42:
17:
563:
724:, Nationalist Spain's diplomatic representative, called out the names of the Legionary volunteers, and the names of Moța and Marin were answered with "Present!". This call and response would continue to be used in commemorations of Legionary martyrs; similar roll calls were found in other fascist movements (for example, it was the focal point in the
766:, provided ample updates on the commemoration of the two throughout the country. Even so, the students who were members of the Iron Guard accused the newspaper of not doing enough to support the Legion's activity in Spain, while the director of the newspaper defended himself by saying that more is not possible to do because of the state
700:
in central
Bucharest, where the bodies were to be kept until their burial. This church had been frequented by members of the Legion since the late 1920s, was partially rebuilt by them, and was located meters away from the Legion's original headquarters on Strada Gutenberg. The funeral procession was
834:
The funerals made the cause of the Iron Guard better known and from
January 1937 to the end of the year, the number of members of the Legion grew from 96,000 to 272,000. The popularity of the Iron Guard was shown in the December 1937 elections, when it was able to gain 15.5% of the votes, becoming
434:(1904–1937) toured around the country, with hundreds of thousands of people participating at the commemorations in many cities, holding religious services at several cathedrals. In Bucharest, thousands of young Legionnaires marched on the streets of the city dressed in their typical green shirts.
682:
It was in
Bucharest that the biggest procession took place: as the government had lifted a preexisting ban on wearing uniforms in public places, thousands of Legionnaires donned their green uniforms to wait for the coffins in front of the city's main railway station. Further tens of thousands of
818:
The
Romanian public generally sympathised with the cause of Moța and Marin, because their struggle in Spain was depicted as being part of a fight between communist atheism and Christianity. Many bystanders and non-partisans were impressed by the mystical rituals of the Iron Guard.
830:
Before the deaths, the ideology of "self-sacrifice" of the Iron Guard was often seen as mere rhetoric, but now, the
Legionary movement was able to argue that it has created the "new man" that was able to give one's life for the ideological goals.
799:
wrote a laudative article called "Two Brave Boys" in which the two were praised for fighting for the
Christian faith, although weeks later, he condemned the rituals of the Legion, including the usage of a pagan symbol, the swastika.
701:
led by a group of
Legionnaires who carrying the crosses of the two fighters, followed by students, representatives of Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco, a large number of priests, and a human cross formed by marching Legionnaires.
849:
was erected to Moța and Marin at the site of their death in
Majadahonda, near Madrid, Spain. Services continue to be held there, and at Sf. Ilie-Gorgani Church in Bucharest, on the anniversary of their deaths.
570:
After transiting through Poland, on
February 9, the train reached the Romanian border, but instead of taking the shortest route to Bucharest, it made a detour by going through the whole country, from
842:'s royal dictatorship regime and its revolutionary fascist project failed. Nevertheless, this burial remains as a political manifestation of a size that was not found elsewhere in Romanian history.
593:
The train stopped at the country's major railway stations, and in each of them a religious service was performed. The Iron Guard leaders then urged the audience to join their "Legionary faith".
306:
810:, a splinter group of the National Liberal Party, also paid respects to the two Iron Guard members, calling Moța one of the "most capable and honest fighters from the Legionary ranks".
725:
526:, Ion Moța and Vasile Marin were killed by an artillery shell. After the deaths of Moța and Marin, the remaining Legionnaires repatriated their bodies and returned to Romania.
717:. A mausoleum was specially-built, a decision made by Codreanu in order to inspire future Legionnaires. The religious services were led by an estimated 200 to 400 priests.
686:
In addition, a large number of
Romanian politicians, professors, and students, as well as diplomatic and party representatives from Italy, Germany, and Spain were present.
1002:
230:
822:
The Church showed vigorous support for the movement, conducting religious services across the country and bishops openly praising Moța and Marin in their speeches.
511:
721:
240:
480:. This opinion was enforced by the news that some groups on the Republican side systematically persecuted members of the Catholic clergy and destroyed churches.
539:
The bodies of Moța and Marin were put in a mortuary train which left Spain via France and Belgium, reaching Berlin on February 6, 1937, where they were met by
56:
793:
Many of the country's right-wing politicians, whether members of the Iron Guard or other rival parties, paid their respects to the death of the two fighters.
689:
After a short religious service, in front of the coffins, the Legionnaires performed the "Oath for Ion Moța and Vasile Marin", written by Legionary "Captain"
1090:
873:
287:
628:
200:
1110:
80:
515:
648:
175:
736:
353:
519:
92:
781:
483:
Ion Moța, the second-in-command in the Legion, suggested that a number of leaders of the Iron Guard should go to Spain and present a gift (a
1058:
Valentin Săndulescu, "Sacralised Politics in Action: the February 1937 Burial of the Romanian Legionary Leaders Ion Moța and Vasile Marin",
382:
1080:
210:
492:
994:
449:
The Iron Guard (also known as the Legionary Movement, or Legion of the Archangel Michael) formed as a splinter group from
128:
98:
870:
807:
503:
180:
454:
437:
As a result of these displays, the Iron Guard's party, Totul Pentru Țară, had an unexpectedly high percentage in the
68:
41:
499:
375:
846:
472:
began in 1936, the Iron Guard, like much of the Romanian public, saw it in a simple dichotomy: a fight between
438:
740:
1105:
461:. The new group advocated action, "spiritual values" over economic ones, the creation of a "new man", and
1100:
1085:
368:
134:
488:
140:
709:
Moța and Marin were interred on February 13, 1937, next to the new headquarters of the movement, the
697:
556:
74:
1095:
311:
122:
62:
690:
620:
458:
185:
104:
803:
720:
Five surviving Legionnaires who fought in Spain took part in the next stage of the procession.
473:
423:, and the funeral that followed took the form of a highly-organized, cross-country procession.
235:
110:
619:, where many local politicians and intellectuals participated at the commemoration, including
146:
441:(15.58%), becoming the third largest party in Romania, and their membership grew threefold.
522:. They were involved in the battles near Madrid, and on January 13, 1937, at the front in
8:
1075:
317:
280:
644:
624:
562:
683:
sympathizers and bystanders watched the procession and followed it through the city.
484:
469:
420:
215:
714:
190:
416:
408:
347:
323:
170:
666:, the train went through Oltenia and Wallachia (where it made a notable stop in
544:
507:
462:
225:
116:
1069:
877:
796:
636:
540:
205:
165:
785:
chose to ignore the event to prevent it from gaining more public attention.
632:
671:
652:
612:
579:
477:
431:
259:
16:
608:, a group of 30 priests performed religious services in front of a crowd.
663:
616:
523:
412:
775:
693:. In this oath, Legionnaires swore to be "ready for death at any time".
427:
273:
266:
767:
731:
It is unclear where Moța and Marin's remains are currently buried; the
548:
450:
404:
220:
195:
86:
667:
597:
762:
640:
587:
552:
839:
601:
575:
571:
605:
583:
400:
33:
566:
Map showing the route taken by the funerary train across Romania
747:
has been demolished, though the main building and yard remain.
743:, a driving school. The mausoleum structure in the yard of the
498:
The group that formed consisted of eight members: Moța, Marin,
656:
604:, over 5000 peasants gathered to see the mortuary wagon; in
739:, later becoming a maternity hospital and then, during the
639:, who praised the struggle of Moța and Marin against the "
407:
had been killed in battle on the same day, January 13,
1041:
1039:
1037:
20:
1941 stamp commemorating the deaths of Moța and Marin
980:
978:
976:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
835:
the third largest party in the Romanian Parliament.
659:, where 32 priests conducted the religious rituals.
1034:
677:
973:
955:
937:
917:
760:One of the most influential Romanian newspapers,
1067:
1060:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions
399:were a series of wide-scale demonstrations in
674:station in the morning of February 11, 1937.
376:
1091:Romanian military personnel killed in action
465:as the key for the success of the movement.
354:Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom
865:
863:
383:
369:
40:
838:The movement was eventually repressed by
1111:20th-century Romanian military personnel
561:
559:, as well as a large crowd of onlookers.
15:
860:
737:the Legionary rebellion in January 1941
1068:
547:squads, representatives of the German
307:The Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard
529:
397:Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin
910:
908:
1062:, Vol. 8, No. 2, 259–269, June 2007
13:
813:
590:, and finally reaching Bucharest.
14:
1122:
1081:Politics of the Spanish Civil War
905:
647:held a speech in the name of the
635:. The service was held by Bishop
615:, the most important stop was in
534:
455:National-Christian Defense League
670:), finally reaching Bucharest's
651:. Large crowds also gathered in
1025:
1016:
1005:from the original on 2022-12-25
995:"Biserica Sfantul Ilie Gorgani"
808:National Liberal Party-Brătianu
678:Funeral procession in Bucharest
504:Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul
453:'s antisemitic and nationalist
987:
896:
887:
788:
696:The procession marched toward
649:Romanian Greek-Catholic Church
600:, in the historical region of
439:1937 Romanian general election
415:while fighting on the side of
1:
1052:
726:1932 Garibaldian Celebrations
655:, Moța's native town, and in
444:
750:
7:
491:, then fight alongside the
10:
1127:
773:Left-wing newspapers like
735:was re-appropriated after
825:
704:
403:. The two leaders of the
853:
755:
312:National Legionary State
698:Sf. Ilie-Gorgani Church
691:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
621:Alexandru Vaida-Voievod
487:) to Francoist General
459:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
105:Iron Guard death squads
1022:Săndulescu, p. 265-266
914:Săndulescu, p. 261-262
893:Săndulescu, p. 259-261
722:Pedro de Prat y Soutzo
567:
426:The funerary train of
111:Crusade of Romanianism
21:
999:www.crestinortodox.ro
565:
500:Alexandru Cantacuzino
489:José Moscardó Ituarte
19:
804:Gheorghe I. Brătianu
512:Ion Dumitrescu Borşa
1106:Funerals in Romania
728:in Fascist Italy).
713:("Green House") in
662:After crossing the
474:atheistic communism
342:Moța–Marin funerals
27:Part of a series on
1101:Fascism in Romania
1086:Funerals by person
1045:Săndulescu, p. 267
1031:Săndulescu, p. 266
984:Săndulescu, p. 265
970:Săndulescu, p. 264
952:Săndulescu, p. 263
934:Săndulescu, p. 262
902:Săndulescu, p. 261
871:"În zodia Satanei"
568:
530:Funeral procession
493:Nationalist forces
318:For My Legionaries
22:
884:, August 18, 2008
882:Jurnalul Național
551:, of the Spanish
470:Spanish Civil War
457:, forming around
421:Spanish Civil War
393:
392:
1118:
1046:
1043:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
991:
985:
982:
971:
968:
953:
950:
935:
932:
915:
912:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
867:
845:In the 1970s, a
806:, the leader of
430:(1902–1937) and
385:
378:
371:
44:
24:
23:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1096:1937 in Romania
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1006:
993:
992:
988:
983:
974:
969:
956:
951:
938:
933:
918:
913:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
868:
861:
856:
828:
816:
814:Popular opinion
791:
758:
753:
707:
680:
645:Ion Agârbiceanu
625:Sextil Pușcariu
537:
532:
447:
417:Francoist Spain
389:
360:
359:
348:Jilava massacre
337:
329:
328:
324:Neo-Legionarism
302:
294:
293:
254:
246:
245:
161:
153:
152:
81:Romanian Action
52:
12:
11:
5:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1024:
1015:
986:
972:
954:
936:
916:
904:
895:
886:
876:2013-04-16 at
858:
857:
855:
852:
847:large monument
827:
824:
815:
812:
790:
787:
757:
754:
752:
749:
715:Bucureștii Noi
706:
703:
679:
676:
536:
535:Funerary train
533:
531:
528:
508:Gheorghe Clime
463:self-sacrifice
446:
443:
391:
390:
388:
387:
380:
373:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
351:
345:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
144:
138:
132:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
78:
72:
66:
60:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1028:
1019:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
981:
979:
977:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
911:
909:
899:
890:
883:
879:
878:archive.today
875:
872:
869:Ilarion Țiu,
866:
864:
859:
851:
848:
843:
841:
836:
832:
823:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
798:
797:Nicolae Iorga
794:
786:
784:
783:
778:
777:
771:
769:
765:
764:
748:
746:
742:
741:communist era
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
702:
699:
694:
692:
687:
684:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Nicolae Colan
634:
630:
629:Emil Hațiegan
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
560:
558:
557:Fascist Italy
554:
550:
546:
542:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:, the priest
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
366:
364:
363:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
297:
290:
289:
285:
283:
282:
281:Sfarmă-Piatră
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
262:
261:
257:
256:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
51:Organizations
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
26:
25:
18:
1059:
1027:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
998:
989:
898:
889:
881:
844:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:
802:
795:
792:
780:
774:
772:
761:
759:
744:
732:
730:
719:
710:
708:
695:
688:
685:
681:
672:Gara de Nord
661:
613:Transylvania
610:
595:
592:
580:Transylvania
569:
538:
520:Neculai Totu
516:Bănica Dobre
497:
485:Toledo sword
482:
478:Christianity
467:
448:
436:
432:Vasile Marin
425:
396:
394:
341:
316:
288:Țara Noastră
286:
279:
272:
265:
260:Buna Vestire
258:
93:Citizen Bloc
789:Politicians
664:Carpathians
641:red madness
524:Majadahonda
419:during the
413:Majadahonda
253:Periodicals
181:Cantacuzino
32:Fascism in
1076:Iron Guard
1070:Categories
1053:References
1009:2022-12-25
768:censorship
745:Casa Verde
733:Casa Verde
711:Casa Verde
633:Ioan Lupaș
549:Nazi Party
502:, General
451:A. C. Cuza
445:Background
405:Iron Guard
216:Manoilescu
87:Iron Guard
782:Dimineața
763:Universul
751:Reactions
588:Wallachia
555:, and of
231:Tătărescu
171:Bacaloglu
166:Antonescu
1003:Archived
874:Archived
840:Carol II
776:Adevărul
602:Moldavia
576:Moldavia
572:Bukovina
428:Ion Moța
301:Ideology
274:Gândirea
267:Cuvântul
226:Stelescu
211:Lăzurică
186:Codreanu
668:Pitești
653:Orăștie
598:Pașcani
584:Oltenia
578:, then
553:Falange
468:As the
401:Romania
191:Crainic
176:Bonfert
160:Leaders
34:Romania
826:Legacy
705:Burial
586:, and
518:, and
356:(1941)
350:(1940)
344:(1937)
336:Events
149:(1942)
143:(1938)
137:(1936)
131:(1935)
125:(1935)
119:(1935)
113:(1934)
107:(1933)
101:(1932)
95:(1932)
89:(1927)
83:(1924)
77:(1923)
71:(1923)
65:(1921)
63:Fascio
59:(1921)
854:Notes
756:Press
657:Sibiu
606:Bacău
411:, at
241:Vifor
236:Vaida
201:Forțu
57:MNFIR
779:and
631:and
617:Cluj
543:and
476:and
409:1937
395:The
221:Sima
206:Goga
196:Cuza
129:PPGR
99:PNSR
69:LANC
643:".
611:In
596:In
574:to
147:MTR
141:FRN
135:CML
123:PNC
75:MNF
1072::
1036:^
1001:.
997:.
975:^
957:^
939:^
919:^
907:^
880:,
862:^
770:.
627:,
623:,
582:,
545:SA
541:SS
514:,
506:,
495:.
117:FR
1012:.
384:e
377:t
370:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
