261:
examined officer training manuals and went on ride-alongs with the DUI or special enforcement teams of several police departments. Burns observed numerous tests which had been devised, adopted, and modified by officers, with no records of origin or validation of the tests. Burns also observed inconsistent practices, such as some departments not using tests at all. Burns compiled a list of around 15 to 20 tests. She conducted a series of pilot studies, statistical analyses, and practical considerations, and reduced this list to three "recommended" tests: the One-Leg Stand, Walk-and-Turn, and
Alcohol Gaze Nystagmus. By 1981, officers in the United States began using this battery of standardized sobriety tests to help make decisions about whether to arrest suspected impaired drivers. As the Los Angeles Police Department was among the first to use these field tests, the law enforcement community sometimes referred to them as the "California tests". The tests were used in real-world conditions and reported as being able to determine intoxication above the then-effective
777:. Conditions affecting mobility, physical ailments and age adversely affect performance on FSTs. One of the main problems with the walk-and-turn test is that some of the signs of alcohol impairment may stem from other physical problems. Along with that, there are other signs of physical impairment that can stem from various causes, including fatigue, an injury or illness, and nervousness. Those who are physically inactive, elderly, or obese may have trouble completing the walk-and-turn test without flaw. The NHTSA used to say that those who are 50 pounds or more overweight may have difficulty performing the test, and that the suspect must walk along a real line. Later NHTSA manuals removed the weight comment, and also inserted the phrase 'imaginary line' at the instruction phase, even though original research always used a visible line. The fact that officers are no longer required to provide a line for the suspect to walk along may affect the outcome of the test, and often adds to the scrutiny received from critics.
766:, this is 3.4, a factor considered a slight to moderate probability increase. This factor includes all the officer's observations and judgement during the traffic stop. Studies generally reproduce this likelihood ratio for officer's judgement, ranging from 3.8-4.4. Considering only performance on the SFSTs, a re-analysis of the 1998 data shows that likelihood ratios are highest at 1.50 for 0.05% BAC and 1.87 for 0.01% BAC. In the opinion of the re-analysis authors, these tests are so weak that they do not substantially change the certainty of intoxication beyond the uncertainty of the original guesstimate.
257:(NHTSA) was formed in 1970. In the early 1970s, Marcelline Burns was writing her Ph.D. thesis in psychology, in California, and she was guided to the idea of researching sobriety tests by Herb Moskowitz, her psychology thesis review professor. The NHTSA had issued several requests for proposals (RFPs). Burns submitted a grant proposal in response to an RFP focused on creating standardized pre-arrest tools for police officers to use to decide which drivers were impaired. The NHTSA funded her proposal, and Burns and Moskowitz began the research in 1975.
94:
842:
a second breath test will be taken and used as evidence against the driver when charged with the offence. If a person is suspected to be under the influence of an illegal drug, they will be required to supply a urine sample. If the urine sample is positive, then the urine is sent for more testing to determine the exact drug taken (confirmation of being illegal or prescribed). A similar process to being over the legal BAC level is undertaken using the evidence to penalise the user.
36:
890:
3213:
1144:
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time they must keep their arms to their side and count each step out loud. While the suspect performs this test, the officer is attempting to observe if the suspect fails to follow instructions; is having difficulty keeping their balance; stops walking in order to regain their balance; takes an incorrect number of steps; or fails to walk the line heel-to-toe.
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for 'probable cause' for an arrest. Evidential tests are performed in the 'arrest' stage, although the terminology may vary. Regardless of the terminology, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidential tests, 'probable cause' must be shown (or the suspect must volunteer to take the evidential test without implied consent requirements being invoked).
449:> 0.06% at 4–6 clues; a 0.05 – 0.059% at 2–4 clues; a 0.03 – 0.049% at 0–4 clues and a < 0.03% at 0–2 cues or clues. The police may also then check for Vertical Gaze Nystagmus, which is used to test for high blood alcohol levels and/or the presence of certain drugs.
676:
The
Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorised as part of 'field sobriety testing', although it is not part of the series of performance tests. The PBT (or PAS) uses a portable breath tester, but its primary use is for screening and establishing
634:
The NHTSA training lists several alternative tests. The term "non-standardized" is used (in contrast to SFSTs), but it is also referenced by the NHTSA as "other sobriety tests". Some of these tests have been scientifically studied and found reliable, while others have not, but in general they do not
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The second test that is usually administered is the Walk and Turn Test, or WAT Test. This test measures the suspect's ability to maintain their balance, walk in a straight line, and follow directions. To perform the test, the suspect will take nine heel-to-toe steps along a straight line during which
841:
To determine impairment in countries such as
Australia, a simple breath or urine test is often taken. If police suspect that a driver is under the influence of a substance such as alcohol, then the driver will undergo a breath test. If over the legal limit of 0.05g per 100 millilitres of blood, then
735:
Another criticism of standardized field sobriety tests is the statistical evidence behind them, and the ability of the test to actually judge for impairments related to alcohol. One study involved completely sober individuals who were asked to perform the standardized field sobriety tests, and their
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The first test that is typically administered is the
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus or HGN test, which is administered by the police officer checking the test subject's eyes. During this test, the officer looks for involuntary jerking of the suspect's eyes as they gaze toward the side. The officer checks
273:
The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a model system for managing Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training. They have published several training manuals associated with FSTs. FSTs and SFSTs are promoted as, "used to determine whether a subject is impaired",
856:
Commentary varies on taking SFSTs in Canada. Some sources, especially official ones, indicate that the SFSTs are mandatory, and required under § 254(2)(a) of the
Criminal code, whereas other sources are silent on FST testing. The assertion regarding mandatory compliance with SFSTs is based on
810:
The NHTSA recommends administering the HGN test as the first of the SFSTs, but does not state the reason. FSTs are voluntary, so consideration is given to encourage suspects to comply with requests to participate in the tests. The HST is characterized by the tester performing a visible activity, so
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In the US, the legal procedure is 'police stop' (Police stop requiring "reasonable suspicion" or another qualified reason for a police stop), 'probable cause', and 'arrest'. FSTs are requested in the 'police stop' phase, and are used to provide tangible evidence sufficient to meet the requirements
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Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test (PBT) may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably
California, have statutes on the books
563:
The other standardized test is the One Leg Stand (OLS). The OLS test requires the suspect to stand on one leg for 30 seconds and also measures balance, coordination, and similar to the WAT test, divides the suspect's attention. The officer is looking for any of the four possible clues: Sways while
317:
During a traffic stop, upon suspicion of DUI, the officer will administer one or more field sobriety tests. FSTs are considered "divided attention tests" that test the suspect's ability to perform the type of mental and physical multitasking that is required to operate an automobile. Nevertheless,
234:
In most countries, driver's licence suspensions, fines and prison sentences for DUI offenders are used as a deterrent. Anyone who is convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs can be heavily fined and/or given a prison sentence. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers
222:
with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.20%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of
Colorado has a
260:
Burns began by conducting a literature survey. No researchers in the US, including her, had any significant background in roadside testing. Her survey did find research by
Pentillä, Tenhu, and Kataja, who did a retrospective study of the 15 tests then in use by Finnish law enforcement. Burns also
239:
to make people aware of the danger of driving while impaired and the potential fines and criminal charges, discourage impaired driving, and encourage drivers to take taxis or public transport home after using alcohol or drugs. In some jurisdictions, the bar that served an impaired driver may face
475:
The walk-and-turn test is composed of two phases: the
Instruction Phase and Walking Phase. During the test, the individual is directed to take nine steps along a straight line. The individual is supposed to walk heel to toe, and while looking down at a real or imaginary line, count the steps out
448:
While the original research indicated that 6 out of 6 clues (or cues) meant that a person was more likely above 0.08% at the time of the test, subsequent research conducted by the NHTSA has indicated that a "Hit" occurred when the number of reported signs for a given BAC fell within the range: a
793:
A suspect requested to participate in a Field Sobriety Test is likely to be told that the purpose is to determine whether the suspect is impaired; however, FST tests are widely regarded as having, as their primary purpose, gaining tangible evidence for use against the suspect. The evidence is
363:
On the subject of standardization, Burns stated that the tests must be administered in a standardized way in order to have meaning as objective measures. That is, the instructions must be given properly, and the critical elements of the test must be preserved, for the scientific studies to
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scores range from 0.6 to 0.74, which are considered low to abysmal by most but "highly reliable" by some. It is almost impossible to tell whether or not a police officer used proper procedures for administering or judging the field sobriety test when a case is brought to court without
202:
Traffic accidents are predominantly caused by driving under the influence; for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, DUI is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately US$ 37
736:
performances were videotaped. "After viewing the 21 videos of sober individuals taking the standardized field tests, the police officers believed that forty-six percent of the individuals had 'too much to drink'". One author alleges that FSD analysis reports do not meet scientific
456:
support for an arrest and possibly screening, in some jurisdictions, the HGN test may be used as corroborating evidence at the trial stage. US jurisdictions differ on whether trial use of the HGN test requires that an expert establish a reliable foundation, as required under the
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Nevertheless, it is unclear whether there has ever been a prosecution under this interpretation of "failure to comply with a demand" as applied to SFSTs. Canada Criminal Code § 254(1) and (5) addresses this, but only with respect to chemical testing (breath, blood, etc.)
639:, and thus they do not need to be scientifically validated. In Ohio, only the standardized tests will be admitted into evidence, provided they were administered and objectively scored "in substantial compliance" with NHTSA standards (ORC 4511.19(D)(4)(b)). Such tests include:
252:
In the United States, drunk driving laws were enacted as early as 1906. However, prior to the early 1980's, drunk driving was regarded as a "folk crime", routinely committed by both good and bad citizens alike, and the crime was rarely prosecuted successfully. The US
762:(71.1%), which are independent of prevalence, if these are held constant but only 1% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%, the arrest accuracy using SFSTs would fall to 3.3% (due to a large number of false arrests) and the overall accuracy to 71.3%. Calculating the
754:, and these are both affected by the prevalence rate. For example, the 1998 NHTSA study reports that the officer's decisions (Figure 4) had an overall accuracy of 90.6%, and an arrest accuracy of 89.7%. But 72% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%. Calculating
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loud. The test subject's arms must remain at their side. Reaching the ending point, the individual must turn around using a series of small steps, and return to the starting point. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:
1111:
811:
the suspect is less likely to decline at that stage. The completion of one test increases the likelihood that the suspect will participate in follow-up FSTs. The suspect may also perceive the HGN (as administered) as having a scientific foundation.
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In all US jurisdictions, participation in a Field Sobriety Test is voluntary. (Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under
742:
standards: "The reports for all three studies issued by NHTSA are lacking much of the material and analysis expected in a scientific paper, and none have been published in peer-reviewed journals" (Rubenzer 2008; Rubenzer 2011).
722:
The use of Field Sobriety Tests (FST) during DUI stops is controversial. One of the common challenges of field sobriety tests is that FSTs are considered subjective - the judgment is left up to the discretion of the police officer.
882:
Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.
857:"failure to comply with a demand", as an offence under § 254(5) of the Criminal Code, but it is unclear how refusal of SFSTs under § 254(2)(a) are treated (provided the suspect agrees to take a chemical test).
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949:
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demand, by establishing that there is reasonable and probable cause which lies at the "point where credibly-based probability replaces suspicion". It is likely that, if FSTs are being used, some equivalent to
265:(BAC) limit of 0.10%. After some US states began lowering their legal BAC limits to 0.08%, other studies reported that the battery could also be used to detect BACs at or above 0.08% and above and below 0.04%.
375:
THE TESTS ARE ADMINISTERED IN THE PRESCRIBED, STANDARDIZED MANNER; THE STANDARDIZED CLUES ARE USED TO ASSESS THE SUSPECT’S PERFORMANCE AND THE STANDARDIZED CRITERIA ARE EMPLOYED TO INTERPRET THAT PERFORMANCE.
1642:, NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.")
330:, but rather the police determine whether "clues" are observed during the test. Nevertheless, some of the literature will still include comments that a suspect "fails" one or more of these tests.
326:. The tests were not validated for people with medical conditions, injuries, 65 years or older, and 50 pounds or greater overweight. According to the NHTSA, a suspect does not "pass" or "fail" a
635:
have as much evidence as the SFSTs. Nevertheless, these tests are common in North America, because the primary purpose of FSTs is to establish probable cause to sustain an arrest and invoke the
218:
or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the
746:
The statistics used by many of the studies, "arrest accuracy" and "overall accuracy", do not quantify the probability that drivers who fail the SFSTs are impaired. The arrest accuracy measures
814:
In cases in which a PBT (or PAS) is administered first, the HGN may be administered after completion of other SFSTs, as the purpose of administering the HGN first is obviated by the PBT/PAS.
658:
The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a number other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).
499:
When you turn on the ninth step, keep your front foot on the line and turn taking several small steps with the other foot (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.
353:
in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.
1805:
875:
United States law on DUI primarily falls under state law, but is still subject to federal Constitutional requirements. Thus, in all jurisdictions, participation in FSTs is voluntary.
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Additionally, their applicability to large segments of the population is limited. As noted above, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting
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off the ground, foot pointed out, both legs straight and look at the elevated foot. Count out loud in the following manner: 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004 and so on until told to stop.
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1422:
1304:
953:
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The One-Leg Stand test is composed of two stages: the Instruction Phase and Balancing Phase. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:
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Ensure you look at your feet, count each step out loud, keep your arms at your side, ensure you touch heel-to-toe and do not stop until you have completed the test.
2624:
700:
In Canada, PBT refusal may be considered a 'refusal' offense under Canada Criminal Code § 254. The status of PBT refusal in Australia is unclear, although in
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of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise not engaging in discussion or "justifying" a refusal with the police.)
1772:
1165:
1005:
278:" ("reasonable grounds" in Canada). A secondary purpose, is to provide supporting corroborative tangible evidence for use against the suspect for use at trial.
191:), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely. People who receive multiple DUI offenses are often people struggling with
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Put your left foot on the line, then place your right foot on the line ahead of your left, with the heel of your right foot against the toe of your left foot.
1553:
1877:
1530:
2548:
795:
694:
283:
708:. (National states without probable cause or "reasonable grounds" requirements are of course likely to be less restrictive on PBT/PAS requirements.)
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1958:
671:
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254:
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for three clues in each eye, which gives six clues for this test. The clues are: lack of smooth pursuit of the eyes, distinct and sustained
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meaningfully validate the results of the tests. Up through 2009, NHTSA manuals stated: (emphasis and capitalization as originally supplied)
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If the suspect does not understand some part of the instructions, only the part in which the suspect does not understand should be repeated
235:
who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties. In addition, many countries have prevention campaigns that use
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An Act Defining Motor Vehicles and Providing for the Registration of Same, 1906 N.J. Laws ch. 113, §§ 19, 35, p. 177, 186 (April 12, 1906)
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The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).
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recordings. For example, an officer may have had some bias towards a suspect and judged the test more critically than necessary.
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in Canada) as a prerequisite for requiring a chemical blood alcohol test. FSTs are generally regarded as a curiosity elsewhere.
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The three tests chosen to constitute the "Standardized Field Sobriety Tests" (SFSTs), which have been validated by NHTSA, are:
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When I tell you to begin, take 9 heel-to-toe steps on the line (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.
851:
686:
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There are six cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, they are as follows:
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646:, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds, measure swaying).
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Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction.
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or the equivalent, in some jurisdictions, FST performance can be introduced as corroborating evidence of impairment.
80:
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There are eight cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Walk & Turn Test; they are as follows:
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2408:
1832:
1605:"The high reported accuracy of the standardized field sobriety test is a property of the statistic not of the test"
171:, referred to as Driving Under the Influence (DUI), or Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a
2788:
2268:
2221:
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There are four cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the One-Leg Stand Test; they are as follows:
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in damages annually. DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated US$ 45 billion in damages every year.
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1639:
2433:
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There are some reports that refusal to submit to an SFST can result in the same penalties as impaired driving.
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important in the establishment of probable cause for arrest. Since 'probable cause' is necessary under US law (
1953:
655:
The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).
241:
228:
293:
Similar considerations apply under the Canadian requirement to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an
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2629:
2103:
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1963:
1948:
1938:
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678:
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Walking the Line: Understanding the History and Development of the NHTSA Standardized Field Sobriety Tests
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262:
168:
152:
58:
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1968:
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but FST tests are widely regarded having, as their primary purpose, establishing tangible evidence of "
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2649:
2538:
2091:
2000:
1943:
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The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).
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Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driving - Tests, Criminal Charges, Penalties, Suspensions and Prohibitions
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IF ANY ONE OF THE STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TEST ELEMENTS IS CHANGED, THE VALIDITY IS COMPROMISED.
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1320:
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62:
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civil liability. In some countries, non-profit advocacy organizations, a well-known example being
3163:
2968:
2905:
2803:
2778:
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724:
1255:
950:"Between bail, court, insurance and attorney's fees, the true cost of DUI is more like $ 10,000"
54:
2736:
2683:
2524:
2492:
2283:
2256:
1604:
774:
323:
2925:
1791:
1050:
2529:
2113:
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2012:
1974:
1867:
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Breathalyzer § Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)
215:
1176:
665:
319:
3237:
3089:
3076:
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1995:
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1311:, International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy (12-2005) (.pdf)
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8:
3168:
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2783:
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2718:
2423:
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2192:
2122:
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1577:, Illinois State Bar Assn., Section on Traffic Laws & Courts (vol. 20, no. 1, 8-2010)
759:
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682:
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97:
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at the eyes' maximum deviation and nystagmus starting before the eyes reach 45 degrees.
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2463:
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2142:
2118:
1716:
1168:
Validation of the standardized field sobriety test battery at BACs below 0.10 percent
1011:
701:
184:
360:
Most law enforcement agencies use this three-test battery on all DUI traffic stops.
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2963:
2607:
2543:
2509:
2502:
2385:
2352:
2342:
1619:
1302:
Improperly or Illegally Obtained Evidence: The Exclusionary Evidence Rule in Canada
458:
219:
128:
1234:
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these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting
93:
3183:
2864:
2849:
2830:
2335:
2330:
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1426:
1351:
1327:
1308:
1280:
1222:
1139:
799:
636:
287:
3198:
3008:
2988:
2950:
2815:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2024:
1990:
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1794:
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see "Phase III—Pre-arrest Screening and Administration of Field Sobriety Tests"
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770:
453:
306:
279:
275:
176:
148:
132:
124:
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The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A Review of Scientific and Legal Issues
1112:"Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Validated at BACS Below 0.10 Percent"
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The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet, forwards or backwards).
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2854:
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2019:
1888:
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1148:
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When I tell you to, I want you to raise one leg, either one, approximately 6
172:
1682:
1402:
DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Participant Manual
1110:
Stuster, Jack; Burns, Marcelline (March 1999). Anacapa Sciences, inc (ed.).
302:
is necessary to sustain a conviction based on a demand for a chemical test.
3133:
3123:
2913:
2209:
926:"Impaired Driving | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)"
643:
211:
1737:
What are my rights if the police think I’ve been taking drugs and driving?
1623:
1372:
977:
3064:
3059:
2930:
2810:
2700:
2593:
2365:
2310:
1915:
738:
729:
666:
Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)
350:
236:
825:
are primarily used in national states that require the police establish
3193:
3025:
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2656:
2438:
2418:
2347:
1930:
1920:
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Stand with your feet together and your arms at your side (demonstrate).
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2071:
1905:
1900:
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393:
343:
214:'s level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of
101:
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Back to the basics: Challenging the accuracy of field sobriety tests
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1371:. American Prosecutors Research Institute. July 1999. Archived from
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balancing, uses arms for balance, hopping and puts their foot down.
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1559:, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 293-313 (Aug., 2008)
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2007:
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DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test
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DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test
1147:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1086:
Development and field test of psychophysical tests for DWI arrest
925:
410:
Keep your head still and follow the stimulus with your eyes only.
204:
1039:
681:
requirements or to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an
244:(MADD) run their own publicity campaigns against drunk driving.
155:(DWI or DUI) conviction based on a chemical blood alcohol test.
369:
IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPHASIZE THIS VALIDATION APPLIES ONLY WHEN:
3188:
3096:
2261:
802:, it is important that the police document 'probable cause'.
136:
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1457:
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
1237:
The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement
1071:
The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement
151:" requirements (or the equivalent), necessary to sustain an
585:
407:
I am going to check your eyes. (Please remove your glasses)
180:
1345:
NHTSA: Standardized Field Sobriety Tests Powerpoint slides
718:
Drunk driving in the United States § Issues with FSTs
693:
penalizing PBT refusal for drivers under 21; however the
224:
2625:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
386:
852:
Impaired driving in Canada § Field_sobriety_tests
493:
Do you understand? (must receive affirmative response)
434:
Distinct and sustained nystagmus and maximum deviation
1806:
Search and Seizure Field Guide, Wash. Cty., OR (2008)
1878:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
1420:
The Robustness of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test
1365:"Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: The Science and the Law"
885:
333:
147:) are primarily used in the United States, to meet "
2549:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
1321:
Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence
1199:
Instructor Guide - DWI Detection and SFST Refresher
704:it appears to mandate submission to PBTs under the
1810:Stops and Arrests - American Civil Liberties Union
1739:, Steps to Justice (advises that FST is mandatory)
1715:. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from
1681:. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from
1447:for test results "generally accepted as reliable".
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
2554:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
1959:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
1175:, Aug-1998 (Contract No. DTNH22-95-C-05192)
305:While the primary purpose of FSTs is to document
3229:
1773:What must I legally do when police pull me over?
1635:
1633:
1603:Kane, Greg; Kane, Elizabeth (29 November 2021).
1459:"Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Procedures"
1330:, American Prosecutors Research Institute (2002)
1283:, Idaho Prosecuting Attorneys Association (2015)
2936:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
1295:
1185:
1154:
1103:
1077:
1064:
1062:
1049:, Jun-1977, (Contract No. DOT-HS-5-01242)
1024:
986:
982:(Thesis). University of Southern Florida Tampa.
780:
1093:, Mar-1981 (Contract No. DOT-HS-8-01970)
255:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1833:
1799:
1630:
1251:
1249:
915:(Alonso, Pastor, Montoro & Esteban, 2015)
798:) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the
624:Total cues: 4 cues – Decision point: 2/4 cues
553:Total cues: 8 cues – Decision point: 2/8 cues
443:Total Cues: 6 Cues - Decision Point: 4/6 Cues
286:) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the
43:The examples and perspective in this article
2498:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
1742:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1484:"Traffic laws - Operation of motor vehicles"
1354:, "Defender Training" 2017 Spring Conference
1109:
1059:
401:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Instructions (HGN)
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1519:Refusing a Breath Test in Western Australia
1340:
1338:
1336:
1292:Hunter et al. v. Southam Inc at p. 114, 115
1266:
1264:
711:
558:
466:
3139:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
2709:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
1840:
1826:
1246:
1003:
2041:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
1585:
1583:
1540:
1508:'Criminal Code', RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254.
677:probable cause for arrest, to invoke the
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1782:
1645:
1602:
1333:
1314:
1261:
805:
790:requirements are considered mandatory.)
92:
27:Battery of tests used by police officers
2679:Legal drinking age in the United States
1464:. New Jersey (US) police reference card
1450:
750:, while the overall accuracy is called
581:Maintain position until told otherwise.
490:Do not start until I tell you to do so.
14:
3230:
1847:
1749:Breathalyzer and roadside tests (Ont.)
1580:
1211:
1209:
1207:
975:
817:
526:Can’t keep balance during instructions
437:Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees
127:to determine if a person suspected of
2662:List of dry communities by U.S. state
1821:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1669:
1667:
1501:
2175:List of methanol poisoning incidents
1754:
1432:
422:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evaluation
387:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN)
29:
2896:Alcohol consumption recommendations
2821:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
1730:
1591:Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
1204:
1118:. U.S. Department of Transportation
1042:Psychophysical Tests for DWI Arrest
1004:Dichter, Jonathan; Kapsack, Bruce.
976:Gurney, Jon D. (12 November 2021).
952:. ABCActionNews.com. Archived from
591:Do you understand the instructions?
505:Do you understand the instructions?
416:Do you understand the instructions?
163:
24:
2620:Alcohol packaging warning messages
2232:Alcohol use among college students
1894:Drunk driving in the United States
1766:
1696:
1664:
1084:V. Tharp, M. Burns, H. Moskowitz,
268:
229:drivers who have consumed cannabis
123:), are a battery of tests used by
25:
3254:
3179:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
3159:Index of alcohol-related articles
2602:Administrative License Suspension
1398:
334:Standardized Field Sobriety Tests
117:standardized field sobriety tests
3212:
3211:
2613:Alcoholic beverage control state
2409:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
1216:Standardized Field Sobriety Test
1142:
1010:. James Publishing. Appendix B.
888:
870:
34:
2222:Alcohol in association football
1596:
1565:
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1476:
1412:
1392:
1357:
1286:
1228:
572:One-Leg Stand test instructions
481:Walk-and-Turn test instructions
452:While the purpose is obtaining
2434:List of deaths through alcohol
2252:Epidemiology of binge drinking
2056:Subjective response to alcohol
969:
960:
918:
909:
629:
13:
1:
2919:Sweat alcohol content monitor
1954:Alcoholism in rural Australia
1675:"Blood alcohol concentration"
1225:, AAA (US) "DUI Justice Link"
1047:DOT HS 802 424
1040:M. Burns & H. Moskowitz,
902:
600:One-Leg Stand Test evaluation
517:Walk-and-Turn test evaluation
242:Mothers Against Drunk Driving
158:
2842:Adult Children of Alcoholics
2630:Drunk driving law by country
2046:Long-term effects of alcohol
1964:Disease theory of alcoholism
1949:Alcoholism in family systems
1939:Alcohol and Native Americans
1792:(full text of criminal code)
1535:search for "preliminary test
1369:Department of Transportation
1240:, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000);
836:
781:Field sobriety test refusals
775:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
324:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
7:
3243:Driving under the influence
2569:International whisk(e)y day
1883:Driving under the influence
1274:Field Sobriety Tests Review
282:is necessary under US law (
263:blood alcohol concentration
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3259:
3085:Christian views on alcohol
2691:List of alcohol laws of US
1969:High-functioning alcoholic
1074:, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000)
1007:Innovative DUI Trial Tools
849:
715:
669:
312:
247:
3207:
3151:
3105:
3075:
2999:
2984:Alcoholic spirits measure
2969:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
2883:
2727:
2699:
2650:Ignition interlock device
2592:
2583:
2539:Drunken monkey hypothesis
2472:
2401:
2372:Routes of administration
2153:
2064:
2033:
2001:Alcohol congener analysis
1983:
1944:Alcoholism in adolescence
1929:
1866:
1855:
1808:, distributed by ACLU as
1612:Law, Probability and Risk
845:
827:probable cause for arrest
748:positive predictive value
547:Incorrect number of steps
276:probable cause for arrest
223:maximum blood content of
149:probable cause for arrest
1235:Connecticut OLR report,
1173:DOT HS-808 839
1091:DOT HS-805 864
1069:Connecticut OLR report,
712:Limitations and accuracy
559:One Leg Stand test (OLS)
467:Walk and Turn Test (WAT)
349:The Walk-and-Turn Test (
187:and those prescribed by
153:alcohol-impaired driving
3164:Alcohol and spaceflight
2906:Alcohol server training
2779:Managed alcohol program
2357:Binge drinking devices
2051:Pharmacology of ethanol
1399:NHTSA, "Session VIII",
1131:unframed "print" format
725:Inter-rater reliability
594:You may begin the test.
115:), also referred to as
2769:Alcohol rehabilitation
2737:Alcohol detoxification
2640:Field sobriety testing
2525:Health effects of wine
2493:International Beer Day
2257:Holiday heart syndrome
1201:, NHTSA (rev. 10/2015)
1166:J. Stuster, M. Burns,
431:Lack of smooth pursuit
413:Do not move your head.
384:
356:The One-Leg-Stand Test
105:
3021:Disulfiram-like drugs
2561:Ritual use of alcohol
2530:Wine and food pairing
2515:Apéritif and digestif
2166:Adulterated moonshine
2013:Blood alcohol content
1975:Seeing pink elephants
1531:Road Traffic Act 1974
706:Road Traffic Act 1974
609:Sways while balancing
541:Uses arms for balance
366:
216:blood alcohol content
96:
3090:Alcohol in the Bible
3077:Religion and alcohol
3043:General anaesthetics
2836:Alcoholics Anonymous
2794:List of mixed drinks
2247:Alcohol intoxication
2162:Adulterated alcohol
1429:" (September, 2007).
1256:Field Sobriety Tests
1179:alt. link, photocopy
612:Uses arms to balance
342:The Horizontal Gaze
131:is intoxicated with
109:Field sobriety tests
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
3169:Gateway drug effect
2955:Low-alcohol drinks
2784:Non-alcoholic drink
2719:Temperance movement
2701:Alcohol prohibition
2424:Gilbert Paul Jordan
2414:Dionysian Mysteries
2198:on college campuses
2193:Alcohol advertising
1911:Public intoxication
1624:10.1093/lpr/mgab004
1593:, Patrick T. Barone
1488:Ohio Laws and Rules
818:National procedures
800:implied consent law
683:approved instrument
637:implied consent law
328:field sobriety test
295:approved instrument
288:implied consent law
98:Sobriety checkpoint
18:Field sobriety test
3001:Addiction medicine
2944:Get Your Sexy Back
2884:Alcohol limitation
2860:Sober living house
2826:Twelve-step groups
2759:Brief intervention
2752:Open-container law
2714:Neo-prohibitionism
2674:Legal drinking age
2480:Alcoholic beverage
2381:Alcohol inhalation
2296:Drinking in public
2274:Blackout Wednesday
2132:Beverage-specific
1849:Alcohol and health
1521:, gotocourt.com.au
1425:2016-10-18 at the
1350:2018-11-23 at the
1326:2017-09-19 at the
1307:2018-04-01 at the
1279:2018-06-15 at the
1221:2018-06-15 at the
1138:2020-07-31 at the
831:reasonable grounds
535:Misses heel-to-toe
197:alcohol dependence
185:recreational drugs
175:while impaired by
106:
3225:
3224:
3147:
3146:
3097:Islam and alcohol
3031:Calcium carbimide
2901:Alcohol education
2789:List of cocktails
2764:Designated driver
2742:Alcohol-free zone
2645:Hip flask defence
2579:
2578:
2520:Hangover remedies
2464:Whiskey Rebellion
2454:Six o'clock swill
2242:Austrian syndrome
2181:Surrogate alcohol
2171:Denatured alcohol
2143:Red wine headache
1795:(full text, .pdf)
1561:see, e.g., p. 295
1017:978-1-949517-37-8
702:Western Australia
695:Constitutionality
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3250:
3215:
3214:
3014:Chlordiazepoxide
2964:Low-alcohol beer
2608:Alcohol monopoly
2590:
2589:
2510:Drinking culture
2503:Women in brewing
2386:Vodka eyeballing
2353:Passive drinking
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1789:Canada Code §254
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1408:, pp. 18–19
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764:likelihood ratio
220:criminal offense
210:With alcohol, a
169:Impaired driving
164:Impaired driving
129:impaired driving
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38:
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3184:Self-medication
3143:
3101:
3071:
3009:Benzodiazepines
2995:
2879:
2865:Sobering center
2850:Sober companion
2831:Al-Anon/Alateen
2723:
2695:
2585:
2575:
2468:
2397:
2337:In vino veritas
2331:Hair of the dog
2149:
2065:Adverse effects
2060:
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1979:
1925:
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1868:Alcohol-related
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1427:Wayback Machine
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1375:on 23 June 2018
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1171:, NHTSA report
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1140:Wayback Machine
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788:implied consent
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679:implied consent
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529:Starts too soon
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269:Use and Purpose
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2989:Standard drink
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1709:"Drug testing"
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627:
626:
620:
619:
618:Puts foot down
616:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
589:
582:
579:
575:
574:
560:
557:
556:
555:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:Steps off line
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
508:You may begin.
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
468:
465:
454:probable cause
446:
445:
439:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
404:
403:
388:
385:
383:
382:
377:
358:
357:
354:
347:
335:
332:
320:proprioception
314:
311:
307:probable cause
300:probable cause
280:Probable cause
270:
267:
249:
246:
165:
162:
160:
157:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Mood disorder
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
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3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:Nitrous oxide
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
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3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Fermented tea
2957:
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2954:
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2945:
2942:
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2882:
2876:
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2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Sober curious
2853:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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2717:
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2707:
2706:
2704:
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2698:
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2676:
2675:
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2670:
2667:
2663:
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2655:
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2648:
2646:
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2641:
2638:
2636:
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2628:
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2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Ladies' night
2542:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Rum Rebellion
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Alcohol enema
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Flaming drink
2324:
2322:
2321:Dutch courage
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Drunk walking
2304:
2302:
2301:Drunk dialing
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:Drinking game
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Alcohol abuse
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:Social issues
2152:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:breast cancer
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Fusel alcohol
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:Drunk driving
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1719:on 2015-04-16
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:on 2015-04-16
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
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1641:
1636:
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1613:
1606:
1599:
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1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:accord, p. 29
1267:
1265:
1258:, findlaw.com
1257:
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1191:
1189:
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1170:
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1160:
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1150:
1149:public domain
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990:
981:
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972:
963:
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951:
945:
931:
930:www.nhtsa.gov
927:
921:
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897:
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886:
884:
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871:United States
868:
864:
862:
861:
853:
843:
834:
832:
828:
824:
815:
812:
803:
801:
797:
796:4th Amendment
791:
789:
778:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Rand accuracy
749:
744:
741:
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719:
709:
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569:
568:
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554:
551:
550:
546:
544:Improper turn
543:
540:
537:
534:
532:Stops walking
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
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461:
455:
450:
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436:
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430:
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423:
420:
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412:
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340:
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331:
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310:
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296:
291:
289:
285:
284:4th Amendment
281:
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232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
208:
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190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:motor vehicle
170:
156:
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150:
146:
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126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
103:
99:
95:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3134:Gin Act 1751
3124:Bratt System
3117:
3113:
2980:Measurement
2914:Breathalyzer
2684:Shoulder tap
2639:
2336:
2210:Beer goggles
1809:
1801:
1784:
1779:, 4-Aug-2015
1776:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1712:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1678:
1661:, NOLO Press
1615:
1611:
1598:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1534:
1526:
1514:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1414:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1368:
1359:
1316:
1297:
1288:
1270:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1130:
1120:. Retrieved
1115:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1006:
978:
971:
962:
954:the original
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:
920:
911:
881:
877:
874:
865:
859:
858:
855:
840:
830:
822:
821:
813:
809:
792:
784:
768:
758:(98.1%) and
745:
737:
734:
721:
705:
699:
691:
675:
644:Romberg test
633:
623:
599:
571:
566:
562:
552:
516:
480:
474:
470:
459:
451:
447:
442:
421:
400:
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379:
374:
368:
367:
362:
359:
337:
327:
316:
304:
299:
292:
272:
259:
251:
233:
212:drunk driver
209:
201:
167:
144:
140:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
77:
68:
44:
3238:Alcohol law
3114:Beer Street
3065:Homotaurine
3060:Acamprosate
2931:Dry January
2910:Monitoring
2811:Teetotalism
2804:Malt drinks
2594:Alcohol law
2366:Yard of ale
2311:Drunkorexia
2123:intolerance
1916:Rum-running
1618:(1): 1–13.
806:"HGN first"
760:specificity
756:sensitivity
739:peer review
730:body camera
630:Other tests
351:heel-to-toe
237:advertising
183:(including
3232:Categories
3194:Town drunk
3026:Disulfiram
2974:Small beer
2940:Campaigns
2774:Drunk tank
2747:Dry campus
2657:Dry county
2439:Rum ration
2419:Dipsomania
2348:Pantsdrunk
2141:Red wine:
1931:Alcoholism
1921:Wine fraud
1723:2015-04-15
1689:2015-04-16
1554:Rubenzer,
1468:24 October
1122:7 December
935:2015-09-29
903:References
896:Law portal
850:See also:
773:, such as
716:See also:
670:See also:
322:, such as
193:alcoholism
189:physicians
159:Background
71:April 2018
3129:Dry state
3036:Cyanamide
2870:Sobrietol
2669:Last call
2635:DWI court
2488:Beer mile
2459:Speakeasy
2429:Gin Craze
2361:Beer bong
2316:Dry drunk
2289:Pregaming
2137:Potomania
2119:Tolerance
2109:Pregnancy
1984:Chemistry
1906:Nip joint
1901:Moonshine
1493:5 January
1389:document)
1385:(link to
1097:alt. link
1053:alt. link
837:Australia
687:in Canada
394:nystagmus
344:Nystagmus
179:or other
135:or other
104:, Germany
102:Stralsund
59:talk page
3217:Category
3118:Gin Lane
2875:Quit lit
2799:Spritzer
2729:Sobriety
2584:Alcohol
2565:Whiskey
2393:Sconcing
2343:Nightcap
2269:Blackout
2099:Cortisol
1996:Congener
1713:DrugInfo
1679:DrugInfo
1445:standard
1439:see also
1423:Archived
1348:Archived
1324:Archived
1305:Archived
1277:Archived
1219:Archived
1136:Archived
462:standard
53:You may
3152:Related
3106:History
2891:0-0-1-3
2586:control
2473:General
2449:Shebeen
2402:History
2072:Anxiety
2034:Effects
2008:Ethanol
1857:Alcohol
1533:(.pdf)
1379:30 June
685:demand
460:Daubert
313:Testing
248:History
205:billion
177:alcohol
133:alcohol
2926:FRAMES
2135:Beer:
2128:Weight
2104:Memory
2087:Cancer
1870:crimes
1763:- RCMP
1572:Hess,
1014:
846:Canada
586:inches
3189:Spins
2844:(ACA)
2838:(AA):
2604:(ALS)
2484:Beer
2262:Zapoy
2114:Sleep
2082:Brain
2077:Aging
1971:(HFA)
1885:(DUI)
1608:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1116:NHTSA
860:N.B.:
181:drugs
145:SFSTs
143:(and
137:drugs
121:SFSTs
61:, or
3116:and
2284:list
1495:2018
1470:2017
1443:Frye
1387:.pdf
1381:2017
1124:2017
1012:ISBN
823:FSTs
615:Hops
227:for
141:FSTs
113:FSTs
2205:Sex
1860:use
1620:doi
225:THC
195:or
100:in
3234::
1775:,
1711:.
1698:^
1677:.
1666:^
1647:^
1632:^
1616:20
1614:.
1610:.
1582:^
1542:^
1486:.
1367:.
1335:^
1263:^
1248:^
1206:^
1187:^
1156:^
1114:.
1061:^
1026:^
988:^
928:.
689:.
290:.
231:.
199:.
139:.
2177:)
2173:(
2121:/
1841:e
1834:t
1827:v
1726:.
1692:.
1626:.
1622::
1589:"
1537:"
1497:.
1472:.
1418:"
1383:.
1181:)
1177:(
1151:.
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1129:(
1126:.
1099:)
1095:(
1055:)
1051:(
1020:.
938:.
829:(
119:(
111:(
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.