above the
988:combustion
978:Combustion
949:unburnable
936:, in both
894:prehistory
742:firestorms
654:fire lance
643:Greek fire
496:, or even
291:of waste,
254:leguminous
234:phosphorus
169:combustion
165:exothermic
145:A burning
119:April 2023
89:newspapers
4348:Hypernova
4343:Supernova
4291:Firestorm
4206:Heat wave
4201:Ice storm
4196:Cold wave
3999:Avalanche
3994:Landslide
3867:Blue lava
3857:Firestorm
3847:Backdraft
3835:Wildfires
3788:Cremation
3656:Pyrolysis
3259:March 16,
2485:25 August
2475:177595396
2440:163033909
1991:0362-4331
1965:0004-5608
1929:Lentile,
1832:Citations
1822:digestion
1787:Pyromania
1782:Pyrolysis
1635:carpeting
1435:Blowtorch
1429:acetylene
1413:acetylene
1318:molecules
1259:hydrazine
1110:The fire
1042:flammable
972:Chemistry
906:petroleum
809:June 2024
780:does not
726:Rotterdam
694:and Nazi
650:gunpowder
639:Byzantine
525:landscape
490:iron boot
299:Etymology
293:cremation
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230:potassium
199:intensity
163:) in the
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4298:ARkStorm
4286:Wildfire
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4091:Sinkhole
3901:Category
3544:magazine
3541:Discover
3320:Archived
3292:Archived
3253:Archived
3220:Archived
3216:Manitoba
3167:Archived
3107:Archived
3082:Archived
3063:Archived
3040:Archived
3016:Archived
2989:Archived
2962:Archived
2931:Archived
2879:Archived
2834:Archived
2796:Archived
2758:Archived
2737:BBC News
2729:Archived
2705:Archived
2676:Archived
2636:Archived
2632:22389421
2624:19390038
2572:22474385
2510:Archived
2506:ABC News
2479:Archived
2405:27216521
2302:Archived
2298:22389421
2290:19390038
2237:16832054
2105:10905606
2049:Archived
2020:Archived
1995:Archived
1910:Archived
1716:Fire pit
1652:See also
1639:plastics
1609:require
1488:wildfire
1459:paraffin
1439:MAPP gas
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1255:hydrogen
1251:fluorine
1243:chlorine
1239:hydrogen
1225:of gas,
1203:infrared
1138:such as
1101:coasting
1074:chemical
1070:catalyst
1056:for the
1046:oxidizer
938:external
922:turbines
904:such as
884:Burning
880:in China
850:furnaces
718:Coventry
700:Franco's
688:Guernica
615:turbines
593:provide
509:cauldron
394:wildfire
381:period,
313:Germanic
281:smelting
226:nitrogen
218:rainfall
216:, heavy
181:products
4281:Derecho
4255:Tornado
4216:Drought
4152:Tsunami
4004:Mudflow
3912:Commons
3781:Culture
3723:By year
3713:By type
3614:Science
3587:History
3520:On Fire
3462:(1991)
3452:(2007)
3442:(2004)
3432:(1995)
3364:Haaretz
3310:Sources
3050:, 2000.
2958:Science
2885:", IEA.
2604:Bibcode
2596:Science
2563:3356665
2396:4874402
2352:3515337
2332:Bibcode
2324:PALAIOS
2270:Bibcode
2262:Science
2228:1544139
2205:Bibcode
2163:Bibcode
2155:Geology
2128:Bibcode
2096:1692785
1818:rusting
1664:Bonfire
1510:habitat
1296:in the
1085:gravity
1005:and an
992:methane
955:if its
953:clinker
854:camping
845:skilled
801:removed
786:sources
738:Dresden
734:Hamburg
692:Italian
631:history
627:warfare
573:Hamburg
534:biomass
519:By the
455:Namibia
362:History
285:forging
277:rituals
246:ammonia
210:burning
103:scholar
3916:
3905:
3894:
3753:People
3682:Oxygen
3490:online
3479:(2016)
3472:(2015)
3464:online
3454:online
3444:online
3434:online
3397:724358
3395:
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2459:Nature
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2041:"Fire"
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1963:
1931:et al.
1605:Model
1544:Quebec
1532:, and
1486:, and
1455:Candle
1344:candle
1310:photon
1257:, and
1192:candle
1027:oxygen
912:, and
896:. The
747:napalm
730:London
714:Allies
696:German
637:. The
424:tinder
390:oxygen
336:paewr-
329:perjos
264:, and
258:clover
252:or by
191:plasma
147:candle
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78:"Fire"
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4274:Other
4145:Other
4112:Flood
4066:Lahar
3828:Other
3765:Child
3739:Arson
3732:Crime
3697:Smoke
3692:Flame
3538:from
3522:, an
3513:from
3393:S2CID
3344:(PDF)
3337:(PDF)
2837:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2628:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2436:S2CID
2348:JSTOR
2294:S2CID
1933:, 319
1858:(PDF)
1851:(PDF)
1804:Notes
1600:arson
1457:(air–
1447:(air–
1437:(air–
1314:atoms
1271:boron
1196:flame
1176:Flame
1170:Flame
1151:Halon
1015:water
722:Tokyo
611:steam
352:term
334:*
327:*
317:*
315:root
307:
242:fixed
195:color
186:flame
177:light
110:JSTOR
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18:Fires
4369:Fire
4249:Hail
4117:List
4024:List
3687:Heat
3677:Fuel
3579:Fire
3529:NOVA
3282:ISBN
3261:2019
3243:ISBN
3144:, 4.
3024:2016
2997:2016
2970:2022
2939:2022
2856:ISBN
2804:2022
2786:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2620:PMID
2568:PMID
2540:PNAS
2518:2020
2487:2020
2401:PMID
2286:PMID
2233:PMID
2101:PMID
1987:ISSN
1961:ISSN
1637:and
1613:and
1586:and
1578:use
1553:and
1372:and
1361:NASA
1316:and
1281:and
1277:for
1267:UDMH
1261:and
1253:and
1231:soot
1058:fuel
1035:sand
1013:and
1003:fuel
994:, a
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940:and
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886:fuel
784:any
782:cite
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712:and
710:Axis
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498:lead
466:cook
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343:fire
319:fūr-
262:peas
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173:heat
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153:Fire
82:news
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3504:at
3385:doi
2735:".
2612:doi
2600:324
2558:PMC
2548:doi
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2463:doi
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2340:doi
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2223:PMC
2213:doi
2201:103
2171:doi
2136:doi
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2083:doi
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1953:doi
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